Download as pdf or txt
Download as pdf or txt
You are on page 1of 1249

USMLE e e r m h nne s

Me est i e s: https://t.me/USMLEMe est

K p n ssr m i e s: https://t.me/USMLEK p n

USMLE i e s Step : https://t.me/USMLE Step

e ker i e s: https://t.me/USMLE e ker

r s e n i e s Step : https://t.me/USMLE r sAn e n

r s e n i e s Step K: https://t.me/USMLE r sAn e n Step K

Ph se i e s: https://t.me/USMLEPh se

Pi ri e i e s: https://t.me/USMLEPi ri e

P th m i e s: https://t.me/USMLEP th m

nA i s i h it : https://t.me/USMLE nA i s

Am ss r p: https://t.me/USMLEAm ss

Le t ri nk: https://t.me/USMLELe t ri

En p int P s: https://t.me/USMLEEn p int

USMLE MEs: https://t.me/USMLE ME

L E Me E : https://t.me/USMLE n ineMe E

USMLE r Step : https://t.me/USMLE r Step

USMLE r Step K: https://t.me/USMLE r Step K

USMLE r Step nk: https://t.me/USMLE r Step

USMLE Anki: https://t.me/USMLEAnki

KissPrep: https://t.me/USMLEKissPrep

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
;+9:/54����

� ���K73D�A>6 ?3@�5A?7E�FA�F:7�B:KE;5;3@�4753GE7�A8 8AG>�E?7>>;@9 6;3DD:73��83F;9G7��3@6�4>A3F;@9 8AD


��?A@F:E ��GD;@9�F:;E�F;?7��:7�:3E�:36�3 ��=9 ����>4� I7;9:F�>AEE I;F:AGF�3�5:3@97�;@�6;7F �!7�:3E
FKB7���6;347F7E ?7>>;FGE�F:3F�;E I7>>�5A@FDA>>76 I;F:�;@EG>;@ ��J3?;@3F;A@�E:AIE 5A@<G@5F;H3>�B3>>AD�3@6
;@8>3??3F;A@�A8�F:7�5AD@7DE�A8�F:7�?AGF: �-:7�346A?7@�;E�EA8F��3@6�F:7D7�;E�6;88GE7�F7@67D@7EE�FA
B3>B3F;A@�I;F:�@A�9G3D6;@9�AD�D74AG@6 �!;E :7?A9>A4;@�5A@57@FD3F;A@�;E �� ��9�6% �-:7�B3F;7@F
G@67D9A7E�GBB7D�7@6AE5ABK ���B:AFA?;5DA9D3B:�A8�F;EEG7�8DA?�3@�;@F7EF;@3>�4;ABEK�;E�E:AI@ �0:;5:�A8
F:7�8A>>AI;@9�;E�?AEF�>;=7>K�FA�;?BDAH7�F:;E�B3F;7@F�E�EK?BFA?E�

�49=+8 �3'-+

� -D73F?7@F�I;F:�578FD;3JA@7

� �6?;@;EFD3F;A@�A8�;@8>;J;?34

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�49=+8 �3'-+

� �HA;63@57�A8�57DF3;@�FKB7E�A8�57D73>�9D3;@E

� ,GD9;53>�D7E75F;A@�A8�F:7�5A>A@

� +76G576�;@F3=7�A8�?;>=�BDAF7;@E

� ,GBB>7?7@F;A@�A8�B3@5D73F;5�7@LK?7E

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�/4:

-:;E�B3F;7@F�E 6GA67@3> 4;ABEK E:AIE�H;>>AGE�8>3FF7@;@9��7>A@93F76�3@6 :KB7DB>3EF;5 5DKBFE�A8


%;747D=G:@��3@6 >K?B:A5KF;5 ;@8;>FD3F;A@�A8�F:7 >3?;@3�BDABD;3

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�588+):��49=+8

��� #8+':3+4:�=/:.�)+,:8/'>54+

�>62'4':/54�&.?

�AG>�E?7>>;@9 6;3DD:73��83F;9G7� 4>A3F;@9� G@;@F7@F;A@3>�I7;9:F�>AEE��346A?;@3>�F7@67D@7EE��3@6�E;9@E


A8 ;DA@�678;5;7@5K�3@7?;3 �>AI :7?A9>A4;@� 5A@<G@5F;H3> B3>>AD� 3@9G>3D�5:7;>;F;E��?;9:F�D3;E7
5A@57D@�8AD 0:;BB>7�6;E73E7��I:;5:�;E�FD73F76�I;F: 578FD;3JA@7 ��>F:AG9: 6GA67@3> 4;ABEK ;@
0:;BB>7�6;E73E7 ?3K�D7H73>�4>G@F;@9�A8�F:7�H;>>;��;F�IAG>6�3>EA�E:AI�8A3?K )�,�BAE;F;H7
?35DAB:397E ;@�F:7 >3?;@3�BDABD;3 D3F:7D�F:3@�F:7 >K?B:A5KF;5 ;@8;>FD3F;A@�E77@�;@�F:;E�B3F;7@F
&AD7AH7D� 0:;BB>7�6;E73E7 ;E�3>EA�3EEA5;3F76�I;F:�53D6;35�EK?BFA?E��7 9 ��H3>H7�;@EG88;5;7@5;7E��
3DF:D3>9;3E��3@6�@7GDA>A9;53>�8;@6;@9E��7 9 ��?KA5>A@;3� 3F3J;3��A5G>A?AFAD�;?B3;D?7@F���@A@7�A8
I:;5:�3D7�E77@�;@�F:;E�B3F;7@F

��� �*3/4/9:8':/54�5,�/4,2/>/3'(

�>62'4':/54�&.?

�AG>�E?7>>;@9 6;3DD:73��83F;9G7� 4>A3F;@9� G@;@F7@F;A@3>�I7;9:F�>AEE��346A?;@3>�F7@67D@7EE��3@6�E;9@E


A8 ;DA@ 3@6�AD H;F3?;@���� 678;5;7@5K �>AI :7?A9>A4;@� 5A@<G@5F;H3> B3>>AD� 3@9G>3D�5:7;>;F;E��?;9:F
D3;E7�5A@57D@�8AD �DA:@�6;E73E7 ������I:;5:�53@�47�FD73F76�I;F: ;@8>;J;?34 �!AI7H7D�����;E�@AF
3EEA5;3F76�I;F:�H;>>AGE 3FDAB:K AD�5DKBF :KB7DB>3E;3 A@�;@F7EF;@3> 4;ABEK �"@EF736��:;EFA>A9;5�8;@6;@9E
A8����;@5>G67 @A@53E73F;@9�9D3@G>A?3E� 9;3@F�57>>E��@7GFDAB:;>;5 ;@8>3??3F;A@ A8�F:7�5DKBFE��3@6
6;EF;@5F�>K?B:A;6�399D793F7E�I;F:;@�F:7 >3?;@3�BDABD;3

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �<5/*'4)+�5,�)+8:'/4�:?6+9�5,�)+8+'2�-8'/49

�3'-+

�>62'4':/54��;:

�7>;35�6;E73E7 ?AEF�8D7CG7@F>K�38875FE�F:7 6GA67@G? �?3<AD�E;F7�A8 ;DA@�34EADBF;A@��3@6�FKB;53>>K


?3@;87EFE�I;F: ;DA@�678;5;7@5K��3E�E77@�;@�F:;E�B3F;7@F 0:;BB>7�6;E73E7 5A??A@>K�38875FE�F:7
6GA67@G? 3@6 <7<G@G? �?3<AD�E;F7�A8 8A>3F7 34EADBF;A@��3@6�53@�?3@;87EF�I;F: ;DA@ 3@6 8A>3F7
678;5;7@5K �0:;>7 �DA:@�6;E73E7 53@�38875F�3@K�B3DF�A8�F:7�9GF��;F�?AEF�8D7CG7@F>K�38875FE�F:7 ;>7G?
�?3<AD�E;F7�A8 H;F3?;@���� 34EADBF;A@��3@6�?3K�F:7D78AD7�?3@;87EF�I;F: H;F3?;@�����678;5;7@5K

�>62'4':/54�&.?

�AG>�E?7>>;@9 6;3DD:73��83F;9G7� 4>A3F;@9� G@;@F7@F;A@3>�I7;9:F�>AEE��346A?;@3>�F7@67D@7EE��3@6�E;9@E


A8 ;DA@�678;5;7@5K�3@7?;3 �>AI :7?A9>A4;@� 5A@<G@5F;H3> B3>>AD� 3@9G>3D�5:7;>;F;E��E:AG>6�D3;E7
EGEB;5;A@�8AD 57>;35�6;E73E7��8AD�I:;5: FKB7���6;347F7E ?7>>;FGE�;E�3 D;E=�835FAD �-:7�6;39@AE;E�;E
5A@8;D?76�4K�F:7�BD7E7@57�A8�5:3D35F7D;EF;5 :;EFA>A9K 8;@6;@9E�FA97F:7D�I;F:�BAE;F;H7 57>;35�E7DA>A9K
0:;>7�F:7�6;E73E7�53@�A55GD�3F�3@K�397��F:7�397�A8�A@E7F�8A>>AIE�3 4;?A63>�6;EFD;4GF;A@��;F�?AEF�A8F7@
38875FE ;@83@FE 3@6�36G>FE�;@�F:7��D6 3@6��F: 675367�A8�>;87 �-D73F?7@F�5A@E;EFE�A8�3�>;87>A@9 9>GF7@�8D77
6;7F��;@5>G6;@9�3HA;63@57�A8�57DF3;@�FKB7E�A8�57D73>�9D3;@E�EG5:�3E�I:73F��DK7��43D>7K��3@6�EB7>F

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� ";8-/)'2�8+9+):/54�5,�:.+�)5254

�>62'4':/54�&.?

�;3DD:73��83F;9G7� 4>A3F;@9� G@;@F7@F;A@3>�I7;9:F�>AEE��346A?;@3>�F7@67D@7EE��3@6�E;9@E�A8 ;DA@


678;5;7@5K�3@7?;3 �>AI :7?A9>A4;@� 5A@<G@5F;H3> B3>>AD� 3@9G>3D�5:7;>;F;E��?;9:F�D3;E7�5A@57D@�8AD
G>57D3F;H7�5A>;F;E �.����I:;5:�53@�47�5GD76�I;F:�EGD9;53>�D7E75F;A@�A8�F:7�38875F76�B3DF�A8�F:7 5A>A@
!AI7H7D��.��FKB;53>>K�?3@;87EFE�I;F:�4>AA6K 6;3DD:73 3@6�A@>K�38875FE�F:7 5A>A@��@7H7D�F:7 E?3>>
;@F7EF;@7 �A>A@;5 4;ABEK ;@�.��IAG>6�E:AI ?G5AE3> 3@6 EG4?G5AE3> ;@8>3??3F;A@ 3@6�@7GFDAB:;>;5
;@8>3??3F;A@ A8�F:7�5DKBFE

��� !+*;)+*�/4:'1+�5,�3/21�685:+/49

�>62'4':/54�&.?

�AG>�E?7>>;@9 6;3DD:73� 4>A3F;@9� G@;@F7@F;A@3>�I7;9:F�>AEE��3@6�346A?;@3>�F7@67D@7EE�?3K�47


5A@E;EF7@F�I;F: >35FAE7�;@FA>7D3@57��I:;5:�;E�?3@3976�4K�3HA;6;@9�AD�D76G5;@9�F:7�;@F3=7�A8
>35FAE7�5A@F3;@;@9�?;>=�BDA6G5FE �!AI7H7D� >35FAE7�;@FA>7D3@57 ;E�@AF�FKB;53>>K�3EEA5;3F76�I;F:�E;9@E
A8 ;DA@�678;5;7@5K�3@7?;3 �5A@<G@5F;H3> B3>>AD��>AI :7?A9>A4;@� 3@9G>3D�5:7;>;F;E���I:;5:�3D7�E77@�;@
F:;E�B3F;7@F ��GDF:7D?AD7��;@F7EF;@3> 4;ABEK ;@ >35FAE7�;@FA>7D3@57 IAG>6�E:AI�@AD?3>�;@F7EF;@3>
3D5:;F75FGD7��D3F:7D�F:3@�F:7�B3F:A>A9;53>�8;@6;@9E�E77@�;@�F:;E�B3F;7@F�E 4;ABEK

��� ";662+3+4:/54�5,�6'4)8+':/)�+4@?3+9

�>62'4':/54�&.?

�AG>�E?7>>;@9 6;3DD:73��83F;9G7� 4>A3F;@9� G@;@F7@F;A@3>�I7;9:F�>AEE��3@6�E;9@E�A8 H;F3?;@����


678;5;7@5K �>AI :7?A9>A4;@� 5A@<G@5F;H3> B3>>AD��?;9:F�D3;E7�5A@57D@�8AD 7JA5D;@7�B3@5D73F;5
;@EG88;5;7@5K��I:;5:�;E�FD73F76�I;F: B3@5D73F;5�7@LK?7 EGBB>7?7@F3F;A@ �!AI7H7D��;@ 7JA5D;@7
B3@5D73F;5�;@EG88;5;7@5K��3@�;@F7EF;@3> 4;ABEK IAG>6�47�@AD?3>��I;F:�BD7E7DH76�H;>>AGE�3D5:;F75FGD7

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
;+9:/54����

� ���K73D�A>6 ?3@�I;F:�3�:;EFADK�A8 3>5A:A>;5�5;DD:AE;E ;E�4DAG9:F�FA�F:7�B:KE;5;3@�4K�:;E�I;87�8AD�3


��I77= :;EFADK�A8�BDA9D7EE;H7�346A?;@3>�6;EF7@E;A@�3@6�K7>>AI;@9�A8�F:7�7K7E ��AD�F:7�B3EF�?A@F:��:7
:3E�477@�;DD;F34>7��:36�6;88;5G>FK�83>>;@9�3E>77B��475A?7�5>G?EK��3@6�83>>7@�8D7CG7@F>K �-IA�?A@F:E�39A
:7�G@67DI7@F�43@6;@9�8AD�7EAB:3973>�H3D;57E�38F7D�3@�7B;EA67�A8�HA?;F;@9�4>AA6 �!;E�H;F3>�E;9@E�3D7
I;F:;@�@AD?3>�>;?;FE �):KE;53>�7J3?;@3F;A@�E:AIE�<3G@6;57��?G>F;B>7�4DG;E7E��B763>�767?3�
9K@75A?3EF;3��>AEE�A8�BG4;5�:3;D��3@6�E?3>>��8;D?�F7EF7E �-:7D7�3D7�?G>F;B>7�E?3>>�H3E5G>3D�>7E;A@E�A@�:;E
5:7EF�3@6�@75=�F:3F�4>3@5:�I;F:�BD7EEGD7 �!;E�:3@6E�3D7�7DKF:7?3FAGE�3@6�I3D?��F:7D7�;E�3�8>7J;A@
5A@FD35FGD7�A8�:;E�>78F��F: 8;@97D ���8>3BB;@9�FD7?AD�;E�E77@�A@�7JF7@6;@9�F:7�8AD73D?E�3@6�ID;EF
�46A?;@3>�7J3?;@3F;A@�E:AIE�6;>3F76�H7;@E�AH7D�F:7�3@F7D;AD�346A?;@3>�I3>>��F:7�EB>77@�F;B�;E�B3>B3F76
��5? 47>AI�F:7�>78F�5AEF3>�?3D9;@��3@6�F:7D7�;E�E:;8F;@9�6G>>@7EE�A@�B7D5GEE;A@ �0:;5:�A8�F:7�8A>>AI;@9
B3;DE�A8�B:KE;53>�7J3?;@3F;A@�8;@6;@9E�3D7�53GE76�4K�F:7 E3?7�G@67D>K;@9�B3F:AB:KE;A>A9K�

�49=+8 �3'-+

,B>7@A?793>K�3@6��GBGKFD7@

5A@FD35FGD7

� #3G@6;57�3@6�8>3BB;@9�FD7?AD

� )3>?3D�7DKF:7?3�3@6�9K@75A?3EF;3

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�49=+8 �3'-+

� �EAB:3973>�H3D;57E�3@6�B763>�767?3

� �3BGF�?76GE37�3@6�EB;67D�3@9;A?3F3

-7EF;5G>3D�3FDAB:K�3@6�346A?;@3>

6;EF7@E;A@

&G>F;B>7�4DG;E7E�3@6�>AEE�A8�BG4;5
:3;D

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�/4:

&AEF�5>;@;53>�873FGD7E�A8 5;DD:AE;E 3D7�7;F:7D�6G7�FA�F:7�83;>GD7�A8�F:7 >;H7D FA�B7D8AD?�;FE�@AD?3>�8G@5F;A@E


�7 9 ��3>F7D76 4;>;DG4;@ 3@6�E7J :AD?A@7 ?7F34A>;E?��675D73E76�EK@F:7E;E�A8 BDAF7;@E��;@367CG3F7
7>;?;@3F;A@�A8 @;FDA97@AGE�I3EF7 BDA6G5FE��AD�D7>3F76�FA�;@5D73E76�BD7EEGD7�I;F:;@�F:7 BADF3>�H7@AGE
EKEF7?

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�588+):��49=+8

��� "62+453+-'2?�'4*��;6;?:8+4�)54:8'):;8+

�3'-+

�>62'4':/54�&.?

�>F:AG9: EB>7@A?793>K 3@6 �GBGKFD7@�5A@FD35FGD7 3D7�4AF:�3EEA5;3F76�I;F: 5;DD:AE;E��F:7K�:3H7


6;887D7@F�G@67D>K;@9�B3F:AB:KE;A>A9;7E ,B>7@A?793>K ;@ 5;DD:AE;E ;E�53GE76�4K�;@5D73E76�BD7EEGD7
I;F:;@�F:7 EB>7@;5�H7;@ 6G7�FA BADF3>�:KB7DF7@E;A@ ��H7@�F:AG9:�F:7�D73EA@�8AD�F:7�F:;5=7@;@9�A8�F:7
B3>?3D�83E5;3 E77@�;@ �GBGKFD7@�5A@FD35FGD7 ;E�EF;>>�;@5A?B>7F7>K�G@67DEFAA6��;F�;E�G@>;=7>K�F:3F BADF3>
:KB7DF7@E;A@ IAG>6�6;D75F>K�53GE7�8;4DA4>3EF;5 BDA>;87D3F;A@ 3@6�6;EAD67D>K 5A>>397@ 67BAE;F;A@
3EEA5;3F76�I;F:�F:7 5A@FD35FGD7

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �';4*/)+�'4*�,2'66/4-�:8+358

�>62'4':/54�&.?

�>F:AG9: <3G@6;57 3@6 8>3BB;@9�FD7?AD 3D7�4AF:�3EEA5;3F76�I;F: 5;DD:AE;E��F:7K�:3H7�6;887D7@F


G@67D>K;@9�B3F:AB:KE;A>A9;7E #3G@6;57 D7EG>FE�8DA?�F:7�;@34;>;FK�A8�F:7 >;H7D FA�5A@<G93F7 4;>;DG4;@�
I:;5:�>736E�FA G@5A@<G93F76�:KB7D4;>;DG4;@7?;3 �>3BB;@9�FD7?AD ;E�E77@�;@�B3F;7@FE�I;F: :7B3F;5
7@57B:3>AB3F:K��;@�I:;5:�@7GDAFAJ;5�?7F34A>;F7E�>;=7 3??A@;3 355G?G>3F7�;@�F:7 57@FD3>�@7DHAGE
EKEF7? 6G7�FA�;?B3;D76�:7B3F;5�7J5D7F;A@ ��A@E7CG7@F>K��@7GDAFD3@E?;EE;A@�A8 <A;@F BAE;F;A@�E7@E7�FA
F:7�4D3;@�;E�;?B3;D76

��� �'23'8�+8?:.+3'�'4*�-?4+)53'9:/'

�3'-+

�>62'4':/54�&.?

)3>?3D�7DKF:7?3 3@6 9K@75A?3EF;3 3D7�4AF:�873FGD7E�A8 :KB7D7EFDA97@;E? �;DD:AE;E 53@�D7EG>F�;@�3

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
:KB7D7EFDA97@;5 EF3F7�;@�I:;5:�F:7D7�;E�3@�;@5D73E76 7EFDA97@�3@6DA97@ D3F;A �-:;E�;E�>;=7>K�6G7�FA
;@5D73E76�B7D;B:7D3>�5A@H7DE;A@�A8 3@6DA97@E FA 7EFDA97@E 3@6�675D73E76�:7B3F;5�4D73=6AI@�A8
7EFDA97@ ;@�?7@�I;F: 5;DD:AE;E��3E�I7>>�3E�;@5D73E76�4;@6;@9�3@6�F:GE�;@35F;H3F;A@�A8�8D77 F7EFAEF7DA@7
53GE76�4K�;@5D73E76�3?AG@FE�A8�E7J�:AD?A@7�4;@6;@9�9>A4G>;@ �(F:7D�873FGD7E�A8 :KB7D7EFDA97@;E?
E77@�;@�F:;E�B3F;7@F�3D7 EB;67D�3@9;A?3F3 3@6�>AEE�A8�BG4;5 :3;D

��� �956.'-+'2�<'8/)+9�'4*�6+*'2�+*+3'

�3'-+

�>62'4':/54�&.?

�>F:AG9: 7EAB:3973>�H3D;57E 3@6�B763>�767?3E�3D7�4AF:�3EEA5;3F76�I;F: 5;DD:AE;E��F:7K�:3H7�6;887D7@F


G@67D>K;@9�B3F:AB:KE;A>A9;7E �EAB:3973>�H3D;57E ;@�B3F;7@FE�I;F: 5;DD:AE;E A55GD�6G7�FA BADF3>
:KB7DF7@E;A@ 4753GE7�F:7K�3D7�3�E;F7�A8 BADFAEKEF7?;5�E:G@F;@9 A8�4>AA6 �)763> 767?3 53@�A55GD�3E�3
D7EG>F�A8�675D73E76�:7B3F;5�EK@F:7E;E�A8 3>4G?;@��I:;5:�675D73E7E�F:7�B>3E?3 A@5AF;5�BD7EEGD7�
53GE;@9�8>G;6�FA�E:;8F�8DA?�F:7 ;@FD3H3E5G>3D 5A?B3DF?7@F�;@FA�F:7�B7D;B:7D3>�F;EEG7E

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �'6;:�3+*;9'+�'4*�96/*+8�'4-/53':'

�3'-+

�>62'4':/54�&.?

�>F:AG9:�4AF: 53BGF�?76GE37 3@6 EB;67D�3@9;A?3F3 3D7�53GE76�4K�3@�34@AD?3>�6;>3F;A@�A8�4>AA6


H7EE7>E�3@6�3D7�4AF:�3EEA5;3F76�I;F: 5;DD:AE;E��F:7K�:3H7�6;887D7@F�G@67D>K;@9�B3F:AB:KE;A>A9;7E
,B;67D�3@9;A?3F3 3D7�F:AG9:F�FA�47�53GE76�4K :KB7D7EFDA97@;E? D7EG>F;@9�8DA?�3@�;@5D73E7�;@�F:7
7EFD36;A>�8D77 F7EFAEF7DA@7 D3F;A �3BGF�?76GE37��A@�F:7�AF:7D�:3@6��;E�3 B3F:A9@A?A@;5 E;9@�A8 BADF3>
:KB7DF7@E;A@ F:3F�;E�53GE76�4K BADFAEKEF7?;5�E:G@F;@9 A8�4>AA6�47FI77@�F:7�BADF3> B3D3G?4;>;53>
H7;@E 3@6�F:7�EKEF7?;5 EGB7D8;5;3>�7B;93EFD;5�H7;@E 6G7�FA�;@5D73E76�D7E;EF3@57�FA BADF3>�H7@AGE 8>AI
;@ >;H7D�5;DD:AE;E

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� #+9:/);2'8�':856.?�'4*�'(*53/4'2�*/9:+49/54

�>62'4':/54�&.?

�>F:AG9: F7EF;5G>3D�3FDAB:K 3@6�346A?;@3>�6;EF7@E;A@�3D7�4AF:�3EEA5;3F76�I;F: 5;DD:AE;E��F:7K�:3H7


6;887D7@F�G@67D>K;@9�B3F:AB:KE;A>A9;7E !KBA9A@36;E? ;@ 5;DD:AE;E��?3@;87EF;@9�3E F7EF;5G>3D
3FDAB:K��;E�F:AG9:F�FA�47�6G7�FA�?G>F;B>7�835FADE��;@5>G6;@9�BD;?3DK�9A@363>�;@<GDK��EGBBD7EE;A@�A8
:KBAF:3>3?;5 AD B;FG;F3DK 8G@5F;A@��3E�I7>>�3E�4;@6;@9�3@6�;@35F;H3F;A@�A8�8D77 F7EFAEF7DA@7 53GE76�4K
;@5D73E76�3?AG@FE�A8�E7J�:AD?A@7�4;@6;@9�9>A4G>;@ ��46A?;@3>�6;EF7@E;A@��A@�F:7�AF:7D�:3@6��;E
53GE76�4K 3E5;F7E��3�5A?B>;53F;A@�A8�4AF: BADF3>�:KB7DF7@E;A@ 3@6�675D73E76�:7B3F;5 3>4G?;@
EK@F:7E;E

��� �;2:/62+�(8;/9+9�'4*�2599�5,�6;(/)�.'/8

�>62'4':/54�&.?

�>F:AG9:�73EK 4DG;E;@9 3@6�>AEE�A8�BG4;5 :3;D 3D7�4AF:�3EEA5;3F76�I;F: 5;DD:AE;E��F:7K�:3H7�6;887D7@F


G@67D>K;@9�B3F:AB:KE;A>A9;7E �"@ 5;DD:AE;E��F:7�:7B3F;5�BDA6G5F;A@�A8 5A39G>3F;A@�835FADE ;E�;?B3;D76�
I:;5:�53@�>736�FA 5A39G>AB3F:K 3@6��5A@E7CG7@F>K��73EK 4DG;E;@9 �-:7�>AEE�A8�BG4;5 :3;D ;@�5:DA@;5
>;H7D 6;E73E7��:AI7H7D��;E�53GE76�4K :KB7D7EFDA97@;E? D7EG>F;@9�8DA?�3@�;@5D73E7�;@�F:7 7EFD36;A>�8D77
F7EFAEF7DA@7 D3F;A

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
;+9:/54���

� ���K73D�A>6 ?3@�I;F: 3ADF;5�EF7@AE;E 5A?7E�FA�F:7�7?7D97@5K�DAA?�4753GE7�A8�IADE7@;@9 83F;9G7 8AD


��?A@F:E ��GD;@9�F:;E�F;?7��:7�:3E�3>EA�:36�;@F7D?;FF7@F 4D;9:F�D76�4>AA6 ?;J76�;@�I;F:�:;E�EFAA> �!7�:3E
@AF�:36�3@K�346A?;@3>�B3;@�AD�I7;9:F�>AEE �):KE;53>�7J3?;@3F;A@�E:AIE B3>7�5A@<G@5F;H37 3@6�3
5D7E57@6A�675D7E57@6A EKEFA>;5�?GD?GD�47EF�:73D6�3F�F:7�E75A@6�D;9:F�;@F7D5AEF3>�EB357 �-:7�346A?7@�;E
EA8F�3@6 @A@�F7@67D �%34AD3FADK�EFG6;7E�E:AI�3 :7?A9>A4;@�A8 ��9�6% 3@6�3�?73@�5ADBGE5G>3D�HA>G?7�A8
���Y?� ��A>A@AE5ABK�E:AIE�@A�34@AD?3>;F;7E �0:;5:�A8�F:7�8A>>AI;@9�;E�F:7�?AEF�>;=7>K�G@67D>K;@9
?75:3@;E?�A8�F:;E�B3F;7@F�E�4>776;@9�

�49=+8 �3'-+

� -:DA?4GE�;@�F:7�EGB7D;AD�?7E7@F7D;5�3DF7DK

� -D3@E?GD3>�;@8>3??3F;A@�A8�F:7�>3D97�4AI7>

� �F:7DAE5>7DAF;5�@3DDAI;@9�A8�F:7�?7E7@F7D;5�3DF7D;7E

� -ADFGAGE�EG4?G5AE3>�4>AA6�H7EE7>E

� "@:7D;F76�835FAD�/"""�678;5;7@5K

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�/4:

-:;E�B3F;7@F�:3E�7H;67@57�A8�3�5:DA@;5��7B;EA6;5 >AI7D� "�4>776 I;F:AGF�?3EE�AD�6;H7DF;5G>3�A@


5A>A@AE5ABK �!;E ?GD?GD ;E�5A@E;EF7@F�I;F: 3ADF;5�EF7@AE;E��I:;5:�;E�5A??A@>K�3EEA5;3F76�I;F:�F:7
5A@6;F;A@�53GE;@9�:;E "�4>776;@9

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�588+):��49=+8

��� #.853(;9�/4�:.+�9;6+8/58�3+9+4:+8/)�'8:+8?

�>62'4':/54�&.?

