SUBMITTING AN ESSAY OR PAPER

APA STYLE

TITLE PAGE

THE BODY OF YOUR ESSAY / PAPER

1. Title: Even though you included the title on page 1, repeat it at the beginning of page 2.

2. Font: Use Times New Roman 12.

3. Indentation: Indent all paragraphs. Do not add extra spacing between paragraphs.

4. Line spacing: Use double-spacing for the entire paper (including block quotations and

the reference list). Do not add blank lines before or after headings.
5. Subheadings: In essays (assignments shorter than 2 pages) try to avoid including

subheading. In the case of papers, you may include subheadings. Do not include the

subheading Introduction.

6. Page numbers: Put a page number in the top right corner of every page, including the

title page or cover page, which is page 1.

EXAMPLE:
DIRECT QUOTES VERSUS PARAPHASING
When quoting directly, always provide the author, year, and page number of the quotation
in the in-text citation in either parenthetical or narrative format.
Examples:
Flores (2013) indicates that “direct quote” (p. 119).
It is essential that “direct quote” (Flores, 2013, p. 119).
In 2013, Flores claimed that “direct quote” (p. 119).

Indicating page number examples:

• Single page (p. 9)
• Multiple pages (pp. 23-29)
• Discontinued multiple pages (pp. 80, 92)

If a quotation is 40 words or more, omit quotation marks and use a block format in which
the quotation is indented about ½ inch (or 5 spaces) from the left margin. Maintain double-
spacing within the block quotation. Cite the quoted source and the page or paragraph number
in parentheses at the end of the block quotation, after the final punctuation mark.
Example:
Islam et al. (2018) described ultra-diffuse galaxy (UDG) in the Coma
Cluster, Dragonfly 44, consisting of dark matter and the possibility of wormhole
formations:
Recently, the ultra-diffuse galaxy (UDG) Dragonfly 44 in the Coma Cluster was
observed and observations of the rotational speed suggest that its mass is almost
the same as the mass of the Milky Way. On the other hand, interestingly, the
galaxy emits only 1% of the light emitted by the Milky Way. Thus, astronomers
 reported that Dragonfly 44 may be made almost entirely of dark matter. In this
study we try to determine whether or not the dark matter that constitutes
Dragonfly 44 can form a wormhole. Two possible dark matter profiles are used,
namely, UDG King’s model and generalized Navarro–Frenk–White (NFW) dark
matter profile. (p. 241)

EXAMPLE

Paraphrasing restates another's idea (or your own published idea) in your own words and is
the preferred method of citing sources in an APA paper. When paraphrasing, cite the article
using the last name of the author(s) and the year, so your reader can find the full citation in
the reference list. Although it is not required to provide a page or paragraph number in the
citation, you may include one.
Example:
According to Smith et al. (2018), Dragonfly 44, located in the Coma Cluster of the
ultra-diffuse galaxy (UDG), is similar to that of the Milky Way with the exception of
being almost entirely made of dark matter and having the possibility of forming
wormholes (p. 241).
Long Paraphrases: If the paraphrase is several sentences, it is not necessary to repeat the
citation as long as the context of the writing makes it clear that the same work continues to be
paraphrased.
Example:
Velez et al. (2018) found that for women of color, sexism and racism in the workplace
were associated with poor work and mental health outcomes, including job-related
burnout, turnover intentions, and psychological distress. However, self-esteem, person-
organization fit, and perceived organizational support mediated these effects.
Additionally, stronger womanist attitudes - which acknowledge the unique challenges
faced by women of color in a sexist and racist society - weakened the association of
workplace discrimination with psychological distress. These findings underscore the
importance of considering multiple forms of workplace discrimination in clinical
practice and research with women of color, along with efforts to challenge and reduce
such discrimination.
Modifying the quote to make it fit your text. Omitting a chunk from the quote. Signaling a
mistake in the original quote.

REFERENCES
AUTHORED BOOK

Author/s (Year of publication). Name of book. Publishing house.

1) AUTHOR/S

Authors are listed by surname and initial(s). Use only the initial(s) of the author’s given
name(s), not the full name, even when the full name is given.
Author, A. A.
If there are two authors, use commas and the ampersand (&) to separate them.
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B.
For 20 authors, provide surnames and initials for each of them, use an ampersand (&) before
the last author.
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C.
If a reference has 21 or more authors, list the first 19 followed by ellipses and the final
name listed.
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., Author, C. C., Author, D. D., Author, E. E., Author, F.
F., Author, G. G., Author, H. H., Author, I. I., Author, J. J., Author, K. K., Author, L.
L., Author, M. M., Author, N. N., Author, O. O., Author, P. P., Author, Q. Q., Author,
R. R., Author, S. S., . . . Author, Z. Z. (Date) Title of the work. Source where you can
retrieve the work. URL or DOI if available.

2) YEAR OF PUBLICATION: Write the year of publication within brackets. If the work
has been reprinted, include the original date of publication within brackets at the end.

EXAMPLE:

Lee, H. (2010). To kill a mockingbird: 50th anniversary edition. Arrow. (Original work

published 1960)

3) NAME OF BOOK: Only capitalize first word and proper nouns.

4) PUBLISHING HOUSE: Do not include the place of publication anymore. This used
to be a requirement in older APA editions.
EXAMPLE:
Kaufman, K. A., Glass, C. R., & Pineau, T. R. (2018). Mindful sport performance

enhancement: Mental training for athletes and coaches. American Psychological

Association.

Go to FORMAT → PARAGRAPH → INDENTATION → SPECIAL → HANGING

EDITED BOOK CHAPTER

Author/s. (Year of publication). Name of chapter. In Author/s (Eds.), name of book (pp. X).
Publishing house.
EXAMPLE:

Zeleke, W. A., Hughes, T. L., & Drozda, N. (2020). Home–school collaboration to promote

mind–body health. In C. Maykel & M. A. Bray (Eds.), Promoting mind–body health

in schools: Interventions for mental health professionals (pp. 11–26). American

Psychological Association.

JOURNAL ARTICLE

Author/s. (Year of publication). Name of article. Name of journal, issue, pages. DOI (Digital
object identifier)

EXAMPLE:
Lachner, A., Backfisch, I., Hoogerheide, V., van Gog, T., & Renkl, A. (2020). Timing

matters! Explaining between study phases enhances students’ learning. Journal of

Educational Psychology, 112, 841–853. https://doi.org/10.1037/edu0000396

You can consult (on Google Drive):

- APA SAMPLE STUDENT PAPER

- APA REFERENCE EXAMPLES

If you’ve got any further queries:

American Psychological Association (2020). Publication Manual of the American

Psychological Association, Seventh Edition. American Psychological Association.