�5GF7�?7E7@F7D;5�;E5:7?;3 ;E�53GE76�4K�35GF7 F:DA?4A7?4A>;E? ;@�F:7 ?7E7@F7D;5 3DF7D;7E 3@6


FKB;53>>K�BD7E7@FE�I;F:�35GF7��E7H7D7�346A?;@3> B3;@ 8A>>AI76�4K�Q5GDD3@F�<7>>KR�4>AA6K�EFAA>E��6G7�FA
4AI7> @75DAE;E �-:;E�B3F;7@F�E�:;EFADK�A8�;@F7D?;FF7@F�4>AA6�;@�F:7�EFAA>�3@6�>35=�A8�346A?;@3> B3;@
?3=7�F:;E�6;39@AE;E�3@�G@>;=7>K�53GE7�A8�:;E 93EFDA;@F7EF;@3>�4>776;@9

��� #8'493;8'2�/4,2'33':/54�5,�:.+�2'8-+�(5=+2

�>62'4':/54�&.?

-D3@E?GD3> ;@8>3??3F;A@ A8�F:7�>3D97�4AI7>�;E�5:3D35F7D;EF;5�A8 �DA:@�6;E73E7 ��>F:AG9: �DA:@


6;E73E7 53@�BD7E7@F�I;F: 3@7?;3��;F�6A7E�@AF�GEG3>>K�53GE7 "�4>776;@9 ��>EA��F:7�34E7@57�A8�FKB;53>
873FGD7E��7 9 � 5:DA@;5�6;3DD:73��346A?;@3> B3;@��3@6�I7;9:F�>AEE��3@6�5:3D35F7D;EF;5�8;@6;@9E�A@
5A>A@AE5ABK �7 9 ��E=;BB76�>;@73D G>57DE��3B:F:AGE�:7?ADD:39;5 ?G5AE3� 5A44>7EFA@7�3BB73D3@57 A8
?G5AE3��?3=7 �DA:@�6;E73E7 3@�G@>;=7>K�6;39@AE;E�;@�F:;E�B3F;7@F

��� �:.+859)2+85:/)�4'885=/4-�5,�:.+�3+9+4:+8/)�'8:+8/+9

�>62'4':/54�&.?

�F:7DAE5>7DAF;5�@3DDAI;@9�A8�F:7 ?7E7@F7D;5 3DF7D;7E ;E�E77@�;@ 5:DA@;5�?7E7@F7D;5�;E5:7?;3


�>F:AG9:�F:;E�5A@6;F;A@�3>EA�5A??A@>K�A55GDE�;@�7>67D>K�B3F;7@FE�������K73DE���;F�;E�5:3D35F7D;L76�4K
BAEFBD3@6;3> B3;@ �346A?;@3>�3@9;@3��3@6�I7;9:F�>AEE��I:;5:�F:;E�B3F;7@F�6A7E�@AF�:3H7 �"@�366;F;A@�
5:DA@;5�?7E7@F7D;5�;E5:7?;3 6A7E�@AF�FKB;53>>K�53GE7 :7?3FA5:7L;3��3E�E77@�:7D7

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� #58:;5;9�9;(3;)59'2�(255*�<+99+29

�3'-+

�>62'4':/54��;:

&AEF�B3F;7@FE�I;F: 3ADF;5�EF7@AE;E I:A�7JB7D;7@57�4>776;@9�8DA? 3@9;A6KEB>3E;3 :3H7�5A?B>7F7


D7EA>GF;A@�A8 "�4>776;@9 38F7D 3ADF;5�H3>H7�D7B>357?7@F

�>62'4':/54�&.?

-ADFGAGE 3@6�6;>3F76 EG4?G5AE3> 4>AA6�H7EE7>E�3D7�5:3D35F7D;EF;5�A8 3@9;A6KEB>3E;3��I:;5:�;E


3EEA5;3F76�I;F: 3ADF;5�EF7@AE;E �3E�E77@�;@�F:;E�B3F;7@F� �-:7 6KEB>3EF;5 H7EE7>E�E77@�;@ 3@9;A6KEB>3E;3
3D7�FKB;53>>K�>A53F76�;@�F:7 575G? 3@6 3E57@6;@9�5A>A@ �;@�������A8�53E7E��3@6�5>3EE;53>>K�53GE7
7B;EA6;5�3@6�E7>8�>;?;F;@9�4>776;@9 ��A>A@AE5AB;5�H;EG3>;L3F;A@�;E�5:3>>7@9;@9�3@6�678;@;F;H7
6;39@AE;E�GEG3>>K�D7CG;D7E 3@9;A9D3B:K �(F:7D�5A@6;F;A@E�3EEA5;3F76�I;F: 3@9;A6KEB>3E;3 ;@5>G67 HA@
0;>>74D3@6�6;E73E7 3@6 7@6�EF397�D7@3>�6;E73E7

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �4.+8/:+*�,'):58�%����*+,/)/+4)?

�>62'4':/54�&.?

"@:7D;F76�678;5;7@5K�A8 835FAD�/""" ;E�5:3D35F7D;EF;5�A8 :7?AB:;>;3�� ��>F:AG9: :7?AB:;>;3 53@�3>EA


53GE7 93EFDA;@F7EF;@3>�4>776;@9��;F�;E�3@�G@>;=7>K�7F;A>A9K�;@�F:;E�B3F;7@F�I:A�>35=E�FKB;53>�EK?BFA?E
�7 9 ��D75GDD7@F�EBA@F3@7AGE�AD�BDA>A@976�7B;EA67E�A8 7B;EF3J;E 3@6 :7?3DF:DAE;E 479;@@;@9�73D>K�;@
>;87�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
;+9:/54����

� ���K73D�A>6 IA?3@�I;F:�;DD;F34>7�4AI7>�EK@6DA?7�5A?7E�FA�F:7�B:KE;5;3@�4753GE7�A8�;@5D73E76
6;3DD:73 �,:7�:3E�@AF�:36�3@K�87H7D��4>AA6K�EFAA>E��@3GE73��AD�HA?;F;@9 �-:7�;@5D73E7�;@�EFAA>�8D7CG7@5K
4793@�I:7@�E:7�EF3DF76�3�@7I�<A4 �,:7�;E�EF3DF76�A@ >AB7D3?;67��3@6�:7D�EK?BFA?E�;?BDAH7 �0:;5:�A8
F:7�8A>>AI;@9�;E�F:7�BD;?3DK�?75:3@;E?�A8�35F;A@�A8�F:;E�6DG9�

�49=+8 �3'-+

� Y�AB;A;6�D757BFAD�39A@;E?

� ��!-��D757BFAD�3@F39A@;E?

� �57FK>5:A>;@7�D757BFAD�3@F39A@;E?

� ):KE;53>�BDAF75F;A@�A8�EFA?35:�?G5AE3

� ���D757BFAD�3@F39A@;E?

� !��D757BFAD�3@F39A@;E?

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�/4:

%AB7D3?;67 ;E�;@�F:7�E3?7�6DG9�5>3EE�3E 6;B:7@AJK>3F7� 87@F3@K>��3@6 67JFDA?7F:ADB:3@

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�588+):��49=+8

��� A�56/5/*�8+)+6:58�'-54/93

�>62'4':/54�&.?

%AB7D3?;67 ;E�3@ 3@F;6;3DD:73>�6DG9 F:3F�35FE�6;D75F>K�A@ Y�AB;A;6�D757BFADE ;@�F:7 "�FD35F FA�;@:;4;F


BDABG>E;H7 B7D;EF3>E;E 3@6�;@F7EF;@3>�8>G;6�E75D7F;A@��3@6�;@5D73E7�3@3>�EB:;@5F7D�FA@7 �.@>;=7�AF:7D Y�
AB;A;6�D757BFAD 39A@;EFE� >AB7D3?;67 :3E�BAAD �', B7@7FD3F;A@�3@6�F:7D78AD7�>35=E 3@3>97E;5
BDAB7DF;7E

��� ���# �8+)+6:58�'4:'-54/93

�>62'4':/54�&.?

(@63@E7FDA@ ;E�3@ 3@F;7?7F;5 F:3F�4>A5=E E7DAFA@;@ 4AF:�57@FD3>>K�3@6�B7D;B:7D3>>K�H;3 ��!-�


D757BFAD 3@F39A@;E? �"F�;E�@AF�GE76�FA�FD73F 6;3DD:73 %AB7D3?;67 6A7E�@AF�35F�A@ ��!-��D757BFADE

��� �)+:?2).52/4+�8+)+6:58�'4:'-54/93

�>62'4':/54�&.?

�@F;?GE53D;@;5�397@FE��EG5:�3E 6;5K5>A?;@7��35F�A@ 357FK>5:A>;@7�D757BFADE A8 E?AAF:�?GE5>7�57>>E FA


675D73E7�93EFDA;@F7EF;@3> EB3EF;5;FK 3@6�?AF;>;FK ��>F:AG9: 6;5K5>A?;@7 53@�47�GE76�FA�FD73F�EA?7
EK?BFA?E�A8 ;DD;F34>7�4AI7>�EK@6DA?7 �7 9 ��5D3?B;@9���;F�;E�@AF�78875F;H7�393;@EF 6;3DD:73
%AB7D3?;67 6A7E�@AF�35F�A@ 357FK>5:A>;@7�D757BFADE

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �.?9/)'2�685:+):/54�5,�9:53').�3;)59'

�>62'4':/54�&.?

�;E?GF:�EG4E3>;5K>3F7 BDAF75FE�F:7� " ?G5AE3 H;3�3@F;E75D7FADK��3@F;?;5DA4;3>��3@6�3@F;�;@8>3??3FADK


?75:3@;E?E �"F�53@�47�GE78G>�;@�FD73F;@9 6;3DD:73��B3DF;5G>3D>K�8DA? 7@F7DAFAJ;97@;5��E5:7D;5:;3�5A>;�
4GF�;E�@AF�5A??A@>K�GE76�8AD "�, %AB7D3?;67 6A7E�@AF�35F�H;3�F:;E�?75:3@;E?

��� ���8+)+6:58�'4:'-54/93

�>62'4':/54�&.?

&7FA5>ABD3?;67 ;E�3@ 3@F;7?7F;5 3@6 BDA=;@7F;5 397@F F:3F�35FE�H;3 E7DAFA@;@�D757BFAD�3@F39A@;E? 3@6


6AB3?;@7�D757BFAD�3@F39A@;E? �"F�8G@5F;A@E�BD;?3D;>K�4K�4>A5=;@9 ���D757BFADE ;@�F:7 �', 4GF�3>EA
4>A5=E ��!-��D757BFADE 3F�:;9:7D�6AE7E &7FA5>ABD3?;67 ;@5D73E7E�?AF;>;FK�;@�F:7 "�FD35F 3@6
675D73E7E�3@3>�EB:;@5F7D�FA@7��F:7D78AD7� 6;3DD:73 ;E�3�E;67�78875F�3@6�@AF�3@�;@6;53F;A@�8AD�F:7�6DG9
%AB7D3?;67 6A7E�@AF�35F�A@ 6AB3?;@7 D757BFADE

��� ���8+)+6:58�'4:'-54/93

�>62'4':/54�&.?

!��3@F;:;EF3?;@7E �7 9 � 83?AF;6;@7� D3@;F;6;@7��35F�3F 93EFD;5�B3D;7F3>�57>>E FA�;@:;4;F�35;6�E75D7F;A@


-:7K�3D7�GE76�FA�FD73F�5A@6;F;A@E�EG5:�3E �+� 3@6 ).� 4GF�3D7�@AF�GE76�FA�FD73F 6;3DD:73
%AB7D3?;67 6A7E�@AF�35F�A@ !��D757BFADE

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
;+9:/54����

��@7I�;?39;@9�?A63>;FK�;E�47;@9�F7EF76�FA�EFG6K H;F7>>;@7�6G5F ?ADB:A>A9K ���87FGE�3F ���I77=E�


97EF3F;A@�;E�8AG@6�FA�:3H7 B3DF;3>�A4>;F7D3F;A@ A8�F:;E�6G5F �0:;5:�A8�F:7�8A>>AI;@9�;E�F:7�?AEF�>;=7>K
E7CG7>3�A8�F:;E�5A@6;F;A@�

�49=+8 �3'-+

)DAFDGE;A@�A8
346A?;@3>�H;E57D3

;@FA�F:7�G?4;>;53>
5AD6

,I7>>;@9�;@�F:7

97@;F3>�D79;A@

�;E5:3D97�A8
� ?75A@;G?�8DA?�F:7
G?4;>;5GE

�;>3F;A@�A8�F:7

67E57@6;@9�5A>A@

�;E5:3D97�A8�GD;@7

8DA?�F:7�G?4;>;5GE

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�49=+8 �3'-+

�>776;@9�8DA?�F:7
� 93EFDA;@F7EF;@3>
FD35F

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�/4:

�GD;@9�@AD?3> 7?4DKA@;5�67H7>AB?7@F��F:7 H;F7>>;@7�6G5F A4>;F7D3F7E�5A?B>7F7>K�4K�F:7��F: FA �F: I77=


A8 97EF3F;A@ �"@5A?B>7F7�A4>;F7D3F;A@�A8�F:7 H;F7>>;@7�6G5F D7EG>FE�;@�3 &75=7>�6;H7DF;5G>G?��F:7�?AEF
5A??A@�5A@97@;F3> 93EFDA;@F7EF;@3>�FD35F 3@A?3>K

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�588+):��49=+8

��� �85:8;9/54�5,�'(*53/4'2�</9)+8'�/4:5�:.+�;3(/2/)'2�)58*

�>62'4':/54�&.?

)DAFDGE;A@�A8�346A?;@3> H;E57D3 ;@FA�F:7 G?4;>;53>�5AD6 ;E�5:3D35F7D;EF;5�A8�3@ A?B:3>A57>7��I:;5:


D7EG>FE�8DA?�83;>GD7�A8�F:7 ?;69GF FA D7FD35F ;@FA�F:7�346A?;@3>�53H;FK�6GD;@9�F:7���F: I77=�A8
97EF3F;A@ �"@5A?B>7F7�A4>;F7D3F;A@�A8�F:7 H;F7>>;@7�6G5F 6A7E�@AF�D7EG>F�;@�:7D@;3F76�>AABE�A8�4AI7>

��� "=+22/4-�/4�:.+�-+4/:'2�8+-/54

�>62'4':/54�&.?

,I7>>;@9�;@�F:7�97@;F3>�D79;A@�;E�5:3D35F7D;EF;5�A8�3 5A??G@;53F;@9�:K6DA57>7��I:;5:�;E�53GE76�4K�3
83;>GD7�A8�A4>;F7D3F;A@�A8�F:7 BDA57EEGE�H39;@3>;E��@AF�F:7 H;F7>>;@7�6G5F

��� �/9).'8-+�5,�3+)54/;3�,853�:.+�;3(/2/);9

�>62'4':/54�&.?

�;E5:3D97�A8 ?75A@;G? 8DA?�F:7 G?4;>;5GE ;E�3�E7CG7>3�A8�3 H;F7>>;@7�8;EFG>3��I:;5:�A55GDE�;8�F:7


H;F7>>;@7�6G5F D7?3;@E�B3F7@F �-:;E�87FGE�3F����I77=E� 97EF3F;A@ :3E�3�B3DF;3>>K�A4>;F7D3F76 H;F7>>;@7
6G5F

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �/2':/54�5,�:.+�*+9)+4*/4-�)5254

�>62'4':/54�&.?

-:;E�87FGE�I;>>�67H7>AB�3 &75=7>�6;H7DF;5G>G?��I:;5:�53@�53GE7 4AI7>�A4EFDG5F;A@ 3E�3E�3�D7EG>F�A8


;@FGEEGE57BF;A@� HA>HG>GE��AD�3 875A>;F: I;F:;@�F:7�6;H7DF;5G>G? �!AI7H7D��F:7�?AEF�5A??A@�>A53F;A@
A8 &75=7>�6;H7DF;5G>G? ;E�F:7�F7D?;@3>�>;7G? �-:7D78AD7��F:7 BDAJ;?3> E?3>>�4AI7> ;E�FKB;53>>K
6;>3F76�3@6�F:7 6;EF3> 67E57@6;@9�5A>A@ I;>>�47�5A>>3BE76 ��;>3F;A@�A8�F:7 67E57@6;@9�5A>A@ ;E�;@EF736
3EEA5;3F76�I;F: !;DE5:EBDG@9�6;E73E7 3@6 3@3>�3FD7E;3

��� �/9).'8-+�5,�;8/4+�,853�:.+�;3(/2/);9

�3'-+

�>62'4':/54�&.?

�;E5:3D97�A8 GD;@7 8DA?�F:7 G?4;>;5GE ;E�53GE76�4K�3 GD35:3>�8;EFG>3��I:;5:�D7EG>FE�8DA?�3�83;>GD7�A8


F:7 GD35:GE FA�A4>;F7D3F7��@AF�F:7 H;F7>>;@7�6G5F

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �2++*/4-�,853�:.+�-'9:85/4:+9:/4'2�:8'):

�3'-+

�>62'4':/54��;:

-:7 DG>7�A8��E ;@ &75=7>�6;H7DF;5G>G?�����A8�F:7�BABG>3F;A@����;@5:7E����5?��>A@9����877F�����5?�


8DA?�F:7 ;>7A53753>�H3>H7�����D6 I;F: 75FAB;5 ?G5AE3����FKB7E�A8 75FAB;5 F;EEG7��93EFD;5�3@6
B3@5D73F;5�

�>62'4':/54�&.?

)3F;7@FE�I;F: &75=7>�6;H7DF;5G>G? 3D7�GEG3>>K�3EK?BFA?3F;5 �!AI7H7D��EA?7�B3F;7@FE�53@�67H7>AB


>AI7D� "�4>776;@9 3E�3�D7EG>F�A8 6;H7DF;5G>;F;E 3@6�AD ;@FGEEGE57BF;A@ �F:7�6;H7DF;5G>G?�35FE�3E�3 >736
BA;@F 8AD ;@FGEEGE57BF;A@� �"@�EA?7�B3F;7@FE��F:7�6;H7DF;5G>G?�5A@F3;@E 75FAB;5 93EFD;5�F;EEG7��I:;5:
53@�3>EA�53GE7 >AI7D� "�4>776;@9 3E�3�D7EG>F�A8 93EFD;5�35;6 ;@6G576�G>57D3F;A@�A8�F:7 ;>73> ?G5AE3

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
;+9:/54����

� ���K73D�A>6 IA?3@�I;F:�!"/�5A?7E�FA�F:7�B:KE;5;3@�4753GE7�A8�3@ ��63K :;EFADK�A8�E7H7D7�B3;@�I:;>7


EI3>>AI;@9 �,:7�:3E�477@�:AEB;F3>;L76�E7H7D3>�F;?7E�I;F:�ABBADFG@;EF;5�;@875F;A@E�3@6�:3E�BAAD
36:7D7@57�FA�:7D�3@F;D7FDAH;D3>�6DG9�D79;?7@ ��@6AE5ABK�E:AIE�7JF7@E;H7��I:;F7� B>3CG7�>;=7 >7E;A@E�;@
F:7�BDAJ;?3>�7EAB:39GE ��G>FGD7�A8�3�4;ABEK�EB75;?7@�9DAIE Candida albicans �-D73F?7@F�I;F:
;@FD3H7@AGE 3@;6G>38G@9;@ ;E�;@;F;3F76 �0:;5:�A8�F:7�8A>>AI;@9�;E�F:7�BD;?3DK�?75:3@;E?�A8�35F;A@�A8�F:;E
6DG9�

�49=+8 �3'-+

� �75D73E76��'��EK@F:7E;E

"@:;4;F;A@�A8�3>B:3�

67?7F:K>3E7

� �;@6;@9�FA�7D9AEF7DA>

� �;@6;@9�FA�FG4G>;@

� �75D73E76�9>G53@�EK@F:7E;E

"@:;4;F;A@�A8�ECG3>7@7

7BAJ;63E7

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�/4:

(F:7D�6DG9E�I;F:�3�E;?;>3D�?75:3@;E?�A8�35F;A@�3D7 53EBA8G@9;@ 3@6 ?;538G@9;@

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�588+):��49=+8

��� �+)8+'9+*�����9?4:.+9/9

�>62'4':/54�&.?

�75D73E76 �'��EK@F:7E;E ;E�F:7�?75:3@;E?�A8�35F;A@�A8�F:7 3@F;?7F34A>;F7 3@F;8G@93> 6DG9


8>G5KFAE;@7 �>G5KFAE;@7 53@�47�GE76�8AD EKEF7?;5�8G@93>�;@875F;A@E I:7@�5A?4;@76�I;F:
3?B:AF7D;5;@����3@6�;E�B3DF;5G>3D>K�GE78G>�8AD�F:7�FD73F?7@F�A8 5DKBFA5A553>�?7@;@9;F;E �"F�;E
;@78875F;H7�;@�F:7�FD73F?7@F�A8 7EAB:3973>�53@6;6;3E;E

��� �4./(/:/54�5,�'26.'�*+3+:.?2'9+

�>62'4':/54�&.?

"@:;4;F;A@�A8 ���3>B:3�67?7F:K>3E7 ;E�F:7�?75:3@;E?�A8�35F;A@�A8�F:7 3LA>7 5>3EE��7 9 � ?;5A@3LA>7�


HAD;5A@3LA>7��3@6 ;FD35A@3LA>7��A8 3@F;8G@93> 6DG9E �-:7 3LA>7�3@F;8G@93> 5>3EE�:3E�3�I;67�EB75FDG?
A8�5>;@;53>�GE7�3@6�3D7�3>EA�5A@E;67D76�8;DEF�>;@7�FD73F?7@F�8AD 7EAB:3973>�53@6;6;3E;E �-:7�?76;53F;A@
36?;@;EF7D76�FA�F:;E�B3F;7@F�:3E�3�6;887D7@F�?75:3@;E?�A8�35F;A@

��� �/4*/4-�:5�+8-59:+852

�>62'4':/54�&.?

�;@6;@9�FA 7D9AEF7DA> ;E�F:7�?75:3@;E?�A8�35F;A@�A8�F:7 BA>K7@7 5>3EE�A8 3@F;8G@93> 6DG9E��I:;5:


;@5>G67E 3?B:AF7D;5;@�� 3@6 @KEF3F;@ �-:7K�:3H7�3�H7DK�4DA36�EB75FDG?�A8�788;535K�4GF�3D7�@AF�F:7
8;DEF�>;@7�FD73F?7@F�8AD 53@6;63�7EAB:39;F;E

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �/4*/4-�:5�:;(;2/4

�>62'4':/54�&.?

�;@6;@9�FA�FG4G>;@ ;E�F:7�?75:3@;E?�A8�35F;A@�A8 9D;E7A8G>H;@��I:;5:�;E�GE76�FA�FD73F�3�H3D;7FK�A8


EGB7D8;5;3> 8G@93>�;@875F;A@E��7 9 � F;@73� �"F�6A7E�@AF�B>3K�3�DA>7�;@�F:7�FD73F?7@F�A8 7EAB:3973>
53@6;6;3E;E

��� �+)8+'9+*�-2;)'4�9?4:.+9/9

�3'-+

�>62'4':/54�&.?

�5:;@A53@6;@ 3@F;8G@93> 6DG9E��7 9 � 3@;6G>38G@9;@� 53EBA8G@9;@��4>A5=�F:7�EK@F:7E;E�A8�X���������


9>G53@��3�5A?BA@7@F�A8�F:7�8G@93> 57>>�I3>> �5:;@A53@6;@ 3@F;8G@93>E :3H7�3�4DA36�EB75FDG?
788;535K�I;F:�?;@;?3> �,� B7@7FD3F;A@��3@6�3D7�GE76�8AD�?3@397?7@F�A8�4AF:�;@H3E;H7 3EB7D9;>>AE;E
3@6�;@H3E;H7 53@6;6;3E;E

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �4./(/:/54�5,�97;'2+4+�+65>/*'9+

�>62'4':/54�&.?

"@:;4;F;A@�A8 ECG3>7@7�7BAJ;63E7 ;E�F:7�?75:3@;E?�A8�35F;A@�A8 F7D4;@38;@7 �"F�;E�GE76�3E�3�FD73F?7@F


8AD 67D?3FAB:KF7 E=;@�;@875F;A@E �7 9 � F;@73� A@K5:A?K5AE;E� -7D4;@38;@7 :3E�@A�DA>7�;@�F:7
FD73F?7@F�A8 7EAB:3973>�53@6;6;3E;E

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
;+9:/54����

� ���K73D�A>6 ?3@�5A?7E�FA�F:7�B:KE;5;3@�4753GE7�A8�3 ��?A@F: :;EFADK�A8�;@5D73E;@9 83F;9G7 3@6


D76G576�>;4;6A �!7�3>EA�5A?B>3;@E�A8 <A;@F�B3;@ ;@�4AF:�A8�:;E�:3@6E �!;E�H;F3>�E;9@E�3D7�I;F:;@�@AD?3>
>;?;FE �):KE;53>�7J3?;@3F;A@�E:AIE F3@@76 E=;@�3@6 E?3>>�F7EF7E �-:7�E75A@6�3@6�F:;D6
?7F353DBAB:3>3@973>�<A;@FE�A8�4AF:�:3@6E�3D7�F7@67D�FA�B3>B3F;A@�3@6�D3@97�A8�?AF;A@�;E�>;?;F76 �-:7
>;H7D�;E�B3>B3F76 ��FA���5? 47>AI�F:7�D;9:F�5AEF3>�?3D9;@ �!;EFAB3F:A>A9;5�7J3?;@3F;A@�A8�3�>;H7D�4;ABEK
EB75;?7@�E:AIE ;@FD357>>G>3D�?3F7D;3>�F:3F�EF3;@E�I;F:�)DGEE;3@�4>G7 �-:;E�B3F;7@F�;E�3F�9D73F7EF�D;E=�8AD
67H7>AB;@9�I:;5:�A8�F:7�8A>>AI;@9�5A?B>;53F;A@E�

�49=+8 �3'-+

� �A>AD75F3>�53D5;@A?3

� +7EFD;5F;H7�53D6;A?KAB3F:K

� +:7G?3FA;6�3DF:D;F;E

� )3@5D73F;5�367@A53D5;@A?3

� 'A@�!A69=;@�>K?B:A?3

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�/4:

,=;@ :KB7DB;9?7@F3F;A@� F7EF;5G>3D�3FDAB:K� :7B3FA?793>K��3@6 E;67DAE;E I;F: )DGEE;3@�4>G7�EF3;@;@9 3D7


3>>�EG997EF;H7�A8 :7?A5:DA?3FAE;E

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�588+):��49=+8

��� �5258+):'2�)'8)/453'

�>62'4':/54�&.?

&3@K D;E=�835FADE 7J;EF�8AD 5A>AD75F3>�53D5;@A?3��;@5>G6;@9�97@7F;5�EK@6DA?7E��EG5:�3E 83?;>;3>


367@A?3FAGE�BA>KBAE;E 3@6 !')���� ;@8>3??3FADK�4AI7>�6;E73E7��FA4355A�GE7��3@6�3�>AI�8;47D�6;7F
�>F:AG9:�EA?7�EFG6;7E�EG997EF�3@�;@5D73E76�D;E=�A8 5A>AD75F3>�53@57D ;@�B3F;7@FE�I;F:
:7?A5:DA?3FAE;E��F:;E�3EEA5;3F;A@�;E�@AF�I7>>�7EF34>;E:76�3@6�AF:7D�5A?B>;53F;A@E�3D7�?AD7�>;=7>K�FA
A55GD

��� !+9:8/):/<+�)'8*/53?56':.?

�3'-+

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�>62'4':/54��;:

)3F;7@FE�I;F: :7?A5:DA?3FAE;E 3D7�3>EA�3F�3�E;9@;8;53@F>K�:;9:7D�D;E=�A8�67H7>AB;@9 :7B3FA57>>G>3D


53D5;@A?3 �!����I:7@�5A?B3D76�FA�F:7�97@7D3>�BABG>3F;A@ !�� ;E�F:7�?AEF�5A??A@�53GE7�A8
673F:�;@�B3F;7@FE�I;F: :7?A5:DA?3FAE;E

�>62'4':/54�&.?

"@�B3F;7@FE�I;F:�G@FD73F76�AD�36H3@576 :7?A5:DA?3FAE;E��F:7�67BAE;F;A@�A8 ;DA@ ;@�53D6;35�F;EEG7E�3@6


EG4E7CG7@F 8;4DAE;E 53@�>736�FA�7;F:7D�3 D7EFD;5F;H7�53D6;A?KAB3F:K �?AD7�FKB;53>��AD 6;>3F76
53D6;A?KAB3F:K �>7EE�5A??A@��4GF�A8F7@�D7H7DE;4>7�

��� !.+;3':5/*�'8:.8/:/9

�>62'4':/54�&.?

$@AI@ D;E=�835FADE 8AD D:7G?3FA;6�3DF:D;F;E ;@5>G67�47;@9�87?3>7��97@7F;5�BD76;EBAE;F;A@��!%���+�


:3E�477@�;?B>;53F76���3@6�E?A=;@9 !7?A5:DA?3FAE;E ;E�@AF�3 D;E=�835FAD 8AD D:7G?3FA;6�3DF:D;F;E��4GF
;E�3EEA5;3F76�I;F:�F:7�67H7>AB?7@F�A8 53>5;G?�BKDAB:AEB:3F7�67BAE;F;A@�6;E73E7 3@6�;DD7H7DE;4>7
3DF:DAB3F:K��7EB75;3>>K�38875F;@9�F:7 &�)�<A;@FE �3E�E77@�;@�F:;E�B3F;7@F�

��� �'4)8+':/)�'*+45)'8)/453'

�>62'4':/54�&.?

+;E=�835FADE 8AD B3@5D73F;5�367@A53D5;@A?3 ;@5>G67�57DF3;@�97@7F;5�EK@6DA?7E��7 9 � )7GFL�#79:7DE


EK@6DA?7���FA4355A�GE7� 5:DA@;5�B3@5D73F;F;E��3@6 6;347F7E �-:7D7�;E�@A�=@AI@�>;@=�47FI77@
:7?A5:DA?3FAE;E 3@6 B3@5D73F;5�53@57D

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �54��5*-1/4�2?36.53'

�>62'4':/54�&.?

+;E=�835FADE 8AD '!% ;@5>G67�;@875F;A@E��7 9 � ��/� !�/� Helicobacter pylori���3GFA;??G@7


6;E73E7E��7 9 � !3E:;?AFA�F:KDA;6;F;E���3@6 67D?3FA?KAE;F;E �-:7D7�;E�@A�=@AI@�3EEA5;3F;A@�47FI77@
:7?A5:DA?3FAE;E 3@6�F:7�67H7>AB?7@F�A8 '!%

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
;+9:/54����

� ���K73D�A>6 ?3@�I;F:�3>5A:A>;5 5;DD:AE;E 5A?7E�FA�F:7�B:KE;5;3@�8AD�3 8A>>AI�GB 7J3?;@3F;A@


�J3?;@3F;A@�A8�F:7�E=;@�E:AIE�7DKF:7?3�AH7D�F:7 F:7@3D�3@6�:KBAF:7@3D�7?;@7@57E A8�4AF:�:3@6E �!7
3>EA�:3E�@G?7DAGE�4>3@5:;@9�>7E;A@E�AH7D�F:7�FDG@=�3@6�GBB7D�7JFD7?;F;7E�F:3F�:3H7�3 57@FD3>�D76�H7EE7>
I;F:�F:;@�7JF7@E;A@E�D36;3F;@9�AGFI3D6E �0:;5:�A8�F:7�8A>>AI;@9�;E�F:7�?AEF�>;=7>K�G@67D>K;@9�53GE7�A8
F:7E7�8;@6;@9E�

�49=+8 �3'-+

� "@5D73E76�5;D5G>3F;@9�3??A@;3

� �75D73E76�5;D5G>3F;@9�3>4G?;@

� �75D73E76�5;D5G>3F;@9�F:DA?4ABA;7F;@

� �75D73E76�5;D5G>3F;@9�F7EFAEF7DA@7

� "@5D73E76�5;D5G>3F;@9�5ADF;EA>

� "@5D73E76�5;D5G>3F;@9�7EFDA97@

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�/4:

-:;E�B3F;7@F�E E=;@ 8;@6;@9E�3D7�5A@E;EF7@F�I;F: B3>?3D�7DKF:7?3 3@6 EB;67D�3@9;A?3E��I:;5:�3D7�D7>3F76


FA�:;E 5;DD:AE;E

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�588+):��49=+8

��� �4)8+'9+*�)/8);2':/4-�'3354/'

�>62'4':/54�&.?

!7B3F;5�83;>GD7�8DA? 5;DD:AE;E D7EG>FE�;@�;@367CG3F7�7>;?;@3F;A@�A8�?7F34A>;5�BDA6G5FE�I;F:


EG4E7CG7@F�355G?G>3F;A@�A8�@7GDAFAJ;5�?7F34A>;F7E��7 9 � 3??A@;3� ��>7H3F76�E7DG? 3??A@;3 >7H7>E
5A@FD;4GF7�FA�F:7�67H7>AB?7@F�A8 :7B3F;5�7@57B:3>AB3F:K ��>7H3F76 3??A@;3 >7H7>E�6A�@AF�53GE7
B3>?3D�7DKF:7?3 AD EB;67D�3@9;A?3E

��� �+)8+'9+*�)/8);2':/4-�'2(;3/4

�>62'4':/54�&.?

!KBA3>4G?;@7?;3 6G7�FA�;?B3;D76�BDA6G5F;A@�A8 3>4G?;@ 53@�A55GD�E75A@63DK�FA 5;DD:AE;E �-:7


EG4E7CG7@F>K�675D73E76 A@5AF;5�BD7EEGD7��FA97F:7D�I;F:�;@5D73E76�H7@AGE�BD7EEGD7E�E75A@63DK�FA
BADF3>�:KB7DF7@E;A@ �3�5A??A@�8;@6;@9�;@ 5;DD:AE;E���BDA?AF7E�7JFD3H3E5G>3D�8>G;6�E:;8F�;@FA�F:7
;@F7DEF;F;G? 3@6�D7EG>FE�;@�B7D;B:7D3> 767?3 3@6 3E5;F7E 8AD?3F;A@ !KBA3>4G?;@7?;3��:AI7H7D��;E
@AF�F:7�G@67D>K;@9�53GE7�A8 B3>?3D�7DKF:7?3 3@6 EB;67D�3@9;A?3E

��� �+)8+'9+*�)/8);2':/4-�:.853(565/+:/4

�>62'4':/54�&.?

"?B3;D76�BDA6G5F;A@�A8 F:DA?4ABA;7F;@ E75A@63DK�FA 5;DD:AE;E��FA97F:7D�I;F:�5A@97EF;H7


EB>7@A?793>K I;F: B>3F7>7F E7CG7EFD3F;A@�6G7�FA BADF3>�:KB7DF7@E;A@ �3�5A??A@�8;@6;@9�;@ 5;DD:AE;E��
53@�53GE7 F:DA?4A5KFAB7@;3 ��75D73E76 F:DA?4ABA;7F;@ 6A7E�@AF�53GE7 B3>?3D�7DKF:7?3 AD EB;67D
3@9;A?3E

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �+)8+'9+*�)/8);2':/4-�:+9:59:+854+

�>62'4':/54�&.?

�;DD:AE;E 53@�D7EG>F�;@�>AI F7EFAEF7DA@7 >7H7>E�3@6 :KBA9A@36;E? 3E >;H7D 6KE8G@5F;A@�BDA9D7EE7E �"@


?7@��F:;E�D7EG>FE�;@�D76G576�>;4;6A� 7D75F;>7�6KE8G@5F;A@� ;@87DF;>;FK��3@6 F7EF;5G>3D�3FDAB:K �!AI7H7D�
>AI F7EFAEF7DA@7 >7H7>E�3D7�@AF�F:7�G@67D>K;@9�53GE7�A8 B3>?3D�7DKF:7?3 3@6 EB;67D�3@9;A?3E

��� �4)8+'9+*�)/8);2':/4-�)58:/952

�>62'4':/54�&.?

"@5D73E76�E7DG? 5ADF;EA> >7H7>E�3D7�5:3D35F7D;EF;5�A8 �GE:;@9�EK@6DA?7��I:;5:�53@�53GE7�H3D;AGE


5GF3@7AGE�?3@;87EF3F;A@E��;@5>G6;@9�F:;@��73E;>K�4DG;E34>7 E=;@��BGDB>7�346A?;@3> EFD;37��3@6 8>GE:;@9
A8�F:7�8357 �GE:;@9�EK@6DA?7 ;E�@AF�3EEA5;3F76�I;F: B3>?3D�7DKF:7?3 AD EB;67D�3@9;A?3E �&AD7AH7D�
5;DD:AE;E 6A7E�@AF�D7EG>F�;@ :KB7D5ADF;EA>;E?

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �4)8+'9+*�)/8);2':/4-�+9:85-+4

�3'-+

�>62'4':/54�&.?

!KB7D7EFDA97@;E? ;@�B3F;7@FE�I;F: >;H7D 6KE8G@5F;A@�A55GDE�6G7�FA�;?B3;D76�:7B3F;5�?7F34A>;E?�A8


7EFDA97@ 3@6 3@6DAEF7@76;A@7 �I:;5:�;E�F:7@�5A@H7DF76�FA 7EFDA97@ 4K 3DA?3F3E7 ;@�36;BAE7�57>>E�
�>7H3F76 7EFDA97@ >7H7>E�EF;?G>3F7�F:7 BDA>;87D3F;A@ 3@6�6;>3F;A@�A8 53B;>>3D;7E��D7EG>F;@9�;@ B3>?3D
7DKF:7?3 3@6 EB;67D�3@9;A?3 �"@�?7@��;@5D73E76 7EFDA97@ >7H7>E�53@�3>EA�53GE7�87?;@;L3F;A@��I:;5:
?3K�?3@;87EF�3E 9K@75A?3EF;3��675D73E76�4A6K :3;D �7 9 ��>AEE�A8�5:7EF��BG4;5��3@6�AD�3J;>>3DK :3;D��
3@6�AD F7EF;5G>3D�3FDAB:K

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
;+9:/54����

-IA�63KE�38F7D�G@67D9A;@9�BAD5;@7�3ADF;5�H3>H7�D7B>357?7@F�EGD97DK�8AD�3ADF;5�H3>H7�EF7@AE;E��3
���K73D�A>6 B3F;7@F�67H7>ABE�K7>>AI�6;E5A>AD3F;A@�A8�F:7�E5>7D3 �!;E�H;F3>�E;9@E�3D7�I;F:;@�@AD?3>�>;?;FE
):KE;53>�7J3?;@3F;A@�E:AIE E5>7D3>�;5F7DGE ��46A?;@3>�7J3?;@3F;A@�E:AIE�@A�34@AD?3>;F;7E �%34AD3FADK
EFG6;7E�E:AI�

!7?3FA5D;F ���

+7F;5G>A5KF7�5AG@F � ��

,7DG?

�,- ���.�%

�%- ���.�%

�;>;DG4;@��FAF3> � ��?9�6%

�;D75F � ��?9�6%

%35F3F7�67:K6DA97@3E7 ���.�%

0:;5:�A8�F:7�8A>>AI;@9�;E�F:7�?AEF�>;=7>K�G@67D>K;@9�?75:3@;E?�A8�F:;E�B3F;7@F�E�>34AD3FADK�8;@6;@9E�

�49=+8 �3'-+

"?B3;D76�4;>;DG4;@

5A@<G93F;A@

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�49=+8 �3'-+

&75:3@;53>�7DKF:DA5KF7

63?397

� �DG9�;@6G576�FAJ;5;FK

�4E7@F�:7B3F;5

9>G5GDA@AEK>FD3@E87D3E7

"?B3;D76�4;>;DG4;@

7J5D7F;A@

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�/4:

�EK?BFA?3F;5 <3G@6;57 ;@6G576�4K�B:KE;53>�EFD7EE��7 9 ��EGD97DK��3>A@9�I;F: >34AD3FADK�EFG6;7E E:AI;@9


G@5A@<G93F76�:KB7D4;>;DG4;@7?;3��@AD?3> %�!��3@6�@AD?3> >;H7D 7@LK?7�>7H7>E�;E�5A@E;EF7@F�I;F:
;>47DF�EK@6DA?7

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�588+):��49=+8

��� �36'/8+*�(/2/8;(/4�)540;-':/54

�3'-+

�>62'4':/54�&.?

��?GF3F;A@�;@�F:7 BDA?AF7D E7CG7@57�A8�F:7 UGT1A1 97@7 53GE7E�675D73E76�35F;H;FK�A8 .�)�


9>G5GDA@AEK>FD3@E87D3E7��I:;5:�;E�F:7�G@67D>K;@9�B3F:A?75:3@;E?�A8 ;>47DF�EK@6DA?7 �):KE;53>
EFD7EE��FD3G?3��EGD97DK��7J:3GEF;A@��FD;997DE�675D73E76�5A@<G93F;A@�A8 4;>;DG4;@��D7EG>F;@9�;@�?;>6
G@5A@<G93F76�:KB7D4;>;DG4;@7?;3 3@6�EG4E7CG7@F�FD3@E;7@F <3G@6;57 ��753GE7 :7B3FA5KF7E 3D7�@AF
63?3976� >;H7D 7@LK?7�>7H7>E�3D7�@AD?3>

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �+).'4/)'2�+8?:.85)?:+�*'3'-+

�>62'4':/54�&.?

&75:3@;53>�63?397�FA 7DKF:DA5KF7E E75A@63DK�FA�3�BDAEF:7F;5 3ADF;5�H3>H7 53@�D7EG>F�;@ :7?A>KE;E


I;F: G@5A@<G93F76�:KB7D4;>;DG4;@7?;3 �!AI7H7D� :7?A>KF;5�3@7?;3 ;E�?3D=76�4K�3�675D73E76
:7?3FA5D;F 3E�I7>>�3E�3@�7>7H3F76 %�! 3@6 D7F;5G>A5KF7�5AG@F �-:;E�B3F;7@F�E�@AD?3> :7?3FA5D;F�
D7F;5G>A5KF7�5AG@F��3@6 %�! 7J5>G67�F:;E�6;39@AE;E �"@�366;F;A@��?75:3@;53> 7DKF:DA5KF7 63?397
A55GDE�?AD7�5A??A@>K�I;F:�?75:3@;53> :73DF�H3>H7E F:3@�I;F: 4;ABDAEF:7F;5�H3>H7E

��� �8;-�/4*;)+*�:5>/)/:?

�>62'4':/54�&.?

!3>A97@3F76�;@:3>76 3@7EF:7F;5E �7 9 � :3>AF:3@7��3@6 3?;A63DA@7��I:;5:�;E�A8F7@�GE76�8AD 3FD;3>


8;4D;>>3F;A@ BDAB:K>3J;E�38F7D�53D6;35�EGD97D;7E��53@�53GE7 >;H7D FAJ;5;FK �!AI7H7D��6DG9�;@6G576 >;H7D
FAJ;5;FK�53GE7E :7B3FA5KF7 63?397��D7EG>F;@9�;@�7>7H3F76 >;H7D 7@LK?7E���,- 3@6 �%-� �-:;E
B3F;7@F�E �,- 3@6 �%- >7H7>E�3D7�@AD?3>

��� �(9+4:�.+6':/)�-2;);85459?2:8'49,+8'9+

�>62'4':/54�&.?

-:7�5A?B>7F7�34E7@57�AD�?3D=76�>AEE�A8�8G@5F;A@�A8�:7B3F;5 .�)�9>G5GDA@AEK>FD3@E87D3E7 6G7�FA


?GF3F;A@E�;@�F:7�5A6;@9�E7CG7@57�A8�F:7 UGT1A1 97@7 ;E�5:3D35F7D;EF;5�A8 �D;9>7D�'3<<3D�EK@6DA?7
�FKB7��� �-:;E�5A@6;F;A@�53GE7E�E7H7D7 G@5A@<G93F76�:KB7D4;>;DG4;@7?;3 3@6�?3@;87EFE�;@ ;@83@5K
I;F: @7A@3F3>�<3G@6;57 3@6�@7GDA>A9;53>�EK?BFA?E�53GE76�4K =7D@;5F7DGE��;F�;E�@AF�F:7�G@67D>K;@9
53GE7�A8�F:;E����K73D�A>6�B3F;7@F�E�>34AD3FADK�8;@6;@9E

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �36'/8+*�(/2/8;(/4�+>)8+:/54

�>62'4':/54�&.?

"?B3;D76�:7B3F;5 4;>;DG4;@ 7J5D7F;A@�;E�5:3D35F7D;EF;5�A8 �G4;@�#A:@EA@�EK@6DA?7 3@6 +AFAD


EK@6DA?7 ��AF:�5A@6;F;A@E�3D7�47@;9@��:7D76;F3DK :KB7D4;>;DG4;@7?;3E��;@�I:;5: 4;>;DG4;@ ;E
5A@<G93F76�5ADD75F>K�4GF�F:7�:7B3F;5�7J5D7F;A@�A8 4;>;DG4;@ ;E�;?B3;D76 �-:7D78AD7��B3F;7@FE�67H7>AB
5A@<G93F76�:KB7D4;>;DG4;@7?;3

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
;+9:/54�����

� ���K73D�A>6 ?3@�5A?7E�FA�F:7�B:KE;5;3@�4753GE7�A8�346A?;@3>�B3;@�3@6 8AG>�E?7>>;@9��I3F7DK�6;3DD:73


8AD E7H7D3>�63KE �!7�:3E�@AF�:36�@3GE73��HA?;F;@9��AD�4>AA6K�EFAA>E �!7�:3E�3�:;EFADK�A8�3>5A:A>�GE7
6;EAD67D�3@6�D757@F>K�5A?B>7F76�3 ��63K 5AGDE7�A8 5>;@63?K5;@ 8AD�B@7G?A@;3 �!7�:3E�@AF�FD3H7>76�AGF
A8�F:7�.@;F76�,F3F7E �0:;5:�A8�F:7�8A>>AI;@9�FAJ;@E�;E�?AEF�>;=7>K�FA�47�;@HA>H76�;@�F:7�B3F:A97@7E;E�A8
F:;E�B3F;7@F�E�EK?BFA?E�

�49=+8 �3'-+

� ,:;93�FAJ;@

� !73F�EF34>7�FAJ;@

� �:A>7D3�FAJ;@

� �7D7G>;67�FAJ;@

� �>AEFD;6;A;67E�6;88;5;>7�5KFAFAJ;@

� �>B:3�FAJ;@

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�/4:

-:;E�?3@�:3E�I3F7DK 6;3DD:73 8A>>AI;@9�D757@F 3@F;4;AF;5 GE7 �!;E�BD7E7@F3F;A@�;E�5A@E;EF7@F�I;F:


Clostridioides difficile ;@875F;A@

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�588+):��49=+8

��� "./-'�:5>/4

�>62'4':/54�&.?

,:;93�FAJ;@ ;E�BDA6G576�4K Shigella EBB. 3@6 7@F7DA:7?ADD:39;5�� �5A>; (����!� �-:;E�FAJ;@�;@:;4;FE


F:7 ��,�EG4G@;F A8 D;4AEA?7E 4K�5>73H;@9 367@;@7 ;@ D;4AEA?3>�+'� �-:;E�53GE7E 7@F7DA5KF7 ;@<GDK�
I:;5:�D7EG>FE�;@�?G5A;6��4>AA6K 6;3DD:73��I:;5:�;E�@AF�BD7E7@F�;@�F:;E�B3F;7@F �-:;E�B3F;7@F�E�D757@F
3@F;4;AF;5 GE7�;E�3EEA5;3F76�I;F:�3�6;887D7@F�53GE7�A8 6;3DD:73

��� �+':�9:'(2+�:5>/4

�>62'4':/54�&.?

!73F�EF34>7�FAJ;@ ;E�BDA6G576�4K 7@F7DAFAJ;97@;5�� �5A>; ��-�����3�5A??A@�B3F:A97@�;?B>;53F76�;@


FD3H7>7D�E�6;3DD:73 �-:;E�FAJ;@�EF;?G>3F7E 9G3@K>3F7�5K5>3E7��I:;5:�;@�FGD@�;@5D73E7E�>7H7>E�A8 5 &)�
D7EG>F;@9�;@�675D73E76�D734EADBF;A@�A8�EA6;G?� 5:>AD;67��3@6�I3F7D�8DA?�F:7�;@F7EF;@3>�>G?7@ ��
B3F;7@F�I;F:�@A�:;EFADK�A8�D757@F�FD3H7>�;E�G@>;=7>K�FA�:3H7 6;3DD:73 6G7�FA �-��

��� �.52+8'�:5>/4

�>62'4':/54�&.?

-:7 5:A>7D3�FAJ;@ ;E�BDA6G576�4K Vibrio cholera �-:;E�FAJ;@�EF;?G>3F7E 367@K>3F7�5K5>3E7��D7EG>F;@9�;@


;@5D73E76�E75D7F;A@�A8 5:>AD;67 3@6�I3F7D�;@FA�F:7�;@F7EF;@3>�>G?7@ �:A>7D3 ;E�5:3D35F7D;L76�4K
HA>G?;@AGE�D;57�I3F7D 6;3DD:73 3@6�;E�?AEF�5A??A@>K�3EEA5;3F76�I;F:�;@97EF;A@�A8�5A@F3?;@3F76
I3F7D �:A>7D3 ;E�H7DK�D3D7�;@�F:7�.,�3@6�F:7D7�3D7�@A�;@6;53F;A@E�F:3F�F:;E�B3F;7@F�?3K�:3H7�477@
7JBAE76�FA�5A@F3?;@3F76�I3F7D

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �+8+;2/*+�:5>/4

�>62'4':/54�&.?

-:7 57D7G>;67 FAJ;@��3�BD78AD?76�FAJ;@��;E�BDA6G576�4K Bacillus cereus��I:;5:�53GE7E�35GF7 @3GE73


3@6�HA?;F;@9 ��P��:AGDE�38F7D�;@97EF;A@��3@6�AD�I3F7DK��@A@4>AA6K 6;3DD:73 ��P���:AGDE�38F7D
;@97EF;A@� �-:;E�FAJ;@�;E�FKB;53>>K�8AG@6�;@�D7:73F76�D;57 �!AI7H7D��F:;E�B3F;7@F�:3E�@A�:;EFADK�A8�D;57
5A@EG?BF;A@�AD�HA?;F;@9��3@6�F:7�F;?7�5AGDE7�A8�:;E�;>>@7EE�;E�@AF�5A@E;EF7@F�I;F: B. cereus ;@875F;A@

��� �259:8/*/5/*+9�*/,,/)/2+�)?:5:5>/4

�>62'4':/54�&.?

Clostridioides difficile BDA6G57E�FIA�FAJ;@E� FAJ;@�� �7@F7DAFAJ;@��3@6 FAJ;@�� �5KFAFAJ;@� ��AF:


FAJ;@E�67BA>K?7D;L7 35F;@�8;>3?7@FE 3@6�6;EDGBF�F:7�57>>G>3D 5KFAE=7>7FA@��I:;>7 FAJ;@�� 3>EA�53GE7E
;@F7EF;@3> ;@8>3??3F;A@��>736;@9�FA�7J57EE;H7�8>G;6�E75D7F;A@ �-:7E7�FD3;FE�53GE7 BE7G6A?7?4D3@AGE
5A>;F;E 3@6�I3F7DK��8AG>�E?7>>;@9 6;3DD:73��3E�E77@�;@�F:;E�B3F;7@F �@LK?7�;??G@A3EE3K A8 FAJ;@��
3@6���3D7�5A??A@>K�GE76�3E E5D77@;@9�F7EFE 8AD � �6;88;5;>7�3EEA5;3F76�6;3DD:73 ������

��� �26.'�:5>/4

�>62'4':/54�&.?

-:7 3>B:3�FAJ;@ ;E�BDA6G576�4K Clostridium perfringens �-:;E�FAJ;@�;E�3�B:AEB:A>;B3E7��>75;F:;@3E7�


F:3F�6;EDGBFE�F:7 57>>�?7?4D3@7 A8 7@F7DA5KF7E 3@6�53GE7E �>AEFD;6;G?�B7D8D;@97@E�7@F7DA5A>;F;E�
I:;5:�;E�5:3D35F7D;L76�4K�346A?;@3> B3;@ 3@6�I3F7DK 6;3DD:73 �-:7 6;3DD:73 E77@�;@ �>AEFD;6;G?
B7D8D;@97@E�7@F7DA5A>;F;E GEG3>>K�D7EA>H7E�I;F:;@����:AGDE�3@6�;E�G@>;=7>K�;@�F:;E�B3F;7@F

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
;+9:/54�����

�@�;@H7EF;93FAD�;E�EFG6K;@9�F:7�F7D3FA97@;5;FK�A8�5;93D7FF7�E?A=;@9�6GD;@9�BD79@3@5K �!7�D7H;7IE�E7H7D3>
63F343E7E�5A@F3;@;@9�63F3�34AGF�4;DF:�67875FE�3@6�BD7@3F3>�6DG9�7JBAEGD7E�3@6�8;@6E�F:3F�;@83@FE�7JBAE76
FA�5;93D7FF7�E?A=7�;@�GF7DA�3D7�3BBDAJ;?3F7>K ��F;?7E 3E�>;=7>K�FA�:3H7�3�B3DF;5G>3D�4;DF:�67875F�F:3@
G@7JBAE76�;@83@FE �-:;E�67875F�D7EG>FE�8DA?�34@AD?3>�67H7>AB?7@F�6GD;@9�F:7 �F: I77= A8�97EF3F;A@�
I:7@�F:7 ?3J;>>3DK�BDA?;@7@57E�9DAI�?76;3>>K�3@6�8GE7�8;DEF�I;F:�F:7�>3F7D3>�3@6�F:7@�F:7�?76;3>�@3E3>
BDA?;@7@57 �-:7�67875F�;E�?AEF�>;=7>K�I:;5:�A8�F:7�8A>>AI;@9�

�49=+8 �3'-+

� �>78F�B3>3F7

� �>78F�>;B

� �:A3@3>�3FD7E;3

� &35DA9@3F:;3

� &;5DA9@3F:;3

� -ADGE�B3>3F;@GE

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�/4:

-:7�67875F�;@�CG7EF;A@�;E�3�D7EG>F�A8�83;>GD7�FA�8GE7�F:3F�;E�5A??A@>K�E77@�;@ ;@83@FE I;F: )3F3G


EK@6DA?7

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�588+):��49=+8

��� �2+,:�6'2':+

�>62'4':/54�&.?

-:7 E75A@63DK�B3>3F7 ;E�8AD?76�I:7@�F:7 >3F7D3> B3>3F;@7�E:7>H7E�7H7@FG3>>K�8GE7�38F7D�?AH;@9�8DA?�3


:AD;LA@F3>�FA�H7DF;53>�AD;7@F3F;A@�3F�34AGF�F:7��F: I77=�A8�67H7>AB?7@F ��3;>GD7�A8�F:7�E:7>H7E�FA
7;F:7D�5:3@97�;@�AD;7@F3F;A@��7 9 ��3E�;@ );7DD7�+A4;@�EK@6DA?7���8GE7�FA97F:7D��AD�8G>>K�<A;@�F:7 @3E3>
E7BFG? >736E�FA�3 5>78F�B3>3F7 �0:;>7�A8F7@�5A;@5;67@F3>�I;F:�F:;E�B3F;7@F�E�67875F��3 5>78F�B3>3F7
67H7>ABE�>3F7D�F:3@�F:7��F: I77=�A8 97EF3F;A@ 3@6�6A7E�@AF�;@HA>H7�F:7�?3J;>>3DK�BDA?;@7@57E

��� �2+,:�2/6

�3'-+

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�>62'4':/54�&.?

�>78F�>;B ;E�53GE76�4K�83;>GD7�A8�8GE;A@�A8�F:7�?3J;>>3DK�BDA?;@7@57�I;F:�F:7 ?76;3> @3E3>


BDA?;@7@57 �'AD?3>>K��5:;>6D7@�:3H7�FIA�5AB;7E�A8� ,--���3 97@7 F:3F�;E�BDAF75F;H7�393;@EF�F:7
67H7>AB?7@F�A8�3 5>78F�>;B �!AI7H7D��7?4DKAE�I;F:�A@>K�A@7�5ABK�A8�F:;E 97@7 �7 9 ��;@�EA?7
�GDAB73@�3@6��E;3@�3@57EFDK��:3H7�3����8A>6�;@5D73E7�;@�67H7>AB;@9�3 5>78F�>;B ;8�7JBAE76�FA 5;93D7FF7
E?A=7 ;@�GF7DA

��� �.5'4'2�':8+9/'

�>62'4':/54�&.?

�A@97@;F3> 5:A3@3>�3FD7E;3 ;E�6G7�FA�3�83;>GD7�A8�F:7�53@3>;L3F;A@�A8�F:7�@3E3>�B;FE�6GD;@9�F:7��P�F:


I77=�A8 87F3>�67H7>AB?7@F ��E�F:7�@3E3>�E35E�7JF7@6�BAEF7D;AD>K�FA�67H7>AB�;@FA�F:7�@3D7E��3
?7?4D3@7�8AD?E�47FI77@�F:7�@3E3>�3@6�AD3> 7B;F:7>;3 ��3@3>;L3F;A@�D7CG;D7E�F:7�DGBFGD7�A8�F:;E
?7?4D3@7��;8�;F�83;>E�FA�6A�EA� 5:A3@3>�3FD7E;3 D7EG>FE �-:;E�53@�A55GD�G@;>3F7D3>>K��AD�>7EE�5A??A@>K
4;>3F7D3>>K������A8�F:7�F;?7�

��� �')85-4':./'

�>62'4':/54�&.?

&35DA9@3F:;3�;E�3�D7>3F;H7>K�D3D7�5A@6;F;A@�;@�I:;5:�F:7 <3I 67H7>ABE�@AD?3>>K�4GF�;E�?G5:�>3D97D�;@


BDABADF;A@ FA�F:7�D7EF�A8�F:7�:736 �0:;>7�F:7D7�;E�3�:7D76;F3DK�5A?BA@7@F��;F�;E�3EEA5;3F76�I;F:
@7AB>3EF;5 3@6�?7F34A>;5�5A@6;F;A@E��EG5:�3E )397F�E�6;E73E7 3@6 B;FG;F3DK�9;93@F;E? �-:7D7�;E�@A
83;>GD7�FA�8GE7�;@�F:7�67H7>AB?7@F�A8�?35DA9@3F:;3

��� �/)85-4':./'

�>62'4':/54�&.?

�@�G@67DE;L76 <3I �?;5DA9@3F:;3��6G7�FA ?3@6;4G>3D�:KBAB>3E;3 53@�47�8AG@6�;@�?3@K�6;887D7@F

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
5A@6;F;A@E��;@5>G6;@9 FD;EA?K���� 87F3>�3>5A:A>�EK@6DA?7��3@6 );7DD7�+A4;@�EK@6DA?7 ��>F:AG9:
:73HK�?3F7D@3>�E?A=;@9�?3K�;@5D73E7�F:7�D;E=�A8�5A@6;F;A@E�D7>3F76�FA�EA?7�5A@6;F;A@E�F:3F�53GE7
?;5DA9@3F:;3 �7 9 � );7DD7�+A4;@�EK@6DA?7�� ?;5DA9@3F:;3 ;E�@AF�3EEA5;3F76�I;F:�?3J;>>3DK
BDA?;@7@57�8GE;A@

��� #58;9�6'2':/4;9

�>62'4':/54�&.?

-ADGE�B3>3F;@GE ;E�3�47@;9@�4A@K�AH7D9DAIF:�F:3F�;E�FKB;53>>K�>A53F76�;@�F:7�?;6>;@7�A8�F:7 :3D6�B3>3F7


�>F:AG9:�;F�53@�A55GD�5A@97@;F3>>K�;@�EA?7�53E7E��;F�;E�@AF�53GE76�4K�3�83;>GD7�A8�4A@7E�FA�8GE7

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
;+9:/54�����

� ���K73D�A>6 ?3@�I;F: 93EFDA7EAB:3973>�D78>GJ�6;E73E7 5A?7E�FA�F:7�B:KE;5;3@�4753GE7�A8 E7H7D7


4GD@;@9�5:7EF�B3;@�3@6�47>5:;@9�38F7D�?73>E �!7�:3E�>;?;F76�:;E�53887;@7�;@F3=7�3@6�:3E�477@�3HA;6;@9
8AA6�5>AE7�FA�476F;?7 ��EAB:39A93EFDA6GA67@AE5ABK�E:AIE 7DKF:7?3�3@6�7DAE;A@E�;@�F:7�6;EF3>
7EAB:39GE �0:;5:�A8�F:7�8A>>AI;@9�;E�F:7�?75:3@;E?�A8�35F;A@�A8�F:7�?AEF�3BBDABD;3F7�6DG9�8AD�F:;E
B3F;7@F�

�49=+8 �3'-+

� �@:3@57?7@F�A8�F:7�?G5AE3>�43DD;7D

� "@:;4;F;A@�A8����D757BFADE

� '7GFD3>;L3F;A@�A8�93EFD;5�35;6

� "@:;4;F;A@�A8�!��D757BFADE

� "@:;4;F;A@�A8��-)3E7

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�/4:

-:;E�B3F;7@F�:3E�EK?BFA?E�5A@E;EF7@F�I;F:�E7H7D7 �+���3@6�7H;67@57�A8 D78>GJ�;@6G576 7EAB:39;F;E ��


BDAFA@�BG?B�;@:;4;FAD �))"��IAG>6�47�F:7�3BBDABD;3F7 8;DEF�>;@7 6DG9�F:7D3BK�8AD�F:;E�B3F;7@F

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�588+):��49=+8

��� �4.'4)+3+4:�5,�:.+�3;)59'2�('88/+8

�>62'4':/54�&.?

�@:3@57?7@F A8�F:7 ?G5AE3> 43DD;7D�;@�F:7 EFA?35: 3@6 6GA67@G? ;E�F:7�?75:3@;E?�A8�35F;A@�A8


EG5D3>83F7��I:;5:�8AD?E�3�BDAF75F;H7�43DD;7D��35FE�3E�3@�35;6�4G887D��3@6�BDA?AF7E�!�(� BDA6G5F;A@ �"F
;E�5A??A@>K�GE76�;@�F:7�FD73F?7@F�A8 B7BF;5�G>57D�6;E73E7��4GF�;E�@AF�5A@E;67D76�8;DEF�>;@7�8AD �+�

��� �4./(/:/54�5,����8+)+6:589

�>62'4':/54�&.?

"@:;4;F;A@�A8 ���D757BFADE ;@�F:7 EFA?35: �7 9 � ?7FA5>ABD3?;67��;@5D73E7E >AI7D�7EAB:3973>


EB:;@5F7D �%�,��FA@7�3@6�;@5D73E7E�93EFD;5�?AF;>;FK �0:;>7�F:7E7�397@FE�53@�;?BDAH7�EK?BFA?E�A8
�+���F:7K�3D7�@AF�GE76�8AD�F:;E�BGDBAE7�4753GE7�A8�F:7;D�36H7DE7�78875FE��7 9 � B3D=;@EA@;E?�

��� �+;:8'2/@':/54�5,�-'9:8/)�')/*

�>62'4':/54�&.?

'7GFD3>;L3F;A@�A8 93EFD;5�35;6 ;E�F:7�?75:3@;E?�A8�35F;A@�A8 3@F35;6E EG5:�3E 53>5;G?�53D4A@3F7


-:7E7�397@FE�3D7�5A??A@>K�GE76�8AD�?;>6��;@F7D?;FF7@F :73DF4GD@��3@6�AD �+� �!AI7H7D��F:;E
B3F;7@F�:3E�E7H7D7�EK?BFA?E�3@6�;E�G@>;=7>K�FA�7JB7D;7@57�>A@9�F7D?�;?BDAH7?7@F�I;F: 3@F35;6E
3>A@7

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �4./(/:/54�5,����8+)+6:589

�>62'4':/54�&.?

!��3@F;:;EF3?;@7E��EG5:�3E D3@;F;6;@7��;@:;4;F :;EF3?;@7�67B7@67@F 93EFD;5�35;6 E75D7F;A@�H;3�F:7;D


3@F39A@;EF;5�78875F�A@ !��D757BFADE ;@�F:7 93EFD;5�B3D;7F3>�57>>E ��>F:AG9:�F:7K�?3K�47�GE76�8AD�?;>6
�+� EK?BFA?E��3�6;887D7@F�397@F�;E�;@6;53F76�8AD�F:;E�B3F;7@F�I;F:�E7H7D7�EK?BFA?E�3@6
7EAB:39;F;E

��� �4./(/:/54�5,��#�'9+

�>62'4':/54�&.?

)DAFA@�BG?B�;@:;4;FADE �))"E��;DD7H7DE;4>K�;@:;4;F !��$� �-)3E7 ;@ B3D;7F3>�57>>E A8�F:7 EFA?35: 3@6


F:GE�D76G57�F:7 �-)�67B7@67@F�E75D7F;A@�A8�!� ;A@E�;@FA�F:7�93EFD;5�>G?7@ �-:7K�3D7�5A@E;67D76�8;DEF�
>;@7�8AD�B3F;7@FE�I;F:�E7H7D7 �+�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
;+9:/54����

� ���K73D�A>6 IA?3@�8DA?��5G36AD�;E�36?;FF76�FA�F:7�:AEB;F3>�4753GE7�A8 F3DDK�4>35= EFAA>E�3@6


7B;93EFD;5�B3;@�8AD ��I77=E �-:7�7B;93EFD;5�B3;@�;E�D7>;7H76�38F7D�?73>E��4GF�IADE7@E�38F7D �P��:AGDE �,:7
:3E�@A�:;EFADK�A8�E7D;AGE�;>>@7EE�3@6�F3=7E�@A�?76;53F;A@E �):KE;53>�7J3?;@3F;A@�E:AIE�@A�34@AD?3>;F;7E
�753>�A55G>F�4>AA6�F7EF�;E�BAE;F;H7 ��EAB:39A93EFDA6GA67@AE5ABK�E:AIE�3 4>776;@9�6GA67@3>�G>57D
&;5DAE5AB;5�7J3?;@3F;A@�A8�3�6GA67@3>�4;ABEK�EB75;?7@�;E�?AEF�>;=7>K�FA�E:AI�I:;5:�A8�F:7�8A>>AI;@9�

�49=+8 �3'-+

� �GDH76��8>397>>3F76�9D3?�@793F;H7�DA6E

D3?�@793F;H7�,�E:3B76�DA6E�I;F:�BA>3D

8>397>>3

"DD79G>3D>K�6DG?EF;5=�E:3B76�9D3?�

BAE;F;H7�DA6E

� D3?�BAE;F;H7�>3@57F�E:3B76�6;B>A5A55;

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�49=+8 �3'-+

�;?ADB:;5�4G66;@9�K73EFE�I;F:

BE7G6A:KB:37

-73D6DAB�E:3B76�?G>F;@G5>73F76

FDAB:ALA;F7E

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�/4:

-:;E�B3F;7@F�BD7E7@FE�I;F:�3�4>776;@9 6GA67@3>�G>57D 8AG@6�A@ � � �-:7�?AEF�5A??A@�53GE7�A8 B7BF;5


G>57D�6;E73E7 ;E�;@875F;A@�I;F: H. pylori

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�588+):��49=+8

��� �;8<+*��,2'-+22':+*�-8'3�4+-':/<+�85*9

�>62'4':/54�&.?

H. pylori ;E�3�5GDH76��8>397>>3F76 9D3?�@793F;H7�DA6 I:;5:�?3;@>K�5A>A@;L7E�F:7 3@FDG? A8�F:7


EFA?35: H. pylori ;E�3>EA 53F3>3E7�BAE;F;H7� AJ;63E7�BAE;F;H7��3@6 GD73E7 BAE;F;H7

��� �8'3�4+-':/<+�"�9.'6+*�85*9�=/:.�652'8�,2'-+22'

�3'-+

�>62'4':/54�&.?

Campylobacter jejuni ;E�3�,�E:3B76� 9D3?�@793F;H7�DA6 I;F: BA>3D�8>397>>3 �"F�;E�F:7�?AEF�5A??A@


B3F:A97@�D7EBA@E;4>7�8AD�8AA64AD@7 93EFDA7@F7D;F;E ;@�F:7�.,�3@6�53GE7E�4>AA6K 6;3DD:73 �"F�?3K�47
3@F75767@F�FA G;>>3;@��3DDM�EK@6DA?7 3@6 D735F;H7�3DF:D;F;E��4GF�;F�:3E�@A�3EEA5;3F;A@�I;F: ).�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �88+-;2'82?�*8;39:/)1�9.'6+*�-8'3�659/:/<+�85*9

�>62'4':/54�&.?

C. difficile ;E�3�6DG?EF;5=�E:3B76��9D3?�BAE;F;H7�DA6�F:3F�;E�B3DF�A8�F:7�@3FGD3>�9GF�8>AD3�;@����A8
36G>FE ��>F:AG9: 5>AEFD;6;G?�7@F7DA5A>;F;E ?3K�>736�FA�4>AA6K 6;3DD:73��F:7�435F7D;3�;E�@AF�3EEA5;3F76
I;F: ).�

��� �8'3�659/:/<+�2'4)+:�9.'6+*�*/625)5))/

�3'-+

�>62'4':/54�&.?

D3?�BAE;F;H7�>3@57F�E:3B76 6;B>A5A55; 67E5D;47E�F:7�:;EFA>A9;53>�8;@6;@9E�A8 S. pneumoniae��I:;5:


?3K�53GE7�?3@K�5A@6;F;A@E��7 9 � B@7G?A@;3� ?7@;@9;F;E� E;@GE;F;E��4GF�@AF 93EFDA;@F7EF;@3>�G>57DE

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �/3586./)�(;**/4-�?+'9:9�=/:.�69+;*5.?6.'+

�3'-+

�>62'4':/54�&.?

Candida albicans ;E�3�6;?ADB:;5�4G66;@9 K73EF 8AD?;@9 :KB:37 3@6�>A@9 BE7G6A:KB:37 Candida


albicans 53@�53GE7 7EAB:39;F;E ;@ ;??G@AEGBBD7EE76 B3F;7@FE��7 9 � !"/��FD3@EB>3@F�B3F;7@FE� 6;347F7E
?7>>;FGE��F:3F�53@�3>EA�>736�FA�F3DDK�EFAA>E�;8�4>776;@9�A55GDE��4GF�;F�;E�@AF�3�5A??A@�53GE7�A8 ).�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� #+'8*856�9.'6+*�3;2:/4;)2+':+*�:856.5@5/:+9

�3'-+

�>62'4':/54�&.?

;3D6;3E;E ;E�3�5A??A@�B3D3E;F;5�;@875F;A@�53GE76�4K Giardia lamblia��I:;5:�;@�F:7;D�35F;H7�8AD?�;@


F:7�:G?3@�4A6K��3BB73D�3E�F73D6DAB�E:3B76 FDAB:ALA;F7E �"F�BD7E7@FE�I;F:�HA>G?;@AGE 6;3DD:73
5:3D35F7D;EF;53>>K�5A@E;EF;@9�A8�8DAF:K�3@6�9D73EK�EFAA>E�4GF�;E�@AF�3EEA5;3F76�I;F: 93EFDA;@F7EF;@3>
4>776;@9 AD ).�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
;+9:/54�����

� ���K73D�A>6 ?3@�5A?7E�FA�F:7�B:KE;5;3@�4753GE7�A8�3 ��63K :;EFADK�A8�346A?;@3>�B3;@�3@6 6;3DD:73


!7�D7BADFE�F:3F�:;E�EFAA>E�3D7�EFD73=76�I;F: 4>AA6�3@6�?G5GE �!7�D7FGD@76�8DA?�3�H353F;A@�;@�F:7
):;>;BB;@7E ��I77=E 39A �!;E�H;F3>�E;9@E�3D7�I;F:;@�@AD?3>�>;?;FE ��46A?;@3>�7J3?;@3F;A@�E:AIE
:KB7D35F;H7�4AI7>�EAG@6E ���B:AFA?;5DA9D3B:�A8�3 FD;5:DA?7�EF3;@76 I7F�?AG@F�A8�3�EFAA>�EB75;?7@ ;E
E:AI@ �0:;5:�A8�F:7�8A>>AI;@9�AD93@;E?E�;E�F:7�?AEF�>;=7>K�53GE7�A8�F:;E�B3F;7@F�E�EK?BFA?E�

�49=+8 �3'-+

� �@F3?A743�:;EFA>KF;53

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�49=+8 �3'-+

� ;3D6;3�>3?4>;3

� ,:;97>>3�6KE7@F7D;37

� �3?BK>A435F7D�<7<G@;

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�49=+8 �3'-+

� �DKBFAEBAD;6;G?�B3DHG?

� -D;5:GD;E�FD;5:;GD3

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�/4:

-:7�63D=�5;D5G>3D�;@5>GE;A@E�;@�F:7�B:AFA?;5DA9D3B:�D7BD7E7@F�;@97EF76 7DKF:DA5KF7E I;F:;@�F:7


FDAB:ALA;F7

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�588+):��49=+8

��� �4:'35+('�./9:52?:/)'

�3'-+

�>62'4':/54�&.?

Entamoeba histolytica 53GE7E 3?74;3E;E��I:;5:�;E�5A@E;EF7@F�I;F:�F:7�5>;@;53>�BD7E7@F3F;A@�A8�F:;E


B3F;7@F��346A?;@3> B3;@ 3@6�4>AA6K�EFAA>�I;F:�?G5GE� �,K?BFA?E�?3@;87EF�38F7D�3@ ;@5G43F;A@
B7D;A6 A8��P��I77=E��I:;5:�IAG>6�5ADD7EBA@6�I;F:�F:;E�B3F;7@F�E�H353F;A@�FA�3@ 7@67?;5 3D73 �"F�;E
6;39@AE76�43E76�A@�F:7�BD7E7@57�A8�5KEFE�AD FDAB:ALA;F7E 5A@F3;@;@9 B:39A5KFAE76 7DKF:DA5KF7E ;@
8D7E:�EFAA>��I:;5:�3D7�E77@�;@�F:7�B:AFA?;5DA9D3B: "@F7EF;@3>�3?74;3E;E ;E�FKB;53>>K�FD73F76�I;F:
?7FDA@;63LA>7 8A>>AI76�4K B3DA?A?K5;@��3�>G?;@3>�397@F�F:3F�7D36;53F7E�;@F7EF;@3>�5KEFE

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �/'8*/'�2'3(2/'

�3'-+

�>62'4':/54�&.?

"@875F;A@�I;F: Giardia lamblia 53@�?3@;87EF�I;F:�?G5GE�;@�F:7�EFAA>��3E�E77@�;@�F:;E�B3F;7@F


!AI7H7D��;F�6A7E�@AF�53GE7�4>AA6K 6;3DD:73��4GF�D3F:7D�HA>G?;@AGE��8DAF:K EF73FADD:73 Giardia ;E
;67@F;8;76�A@ EFAA>�?;5DAE5ABK��I:7D7�;F�F3=7E�F:7�8AD?�A8�5KEFE�I;F:�3�FIA�>3K7D76 57>>�I3>>��?G>F;B>7
@G5>7; 3@6�F:D736�>;=7 ?76;3@ 4A6;7E�;@�F:7 5KFAB>3E?��@A@7�A8�I:;5:�;E�BD7E7@F�;@�F:;E�B3F;7@F�E
EB75;?7@

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� "./-+22'�*?9+4:+8/'+

�3'-+

�>62'4':/54�&.?

Shigella dysenteriae ;@875F;A@�?3@;87EFE�I;F:�;@8>3??3FADK��4>AA6K 6;3DD:73 3@6�346A?;@3> B3;@��3E


E77@�;@�F:;E�B3F;7@F �!AI7H7D� ,:;97>>3 3D7 9D3?�@793F;H7 435;>>; �-:7�BD7E7@57�A8 FDAB:ALA;F7E ;@�F:;E
I7F�EFAA>�?AG@F�EG997EFE�3�6;887D7@F�6;39@AE;E

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �'36?25('):+8�0+0;4/

�3'-+

�>62'4':/54�&.?

Campylobacter jejuni ;@875F;A@�?3@;87EFE�I;F:�;@8>3??3FADK��4>AA6K 6;3DD:73 3@6�346A?;@3> B3;@��3E


E77@�;@�F:;E�B3F;7@F �!AI7H7D��F:7�;@875F;A@�;E�6;39@AE76�4K EFAA>�5G>FGD7 3F���N���I:;5:�IAG>6�9DAI
9D3?�@793F;H7� AJ;63E7�BAE;F;H7��5A??3�E:3B76 435;>>; �-:7�BD7E7@57�A8 FDAB:ALA;F7E ;@�F:;E�I7F
EFAA>�IAG@F�EG997EFE�3�6;887D7@F�6;39@AE;E

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �8?6:59658/*/;3�6'8<;3

�3'-+

�>62'4':/54�&.?

Cryptosporidium parvum 53GE7E�5:DA@;5��I3F7DK��@A@�4>AA6K 6;3DD:73 ;@ ;??G@A5A?BDA?;E76


B3F;7@FE �0:;>7�;F�53@�53GE7�?;>6��E7>8�>;?;F76 6;3DD:73 ;@�;??G@A5A?B7F7@F�:AEFE��;F�IAG>6�@AF�53GE7
4>AA6K 6;3DD:73��3E�E77@�;@�F:;E�B3F;7@F �"F�3BB73DE�A@ EFAA>�?;5DAE5ABK 3E�DAG@6 35;6�83EF AA5KEFE�
I:;5:�3D7�@AF�BD7E7@F�;@�F:;E�B3F;7@F�E�EB75;?7@

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� #8/).;8/9�:8/)./;8'

�3'-+

�>62'4':/54�&.?

"@875F;A@�I;F:�F:7�B3D3E;F7 Trichuris trichiura �I:;BIAD?��;E�FKB;53>>K�5:DA@;5�3@6�3EK?BFA?3F;5


)3F;7@FE�I;F:�3�:;9:�IAD?�4GD67@�53@�BD7E7@F�I;F:�4>AA6�3@6�?G5GE�;@�F:7�EFAA>��3E�E77@�;@�F:;E
B3F;7@F �!AI7H7D� Trichuris trichiura 3BB73DE�A@ EFAA>�?;5DAE5ABK 3E�43DD7>�E:3B76�799E�I;F:�4;BA>3D
BDAFG47D3@57E �-:7E7�8;@6;@9E�3D7�@AF�BD7E7@F�;@�F:;E�B3F;7@F�E�EB75;?7@

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
;+9:/54�����

��BD7H;AGE>K�:73>F:K ���K73D�A>6 ?3@�5A?7E�FA�F:7�7?7D97@5K�DAA?�I;F:�5A@EF;B3F;A@�3@6�6;88GE7�


IADE7@;@9�346A?;@3>�B3;@�8AD ��63KE �!7�:3E�@A�:;EFADK�A8�?3<AD�?76;53>�;>>@7EE �!;E�83F:7D�6;76�;@�3�53D
355;67@F�3F�F:7�397�A8 ���K73DE��3@6�:;E�?AF:7D�:3E FKB7���6;347F7E ?7>>;FGE�4GF�;E�AF:7DI;E7�:73>F:K ��
6;39@AE;E�A8�4AI7>�A4EFDG5F;A@�;E�EGEB75F76�3@6�:7�;E�F3=7@�FA�F:7�AB7D3F;@9�DAA?�8AD�7JB>AD3FADK
>3B3DAFA?K ���B3DF;3>�D7E75F;A@�A8�F:7�5A>A@�;E�B7D8AD?76 �-:7�9DAEE�3BB73D3@57�A8�F:7�B3F;7@F�E�5A>A@;5
F;EEG7�;E�E:AI@ �&;5DAE5AB;5�7J3?;@3F;A@�E:AIE FG4G>3D��FG4G>AH;>>AGE��3@6�H;>>AGE�367@A?3E
�EEG?;@9�F:7�B3F;7@F�E�B3DF@7D�;E�@AF�3�53DD;7D�A8�F:7�5A@6;F;A@��I:;5:�A8�F:7�8A>>AI;@9�;E�F:7�>;=7>;:AA6
F:3F�F:;E�B3F;7@FSE�5:;>6D7@�I;>>�67H7>AB�F:;E�5A@6;F;A@�

�49=+8 �3'-+

� ����

� ���

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�49=+8 �3'-+

� ���

� ���

� ��

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�/4:

-:;E�B3F;7@F�:3E�:G@6D76E�A8 5A>A@;5�BA>KBE I;F:�H3DK;@9 :;EFA>A9K��5A@E;EF7@F�I;F:�3�6;39@AE;E�A8


83?;>;3>�367@A?3FAGE�BA>KBAE;E ���)�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�588+):��49=+8

��� ����

�>62'4':/54�&.?

"8�F:7�B3F;7@F�;E�3 :A?ALK9AGE 6A?;@3@F��; 7 �FIA�6A?;@3@F�6;E73E76 3>>7>7E���F:7D7�;E�3�����


BDA434;>;FK A8�B3EE;@9�6AI@�3 6A?;@3@F�3>>7>7 FA�:;E�A88EBD;@9 ��>?AEF�3>>�;@6;H;6G3>E�I;F:�3@
3GFAEA?3>�6A?;@3@F 6;E73E7�:3H7�A@>K�A@7�38875F76�B3D7@F�3@6�3D7�F:GE�97@7F;53>>K :7F7DALK9AGE
�H7@�;8�F:;E�?3@�67H7>AB76�3�67�@AHA�?GF3F;A@��F:7 BDA434;>;FK ;E�7J57BF;A@3>>K�D3D7�F:3F�:7
67H7>AB76�FIA�67�@AHA�?GF3F;A@E�;@�F:7�E3?7 97@7 >A5GE A@�4AF: 3>>7>7E��EA�:7�IAG>6�47�3EEG?76�FA
47 :7F7DALK9AGE 3E�I7>>

��� ���

�>62'4':/54�&.?

0:7@�4AF:�B3D7@FE�3D7 :7F7DALK9AGE 8AD�3@ 3GFAEA?3>�D757EE;H7 6;E73E7��F:7�5:3@57�A8�6;E73E7


;@:7D;F3@57�;E���� ��) ;E 3GFAEA?3>�6A?;@3@F��@AF 3GFAEA?3>�D757EE;H7 ��GDF:7D?AD7��F:7D7�;E�A@7
38875F76�B3D7@F�3@6�@A�53DD;7DE�;@�F:;E�E57@3D;A

��� ���

�>62'4':/54�&.?

0:7@�4AF:�B3D7@FE�3D7 :7F7DALK9AGE 8AD�3@ 3GFAEA?3>�6A?;@3@F 6;E73E7��F:7�5:3@57�A8�6;E73E7


;@:7D;F3@57�;E��������� :7F7DALK9AGE 3@6���� :A?ALK9AGE 6A?;@3@F� ��) ;E�3@ 3GFAEA?3>
6A?;@3@F 6;E73E7��4GF�A@>K�A@7�B3D7@F�;E�38875F76�;@�F:;E�E57@3D;A

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� ���

�>62'4':/54�&.?

�3?;>;3>�367@A?3FAGE�BA>KBAE;E ���)��;E�53GE76�4K�3@ 3GFAEA?3>�6A?;@3@F ?GF3F;A@�;@�F:7 �)�


FG?AD�EGBBD7EEAD�97@7 �"F�53@�47�67F7D?;@76�F:3F�F:;E�B3F;7@F�;E :7F7DALK9AGE �; 7 ��A@7�6A?;@3@F�
6;E73E7 3>>7>7��4753GE7�:;E�?AF:7D�;E�AF:7DI;E7�:73>F:K �"@�366;F;A@��:;E�B3DF@7D�:3E�@A ��) �; 7 ��FIA
D757EE;H7�:73>F:K 3>>7>7E� �-:7D78AD7��F:7�B3F;7@F�E�5:;>6�:3E�3�����5:3@57�A8�;@:7D;F;@9�A@7 6A?;@3@F
3>>7>7 3@6�67H7>AB;@9 ��)

��� ��

�>62'4':/54��;:

"@�3@�7J5776;@9>K�D3D7�53E7�A8 ?AE3;5;E?��57DF3;@�EA?3F;5�57>>E�I;>>�53DDK�F:7�67�@AHA�?GF3F;A@�8AD
��) I:;>7�AF:7D�57>>E��EG5:�3E�97D?�57>>E��I;>>�@AF �-:;E�E57@3D;A�53@�>736�FA�3��� BDA434;>;FK A8
6;E73E7�;@�F:7�A88EBD;@9��4GF ?AE3;5;E? E:AG>6�@AF�47�3EEG?76�G@>7EE�AF:7DI;E7�EF3F76

�>62'4':/54�&.?

,A?7�B3F;7@FE�:3H7�@A 83?;>K�:;EFADK A8 ��) 4753GE7�F:7K�67H7>AB76�3�67�@AHA�?GF3F;A@ �+793D6>7EE


A8�B3EF 83?;>K�:;EFADK��A@57�F:7�?GF3F;A@�;E�7EF34>;E:76�;@�3@�;@6;H;6G3>� ��) I;>>�47�B3EE76�6AI@�FA
A88EBD;@9�;@�3@ 3GFAEA?3>�6A?;@3@F�;@:7D;F3@57 B3FF7D@

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
;+9:/54�����

� ���K73D�A>6 IA?3@�I;F:�AEF7A3DF:D;F;E�;E�4DAG9:F�FA�F:7�7?7D97@5K�DAA?�4753GE7�A8�3 ��63K :;EFADK�A8


@3GE73�3@6�HA?;F;@9 �(H7D�F:7�B3EF�87I�I77=E��E:7�:3E�477@�F3=;@9 357F3?;@AB:7@ 8D7CG7@F>K�8AD
IADE7@;@9�=@77�B3;@ ��J3?;@3F;A@�E:AIE�E5>7D3>�;5F7DGE�3@6�F7@67D�:7B3FA?793>K �,:7�3BB73DE
5A@8GE76 �,7DG?�3>3@;@7�3?;@AFD3@E87D3E7���%-��>7H7>�;E ����.�%��3EB3DF3F7�3?;@AFD3@E87D3E7���,-��;E
����.�%��3@6�3>=3>;@7�B:AEB:3F3E7�;E ����.�% �0:;5:�A8�F:7�8A>>AI;@9�;E�F:7�?AEF�>;=7>K�G@67D>K;@9
?75:3@;E?�A8�F:;E�B3F;7@F�E�>;H7D�83;>GD7�

�49=+8 �3'-+

� >G5GDA@;67�5A@<G93F7�8AD?3F;A@

� ,3>;5K>;5�35;6�8AD?3F;A@

� '�357FK>�B�47@LACG;@A@7;?;@7�8AD?3F;A@

� '�357FK>5KEF7;@7�8AD?3F;A@

� ,G>83F7�5A@<G93F7�8AD?3F;A@

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�/4:

-:;E�B3F;7@F�BD7E7@FE�I;F:�E;9@E�A8 35GF7�>;H7D�83;>GD7 6G7�FA 357F3?;@AB:7@�FAJ;5;FK

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�588+):��49=+8

��� �2;);854/*+�)540;-':+�,583':/54

�>62'4':/54�&.?

>G5GDA@;63F;A@ 3@6�EG4E7CG7@F�GD;@3DK�7J5D7F;A@�;E�A@7�A8�F:7�?7F34A>;5�B3F:I3KE�8AD�5>73D3@57�A8
357F3?;@AB:7@ �"@5D73E76 9>G5GDA@;67 8AD?3F;A@�IAG>6�D7EG>F�;@�675D73E76�:7B3FAFAJ;5�?7F34A>;F7
8AD?3F;A@�3@6�675D73E7�F:7�D;E=�A8 >;H7D ;@<GDK

��� "'2/)?2/)�')/*�,583':/54

�>62'4':/54�&.?

,3>;5K>;5�35;6 ;E�3�?7F34A>;F7�A8 3EB;D;@ �357FK>E3>;5K>;5�35;6���@AF 357F3?;@AB:7@ ��>F:AG9: 3EB;D;@


FAJ;5;FK 5AG>6�3>EA�53GE7 >;H7D 83;>GD7��F:;E�B3F;7@F�I3E�F3=;@9�3�6;887D7@F�?76;53F;A@

��� ��')+:?2�6�(+4@57;/454+/3/4+�,583':/54

�>62'4':/54�&.?

'�357FK>�B�47@LACG;@A@7;?;@7 �'�)*"��;E�3�FAJ;5�4D73=6AI@�BDA6G5F�A8 357F3?;@AB:7@ ��F


F:7D3B7GF;5�6AE7E� 9>GF3F:;A@7 35FE�FA�;@:;4;F�FAJ;5 '�)*" �!AI7H7D��;@�53E7E�A8 357F3?;@AB:7@
AH7D6AE7� 9>GF3F:;A@7 D7E7DH7E�3D7�67B>7F76�3@6�5A@57@FD3F;A@E�A8 '�)*" 4G;>6�GB��G>F;?3F7>K
>736;@9�FA 35GF7�>;H7D�83;>GD7��3E�E77@�;@�F:;E�B3F;7@F

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� ��')+:?2)?9:+/4+�,583':/54

�>62'4':/54�&.?

'�357FK>5KEF7;@7 ;E�3@ 3@F;6AF7 GE76�;@�F:7�?3@397?7@F�A8 357F3?;@AB:7@�;@6G576 >;H7D 83;>GD7�


D3F:7D�F:3@�3�53GE7�A8 >;H7D 63?397 �"F�:7>BE�D7EFAD7�67B>7F76 9>GF3F:;A@7 >7H7>E��I:;5:�7@:3@57E
;@35F;H3F;A@�A8�FAJ;5�?7F34A>;F7E�A8 357F3?;@AB:7@

��� ";2,':+�)540;-':+�,583':/54

�>62'4':/54�&.?

,G>83F;A@�3@6�EG4E7CG7@F�GD;@3DK�7J5D7F;A@�;E�A@7�A8�F:7�?7F34A>;5�B3F:I3KE�8AD�5>73D3@57�A8
357F3?;@AB:7@ �"@5D73E76�EG>83F7�8AD?3F;A@�IAG>6�D7EG>F�;@�675D73E76�:7B3FAFAJ;5�?7F34A>;F7
8AD?3F;A@�3@6�675D73E7�F:7�D;E=�A8 >;H7D ;@<GDK

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
;+9:/54�����

��BD7H;AGE>K�:73>F:K ���K73D�A>6 IA?3@�5A?7E�FA�F:7�B:KE;5;3@�4753GE7�A8�3 A@7�I77= :;EFADK�A8


6;88GE7�346A?;@3>�B3;@ �!7D�F7?B7D3FGD7�;E �� �N������ �N�� �):KE;53>�7J3?;@3F;A@�E:AIE @G?7DAGE
E53DE�3@6�7J5AD;3F;A@E�3>A@9�4AF:�3D?E� E5>7D3>�;5F7DGE��3@6�F7@67D :7B3FA?793>K �,7DG?�EFG6;7E�E:AI�

�>3@;@7�3?;@AFD3@E87D3E7 ����.�%

�EB3DF3F7�3?;@AFD3@E87D3E7 ����.�%

!7B3F;F;E���EGD8357�3@F;97@ BAE;F;H7

!7B3F;F;E���EGD8357�3@F;4A6K @793F;H7

�@F;�:7B3F;F;E���5AD7�3@F;4A6K @793F;H7

!7B3F;F;E���3@F;4A6K @793F;H7

0:;5:�A8�F:7�8A>>AI;@9�;E�F:7�?AEF�>;=7>K�AGF5A?7�A8�F:;E�B3F;7@F�E�;@875F;A@�

�49=+8 �3'-+

� �EK?BFA?3F;5�53DD;7D�EF3F7

� !7B3FA57>>G>3D�53D5;@A?3

� -D3@E;7@F�;@875F;A@

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�49=+8 �3'-+

� �G>?;@3@F�:7B3F;F;E

� %;H7D�5;DD:AE;E

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�/4:

-7@67D :7B3FA?793>K� <3G@6;57��3@6 87H7D 3D7�5A@57D@;@9�8AD :7B3F;F;E �-:7�BAE;F;H7 :7B3F;F;E�� EGD8357


3@F;97@ ;E�5A@E;EF7@F�I;F:�35GF7 :7B3F;F;E���;@875F;A@

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�588+):��49=+8

��� �9?36:53':/)�)'88/+8�9:':+

�>62'4':/54��;:

�JB75F76 >34AD3FADK�EFG6;7E ;@�3�B3F;7@F�I;F:�;@35F;H7 !�/ 53DD;7D�EF3F7�IAG>6�;@5>G67�BAE;F;H7


!�E�9� 3@F;�!�5��3@6 3@F;�!�7 3@F;4A6;7E��>AI�E7DG? !�/��'���3@6�@AD?3> FD3@E3?;@3E7E

�>62'4':/54�&.?

+;E=�835FADE 8AD�BDA9D7EE;A@�8DA? 35GF7�!�/�;@875F;A@ FA 5:DA@;5�!�/�;@875F;A@ ;@5>G67


;??G@A5A?BDA?;E76 EF3FGE��B3F;7@FE�8DA?�57DF3;@�97A9D3B:;53>�D79;A@E��7 9 ���:;@3���3@6 ;@83@FE
I:A�35CG;D76�F:7�H;DGE�B7D;@3F3>>K �(8�F:AE7�B3F;7@FE�I:A�6A�67H7>AB�5:DA@;5 !�/�;@875F;A@��?AEF�A8
F:7?�3D7�;@35F;H7��3EK?BFA?3F;5�53DD;7DE�A8�F:7�H;DGE �!AI7H7D��BDA9D7EE;A@�FA 5:DA@;5�!�/
;@875F;A@ ;E�D3D7�;@�36G>FE�I;F: 35GF7�!�/�;@875F;A@��?3=;@9�F:;E�AGF5A?7�G@>;=7>K

��� �+6':5)+22;2'8�)'8)/453'

�>62'4':/54�&.?

-:7�D;E=�A8 :7B3FA57>>G>3D�53D5;@A?3 �!����;E�;@5D73E76�;@�B3F;7@FE�I;F:�5:DA@;5 !�/ ;@875F;A@��4GF


F:7�D;E=�A8�BDA9D7EE;A@�8DA?�35GF7 !�/ FA�5:DA@;5 !�/ ;E�H7DK�>AI�;@�36G>FE �-:7D78AD7��;F�;E�H7DK
G@>;=7>K�F:3F�F:;E�B3F;7@F�I;>>�67H7>AB !��

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� #8'49/+4:�/4,+):/54

�3'-+

�>62'4':/54�&.?

-:7�H3EF�?3<AD;FK�A8�36G>FE�I;F: 35GF7�!�/�;@875F;A@ I;>>�5>73D�F:7;D�;@875F;A@�EBA@F3@7AGE>K�I;F:


5A?B>7F7�D7EA>GF;A@�A8�F:7�;@875F;A@��3@6�A@>K�3�?;@AD;FK�I;>>�9A�A@�FA�67H7>AB�5:DA@;5 :7B3F;F;E��
;@875F;A@ !7B3F;F;E���EGD8357�3@F;97@ ;E�F:7�8;DEF�E7DG?�?3D=7D�67F75F76�6GD;@9�F:7�73D>;7EF�B:3E7�A8
35GF7 :7B3F;F;E�� ;@875F;A@ ��BBDAJ;?3F7>K��P��?A@F:E�38F7D�;@875F;A@� 3@F;�!�5 3@6 3@F;�!�E
3@F;4A6;7E 53@�47�67F75F76

��� �;23/4'4:�.+6':/:/9

�>62'4':/54�&.?

�G>?;@3@F�:7B3F;F;E 53@�A55GD�3E�3�5A?B>;53F;A@�A8 35GF7�!�/�;@875F;A@ 4GF�;E�;@5D76;4>K�D3D7�


D7BD7E7@F;@9���� ���A8�53E7E�A8 35GF7�!�/�;@875F;A@ ���6;887D7@F�AGF5A?7�;E�?AD7�>;=7>K

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �/<+8�)/88.59/9

�3'-+

�>62'4':/54��;:

�JB75F76 >34AD3FADK�EFG6;7E ;@�3�B3F;7@F�I;F:�35F;H7 5:DA@;5�!�/�;@875F;A@ IAG>6�;@5>G67�BAE;F;H7


!�E�9� !�7�9��3@6 3@F;�!�5��7>7H3F76�E7DG? !�/��'���3@6�@AD?3>�AD�7>7H3F76 FD3@E3?;@3E7E

�>62'4':/54�&.?

�BBDAJ;?3F7>K�����A8�B3F;7@FE�I;F:�35F;H7 5:DA@;5�!�/�;@875F;A@ I;>>�BDA9D7EE�FA�67H7>AB >;H7D


5;DD:AE;E �!AI7H7D��F:7�D;E=�A8�BDA9D7EE;A@�8DA?�35GF7 !�/ FA�5:DA@;5 !�/ ;E�H7DK�>AI�3@6�3
6;887D7@F�AGF5A?7�;E�?AD7�>;=7>K

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
;+9:/54�����

� ���K73D�A>6 ?3@�5A?7E�FA�F:7�B:KE;5;3@�4753GE7�A8�BDA9D7EE;H7>K�IADE7@;@9�7B;93EFD;5�B3;@�3@6
� ��=9�����>4� I7;9:F�>AEE�8AD�F:7�B3EF ��?A@F:E �-IA�I77=E�39A��:7�@AF;576�B3;@8G>��D76�4>AF5:7E�A@�F:7
?76;3>�3EB75F�A8�:;E�D;9:F�53>8 �!7�:3E�E?A=76�A@7�B35=�A8�5;93D7FF7E�63;>K�8AD�F:7�>3EF ���K73DE �!7
3BB73DE�F:;@ �):KE;53>�7J3?;@3F;A@�E:AIE�F7@67D� 7DKF:7?3FAGE�@A6G>7E A@�F:7�D;9:F�3@=>7�3@6�>78F
3@F75G4;F3>�8AEE3 ��@6AE5ABK�E:AIE�3�>3D97�?3EE�;@�F:7�3@FDG?�A8�F:7�EFA?35: ���4;ABEK�EB75;?7@�A8�F:7
93EFD;5�?3EE�E:AIE 6;EAD93@;L76� ?G5;@�E75D7F;@9 57>>E�I;F:�EGDDAG@6;@9�8;4DAE;E �-:7E7�57>>E�?AEF
>;=7>K�AD;9;@3F76�8DA?�I:;5:�A8�F:7�8A>>AI;@9�EFDG5FGD7E�

�49=+8 �3'-+

� %K?B:A;6�F;EEG7�;@�F:7�F7D?;@3>�;>7G?

� &3FGD7�:7B3FA5KF7E�;@�F:7�>;H7D

� �JA5D;@7�6G5FE�;@�F:7�4A6K�A8�F:7�B3@5D73E

� ,CG3?AGE�7B;F:7>;G?�;@�F:7�BDAJ;?3>�7EAB:39GE

� >3@6G>3D�7B;F:7>;G?�;@�F:7�E;9?A;6�5A>A@

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�/4:

-:;E�B3F;7@F�E�53@57D�;E�3EEA5;3F76�I;F:�3@�;@5D73E76 ������� 3@6�;E�FKB;53>>K�6;39@AE76�3F�3�>3F7�EF397


4753GE7�;F�6A7E�@AF�53GE7�EK?BFA?E�G@F;>�;F�:3E ?7F3EF3E;L76

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�588+):��49=+8

��� �?36.5/*�:/99;+�/4�:.+�:+83/4'2�/2+;3

�>62'4':/54�&.?

%K?B:A;6�F;EEG7�;@�F:7�F7D?;@3> ;>7G? ;E�5A@E;EF7@F�I;F:�F:7�AD;9;@�A8 ?7F3EF3F;5 &�%-�>K?B:A?3


�>F:AG9:�F:;E�B3F;7@F�E�397�3@6�H39G7�EK?BFA?E�EGBBADF�F:;E�6;39@AE;E� &�%-�>K?B:A?3 ;E�G@>;=7>K
8AD�FIA�D73EA@E��:;EFAB3F:A>A9;5�7J3?;@3F;A@�A8�@A@93EFD;5 &�%-A?3 E:AIE�67@E7�5A>>75F;A@E�A8
>K?B:A;6�57>>E��D3F:7D�F:3@�E75D7FADK�57>>E���3@6�F:7�5A@6;F;A@�;E�3EEA5;3F76�I;F:�5:DA@;5�3GFA;??G@7
6;E73E7E��I:;5:�F:;E�B3F;7@F�6A7E�@AF�:3H7

��� �':;8+�.+6':5)?:+9�/4�:.+�2/<+8

�>62'4':/54�&.?

&3FGD7 :7B3FA5KF7E ;@�F:7 >;H7D 3D7�5A@E;EF7@F�I;F:�F:7�AD;9;@�A8 :7B3FA57>>G>3D�53D5;@A?3��I:;5:�;E


G@>;=7>K�;@�F:;E�B3F;7@F��3E�:7�:3E�@A D;E=�835FADE 8AD�F:;E�5A@6;F;A@��7 9 � 5;DD:AE;E� 5:DA@;5�!�/
;@875F;A@� 5:DA@;5�!�/�;@875F;A@� �"@�366;F;A@��F:AG9: !�� ;FE7>8�;E�A8F7@�3EK?BFA?3F;5�G@F;>�;F�;E
H7DK�36H3@576��;F�;E�7JFD7?7>K�D3D7�8AD�B3F;7@FE�@AF�FA�:3H7�EK?BFA?E�A8�G@67D>K;@9 5;DD:AE;E 3@6�AD
:7B3F;F;E �&AD7AH7D��:;EFAB3F:A>A9;5�7J3?;@3F;A@�A8 !�� E:AIE�57>>E�3DD3@976�;@�FD3475G>37�3@6�53@
:3H7�AF:7D�873FGD7E�A8 >;H7D F;EEG7��EG5:�3E 4;>7 ;@5>GE;A@E

��� �>5)8/4+�*;):9�/4�:.+�(5*?�5,�:.+�6'4)8+'9

�>62'4':/54��;:

-:7�F7@67D� 7DKF:7?3FAGE @A6G>7E�A@�F:;E�B3F;7@F�E�D;9:F�3@=>7�3@6�>78F 3@F75G4;F3>�8AEE3 3D7


EG997EF;H7�A8 -DAGEE73G�EK@6DA?7

�>62'4':/54�&.?

-:7�?AEF�>;=7>K�6;39@AE;E�;@�F:;E�B3F;7@F�;E B3@5D73F;5�367@A53D5;@A?3��F:7�?AEF�5A??A@�FKB7�A8

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
B3@5D73F;5�53@57D �-:7�9>3@6G>3D ?G5;@�E75D7F;@9�57>>E�3D7�FKB;53>�A8 B3@5D73F;5�367@A53D5;@A?3�
I:;5:�;E�67D;H76�8DA?�7JA5D;@7�57>>E�A8�F:7 B3@5D73E �-:7 B3@5D73F;5 :736�;E�F:7�?AEF�5A??A@�E;F7
8AD 367@A53D5;@A?3��4GF�53@57DE�F:3F�AD;9;@3F7�F:7D7�A8F7@�?3@;87EF�I;F: BDGD;FGE 3@6�B3;@>7EE
<3G@6;57 E75A@63DK�FA�A4EFDG5F;A@�A8�F:7 5A??A@�4;>7�6G5F �,;@57�F:;E�B3F;7@F�>35=E�F:7E7�EK?BFA?E�
:;E�53@57D�?AD7�>;=7>K�AD;9;@3F7E�;@�F:7�4A6K�AD�F3;>�A8�F:7 B3@5D73E �'A�?3FF7D�I:7D7�F:7�53@57D
EF3DFE� B3@5D73F;5�367@A53D5;@A?3 6A7E�@AF�FKB;53>>K�?3@;87EF�G@F;>�38F7D�;F�:3E ?7F3EF3E;L76��3E�E77@
;@�F:;E�B3F;7@F

��� "7;'35;9�+6/:.+2/;3�/4�:.+�685>/3'2�+956.'-;9

�>62'4':/54�&.?

,CG3?AGE�7B;F:7>;G? ;@�F:7 BDAJ;?3> 7EAB:39GE ;E�5A@E;EF7@F�I;F:�F:7�AD;9;@�A8 7EAB:3973>�53@57D


�>F:AG9:�F:;E�B3F;7@F�E�397�3@6�E?A=;@9�EF3FGE�EGBBADF�F:;E�6;39@AE;E� 7EAB:3973>�ECG3?AGE�57>>
53D5;@A?3 ;E�G@>;=7>K�8AD�FIA�D73EA@E��:;EFAB3F:A>A9;5�7J3?;@3F;A@�E:AIE�5>GEF7DE�A8�ECG3?AGE�57>>E
I;F: =7D3F;@;L3F;A@ �D3F:7D�F:3@�E75D7FADK�57>>E���3@6�F:;E�5A@6;F;A@�FKB;53>>K�?3@;87EFE�I;F:
BDA9D7EE;H7 6KEB:39;3 3@6�D7FDAEF7D@3> B3;@��I:;5:�F:;E�B3F;7@F�6A7E�@AF�:3H7

��� �2'4*;2'8�+6/:.+2/;3�/4�:.+�9/-35/*�)5254

�>62'4':/54�&.?

>3@6G>3D�7B;F:7>;G? ;@�F:7 E;9?A;6�5A>A@ ;E�5A@E;EF7@F�I;F:�F:7�AD;9;@�A8 5A>AD75F3>�53@57D


�>F:AG9:�F:;E�B3F;7@F�E�397�3@6�E?A=;@9�EF3FGE�EGBBADF�F:;E�6;39@AE;E��;F�;E�G@>;=7>K�8AD�FIA�D73EA@E�
367@A53D5;@A?3 A8�F:7 5A>A@ FKB;53>>K�?3@;87EFE�I;F: ;DA@�678;5;7@5K�3@7?;3� :7?3FA5:7L;3��3@6�AD
5:3@97E�;@�4AI7>�:34;FE�67B7@6;@9�A@�F:7�53@57D�>A53F;A@��I:;5:�F:;E�B3F;7@F�6A7E�@AF�:3H7 �"@
366;F;A@��:;EFAB3F:A>A9;5�7J3?;@3F;A@�A8 367@A53D5;@A?3 A8�F:7 5A>A@ FKB;53>>K�E:AIE�:73B76�GB
7B;F:7>;3 I;F:�@G5>73D :KBA5:DA?;3��7>A@93F;A@��3@6 EFD3F;8;53F;A@

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
;+9:/54�����

� ���K73D�A>6 ?3@�5A?7E�FA�F:7�B:KE;5;3@�4753GE7�A8�3 ��I77= :;EFADK�A8�83F;9G7��97@7D3>;L76�;F5:;@9�


3@6�K7>>AI;@9�A8�F:7�7K7E�3@6�E=;@ �!7�G@67DI7@F�3 >;H7D�FD3@EB>3@F3F;A@ 4753GE7�A8�35GF7�>;H7D�83;>GD7
8A>>AI;@9 T�3?3@;F;@ BA;EA@;@9 ��K73D 39A �):KE;53>�7J3?;@3F;A@�E:AIE�E5>7D3>�;5F7DGE�3@6�346A?;@3>
6;EF7@F;A@�I;F:�E:;8F;@9�6G>>@7EE ���>;H7D�4;ABEK�EB75;?7@�E:AIE 675D73E76�:7B3F;5�6G5F�67@E;FK ��GDF:7D
:;EFA>A9;53>�7J3?;@3F;A@�A8�F:7�>;H7D�4;ABEK�EB75;?7@�;E�?AEF�>;=7>K�FA�E:AI�I:;5:�A8�F:7�8A>>AI;@9
8;@6;@9E�

�49=+8 �3'-+

� D38F�H7EE7>�H3E5G>;F;E

� '7AB>3EF;5�57>>E�5A@F3;@;@9�4;>7

� �;4D;@A;6�@75DAE;E

� "@F7DEF;F;3>�8;4DAE;E

� /;D3>�;@5>GE;A@E

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�/4:

-:;E�B3F;7@F�I;F:�3�:;EFADK�A8 >;H7D�FD3@EB>3@F3F;A@ ;E�@AI�7J:;4;F;@9�873FGD7E�A8 >;H7D 83;>GD7��<3G@6;57�


BDGD;FGE��83F;9G7� 3E5;F7E� �;ABEK E:AIE�6G5FAB7@;3��I:;5:�;@6;53F7E H3@;E:;@9�4;>7�6G5F�EK@6DA?7

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�588+):��49=+8

��� �8',:�<+99+2�<'9);2/:/9

�>62'4':/54�&.?

�5GF7�D7<75F;A@ A55GDE�I;F:;@���?A@F:E�A8 FD3@EB>3@F3F;A@ 3@6�;E�6G7�FA 3@F;4A6K 8AD?3F;A@�393;@EF


6A@AD�&!�E �"F�;E�5:3D35F7D;L76�:;EFA>A9;53>>K�4K H3E5G>;F;5 5:3@97E�A8�F:7�9D38F�H7EE7>E�3@6�3@
;@F7DEF;F;3> >K?B:A5KF;5 ;@8;>FD3F7 �-:7�F;?;@9�A8�F:7�B3F;7@F�E�EK?BFA?E�;E�;@5A@E;EF7@F�I;F: 35GF7
D7<75F;A@��3E�;E�F:7 4;ABEK 8;@6;@9�A8�6G5FAB7@;3

��� �+562'9:/)�)+229�)54:'/4/4-�(/2+

�>62'4':/54�&.?

!7B3FA57>>G>3D�53D5;@A?3 ?3K�?3@;87EF�I;F: >;H7D 83;>GD7��3E�E77@�;@�F:;E�B3F;7@F �!AI7H7D��F:7


;@5;67@57 A8 !�� ;@�FD3@EB>3@F�D75;B;7@FE�;E�A@>K�;@5D73E76�;@�F:AE7�I:A�I7D7�BD7H;AGE>K�6;39@AE76
I;F: !����AD�;@�F:AE7�I:A�:3H7�D75GDD7@F�H;D3> :7B3F;F;E ��GDF:7D?AD7� !�� ;E�@AF�3EEA5;3F76�I;F:
6G5FAB7@;3��3E�E77@�A@�F:;E�B3F;7@F�E >;H7D�4;ABEK

��� �/(8/45/*�4+)859/9

�>62'4':/54�&.?

!KB7D35GF7�D7<75F;A@ A55GDE�I;F:;@����:AGDE�A8 AD93@�FD3@EB>3@F3F;A@ 3@6�;E�6G7�FA�F:7�D735F;A@�A8


BD7�7J;EF;@9 3@F;4A6;7E 393;@EF�6A@AD 3@F;97@E��>736;@9�FA�5A?B>7?7@F�35F;H3F;A@�3@6�I;67EBD736
F:DA?4AE;E 3@6 @75DAE;E �"F�;E�5:3D35F7D;L76�:;EFA>A9;53>>K�4K�8;4D;@A;6 @75DAE;E��H7EE7> F:DA?4AE;E�
3@6�F;EEG7 ;E5:7?;3 �-:7�F;?;@9�A8�F:7�B3F;7@F�E�EK?BFA?E�3@6�6G5FAB7@;3�A@ 4;ABEK ;E�;@5A@E;EF7@F
I;F: :KB7D35GF7�D7<75F;A@

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �4:+89:/:/'2�,/(859/9

�>62'4':/54�&.?

,;9@E�3@6 EK?BFA?E�A8�>;H7D�83;>GD7 A@7�K73D�38F7D >;H7D FD3@EB>3@F3F;A@ EG997EFE 5:DA@;5�9D38F


D7<75F;A@��I:;5:�A55GDE�6G7�FA�D735F;A@E�3F�4AF:�F:7�57>>G>3D�3@6 :G?AD3> >7H7>�;@�D7EBA@E7�FA�6A@AD
B7BF;67E �-:7�7@EG;@9 ;@8>3??3F;A@ >736E�FA ;@F7DEF;F;3> 8;4DAE;E� 3FDAB:K A8�F:7 B3D7@5:K?3��H3E5G>3D
E?AAF:�?GE5>7 BDA>;87D3F;A@��3@6�6G5FAB7@;3��3E�E77@�A@�F:;E�B3F;7@F�E 4;ABEK�

��� %/8'2�/4)2;9/549

�>62'4':/54�&.?

�KFA?793>AH;DGE�;@875F;A@ ;E�3@�;?BADF3@F�53GE7�A8�FD3@EB>3@F�83;>GD7�;@�F:7�8;DEF���?A@F:E��6G7�FA
;3FDA97@;5 ;??G@AEGBBD7EE;A@ FA�BD7H7@F FD3@EB>3@F�D7<75F;A@ 3@6�EG4E7CG7@F E7DA5A@H7DE;A@ �7 9 ��;8
F:7�B3F;7@F�I3E�;@;F;3>>K�E7DA@793F;H7�4GF�D757;H76�3�9D38F�8DA?�3�E7DABAE;F;H7�6A@AD��AD�D735F;H3F;A@
A8�F:7�H;DGE �&/�;@875F;A@ FKB;53>>K�?3@;87EFE�I;F: 87H7D� ?3>3;E7��3@6 :7B3F;F;E��E;?;>3D>K�FA 35GF7
FD3@EB>3@F�D7<75F;A@ �� >;H7D�4;ABEK IAG>6�E:AI�H;D3>�;@5>GE;A@E��3�?A@A@G5>73D�57>>�;@8;>FD3F7��3@6
?;5DA34E57EE7E �-:;E�B3F;7@F�E�F;?7>;@7�A8�:7B3F;5�83;>GD7�A@7�K73D�38F7D�FD3@EB>3@F�?3=7E�3�6;887D7@F
53GE7�3@6�3EEA5;3F76�8;@6;@9�?AD7�>;=7>K

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
;+9:/54�����

� ���K73D�A>6 ?3@�I;F:�93EFDA7EAB:3973>�D78>GJ�6;E73E7�3@6�AEF7A3DF:D;F;E�;E�4DAG9:F�FA�F:7�7?7D97@5K
67B3DF?7@F�4753GE7�A8�3 ��:AGD :;EFADK�A8 E7H7D7��EF344;@9�7B;93EFD;5�B3;@ ��AD�F:7�>3EF ��?A@F:E��:7�:3E
:36�BDA9D7EE;H7>K�IADE7@;@9�D;9:F�=@77�B3;@��8AD�I:;5:�:7�F3=7E ;4GBDA87@ E7H7D3>�F;?7E�3�63K �!7�:3E
E?A=76 :3>8�3�B35= A8�5;93D7FF7E�63;>K�8AD ���K73DE �-:7�>G@9E�3D7�5>73D�FA�3GE5G>F3F;A@ ��@��� �E:AIE
E;@GE�F35:K53D6;3�I;F:AGF ,-�E79?7@F 7>7H3F;A@E�AD�67BD7EE;A@E �-:;E�B3F;7@F�;E�?AEF�>;=7>K�FA�:3H7
D787DD76�B3;@�;@�I:;5:�A8�F:7�8A>>AI;@9�>A53F;A@E�

�49=+8 �3'-+

� +;9:F�E53BG>3

� %78F�E:AG>67D

� .?4;>;5GE

� %78F�<3I

� +;9:F�9DA;@

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�/4:

-:;E�?3@�:3E�?G>F;B>7 D;E=�835FADE�8AD�B7BF;5�G>57D�6;E73E7��;@5>G6;@9�E?A=;@9� ',�"� GE7��3@6


93EFDA7EAB:3973>�D78>GJ�6;E73E7 �-:7�EG667@�A@E7F�A8 B3;@ ;E�5A@57D@;@9�8AD�3�B7D8AD3F76 B7BF;5�G>57D

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�588+):��49=+8

��� !/-.:�9)'6;2'

�>62'4':/54�&.?

�:A>75KEF;F;E��I:;5:�?3@;87EFE�I;F: +.* B3;@��@3GE73��3@6�HA?;F;@9��53@�53GE7�D;9:F�E53BG>3D B3;@


6G7�FA 93>>4>3667D�?76;3F76�;DD;F3F;A@�A8�F:7�D;9:F B:D7@;5�@7DH7 �-:;E�B3F;7@F�E D;E=�835FADE 3@6
EK?BFA?E�3D7�?AD7�5A@E;EF7@F�I;F:�3�B7D8AD3F76 B7BF;5�G>57D��I:;5:�;E�3EEA5;3F76�I;F: D787DD76�B3;@
FA�3�6;887D7@F�D79;A@�A8�F:7�4A6K

��� �+,:�9.5;2*+8

�>62'4':/54�&.?

-:;E�B3F;7@F�E�:;EFADK�A8�E?A=;@9�3@6�5:DA@;5 ',�"� GE7�BGF�:;?�3F�;@5D73E76�D;E=�A8�67H7>AB;@9


B7BF;5�G>57DE �)7D8AD3F76 93EFD;5�G>57DE 53@�?3@;87EF�I;F:�F:7�EG667@�A@E7F�A8�E7H7D7�346A?;@3> B3;@�
3E�E77@�;@�F:;E�B3F;7@F��3@6 D787DD76�B3;@ FA�F:7�>78F�E:AG>67D�6G7�FA�;DD;F3F;A@�A8�F:7�>78F
:7?;6;3B:D39? ��AF:�F:7 B:D7@;5�@7DH7 ��������I:;5:�;@@7DH3F7E�F:7�6;3B:D39?��3@6�F:7
EGBD35>3H;5G>3D�@7DH7E���������I:;5:�;@@7DH3F7�F:7�E:AG>67D��E:3D7�E7@EADK�8;47DE�8DA?�F:7�����
@7DH7�DAAFE

��� $3(/2/);9

�>62'4':/54�&.?

)7D;G?4;>;53> B3;@ ;E�E77@�;@�5A@6;F;A@E�F:3F�53GE7�;DD;F3F;A@�A8�F:7�-�� 67D?3FA?7��EG5:�3E�;@�F:7


73D>K�EF397E�A8 3BB7@6;5;F;E �-:;E�B3F;7@F�E D;E=�835FADE 3@6�EK?BFA?E�3D7�?AD7�5A@E;EF7@F�I;F:�3
B7D8AD3F76 B7BF;5�G>57D��I:;5:�;E�3EEA5;3F76�I;F: D787DD76�B3;@ ;@�3�6;887D7@F�D79;A@�A8�F:7�4A6K

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �+,:�0'=

�>62'4':/54�&.?

+787DD76�B3;@ FA�F:7 <3I 53@�A55GD�;@�3 ?KA53D6;3>�;@83D5F;A@ 3@6�;E�53GE76�4K�;DD;F3F;A@�A8�@7DH7E�A8


F:7 57DH;53>�B>7JGE��I:;5:�;@@7DH3F7�F:7�@75=�3@6�F:7 <3I ��>F:AG9:�F:;E�B3F;7@F�E�E?A=;@9�:;EFADK�;E
3 D;E=�835FAD 8AD 5ADA@3DK�3DF7DK�6;E73E7��:;E�@AD?3> �� ?3=7E�F:;E�6;39@AE;E�>7EE�>;=7>K

��� !/-.:�-85/4

�>62'4':/54�&.?

+787DD76�B3;@ FA�F:7�9DA;@�53@�A55GD�;@�5A@6;F;A@E�F:3F�53GE7�;DD;F3F;A@�FA�F:7�%� 67D?3FA?7�


;@5>G6;@9 @7B:DA>;F:;3E;E� :;B 3DF:D;F;E��3@6�F7EF;5G>3D�B3F:A>A9K �-:;E�B3F;7@FE D;E=�835FADE 3@6
EK?BFA?E�3D7�?AD7�5A@E;EF7@F�I;F:�3�B7D8AD3F76 B7BF;5�G>57D��I:;5:�;E�3EEA5;3F76�I;F: D787DD76�B3;@
FA�3�6;887D7@F�D79;A@�A8�F:7�4A6K

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
;+9:/54�����

� ���K73D�A>6 ?3@�;E�4DAG9:F�FA�F:7�7?7D97@5K�67B3DF?7@F�4K�:;E�9;D>8D;7@6�4753GE7�A8 ;@5D73E;@9


5A@8GE;A@ 8AD�F:7�B3EF ��:AGDE �!7�6D;@=E >3D97�3?AG@FE�A8�3>5A:A>�63;>K 3@6�A553E;A@3>>K�GE7E�;>>;5;F
6DG9E �!7�;E�>7F:3D9;5�3@6�AD;7@F76�A@>K�FA�B7DEA@ �):KE;53>�7J3?;@3F;A@�E:AIE <3G@6;57��:7B3FA?793>K�
3@6�E53FF7D76�B7F75:;37�AH7D�F:7�FDG@=�3@6�435= �'7GDA>A9;5�7J3?;@3F;A@�E:AIE�@AD?3>��D735F;H7�BGB;>E
3@6�3 8>3BB;@9�FD7?AD I:7@�F:7�ID;EFE�3D7�7JF7@676 ���6DG9�I;F:�I:;5:�A8�F:7�8A>>AI;@9�?75:3@;E?�A8
35F;A@�IAG>6�47�?AEF�3BBDABD;3F7�8AD�F:;E�B3F;7@F�E�5A@6;F;A@�

�49=+8 �3'-+

� "@:;4;F;A@�A8�Y�AB;A;6�D757BFADE

� "@:;4;F;A@�A8����D757BFADE

� �J5D7F;A@�A8�'!�

� �J5D7F;A@�A8�8D77�;DA@

� �5F;H3F;A@�A8� ����D757BFADE

� )DA6G5F;A@�A8�'!�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�49=+8 �3'-+

)DA6G5F;A@�A8�9>GF3F:;A@7

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�/4:

-:;E�B3F;7@F�:3E E;9@E�A8�>;H7D�83;>GD7 �<3G@6;57� B7F75:;37� :7B3FA?793>K��3@6�3�:;EFADK�A8 7J57EE;H7


6D;@=;@9��I:;5:�EG997EFE�3>5A:A>;5 5;DD:AE;E �'7GDA>A9;53>�873FGD7E�>;=7�5A@8GE;A@�3@6 8>3BB;@9�FD7?ADE
;@�F:;E�E7FF;@9�;@6;53F7 :7B3F;5�7@57B:3>AB3F:K

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�588+):��49=+8

��� �4./(/:/54�5,�A�56/5/*�8+)+6:589

�>62'4':/54�&.?

&76;53F;A@E�F:3F�;@:;4;F Y�AB;A;6 D757BFADE��7 9 � @3>AJA@7��53@�3;6�;@�F:7�FD73F?7@F�A8 AB;A;6


AH7D6AE7 ��>F:AG9: AB;A;6�AH7D6AE7 53@�53GE7 >7F:3D9K��F:7�;@5D73E;@9�5A@8GE;A@�3@6 8>3BB;@9
FD7?AD ;@�3�B3F;7@F�I;F:�873FGD7E�A8�5:DA@;5 >;H7D 6;E73E7�EG997EF :7B3F;5�7@57B:3>AB3F:K��I:;5:
D7CG;D7E�3@�3>F7D@3F;H7�FD73F?7@F

��� �4./(/:/54�5,����8+)+6:589

�>62'4':/54�&.?

&3@K 3@F;BEK5:AF;5E��7 9 � :3>AB7D;6A>��IAD=�4K�;@:;4;F;@9 ���D757BFADE �-:7E7�?76;53F;A@E�?3K�47


GE76�8AD�B3F;7@FE�I;F:�E7H7D7�39;F3F;A@�8DA? :7B3F;5�7@57B:3>AB3F:K �!AI7H7D��F:7K�IAG>6�@AF
366D7EE�F:7�G@67D>K;@9�53GE7�A8�F:;E�B3F;7@F�E�5A@6;F;A@

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �>)8+:/54�5,����

�3'-+

�>62'4':/54��;:

��;EFGD43@57E�A8�5A@E5;AGE@7EE��D3@9;@9�8DA?�?;>6�5A@8GE;A@�FA 5A?3�

�>62'4':/54�&.?

!7B3F;5�7@57B:3>AB3F:K ;E�53GE76�4K�F:7�355G?G>3F;A@�A8�FAJ;5�?7F34A>;F7E��BD76A?;@3@F>K
3??A@;3��;@�F:7 EKEF7?;5�5;D5G>3F;A@ 6G7�FA >;H7D 83;>GD7 %35FG>AE7 36?;@;EF7D76�AD3>>K��AD�D75F3>>K�
;E�5A@H7DF76�FA >35F;5�35;6 ;@�F:7�;@F7EF;@7��>736;@9�FA�35;6;8;53F;A@�;@�F:7�9GF�3@6�BDA?AF;@9�F:7
5A@H7DE;A@�A8 3??A@;3 �'!���FA�3??A@;G?��'!��� ��??A@;G?�;E�@AF�34EAD476�;@�F:7�;@F7EF;@7
3@6�;E�;@EF736�7J5D7F76�;@�8757E��D76G5;@9�F:7�AH7D3>>�EKEF7?;5�>A36�A8 3??A@;3

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �>)8+:/54�5,�,8++�/854

�>62'4':/54�&.?

&76;53F;A@E�>;=7 6787DAJ3?;@7��I:;5:�5:7>3F7 ;DA@ 3@6�>736�FA�;FE�7J5D7F;A@��53@�47�GE76�FA�FD73F


:7?A5:DA?3FAE;E ��>F:AG9: :7?A5:DA?3FAE;E 53@�53GE7 5;DD:AE;E 3@6 >;H7D 6;E73E7��F:;E�B3F;7@F�;E
BD7E7@F;@9�I;F: :7B3F;5�7@57B:3>AB3F:K��I:;5:�D7CG;D7E�3@�3>F7D@3F;H7�FD73F?7@F

��� �):/<':/54�5,������8+)+6:589

�>62'4':/54�&.?

�5F;H3F;A@�A8 ��� D757BFADE�4K�?76;53F;A@E�>;=7 47@LA6;3L7B;@7E 53@�47�GE76�FA�E763F7�39;F3F76


B3F;7@FE �!AI7H7D��;@�B3F;7@FE�I;F: :7B3F;5�7@57B:3>AB3F:K 3@6 >;H7D 6;E73E7��36?;@;EFD3F;A@�A8
47@LA6;3L7B;@7E 53@�CG;5=>K�D7EG>F�;@�AH7DE763F;A@�3@6�E:AG>6�F:7D78AD7�97@7D3>>K�47�3HA;676
&76;53F;A@E�F:3F�FD73F�F:7�G@67D>K;@9�53GE7�A8 7@57B:3>AB3F:K E:AG>6�47�83HAD76

��� �85*;):/54�5,���

�>62'4':/54�&.?

�E :7B3F;5�7@57B:3>AB3F:K ;E�53GE76�4K�355G?G>3F;A@�A8�FAJ;5�?7F34A>;F7E�>;=7 3??A@;3 �'!���


;@5D73E76�BDA6G5F;A@�A8 '!� IAG>6�7J357D43F7�D3F:7D�F:3@�;?BDAH7�F:7�5A@6;F;A@ �&76;53F;A@E�>;=7
D;83J;?;@ AD @7A?K5;@ 53@�675D73E7�BDA6G5F;A@�A8 '!� 4K�=;>>;@9 '!��BDA6G5;@9�435F7D;3�;@�F:7�9GF
3@6�3D7�BAF7@F;3>�FD73F?7@F�ABF;A@E�8AD :7B3F;5�7@57B:3>AB3F:K

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �85*;):/54�5,�-2;:':./54+

�>62'4':/54�&.?

"@5D73E76 9>GF3F:;A@7 BDA6G5F;A@�;E�F:7�?75:3@;E?�A8 '�357FK>5KEF7;@7��3�?76;53F;A@�F:3F�53@�47


GE76�FA�:7>B�BDAF75F�F:7 >;H7D 8DA?�AJ;63F;H7�;@<GDK�8DA? 357F3?;@AB:7@�AH7D6AE7 ��>F:AG9:�F:;E
B3F;7@F�:3E E;9@E�A8�>;H7D�83;>GD7 P�;@5>G6;@9 <3G@6;57� :7B3FA?793>K��3@6 B7F75:;37 P�;@5D73E76
5A@8GE;A@�3@6�3 8>3BB;@9�FD7?AD EG997EF :7B3F;5�7@57B:3>AB3F:K��I:;5:�D7CG;D7E�3@�3>F7D@3F;H7
FD73F?7@F

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
;+9:/54�����

� ���K73D�A>6 IA?3@�I;F: :KBAF:KDA;6;E? 5A?7E�FA�F:7�B:KE;5;3@�4753GE7�A8�3 ��?A@F: :;EFADK�A8


F;@9>;@9�;@�:7D�877F�3@6�BAAD�43>3@57 �!7D�A@>K�?76;53F;A@�;E�>7HAF:KDAJ;@7 �):KE;53>�7J3?;@3F;A@�E:AIE
5A@<G@5F;H3>�B3>>AD�3@6�3@�3F3J;5�93;F �)DABD;A57BF;A@�3@6�E7@E7�A8�H;4D3F;A@�3D7�675D73E76�;@�:7D�FA7E
4;>3F7D3>>K �%34AD3FADK�EFG6;7E�E:AI ?35DA5KF;5�3@7?;3 3@6�@AD?3>�F:KDA;6�:AD?A@7�>7H7>E �!;EFA>A9;53>
7H3>G3F;A@�A8�F;EEG7�E3?B>7E�A4F3;@76�4K�7EAB:39A93EFDA6GA67@AE5ABK�D7H73>E 3FDAB:;5�5:3@97E�A8�F:7
93EFD;5�4A6K�3@6�8G@6GE I;F:�@AD?3>�3@FD3>�?G5AE3 �0:;5:�A8�F:7�8A>>AI;@9�EFDG5FGD7E�;E�?AEF�>;=7>K
47;@9�F3D97F76�4K�3@F;4A6;7E�;@�F:;E�B3F;7@F�

�49=+8 �3'-+

� "E>7F�57>>�5KFAB>3E?

� �73?;63F76�9>;36;@�B7BF;67

� )3D;7F3>�57>>E

� ,?AAF:�?GE5>7

� �DKF:DA5KF7E

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�/4:

�@7?;3� 93;F�3F3J;3��3@6�@7GDA>A9;53>�EK?BFA?E��7 9 � B3D7EF:7E;3E��E7@EADK�678;5;FE� :KB7DD78>7J;3��3D7


E;9@E�A8�H;F3?;@���� 678;5;7@5K �-:;E�B3F;7@F�E�EK?BFA?E�3@6 � � 8;@6;@9E�EG997EF�3�6;39@AE;E�A8
B7D@;5;AGE�3@7?;3 3@6 3FDAB:;5�93EFD;F;E��I:;5:�;E�A8F7@�3EEA5;3F76�I;F:�AF:7D�3GFA;??G@7�6;E73E7E
�B3DF;5G>3D>K H;F;>;9A 3@6 !3E:;?AFA�F:KDA;6;F;E�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�588+):��49=+8

��� �92+:�)+22�)?:562'93

�>62'4':/54��;:

-KB7���&�;E�3>EA�3EEA5;3F76�I;F:�AF:7D�3GFA;??G@7�5A@6;F;A@E�EG5:�3E !3E:;?AFA�F:KDA;6;F;E 3@6�AD


H;F;>;9A

�>62'4':/54�&.?

-KB7���6;347F7E�?7>>;FGE ;E�5:3D35F7D;L76�4K�F:7�BD7E7@57�A8 3GFA3@F;4A6;7E 393;@EF B3@5D73F;5�;E>7F


57>>E �7 9 ��3@F;�;E>7F�57>>��3@F;�9>GF3?;5�35;6�6753D4AJK>3E7� �)3F;7@FE�I;F:�F:;E�5A@6;F;A@�:3H7�3@
;@EG>;@ 678;5;7@5K�3@6�?3K�67H7>AB B7D;B:7D3>�@7GDAB3F:K 6G7�FA�BAAD�9>K57?;5�5A@FDA> �!AI7H7D�
F:7 3@7?;3 3@6 3FDAB:;5�93EFD;F;E 67E5D;476�:7D7�3D7�@AF�5A??A@�873FGD7E�A8 FKB7����&

��� �+'3/*':+*�-2/'*/4�6+6:/*+

�>62'4':/54�&.?

"9 �3@F;4A6;7E 393;@EF�673?;63F76 9>;36;@ B7BF;67E 3D7�5:3D35F7D;EF;5�A8 57>;35�6;E73E7��I:;5:�53@


3>EA�53GE7 3@7?;3 6G7�FA ;DA@ ?3>34EADBF;A@ %34AD3FADK�EFG6;7E IAG>6�E:AI ?;5DA5KF;5 3@7?;3
D3F:7D�F:3@�F:7 ?35DA5KF;5�3@7?;3 E77@�;@�F:;E�B3F;7@F ��66;F;A@3>>K��@7GDA>A9;5�678;5;FE�3@6 3FDAB:;5
93EFD;F;E 3D7�@AF�5A@E;EF7@F�I;F: 57>;35�6;E73E7

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �'8/+:'2�)+229

�3'-+

�>62'4':/54�&.?

)7D@;5;AGE�3@7?;3 ;E�3�5A??A@�53GE7�A8 H;F3?;@���� 678;5;7@5K�3@6�;E�3EEA5;3F76�I;F:�4AF:


3@F;B3D;7F3>�57>>�3@F;4A6;7E 3@6 3@F;�;@FD;@E;5�835FAD�3@F;4A6;7E �@F;4A6K�?76;3F76�67EFDG5F;A@�A8
B3D;7F3>�57>>E >736E�FA�675D73E76 ;@FD;@E;5�835FAD BDA6G5F;A@��D7EG>F;@9�;@�;?B3;D76 H;F3?;@����
34EADBF;A@�;@�F:7�F7D?;@3> ;>7G?��3@6�EG4E7CG7@F H;F3?;@�����678;5;7@5K��3E�E77@�;@�F:;E�B3F;7@F
/;F3?;@�����678;5;7@5K 5>3EE;53>>K�?3@;87EFE�I;F: ?35DA5KF;5 3@7?;3� B7D;B:7D3>�@7GDAB3F:K��3@6
EK?BFA?E�A8 EG435GF7�5A?4;@76�6797@7D3F;A@�A8�EB;@3>�5AD6

��� "355:.�3;9)2+

�>62'4':/54�&.?

�@F;�E?AAF:�?GE5>7�3@F;4A6;7E 3D7�FKB;53>>K�E77@�;@�B3F;7@FE�I;F: 3GFA;??G@7�:7B3F;F;E��I:;5:�;E

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
5A??A@>K�3EEA5;3F76�I;F:�AF:7D�3GFA;??G@7�5A@6;F;A@E �,K?BFA?3F;5�B3F;7@FE�I;F:�F:;E�5A@6;F;A@
?3K�BD7E7@F�I;F: <3G@6;57� :7B3FAEB>7@A?793>K��3@6 BDGD;FGE �@7?;3��@7GDA>A9;5�678;5;FE��3@6
3FDAB:;5�93EFD;F;E 3D7�@AF�5A??A@�873FGD7E�A8 3GFA;??G@7�:7B3F;F;E

��� �8?:.85)?:+9

�>62'4':/54�&.?

�@F;4A6;7E 393;@EF +��E 3D7�E77@�;@ 3GFA;??G@7�:7?A>KF;5�3@7?;3 ��"!�� �-:7�5A@6;F;A@�FKB;53>>K


?3@;87EFE�I;F: 3@7?;3 3@6�EK?BFA?E�A8 :7?A>KE;E �7 9 � <3G@6;57� �'7GDA>A9;5�678;5;FE� ?35DA5KF;5
3@7?;3��3@6 3FDAB:;5�93EFD;F;E 3D7�@AF�5A??A@�873FGD7E�A8 :7?A>KF;5�3@7?;3

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
;+9:/54����

� ���K73D�A>6 IA?3@�5A?7E�FA�F:7�B:KE;5;3@�4753GE7�A8�3 ��?A@F: :;EFADK�A8 I7;9:F�>AEE��4>A3F;@9��3@6


6;3DD:73 �,:7�6A7E�@AF�E?A=7�AD�6D;@=�3>5A:A> �!7D�H;F3>�E;9@E�3D7�I;F:;@�@AD?3>�>;?;FE �,:7�;E ����5?
���8F���;@� F3>>�3@6�I7;9:E ���=9 �����>4����&"�;E ���=9�?� �):KE;53>�7J3?;@3F;A@�E:AIE�4;>3F7D3> I:;F7
EBAFE�A@�F:7�F7?BAD3>�:3>8�A8�F:7�5A@<G@5F;H3� 6DK�E=;@��3@6�3 :3D6�@75=�?3EE�;@�F:7�3@F7D;AD�?;6>;@7�F:3F
6A7E�@AF�?AH7�I;F:�EI3>>AI;@9 .D;@3>KE;E�38F7D�3 ��JK>AE7 ?73>�E:AIE�3@�;@5D73E7�;@�D7@3>���JK>AE7
7J5D7F;A@ �0:;5:�A8�F:7�8A>>AI;@9�;E�?AEF�>;=7>K�FA�:3H7�BD7H7@F76�F:;E�B3F;7@F�E�I7;9:F�>AEE�

�49=+8 �3'-+

� >GF7@�8D77�6;7F

� )3@5D73F;5�7@LK?7�D7B>357?7@F

� -7FD35K5>;@7�F:7D3BK

� &7E3>3?;@7�F:7D3BK

� %35FAE7�8D77�6;7F

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�/4:

-:;E�B3F;7@F�:3E J7DA67D?3 3@6 =7D3F;@ 67BAE;FE�A@�F:7 5A@<G@5F;H37 ��;FAF�E�EBAFE���I:;5:�3D7�873FGD7E


EG997EF;H7�A8 H;F3?;@���678;5;7@5K

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�588+):��49=+8

��� �2;:+4�,8++�*/+:

�>62'4':/54�&.?

� 9>GF7@�8D77�6;7F�;E�F:7�FD73F?7@F�A8 57>;35�6;E73E7��3@�3GFA;??G@7�6;EAD67D�;@HA>H;@9
:KB7DE7@E;F;H;FK�FA 9>;36;@ ;@ 9>GF7@ �7>;35�6;E73E7 53@�3>EA�BD7E7@F�I;F:�I7;9:F�>AEE� 6;3DD:73�
4>A3F;@9��3@6�5GF3@7AGE�?3@;87EF3F;A@E��3E�;@�F:;E�B3F;7@F �!AI7H7D��;@EF736�A8 J7DA67D?3� E=;@
?3@;87EF3F;A@E�;@5>G67 B3BG>7E 3@6�H7E;5>7E�A@�F:7�7JF7@EAD�EGD8357E��67D?3F;F;E�:7DB7F;8AD?;E� �-:7
��JK>AE7 F7EF�IAG>6�3>EA�:3H7�E:AI@�675D73E76�JK>AE7�7J5D7F;A@�6G7�FA ?3>34EADBF;A@ �7>;35
6;E73E7 IAG>6�3>EA�@AF�7JB>3;@�F:;E�B3F;7@F�E�:3D6 3@F7D;AD @75=�?3EE

��� �'4)8+':/)�+4@?3+�8+62')+3+4:

�>62'4':/54�&.?

-:;E�B3F;7@F�E�:3D6��;??A4;>7�@75=�?3EE�;@�F:7 3@F7D;AD ?;6>;@7�;E�EG997EF;H7�A8 +;767>�E�F:KDA;6;F;E�


I:;5:�;E�3EEA5;3F76�I;F:�AF:7D�"9 ��D7>3F76�EKEF7?;5�6;E73E7E �!7D J7DA67D?3 3@6 �;FAF�E�EBAFE
;@6;53F7�3 H;F3?;@�� 678;5;7@5K��3@6�:7D�I7;9:F�>AEE� 6;3DD:73��3@6�;@5D73E76 ��JK>AE7 7J5D7F;A@
;@6;53F7 7JA5D;@7�B3@5D73F;5�;@EG88;5;7@5K��?AEF�>;=7>K�6G7�FA�3@ 3GFA;??G@7�B3@5D73F;F;E )3@5D73F;5
7@LK?7 D7B>357?7@F�IAG>6�47�F:7�BD7H7@F3F;H7�FD73F?7@F

��� #+:8')?)2/4+�:.+8'6?

�>62'4':/54�&.?

��F:7D3BK�D79;?7@�A8 F7FD35K5>;@7 ;@�5A?4;@3F;A@�I;F: 8A>;5�35;6 IAG>6�47�3�FD73F?7@F�A8 FDAB;53>


EBDG7 �-:;E�5A@6;F;A@�53@�53GE7 6;3DD:73 3@6�3�678;5;7@5K�A8�83F�EA>G4>7 H;F3?;@E >;=7 H;F3?;@��
!AI7H7D��;F�;E�G@>;=7>K�FA�?3@;87EF�I;F:�3@ 3@F7D;AD @75=�?3EE�AD�3�@AD?3>�D7EG>F�A@�F:7 ��JK>AE7 F7EF
E;@57�;F�IAG>6�47�3EEA5;3F76�I;F:�;@F7EF;@3> ?3>34EADBF;A@ -DAB;53>�EBDG7 IAG>6�3>EA�?AD7�>;=7>K
BD7E7@F�8A>>AI;@9�FD3H7>�FA�F:7�FDAB;5E

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �+9'2'3/4+�:.+8'6?

�>62'4':/54�&.?

&7E3>3?;@7 F:7D3BK�;E�3�FD73F?7@F�8AD G>57D3F;H7�5A>;F;E��I:;5:�53@�53GE7 5:DA@;5�6;3DD:73� 4>A3F;@9�


3@6�I7;9:F�>AEE��3E�;@�F:;E�B3F;7@F �!AI7H7D��;F�6A7E�@AF�?3@;87EF�I;F:�3@ 3@F7D;AD @75=�?3EE�AD
@AD?3>�8;@6;@9E�A@�F:7 ��JK>AE7�F7EF E;@57�;F�;E�3EEA5;3F76�I;F:�;@F7EF;@3> ?3>34EADBF;A@ �"@EF736�A8
�;FAF�E�EBAFE��7JB75F76�AB:F:3>?A>A9;5�8;@6;@9E�IAG>6�47 GH7;F;E AD 7B;E5>7D;F;E

��� �'):59+�,8++�*/+:

�>62'4':/54�&.?

� >35FAE7�8D77�6;7F�IAG>6�BD7H7@F�EK?BFA?E�;@�F:7�5A@6;F;A@�A8 >35FAE7�;@FA>7D3@57��3�678;5;7@5K�A8
F:7 >35F3E7 7@LK?7 %35FAE7�;@FA>7D3@57 ?3@;87EFE�I;F: 6;3DD:73 3@6�3�@AD?3>�D7EG>F�A8�F:7 ��JK>AE7
F7EF��3E�;@�F:;E�B3F;7@F �!AI7H7D��F:7�EK?BFA?E�A@>K�8A>>AI�F:7�5A@EG?BF;A@�A8�63;DK�BDA6G5FE �-:7
5A@6;F;A@�;E�3>EA�@AF�47�3EEA5;3F76�I;F:�7;F:7D�3@ 3@F7D;AD @75=�?3EE�AD�3�678;5;7@5K�A8�83F�EA>G4>7
H;F3?;@E >;=7 H;F3?;@��

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
;+9:/54�����

� ���K73D�A>6 ?3@�5A?7E�FA�F:7�B:KE;5;3@�4753GE7�A8�BDA9D7EE;H7�83F;9G7�3@6�6KEB@73�A@�7J7DF;A@�8AD
��?A@F:E ��GD;@9�F:;E�F;?7��:7�:3E�3>EA�:36�;@5D73E76�EFD3;@;@9�6GD;@9�678753F;A@�3@6�3 ���=9�����>4�
I7;9:F�>AEE �!7�:3E�@A�B7DEA@3>�AD�83?;>K�:;EFADK�A8�E7D;AGE�?76;53>�;>>@7EE �):KE;53>�7J3?;@3F;A@�E:AIE
5A@<G@5F;H3>�B3>>AD �%34AD3FADK�EFG6;7E�E:AI�?;5DA5KF;5�3@7?;3 �-7EF�A8�F:7�EFAA>�8AD�A55G>F�4>AA6�;E
BAE;F;H7 ��A>A@AE5ABK�E:AIE�3@ 7JAB:KF;5�?3EE�;@�F:7�3E57@6;@9�5A>A@ �)3F:A>A9;5�7J3?;@3F;A@�A8�F:7
?3EE�E:AIE�3 I7>>�6;887D7@F;3F76 367@A53D5;@A?3 �� 93;@�A8�8G@5F;A@ ?GF3F;A@�;@�I:;5:�A8�F:7
8A>>AI;@9�97@7E�;E�?AEF�>;=7>K�;@HA>H76�;@�F:7�B3F:A97@7E;E�A8�F:;E�B3F;7@F�E�5A@6;F;A@�

�49=+8 �3'-+

� ���

� -)��

� &%!�

� �)�

� $+�,

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�/4:

-:;E�B3F;7@F�:3E ;DA@�678;5;7@5K�3@7?;3 �BDA9D7EE;H7�83F;9G7� 6KEB@73� 5A@<G@5F;H3> B3>>AD� ?;5DA5KF;5


3@7?;3��BAE;F;H7�EFAA>�A55G>F�4>AA6��E75A@63DK�FA�3 I7>>�6;887D7@F;3F76��EBAD36;5� D;9:F�E;676 5A>AD75F3>
53D5;@A?3 �&AEF�EBAD36;5�53E7E�A8 5A>AD75F3>�53D5;@A?3 BDA9D7EE�8DA? 367@A?3 FA 53D5;@A?3 6G7�FA
5:DA?AEA?3>�;@EF34;>;FK

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�588+):��49=+8

��� ���

�>62'4':/54�&.?

� >AEE�A8�8G@5F;A@ ?GF3F;A@��@AF�3 93;@�A8�8G@5F;A@ ?GF3F;A@��;@�F:7 FG?AD�EGBBD7EEAD�97@7 �7>7F76


;@ �A>A@ �3@57D��DCC��;E�3�>3F7�7H7@F�;@�F:7 5:DA?AEA?3>�;@EF34;>;FK�B3F:I3K �; 7 ��F:7 367@A?3�
53D5;@A?3�E7CG7@57��3@6�BDA?AF7E�?3>;9@3@F�FD3@E8AD?3F;A@�A8�3@ 367@A?3 FA�3 53D5;@A?3

��� #��

�>62'4':/54�&.?

� >AEE�A8�8G@5F;A@ ?GF3F;A@��@AF�3 93;@�A8�8G@5F;A@ ?GF3F;A@��;@�F:7 FG?AD�EGBBD7EEAD�97@7 TP53 ;E�3


>3F7�7H7@F�;@�F:7 5:DA?AEA?3>�;@EF34;>;FK�B3F:I3K �; 7 ��F:7 367@A?3�53D5;@A?3�E7CG7@57��3@6
BDA?AF7E�?3>;9@3@F�FD3@E8AD?3F;A@�A8�3@ 367@A?3 FA�3 53D5;@A?3 �'AD?3>>K� TP53 ;E�35F;H3F76�;@
D7EBA@E7�FA �'��63?397 3@6�G>F;?3F7>K�;@:;4;FE ��, BDA9D7EE;A@�3@6�3>>AIE �'� D7B3;D�FA�A55GD
TP53 53@�3>EA�35F;H3F7 3BABFAE;E ;8 �'��63?397 ;E�;DD7B3D34>7 �&GF3F;A@E�;@ TP53��F:7D78AD7��D7EG>F
;@�G@D79G>3F76�BDA9D7EE;A@�F:DAG9: F:7�57>>�5K5>7 3@6�355G?G>3F;A@�A8�97@7F;5�7DDADE %AEE�A8�
8G@5F;A@ ?GF3F;A@E�;@ TP53 3D7�3EEA5;3F76�I;F:�?AEF�:G?3@�53@57DE�3@6 %;��D3G?7@;�EK@6DA?7

��� ����

�>62'4':/54�&.?

-:7 ?;5DAE3F7>>;F7�;@EF34;>;FK B3F:I3K�;E�5:3D35F7D;L76�4K�3 >AEE�A8�8G@5F;A@ ?GF3F;A@��@AF�3 93;@�A8�


8G@5F;A@ ?GF3F;A@��AD 7B;97@7F;5 E;>7@5;@9��; 7 � BDA?AF7D :KB7D?7F:K>3F;A@��A8 ?;E?3F5:�D7B3;D
97@7E��;@5>G6;@9 MLH1��3@6�53@�D7EG>F�;@�F:7�67H7>AB?7@F�A8 5A>AD75F3>�53D5;@A?3 �-:;E�?75:3@;E?
G@67D>;7E %K@5:�EK@6DA?7 �!AI7H7D��;F�;E�3@�G@5A??A@�53GE7�A8�EBAD36;5�53E7E�A8 5A>AD75F3>
53D5;@A?3

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� ���

�>62'4':/54�&.?

� >AEE�A8�8G@5F;A@ ?GF3F;A@��@AF�3 93;@�A8�8G@5F;A@ ?GF3F;A@��A8�F:7 FG?AD�EGBBD7EEAD�97@7 APC ;E


F:7�;@;F;3F;@9�7H7@F�;@�F:7 5:DA?AEA?3>�;@EF34;>;FK�B3F:I3K �; 7 ��F:7 367@A?3�53D5;@A?3�E7CG7@57�
-:;E >AEE�A8�8G@5F;A@ ?GF3F;A@�D7EG>FE�;@�675D73E76�;@F7D57>>G>3D�36:7E;A@�3@6�;@5D73E76 7B;F:7>;3>
BDA>;87D3F;A@ ;@�F:7 5A>A@ %AEE�A8�8G@5F;A@ ?GF3F;A@E�;@ APC 3>EA�G@67D>;7 83?;>;3>�367@A?3FAGE
BA>KBAE;E��3@�;@:7D;F76�EK@6DA?7�F:3F�BD76;EBAE7E�FA 5A>AD75F3>�53@57D 8AD?3F;A@

��� �!�"

�3'-+

�>62'4':/54��;:

3;@�A8�8G@5F;A@ ?GF3F;A@E�;@ KRAS 3D7�3>EA�3EEA5;3F76�I;F: >G@9�53@57D 3@6 B3@5D73F;5�53@57D

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�>62'4':/54�&.?

&AEF�EBAD36;5�53E7E�A8 5A>AD75F3>�53D5;@A?3 3D;E7�8DA?�F:7 5:DA?AEA?3>�;@EF34;>;FK�B3F:I3K �; 7 �


F:7 367@A?3�53D5;@A?3�E7CG7@57� �"@�F:;E�B3F:I3K��3 >AEE�A8�8G@5F;A@ ?GF3F;A@�A8�F:7 FG?AD
EGBBD7EEAD�97@7 APC D7EG>FE�;@�675D73E76�;@F7D57>>G>3D�36:7E;A@�3@6�;@5D73E76 7B;F:7>;3>
BDA>;87D3F;A@ �'7JF��3 93;@�A8�8G@5F;A@ ?GF3F;A@�;@�F:7 KRAS BDAFA�A@5A97@7 D7EG>FE�;@�G@D79G>3F76
57>>G>3D�E;9@3>;@9�3@6�57>>G>3D BDA>;87D3F;A@��I:;5:�BD76;EBAE7E�FA 367@A?3 8AD?3F;A@ ��;@3>>K� >AEE�
A8�8G@5F;A@ ?GF3F;A@E�A8�366;F;A@3> FG?AD�EGBBD7EEAD�97@7E �7 9 � TP53� DCC��D7EG>FE�;@�?3>;9@3@F
FD3@E8AD?3F;A@�A8�3@ 367@A?3 FA�3 53D5;@A?3

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
;+9:/54�����

�@�;@H7EF;93FAD�;E�EFG6K;@9�93EFD;5�E75D7F;A@E�;@�:G?3@�HA>G@F77DE �&73EGD7?7@FE�A8�93EFD;5�35F;H;FK�3D7
D75AD676�38F7D�7>75FD;53> EF;?G>3F;A@�A8�F:7�H39GE�@7DH7 �0:;5:�A8�F:7�8A>>AI;@9�E7FE�A8�5:3@97E�;E�?AEF
>;=7>K�FA�A55GD�38F7D�H39GE�@7DH7�EF;?G>3F;A@�

"53':59:':/4�9+)8+:/54 �'9:8/4�9+)8+:/54 �'9:8/)�6�

� U U W

� W U W

� U U U

� W W W

� U W U

�49=+8 �3'-+

� �

� �

� �

� �

� �

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�/4:

-:7 H39GE�@7DH7 ;E�B3DF�A8�F:7 B3D3EK?B3F:7F;5�@7DHAGE�EKEF7? /393> EF;?G>3F;A@�BDA?AF7E�6;97EF;H7


BDA57EE7E�4K�EF;?G>3F;@9 �57>>E

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�588+):��49=+8

��� �

�>62'4':/54�&.?

!;9: 93EFD;@ >7H7>E�3@6�>AI�93EFD;5�B!�IAG>6�47�EG997EF;H7�A8 93EFD;@A?3 �2A>>;@97D��>>;EA@


EK@6DA?7� �%AI�93EFD;5�B!�E75A@63DK�FA�;@5D73E76�35;6�BDA6G5F;A@�IAG>6�EF;?G>3F7 ��57>>E FA
BDA6G57 EA?3FAEF3F;@ �!AI7H7D� H393> EF;?G>3F;A@�IAG>6�@AF�47�5A@E;EF7@F�I;F:�F:;E�5A?4;@3F;A@�A8
8;@6;@9E

��� �

�>62'4':/54�&.?

,F;?G>3F;A@�A8�F:7 H39GE�@7DH7 35F;H3F7E�93EFD;5 �57>>E H;3 93EFD;@�D7>73E;@9 B7BF;67 � +)� �57>>E


BDA6G57�3@6�D7>73E7 93EFD;@��I:;5:�EF;?G>3F7E B3D;7F3>�57>>E 6;D75F>K�3@6�F:DAG9: :;EF3?;@7 D7>73E7
8DA? 7@F7DA5:DA?388;@�>;=7�57>>E /39GE�@7DH7 EF;?G>3F;A@�3>EA�>736E�FA ��:�?76;3F76�6;D75F
35F;H3F;A@�A8 B3D;7F3>�57>>E 3@6�;@:;4;F;A@�A8 EA?3FAEF3F;@�BDA6G5;@9 ��57>>E �-:7�D7EG>F;@9�35F;H3F;A@
A8�BDAFA@�BG?BE�;@ B3D;7F3>�57>>E ;@5D73E7E�35;6�BDA6G5F;A@��I:;5:�>AI7DE�93EFD;5�B!

��� �

�>62'4':/54�&.?

,A?3FAEF3F;@ ;@:;4;FE�F:7�35F;H;FK�A8 �57>>E 3@6 B3D;7F3>�57>>E��D7EG>F;@9�;@�675D73E76 93EFD;5�35;6


BDA6G5F;A@��I:;5:�D7EG>FE�;@�:;9:�93EFD;5�B! �!AI7H7D� EA?3FAEF3F;@ 3>EA�;@:;4;FE 93EFD;@ E75D7F;A@��EA
F:;E�5A?4;@3F;A@�;E�@AF�B:KE;A>A9;53>>K�BAEE;4>7 �-:7�;@5D73E76 EA?3FAEF3F;@ E77@�I;F:�F:;E�ABF;A@�;E
@AF�5A@E;EF7@F�I;F: H393>�@7DH7 EF;?G>3F;A@

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �

�>62'4':/54�&.?

,A?3FAEF3F;@ ;@:;4;FE�F:7�35F;H;FK�A8 �57>>E 3@6 B3D;7F3>�57>>E /393> EF;?G>3F;A@�53GE7E�3�675D73E7�;@


EA?3FAEF3F;@ >7H7>E�3@6�EG4E7CG7@F�;@5D73E7�;@ 93EFD;5�35;6 BDA6G5F;A@��I:;5:�D7EG>FE�;@�>AI�93EFD;5
B! �!AI7H7D��;@5D73E76 93EFD;@ D7>73E7�8DA? �57>>E IAG>6�3>EA�47�7JB75F76

��� �

�>62'4':/54�&.?

!;9: EA?3FAEF3F;@ >7H7>E�;@�5A@<G@5F;A@�I;F:�>AI 93EFD;@ >7H7>E�3@6�;@5D73E76�B!�3D7�E77@�;@ 83EF;@9


EF3F7 ?7F34A>;E? ,A?3FAEF3F;@ D7>73E7�;@:;4;FE 93EFD;5�35;6 BDA6G5F;A@�3@6�675D73E7E 93EFD;@ D7>73E7

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
;+9:/54�����

� ���K73D�A>6 ?3@�5A?7E�FA�F:7�B:KE;5;3@�4753GE7�A8�BDA9D7EE;H7�346A?;@3>�6;EF7@E;A@�3@6�EI7>>;@9�A8
:;E�>79E�8AD ��?A@F:E �!7�:3E�3�:;EFADK�A8�G>57D3F;H7�5A>;F;E �):KE;53>�7J3?;@3F;A@�E:AIE <3G@6;57
�46A?;@3>�7J3?;@3F;A@�E:AIE E:;8F;@9�6G>>@7EE 3@6 6;>3F76�H7;@E�;@�F:7�B7D;G?4;>;53>�D79;A@ �-:;E
B3F;7@F�E�346A?;@3>�8;@6;@9E�3D7�?AEF�>;=7>K�53GE76�4K�;@5D73E76�4>AA6�8>AI�;@�I:;5:�A8�F:7�8A>>AI;@9
H7EE7>E�

�49=+8 �3'-+

� %78F�93EFD;5�H7;@

� !7B3F;5�H7;@

� ,B>7@;5�H7;@

� ,GB7D;AD�7B;93EFD;5�H7;@

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�49=+8 �3'-+

� ,GB7D;AD�?7E7@F7D;5�H7;@

� ,GB7D;AD�D75F3>�H7;@

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�/4:

�E5;F7E �E:;8F;@9�6G>>@7EE�� 767?3� <3G@6;57��3@6�6;>3F76 H7;@E ;@�F:7�B7D;G?4;>;53>�D79;A@�EG997EF


5;DD:AE;E �!;E�:;EFADK�A8 G>57D3F;H7�5A>;F;E ?3=7E BD;?3DK�E5>7DAE;@9�5:A>3@9;F;E 3�>;=7>K�53GE7 �-:7
6;>3F76 B7D;G?4;>;53>�H7;@E �53BGF�?76GE37��3D7�8AD?76�4K BADFAEKEF7?;5�E:G@FE

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�588+):��49=+8

��� �+,:�-'9:8/)�<+/4

�3'-+

�>62'4':/54�&.?

"@5D73E76�8>AI�;@�F:7 >78F�93EFD;5�H7;@ ;E�@AF�D7EBA@E;4>7�8AD�F:;E�B3F;7@F�E�346A?;@3>�8;@6;@9E �-:7 >78F


93EFD;5�H7;@ ;E�3�E;F7�A8�3 BADFAEKEF7?;5�E:G@F��5A@@75F;@9�F:7 >78F�93EFD;5�H7;@ �BADF3>�5;D5G>3F;A@��3@6
F:7�7EAB:3973> H7;@E �EKEF7?;5�5;D5G>3F;A@ H;3�F:7�3LK9AGE H7;@���53GE;@9 7EAB:3973>�H3D;57E

��� �+6':/)�<+/4

�>62'4':/54�&.?

"@5D73E76�8>AI�;@�F:7 :7B3F;5�H7;@ ;E�@AF�D7EBA@E;4>7�8AD�F:;E�B3F;7@F�E�346A?;@3>�8;@6;@9E �"@ BADF3>


:KB7DF7@E;A@� :7B3F;5�H7;@ 8>AI�IAG>6�47�675D73E76�3E�:7B3F;5�;@8>AI�H;3�F:7 BADF3>�H7;@ ;E�?3D=76>K

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
D76G576

��� "62+4/)�<+/4

�>62'4':/54�&.?

"@5D73E76�8>AI�;@�F:7 EB>7@;5�H7;@ ;E�@AF�D7EBA@E;4>7�8AD�F:;E�B3F;7@F�E�346A?;@3>�8;@6;@9E �"@ BADF3>


:KB7DF7@E;A@��F:7 EB>7@;5�H7;@ 675A?BD7EE7E�H;3�F:7�D7@3>�3@6 >G?43D�H7;@E ;@FA EKEF7?;5�5;D5G>3F;A@�
53GE;@9�EB>7@A�D7@3>�3@6�EB>7@A�>G?43D�E:G@FE

��� ";6+8/58�+6/-'9:8/)�<+/4

�3'-+

�>62'4':/54��;:

"@�B3F;7@FE�I;F: 5;DD:AE;E� 3E5;F7E ;E�B3DF>K�53GE76�4K�F:7�;@5D73E76�:K6DAEF3F;5�BD7EEGD7E�BD7E7@F�;@


BADF3>�:KB7DF7@E;A@ �"?B3;D76�:7B3F;5 BDAF7;@�EK@F:7E;E �7EB75;3>>K 3>4G?;@��3>EA�>736E�FA�3�D76G576

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
;@FD3H3E5G>3D A@5AF;5�BD7EEGD7 F:3F�7J357D43F7E 3E5;F7E ��66;F;A@3>>K� EB>3@5:@;5 H3EA6;>3F;A@ ;@
B3F;7@FE�I;F: 5;DD:AE;E D7EG>FE�;@�G@67D8;>>;@9�A8�F:7�EKEF7?;5�3DF7D;3>�EKEF7?��I:;5:�35F;H3F7E�F:7
+��, ��5F;H3F;A@�A8 +��, >736E�FA�'3� 3@6�I3F7D�D7F7@F;A@��I:;5:�399D3H3F7E 3E5;F7E 3@6
B7D;B:7D3> 767?3

�>62'4':/54�&.?

-:7 H7;@E A8�F:7�346A?;@3>�I3>>��7 9 � ;@87D;AD�7B;93EFD;5�H7;@� EGB7D;AD�7B;93EFD;5�H7;@��6D3;@�;@FA�F:7


EKEF7?;5�5;D5G>3F;A@ ;@87D;AD>K�H;3�F:7�;>;A87?AD3>�EKEF7?�3@6�EGB7D;AD>K�H;3�F:7 H7;@E A8�F:7�F:AD35;5
I3>>�3@6 3J;>>3 �-:7 G?4;>;53>�H7;@ 6D3;@E�H7@AGE�4>AA6�8DA?�F:7 B3D3G?4;>;53>�H7;@E ;@FA�F:7�BADF3>
EKEF7?�4GF�;F�;E�@AD?3>>K�3�>AI�8>AI H7;@ )ADF3>�:KB7DF7@E;A@ ;E�3EEA5;3F76�I;F:�3@�;?B763@57�FA
8>AI�;@�F:7�:7B3F;5 BADF3>�H7@AGE EKEF7? �-:;E�D7EG>FE�;@�3�D7FDA9D367�8>AI�A8�4>AA6�8DA?�F:7�BADF3>
H;3�F:7 G?4;>;53>�H7;@ ;@FA�F:7�7B;93EFD;5 H7;@E EA�F:3F�4>AA6�53@�47�E:G@F76�;@FA EKEF7?;5�5;D5G>3F;A@
�BADFA53H3>�3@3EFA?AE7E� �-:;E�E:G@F;@9�A8�4>AA6�53GE7E�F:7�B3D3G?4;>;53>�346A?;@3>�I3>> H7;@E FA
6;>3F7��D7EG>F;@9�;@ 53BGF�?76GE37 �(F:7D�?3@;87EF3F;A@E�A8�BADFA53H3>�E:G@F;@9�;@5>G67 7EAB:3973>
H3D;57E �E:G@F;@9�47FI77@�F:7 >78F�93EFD;5�H7;@ 3@6�7EAB:3973> H7;@E��3@6 D75F3>�H3D;57E �E:G@F;@9
47FI77@�F:7 EGB7D;AD�D75F3>�H7;@ 3@6�?;66>7�AD ;@87D;AD�D75F3>�H7;@E�

��� ";6+8/58�3+9+4:+8/)�<+/4

�>62'4':/54�&.?

"@5D73E76�8>AI�;@�F:7 EGB7D;AD�?7E7@F7D;5�H7;@ �,&/��;E�@AF�D7EBA@E;4>7�8AD�F:;E�B3F;7@F�E�346A?;@3>


8;@6;@9E �"@ BADF3>�:KB7DF7@E;A@��5A>>3F7D3>�H7EE7>E�8DA?�F:7 ,&/ 3@6 ;@87D;AD�?7E7@F7D;5�H7;@E 6;>3F7
3@6�G>F;?3F7>K�6D3;@�;@FA�F:7 ;@87D;AD�H7@3�53H3 H;3�F:7�B7>H;5 H7;@E 3@6 H7;@E�A8�+7FL;GE
�D7FDAB7D;FA@73> E:G@FE�

��� ";6+8/58�8+):'2�<+/4

�>62'4':/54�&.?

"@5D73E76�8>AI�;@�F:7 EGB7D;AD�D75F3>�H7;@ ;E�@AF�D7EBA@E;4>7�8AD�F:;E�B3F;7@F�E�346A?;@3>�8;@6;@9E


'AD?3>>K��F:7 EGB7D;AD�D75F3>�H7;@ 6D3;@E�;@FA�F:7 ;@87D;AD�?7E7@F7D;5�H7;@��I:;5:�6D3;@E�;@FA�F:7
BADF3>�H7;@ �"@ BADF3>�:KB7DF7@E;A@��BADFA�EKEF7?;5 3@3EFA?AE7E 47FI77@�F:7 EGB7D;AD�D75F3>�H7;@
�BADF3>�5;D5G>3F;A@��3@6�F:7�;@87D;AD�3@6 ?;66>7�D75F3>�H7;@E �EKEF7?;5�5;D5G>3F;A@��6;>3F7��53GE;@9
D75F3>�H3D;57E

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
;+9:/54�����

� ���K73D�A>6 ?3@�5A?7E�FA�F:7�B:KE;5;3@�4753GE7�A8�3 ��?A@F: :;EFADK�A8�GBB7D�346A?;@3>�B3;@�


@3GE73��3@6�E7@E3F;A@�A8�73D>K�E3F;7FK �!7�:3E�3>EA�:36�3 � ��=9 ��� ��>4� I7;9:F�>AEE�AH7D�F:7�B3EF
��?A@F:E �!7�:3E�AEF7A3DF:D;F;E �!7�6D;@=E�FIA�477DE�7H7DK�@;9:F�I;F:�6;@@7D �!;E�A@>K�?76;53F;A@�;E
;4GBDA87@ ��EAB:39A93EFDA6GA67@AE5ABK�E:AIE�3@ G>57D3F76�?3EE�;@�F:7�>7EE7D�5GDH3FGD7 A8�F:7
EFA?35: ���4;ABEK�EB75;?7@�A4F3;@76�6GD;@9�7@6AE5ABK�E:AIE ;DD79G>3D�E:3B76 FG4G>7E�I;F:
;@FD3>G?;@3>�?G5GE�3@6�674D;E �0:;5:�A8�F:7�8A>>AI;@9�;E�F:7�?AEF�>;=7>K�BD76;EBAE;@9�835FAD�8AD�F:;E
B3F;7@F�E�5A@6;F;A@�

�49=+8 �3'-+

� "@8>3??3FADK�4AI7>�6;E73E7

� ',�"��GE7

� %AI�8;47D�6;7F

� %AI�4A6K�I7;9:F

� �;7F3DK�@;FD3F7E

� �>AA6�FKB7�(

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�/4:

-:;E�B3F;7@F�I;F: 6KEB7BE;3��73D>K�E3F;7FK��3@6�I7;9:F�>AEE��?AEF�>;=7>K�:3E 93EFD;5�53@57D �-:7 4;ABEK


8;@6;@9E�;@6;53F7�3�FG4G>3D 367@A53D5;@A?3��3@�;@F7EF;@3>�FKB7�A8 93EFD;5�53@57D

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�588+):��49=+8

��� �4,2'33':58?�(5=+2�*/9+'9+

�>62'4':/54�&.?

"@8>3??3FADK�4AI7>�6;E73E7E �7 9 � �DA:@�6;E73E7� G>57D3F;H7�5A>;F;E��3D7�@AF�5A??A@>K�3EEA5;3F76


I;F:�3@�;@5D73E76�D;E=�A8 ;@F7EF;@3>�FKB7�93EFD;5�53@57D �-:7K�3D7��:AI7H7D��3�E;9@;8;53@F D;E=�835FAD
8AD 5A>AD75F3>�53@57DE

��� �"����;9+

�>62'4':/54�&.?

+79G>3D�GE7�A8 ',�"�E �7 9 � ;4GBDA87@��:3E�477@�3EEA5;3F76�I;F:�3�675D73E76��@AF�;@5D73E76��D;E=�A8


;@F7EF;@3>�FKB7�93EFD;5�53@57D ',�"�E 3D7�F:AG9:F�FA�:3H7�3@�;@:;4;FADK�78875F�A@ 53D5;@A97@7E;E
4753GE7�A8�F:7;D�3@F;BDA>;87D3F;H7�3@6�3@F;�;@8>3??3FADK�35F;A@

��� �5=�,/(+8�*/+:

�>62'4':/54�&.?

��>AI�8;47D�6;7F�;E�@AF�5A??A@>K�3EEA5;3F76�I;F:�3@�;@5D73E76�D;E=�A8 ;@F7EF;@3>�FKB7�93EFD;5�53@57D
"F�;E��:AI7H7D��3 D;E=�835FAD 8AD 5A>AD75F3>�53@57DE

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �5=�(5*?�=+/-.:

�>62'4':/54�&.?

%AI�4A6K�I7;9:F�;E�@AF�3EEA5;3F76�I;F:�3�:;9:7D ;@5;67@57 A8 ;@F7EF;@3>�FKB7�93EFD;5�53@57D


�A@H7DE7>K� A47E;FK ;E�3�?3<AD D;E=�835FAD 8AD�E7H7D3>�FKB7E�A8�53@57DE��;@5>G6;@9 93EFD;5�53@57D

��� �/+:'8?�4/:8':+9

�>62'4':/54�&.?

';FD3F7E 53@�47�8AG@6�;@�E?A=76��6D;76��3@6�BD7E7DH76�8AA6 �"@5D73E76�5A@EG?BF;A@�A8�6;7F3DK


@;FD3F7E ;E�3EEA5;3F76�I;F:�3@�;@5D73E76�D;E=�A8 ;@F7EF;@3>�FKB7�93EFD;5�53@57D �(F:7D D;E=�835FADE
;@5>G67�FA4355A�GE7��5:DA@;5 93EFD;F;E��3@6�;@875F;A@�I;F: H. pylori

��� �255*�:?6+��

�>62'4':/54�&.?

�>AA6�FKB7�( ;E�@AF�3EEA5;3F76�I;F:�3�:;9:7D ;@5;67@57 A8 ;@F7EF;@3>�FKB7�93EFD;5�53@57D �!AI7H7D��F:7


D;E=�A8 93EFD;5�53@57D 3@6 H. pylori ;@875F;A@�:3E�477@�E:AI@�FA�47�:;9:7D�;@�;@6;H;6G3>E�I;F: 4>AA6
FKB7��

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
;+9:/54�����

� ���K73D�A>6 IA?3@�5A?7E�FA�F:7�B:KE;5;3@�4753GE7�A8�3 ��?A@F: :;EFADK�A8�?;>6�D;9:F�GBB7D


346A?;@3>�B3;@ �,:7�:3E�@AF�:36�3@K�87H7DE��5:;>>E��AD�I7;9:F�>AEE �-:7D7�;E�@A�B7DEA@3>�AD�83?;>K�:;EFADK
A8�E7D;AGE�;>>@7EE �&76;53F;A@E�;@5>G67�FD3@E67D?3> 7EFDA97@��I:;5:�E:7�D757@F>K�EF3DF76�F3=;@9�8AD
EK?BFA?E�D7>3F76�FA�?7@AB3GE7 ��46A?;@3>�7J3?;@3F;A@�E:AIE�@A�34@AD?3>;F;7E �.>FD3EA@A9D3B:K�A8
F:7�>;H7D�E:AIE�3 I7>>�67?3D53F76��:A?A97@7AGE��:KB7D75:A;5�?3EE EGDDAG@676�4K�@AD?3>�>;H7D�F;EEG7
��4;ABEK�A8�F:7�>7E;A@�IAG>6�BGF�F:;E�B3F;7@F�3F�9D73F7EF�D;E=�8AD�I:;5:�A8�F:7�8A>>AI;@9�5A?B>;53F;A@E�

�49=+8 �3'-+

� "@FD3B7D;FA@73>�:7?ADD:397

� �;>;3DK�B7D;FA@;F;E

� �35F7D7?;3

� &7F3EF3F;5�EBD736

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�49=+8 �3'-+

� �@3B:K>35F;5�E:A5=

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�/4:

-:7 G>FD3EAG@6 8;@6;@9E�;@�F:;E�B3F;7@F�3D7�5A@E;EF7@F�I;F:�53H7D@AGE :7?3@9;A?3��F:7�?AEF�5A??A@


FKB7 47@;9@�>;H7D�FG?AD

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�588+):��49=+8

��� �4:8'6+8/:54+'2�.+3588.'-+

�3'-+

�>62'4':/54�&.?

!7B3F;5�:7?3@9;A?3 ;E�3 47@;9@�FG?AD 5A?BAE76�A8�53H7D@AGE�H3E5G>3D�EB357E�A8�H3D;34>7�E;L7�F:3F


3D7�>;@76�4K�8>3F 7@6AF:7>;3> 57>>E �-:7K�3D7�?AEF�5A??A@�;@�IA?7@�47FI77@�F:7�397E�A8�������K73DE
A>6�3@6�?3K�475A?7�7@>3D976�6GD;@9�:AD?A@3>�F:7D3BK �&AEF :7B3F;5�:7?3@9;A?3E 3D7
3EK?BFA?3F;5�3@6�6;39@AE76�;@5;67@F3>>K�A@�;?39;@9��3BB73D;@9�:KB7D75:A97@;5��6G7�FA�;@5D73E76
H3E5G>3D;FK���I7>>�67?3D53F76��3@6�:A?A97@7AGE ��7;@9�3�:;9:>K�H3E5G>3D FG?AD� 4;ABEK D7BD7E7@FE�3
:;9:�D;E=�A8�E7H7D7�:7?ADD:397�3@6�;E�@AF�D75A??7@676�G@>7EE�F:7�6;39@AE;E�;E�G@57DF3;@

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �/2/'8?�6+8/:54/:/9

�>62'4':/54�&.?

�;>;3DK B7D;FA@;F;E A55GDE�I:7@ 4;>7 >73=E�AGF�A8�F:7 93>>4>3667D AD 4;>7 6G5FE�3@6�53@�A55GD�6G7�FA


;@36H7DF7@F�B7@7FD3F;A@�A8�F:7 4;>;3DK�FD35F 6GD;@9�3 >;H7D�4;ABEK ��>F:AG9:�F:;E�;E�3�BAEE;4>7
5A?B>;53F;A@�A8 >;H7D�4;ABEK 8AD�3@K�5A@6;F;A@��;F�;E�7JFD7?7>K�D3D7�3@6�F:GE�6A7E�@AF�BD7E7@F�F:7
5A?B>;53F;A@�I;F:�F:7�9D73F7EF�D;E=�8AD�F:;E�B3F;7@F

��� �'):+8+3/'

�3'-+

�>62'4':/54�&.?

�;ABEK A8�3@�;@FD3:7B3F;5 34E57EE �BKA97@;5�>;H7D�34E57EE AD 3?74;5�>;H7D�34E57EE��D;E=E�EBD736;@9�F:7


;@875F;AGE�8A5GE�;@FA�F:7�346A?;@3>�53H;FK�3@6�4>AA6EFD73?�3@6�E:AG>6�A@>K�47�B7D8AD?76�I:7@
>34AD3FADK�EFG6;7E 3@6�;?39;@9�3D7�;@5A@5>GE;H7 ��>F:AG9: +.* B3;@ ;E�3�5A??A@�?3@;87EF3F;A@�A8

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
>;H7D�34E57EE��?AEF�B3F;7@FE�3>EA�BD7E7@F�I;F: 87H7D AD�AF:7D�EKEF7?;5�5A?B>3;@FE .>FD3EA@A9D3B:K A8
3 >;H7D�34E57EE IAG>6�E:AI�BAAD>K�67?3D53F76��8>G;6�8;>>76��:KBA75:A;5�>7E;A@�E��I;F:;@�F:7�:7B3F;5
B3D7@5:K?3 I;F:�EGDDAG@6;@9 767?3 3@6 :KB7D7?;3��D3F:7D�F:3@�F:7�8;@6;@9E�E77@�:7D7

��� �+:'9:':/)�968+'*

�>62'4':/54�&.?

�;ABEK A8�3�?3>;9@3@F�:7B3F;5�>7E;A@��7 9 � :7B3FA57>>G>3D�53D5;@A?3��53@�E776 FG?AD 57>>E�F:DAG9:AGF


F:7�FD35=�A8�F:7 4;ABEK @776>7��D;E=;@9 ?7F3EF3F;5 EBD736 ��>F:AG9: !�� ?3K�?3@;87EF�I;F:
@A@EB75;8;5 +.* B3;@��3E�E77@�;@�F:;E�B3F;7@F� G>FD3EA@A9D3B:K IAG>6�FKB;53>>K�E:AI�3@�;>>�678;@76
?3EE�I;F:�;DD79G>3D�4AD67DE�3@6�H3D;34>7�75:A97@;5;FK�I;F:�3D73E�A8 @75DAE;E 3@6�53>5;8;53F;A@
�GDF:7D?AD7� !�� IAG>6�47�G@>;=7>K�;@�F:;E�:73>F:K�IA?3@�I;F:AGF�3@K�E;9@;8;53@F B3EF�?76;53>
:;EFADK

��� �4'6.?2'):/)�9.5)1

�>62'4':/54�&.?

�;ABEK A8�3�:7B3F;5 :K63F;6�5KEF 53@�D7EG>F�;@ 3@3B:K>3J;E 6G7�FA�F:7�D7>73E7�A8�F:7�:;9:>K 3@F;97@;5


:K63F;6�8>G;6 �"@�3@�G@DGBFGD76�5KEF��F:7�75:;@A5A553> 3@F;97@E 7H367�F:7�:AEF�E ;??G@7�EKEF7?�
EG667@�7JBAEGD7�FA�:K63F;6�8>G;6�FD;997DE�3�:KB7D35GF7�;??G@7�D735F;A@ �!7B3F;5 :K63F;6�5KEF 53@
?3@;87EF�3E�@A@�EB75;8;5�346A?;@3> B3;@��3E�E77@�;@�F:;E�B3F;7@F��4GF G>FD3EA@A9D3B:K IAG>6�FKB;53>>K
E:AI�3�G@;>A5G>3D� 3@75:A;5��I7>>�678;@76�5KEF�I;F: :KB7D67@E7 ;@F7D@3>�E7BF3��EBA=7�I:77>�B3FF7D@��
GEG3>>K�I;F:�63G9:F7D�5KEFE�8>A3F;@9�I;F:;@ ��GDF:7D?AD7��F:;E�B3F;7@F�6A7E�@AF�:3H7�3@K�EF3F76 D;E=
835FADE 8AD �5:;@A5A553>�;@875F;A@ �7 9 ��;@97EF;A@�A8�5A@F3?;@3F76�8AA6��FD3H7>�FA 7@67?;5 D79;A@�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
;+9:/54�����

� ���K73D�A>6 ?3@�I;F:�3FD;3>�8;4D;>>3F;A@�5A?7E�FA�F:7�7?7D97@5K�67B3DF?7@F�I;F: 35GF7�A@E7F E7H7D7


GBB7D�346A?;@3>�B3;@ �!7�F3=7E�@A�?76;53F;A@E �!7�;E�E7H7D7>K�:KBAF7@E;H7 ��7EB;F7�?3J;?3>
D7EGE5;F3F;A@�788ADFE��:7�6;7E ��GFABEK�E:AIE @75DAE;E�A8�F:7�BDAJ;?3>�BADF;A@�A8�F:7�9D73F7D�5GDH3FGD7�A8
F:7�EFA?35:�53GE76�4K�3@�7?4A>;5�A55>GE;A@�A8�3@�3DF7DK �-:7�7?4A>GE�?AEF�>;=7>K�B3EE76�F:DAG9:
I:;5:�A8�F:7�8A>>AI;@9�H7EE7>E�

�49=+8 �3'-+

� ,GB7D;AD�?7E7@F7D;5�3DF7DK

� "@87D;AD�?7E7@F7D;5�3DF7DK

� 3EFDA6GA67@3>�3DF7DK

� +;9:F�93EFD;5�3DF7DK

� +;9:F�93EFDA7B;B>A;5�3DF7DK

� ,B>7@;5�3DF7DK

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�49=+8 �3'-+

%78F�93EFD;5�3DF7DK

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�/4:

-:7�3D73�A8�F:7 EFA?35: 67E5D;476�;@�F:7�3GFABEK�D7BADF�;E�EGBB>;76�4K�F:7 >78F�93EFDA7B;B>A;5�3DF7DK

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�588+):��49=+8

��� ";6+8/58�3+9+4:+8/)�'8:+8?

�>62'4':/54�&.?

-:7 EGB7D;AD�?7E7@F7D;5�3DF7DK EGBB>;7E�F:7 ?;69GF �; 7 ��8DA?�F:7 6;EF3> 6GA67@G? FA�F:7 BDAJ;?3>


FIA�F:;D6E�A8�F:7 FD3@EH7DE7�5A>A@� �"F�6A7E�@AF�EGBB>K�F:7 EFA?35:

��� �4,+8/58�3+9+4:+8/)�'8:+8?

�>62'4':/54�&.?

-:7 ;@87D;AD�?7E7@F7D;5�3DF7DK EGBB>;7E�F:7 :;@69GF �; 7 ��8DA?�F:7 6;EF3> F:;D6�A8�F:7 FD3@EH7DE7�5A>A@


FA�F:7 3@3>�53@3>� �"F�6A7E�@AF�EGBB>K�F:7 EFA?35:

��� �'9:85*;5*+4'2�'8:+8?

�>62'4':/54�&.?

-:7 93EFDA6GA67@3>�3DF7DK GEG3>>K�3D;E7E�8DA?�F:7 5A??A@�:7B3F;5�3DF7DK 3@6�6;H;67E�;@FA�F:7 D;9:F


93EFDA7B;B>A;5�3DF7DK 3@6�F:7 EGB7D;AD�B3@5D73F;5A6GA67@3>�3DF7DK �-:7E7�H7EE7>E�EGBB>K�F:7 BK>ADGE�
F:7 BDAJ;?3> 6GA67@G?��3@6�F:7 B3@5D73F;5 :736��@AF�F:7 BDAJ;?3> BADF;A@�A8�F:7 9D73F7D�5GDH3FGD7�A8
F:7�EFA?35:

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� !/-.:�-'9:8/)�'8:+8?

�>62'4':/54�&.?

-:7 D;9:F�93EFD;5�3DF7DK ;E�3�4D3@5:�A8�F:7 :7B3F;5�3DF7DK�BDAB7D 3@6�EGBB>;7E�F:7 6;EF3> BADF;A@�A8�F:7


>7EE7D�5GDH3FGD7�A8�F:7�EFA?35:��@AF�F:7 BDAJ;?3> BADF;A@�A8�F:7 9D73F7D�5GDH3FGD7�A8�F:7�EFA?35:

��� !/-.:�-'9:85+6/625/)�'8:+8?

�>62'4':/54�&.?

-:7 D;9:F�93EFDA7B;B>A;5�3DF7DK EGBB>;7E�F:7 6;EF3> BADF;A@�A8�F:7 9D73F7D�5GDH3FGD7�A8�F:7�EFA?35:��@AF


F:7 BDAJ;?3> BADF;A@

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� "62+4/)�'8:+8?

�3'-+

�>62'4':/54�&.?

-:7 BDAJ;?3> BADF;A@�A8�F:7 9D73F7D�5GDH3FGD7 � ���A8�F:7 EFA?35: ;E�EGBB>;76�4K�F:7 E:ADF�93EFD;5


3DF7D;7E �3F�F:7�8G@6GE��3@6�F:7 >78F�93EFDA7B;B>A;5�3DF7DK �BDAJ;?3> ����4AF:�A8�I:;5:�3D;E7�8DA?�F:7
EB>7@;5�3DF7DK �-:7 7?4A>GE ;@�CG7EF;A@�?GEF�:3H7�B3EE76�F:DAG9:�F:7 EB>7@;5�3DF7DK FA�53GE7 @75DAE;E
A8�F:7 BDAJ;?3> �

��� �+,:�-'9:8/)�'8:+8?

�>62'4':/54�&.?

-:7 >78F�93EFD;5�3DF7DK EGBB>;7E�F:7 93EFDA7EAB:3973>�<G@5F;A@ 3@6�F:7 BDAJ;?3> BADF;A@�A8�F:7 >7EE7D


5GDH3FGD7�A8�F:7�EFA?35:��@AF�F:7 BDAJ;?3> BADF;A@�A8�F:7 9D73F7D�5GDH3FGD7�A8�F:7�EFA?35:

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
;+9:/54��� �

� ���K73D�A>6 IA?3@�5A?7E�FA�F:7�B:KE;5;3@�4753GE7�A8�BDA9D7EE;H7�I7;9:F�>AEE�8AD ��?A@F:E �):KE;53>


7J3?;@3F;A@�E:AIE�<3G@6;57�3@6�3�@A@F7@67D��B3>B34>7�93>>4>3667D ����-�E53@�A8�F:7�346A?7@�E:AIE�3@
;>>�678;@76 ?3EE�;@�F:7�B3@5D73F;5�:736 �,:7�;E�E5:76G>76�8AD�EGD97DK�FA D7E75F�F:7 B3@5D73F;5�:736��6;EF3>
EFA?35:� 6GA67@G?��73D>K�<7<G@G?��93>>4>3667D��3@6�5A??A@�4;>7�6G5F�3@6�3@3EFA?AE7�F:7�<7<G@G?�FA
F:7�D7?3;@;@9�EFA?35:��B3@5D73E��3@6�4;>7�6G5F ��A>>AI;@9�EGD97DK��F:;E�B3F;7@F�;E�3F�F:7�9D73F7EF�>A@9�
F7D?�D;E=�8AD�I:;5:�A8�F:7�8A>>AI;@9�

�49=+8 �3'-+

� !KB7D5A39G>34>7�EF3F7

� &;5DA5KF;5�3@7?;3

� �3>5;G?�AJ3>3F7�=;6@7K�EFA@7E

� 0;67�43E76�93;F

� "@5D73E76�4;>7�BDA6G5F;A@

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�/4:

0:3F�EG4EF3@57E�3D7�34EAD476�8DA?�F:7�>G?7@�A8�F:7 93EFDA;@F7EF;@3>�FD35F ;@FA�F:7�4>AA6EFD73?�;@�F:7


6GA67@G? A@>K�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�588+):��49=+8

��� �?6+8)5'-;2'(2+�9:':+

�>62'4':/54�&.?

� :KB7D5A39G>34>7�EF3F7 ?3K�7;F:7D�D7EG>F�8DA?�;@:7D;F76 97@7�?GF3F;A@E AD�;@EG88;5;7@F�;@:;4;FADE�A8


F:7 5A39G>3F;A@�53E5367��4AF:�A8�I:;5:�F:;E�B3F;7@F�6A7E�@AF�:3H7 �!AI7H7D� 0:;BB>7�BDA576GD7
;@HA>H7E�D7E75F;A@�A8�F:7�8;DEF�B3DF�A8�F:7 <7<G@G?��I:;5:�;E�D7EBA@E;4>7�8AD�F:7�34EADBF;A@�A8 H;F3?;@
$ �-:;E�?3K�35FG3>>K�5A@FD;4GF7�FA�F:7�67H7>AB?7@F�A8�3 5A39G>AB3F:K 6G7�FA�3�678;5;7@5K�A8 H;F3?;@
$�67B7@67@F�5>AFF;@9�835FADE

��� �/)85)?:/)�'4+3/'

�>62'4':/54�&.?

)3F;7@FE�I;F:AGF�3 6GA67@G? 3D7 BDA@7 FA�67H7>AB;@9 ;DA@�678;5;7@5K 3E ;DA@ ;E�EA>7>K�34EAD476�;@


F:;E�B3DF�A8�F:7 "�FD35F "DA@�678;5;7@5K��;@�FGD@��>736E�FA ?;5DA5KF;5� :KBA5:DA?;5 3@7?;3��I:;5:�;E
I:K�F:;E�B3F;7@F�?3K�D7CG;D7�;@FD3H7@AGE ;DA@ EGBB>7?7@F3F;A@

��� �'2)/;3�5>'2':+�1/*4+?�9:54+9

�>62'4':/54�&.?

�3>5;G?�34EADBF;A@�;E�?76;3F76�F:DAG9: 35F;H7�FD3@EBADF 3@6 B3EE;H7�6;88GE;A@ I;F:�F:7�9D73F7EF


3?AG@F�47;@9�34EAD476�;@�F:7 6GA67@G? �0:7@�F:;E�B3F;7@F�E 6GA67@G? ;E�D7?AH76��E:7�I;>>�:3H7
6;?;@;E:76�;@F7EF;@3>�53>5;G?�GBF3=7��I:;5:�>736E�FA�;@5D73E76�D734EADBF;A@�A8�53>5;G?�;@�F:7 =;6@7K
FA�?3;@F3;@�@AD?3>�E7DG?�>7H7>E ��E�3�D7EG>F��GD;@3DK�53>5;G?�;E�>AI��I:;5:�675D73E7E�F:7�>;=7>;:AA6
A8 53>5;G?�AJ3>3F7�EFA@7 8AD?3F;A@

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� &/*+�('9+*�-'/:

�>62'4':/54�&.?

-:7�8;@6;@9�A8�I;67�43E76�93;F�;E�5A??A@>K�3EEA5;3F76�I;F:�>A@9�EF3@6;@9 H;F3?;@�����678;5;7@5K�
I:;5:�>736E�FA�6;?;@;E:76 BDABD;A57BF;A@ ;@�F:7�>AI7D�7JFD7?;F;7E ��A??A@�53GE7E�A8 ���
678;5;7@5K ;@5>G67 B7D@;5;AGE�3@7?;3� ?3>@GFD;F;A@��AD�93EFD75FA?K �� 0:;BB>7�BDA576GD7��3E
67E5D;476�;@�F:;E�53E7��IAG>6�@AF�3>F7D H;F3?;@���� 34EADBF;A@�3E�F:;E H;F3?;@ ;E�34EAD476�;@�F:7
F7D?;@3> ;>7G? �&AD7AH7D� ;@FD;@E;5�835FAD �"���8G@5F;A@�IAG>6�3>EA�D7?3;@�G@38875F76�67EB;F7�F:;E
B3F;7@F�E 6;EF3> 93EFD75FA?K��4753GE7�"��;E�BDA6G576�4K�F:7 B3D;7F3>�57>>E A8�F:7 EFA?35: �>A53F76�;@
F:7 93EFD;5�53D6;3 3@6�8G@6GE�

��� �4)8+'9+*�(/2+�685*;):/54

�>62'4':/54�&.?

�;>7�35;6E B>3K�3�B;HAF3>�DA>7�;@�F:7�?7F34A>;E?�A8�>;B;6E�3@6 83F�EA>G4>7�H;F3?;@E 3E�I7>>�3E


5:A>7EF7DA> 7J5D7F;A@ �;>7 7J5D7F;A@�;@FA�F:7 6GA67@G? ;E�EF;?G>3F76�4K�8AA6�;@F3=7��I:;5:�;E
8A>>AI76�4K�D734EADBF;A@�A8�GB�FA�����A8 4;>7�35;6E ;@�F:7 ;>7G?��@AF�F:7 6GA67@G? �-:;E�5K5>7�;E
=@AI@�3E 7@F7DA:7B3F;5�5;D5G>3F;A@ �-:GE� 4;>7 EK@F:7E;E�D7?3;@E�G@38875F76�4K
B3@5D73F;5A6GA67@75FA?K

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
;+9:/54��� �

�@�AF:7DI;E7�:73>F:K ���K73D�A>6 ?3@�5A?7E�FA�F:7�B:KE;5;3@�8AD�3 ��K73D :;EFADK�A8�D75GDD7@F�GBB7D


346A?;@3>�B3;@�3@6�8G>>@7EE�F:3F�IADE7@E�38F7D�?73>E .D73�4D73F:�F7EF�;E�BAE;F;H7 ��@�7@6AE5ABK�E:AIE
6;88GE7�?G5AE3>�3FDAB:K�3@6�B3F5:K�7DKF:7?3��4GF�@A�G>57D ���4;ABEK�8DA?�I:;5:�A8�F:7�8A>>AI;@9�3D73E
;E�?AEF�>;=7>K�FA�K;7>6�3@�355GD3F7�6;39@AE;E�

�49=+8 �3'-+

� 3EFD;5�8G@6GE

� �;EF3>�7EAB:39GE

� 3EFD;5�3@FDG?

� �GA67@3>�4G>4

� 3EFD;5�BK>ADGE

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�/4:

-:;E�B3F;7@F�I;F:�D75GDD7@F�GBB7D�346A?;@3> B3;@ 3@6�8G>>@7EE�38F7D�?73>E��6KEB7BE;3���BAE;F;H7 GD73


4D73F:�F7EF��3@6 GBB7D�7@6AE5ABK 8;@6;@9E�A8�6;88GE7 ?G5AE3> 3FDAB:K 3@6�B3F5:K 7DKF:7?3��>;=7>K�:3E
3FDAB:;5�93EFD;F;E 53GE76�4K Helicobacter pylori

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�588+):��49=+8

��� �'9:8/)�,;4*;9

�>62'4':/54�&.?

H. pylori�;@6G576 3FDAB:;5�93EFD;F;E 53@�53GE7 ?G5AE3> 5:3@97E�;@�F:7�8G@6GE��?3=;@9�;F�3@�;?BADF3@F


>A53F;A@�FA 4;ABEK I:7@ H. pylori 93EFD;F;E ;E�EGEB75F76�4GF�F:7�:73H;7EF�;@875F;A@�I;F: H. pylori ;E
GEG3>>K�E77@�;@�3@AF:7D�>A53F;A@ �-:7 93EFD;5�8G@6GE 3@6�4A6K�3D7�BD;?3D;>K�38875F76�;@ 3GFA;??G@7
3FDAB:;5�93EFD;F;E��I:;5:�53@�BD7E7@F�E;?;>3D>K�4GF�F:7 GD73�4D73F:�F7EF IAG>6�47�@793F;H7�3@6�AF:7D
873FGD7E�EG997EF;H7�A8�3GFA;??G@7�6;E73E7��7 9 � B7D@;5;AGE�3@7?;3� H;F;>;9A� 3GFA;??G@7�F:KDA;6;F;E�
IAG>6�GEG3>>K�47�BD7E7@F

��� �/9:'2�+956.'-;9

�>62'4':/54��;:

�GFA;??G@7�3FDAB:;5�93EFD;F;E ;E�3 D;E=�835FAD 8AD�F:7�67H7>AB?7@F�A8 ECG3?AGE�57>>�53D5;@A?3�A8�F:7


7EAB:39GE 3@6�?3K�D7CG;D7�8GDF:7D�?A@;FAD;@9 �!AI7H7D� ECG3?AGE�57>>�53D5;@A?3�A8�F:7�7EAB:39GE
GEG3>>K�38875FE�F:7 BDAJ;?3>��@AF 6;EF3> 7EAB:39GE

�>62'4':/54�&.?

�;EF3> 7EAB:3973> 4;ABE;7E 3D7�;@6;53F76�;@�B3F;7@FE�I;F:�FD73F?7@F�D7E;EF3@F�D78>GJ 7EAB:39;F;E FA�DG>7


AGF �3DD7FF�7EAB:39GE 3@6 6KEB>3EF;5 5:3@97E �-:;E�B3F;7@F�E�8;@6;@9E��I:;5:�;@6;53F7 3FDAB:;5
93EFD;F;E 6G7�FA H. pylori ;@875F;A@��6A�@AF�@757EE;F3F7�7EAB:3973> 4;ABEK 4753GE7 H. pylori ;@875F;A@
;E�@AF�3EEA5;3F76�I;F:�3@�;@5D73E76�D;E=�A8 7EAB:3973>�53D5;@A?3

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �'9:8/)�'4:8;3

�3'-+

�>62'4':/54��;:

)7DE;EF7@F 6KEB7BE;3 ;@�3�B3F;7@F�AH7D����K73DE�A8�397�?3@63F7E�7H3>G3F;A@�I;F:�3@ GBB7D�7@6AE5ABK�


7H7@�;@�F:7�34E7@57�A8 3>3D?�EK?BFA?E �6KEB:39;3� G@;@F7@F;A@3>�I7;9:F�>AEE� :7?3F7?7E;E��AD
?7>7@3���FA�DG>7�AGF�?3>;9@3@F�>7E;A@E

�>62'4':/54�&.?

�:DA@;5 3FDAB:;5�93EFD;F;E 6G7�FA H. pylori ;@875F;A@�479;@E�;@�F:7 93EFD;5�3@FDG? �BK>AD;5�3@FDG?��3@6


F:7@�EBD736E�FA�AF:7D�D79;A@E�EG5:�3E�F:7�8G@6GE�3@6�4A6K �;ABE;7E 8DA?�F:7 93EFD;5�3@FDG? 3D7
F:7D78AD7�?AEF�>;=7>K�FA�K;7>6�3@�355GD3F7�6;39@AE;E�4753GE7 3FDAB:;5 5:3@97E�3@6 H. pylori ;@875F;A@
>A36�;E�9D73F7EF�3F�F:;E�E;F7 � 3EFD;5 &�%-A?3 ;E�3�BAF7@F;3>�5A?B>;53F;A@�A8 H. pylori ;@875F;A@ �"@
5A@FD3EF�FA H. pylori�;@6G576 3FDAB:;5�93EFD;F;E��F:7 93EFD;5�8G@6GE 3@6�4A6K�3D7�BD;?3D;>K�38875F76�;@
3GFA;??G@7�3FDAB:;5�93EFD;F;E��I:;5:�53@�BD7E7@F�E;?;>3D>K�4GF�F:7 GD73�4D73F:�F7EF IAG>6�47�@793F;H7
3@6�AF:7D�873FGD7E�EG997EF;H7�A8�3GFA;??G@7�6;E73E7��7 9 � B7D@;5;AGE�3@7?;3� H;F;>;9A� 3GFA;??G@7
F:KDA;6;F;E��IAG>6�GEG3>>K�47�BD7E7@F �)3F;7@FE�I;F: 3FDAB:;5�93EFD;F;E :3H7�675D73E76 93EFD;5�35;6
E75D7F;A@��:KBA5:>AD:K6D;3��I;F:�3�E75A@63DK�;@5D73E7�;@ 93EFD;@ >7H7>E

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �;5*+4'2�(;2(

�>62'4':/54�&.?

-:7 6GA67@3>�4G>4 ;E�3�5A??A@�>A53F;A@�8AD 6GA67@3>�G>57DE��I:;5:�3D7�A8F7@�3EEA5;3F76�I;F: H.


pylori ;@875F;A@. !AI7H7D� GBB7D�7@6AE5ABK 8;@6;@9E�;@�F:;E�B3F;7@F�E:AI�6;88GE7�93EFD;5 ?G5AE3>
3FDAB:K 3@6 ;@8>3??3F;A@ I;F:AGF�3@ G>57D��I:;5:�;E�5A@E;EF7@F�I;F:�5:DA@;5 3FDAB:;5�93EFD;F;E D3F:7D
F:3@ B7BF;5�G>57D�6;E73E7 ���6;887D7@F�E;F7�:3E�F:7�:73H;7EF H. pylori ;@875F;A@�>A36�;@�B3F;7@FE�I;F:
5:DA@;5 3FDAB:;5�93EFD;F;E

��� �'9:8/)�6?258;9

�>62'4':/54�&.?

-:7 BK>ADGE ;E�@AF�3�5A??A@�E;F7�8AD 3FDAB:;5�93EFD;F;E AD�8AD 5A>A@;L3F;A@ 4K H. pylori )K>AD;5


4;ABE;7E IAG>6�47�;@6;53F76�;@�B3F;7@FE�I;F:�3 BK>AD;5 ?3EE�53GE;@9 93EFD;5�AGF>7F�A4EFDG5F;A@
�>F:AG9:�F:;E�?3@�:3E�73D>K�E3F;7FK��:7�>35=E�AF:7D�EK?BFA?E�5A@E;EF7@F�I;F: 93EFD;5�AGF>7F
A4EFDG5F;A@��EG5:�3E BAEFBD3@6;3>��@A@4;>;AGE�HA?;F;@9��BDA9D7EE;H7�93EFD;5�6;>3F;A@��3@6�I7;9:F�>AEE

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
;+9:/54��� �

� ���K73D�A>6 ?3@�;E�36?;FF76�FA�F:7�:AEB;F3>�4753GE7�A8�87H7D��K7>>AI;@9�A8�F:7�E=;@��3@6�@3GE73�8AD
��63K �!7�D757@F>K�D7FGD@76�8DA?�3�435=B35=;@9�FD;B�FA �D3L;> 3@6�)3D39G3K��6GD;@9�I:;5:�:7�:36�3 ��63K
7B;EA67�A8�:;9:�87H7D�F:3F�D7EA>H76�EBA@F3@7AGE>K �):KE;53>�7J3?;@3F;A@�E:AIE <3G@6;57��7B;93EFD;5
F7@67D@7EE��3@6�B7F75:;37�AH7D�:;E�FDG@= ��;H7�:AGDE�38F7D�36?;EE;A@��:7�67H7>ABE�63D=�4DAI@�7?7E;E�3@6
3@GD;3 ��7EB;F7�3BBDABD;3F7�>;87E3H;@9�?73EGD7E��:7�6;7E �)AEF?ADF7?�>;H7D�4;ABEK�E:AIE 7AE;@AB:;>;5
6797@7D3F;A@�A8�:7B3FA5KF7E�I;F:�5A@67@E76�@G5>73D�5:DA?3F;@ �-:;E�B3F;7@FSE�:7B3FA5KF7E�I7D7�?AEF
>;=7>K�G@67D9A;@9�I:;5:�A8�F:7�8A>>AI;@9�BDA57EE7E�

�49=+8 �3'-+

� '75DAE;E

� +797@7D3F;A@

� �BABFAE;E

� )DA>;87D3F;A@

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�49=+8 �3'-+

� ,F73FAE;E

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�/4:

-:;E�B3F;7@F�B3EE76�F:7�F:D77�5>;@;53>�EF397E�A8 K7>>AI�87H7D �;@875F;A@��D7?;EE;A@��;@FAJ;53F;A@���I:;5:�;E


7@67?;5 ;@�FDAB;53>�D79;A@E�A8�,AGF:��?7D;53 %;H7D�4;ABEK E:AIE �AG@5;>?3@�4A6;7E��I:;5:�3D7�FKB;53>
8AD K7>>AI�87H7D

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�588+):��49=+8

��� �+)859/9

�>62'4':/54�&.?

'75DAE;E ;E�F:7�?AEF�5A??A@�?75:3@;E?�A8�:7B3FA57>>G>3D�673F:�;@�53E7E�A8 :KBAJ;5 AD ;E5:7?;5


;@<GDK�3@6�;E�5:3D35F7D;L76�4K�G@BDA9D3??76 57>>�673F: I;F: ;@8>3??3F;A@ '75DAF;5 :7B3FA5KF7E
3BB73D�EIA>>7@�I;F:�BDA?;@7@F ?7?4D3@7�4>74E 3@6�3D7�EGDDAG@676�4K�@G?7DAGE ?35DAB:397E�
G@>;=7�F:7�8;@6;@9E�F:3F�3D7�E77@�:7D7

��� !+-+4+8':/54

�>62'4':/54�&.?

+797@7D3F;@9 :7B3FA5KF7E ?3K�A55GD�;@�D7EBA@E7�FA 57>>G>3D�;@<GDK 3@6�IAG>6�3BB73D�3E ?;FAF;5


D7B>;53F;A@�EGDDAG@676�4K�3D73E�A8 57>>�673F: �-:;E�;E�@AF�5A@E;EF7@F�I;F:�F:7 4;ABEK 8;@6;@9E�;@�F:;E
B3F;7@F

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �656:59/9

�3'-+

�>62'4':/54�&.?

�BABFAE;E ;E�F:7�BDA57EE�F:DAG9:�I:;5: :7B3FA5KF7E D7EBA@6�FA�57DF3;@�:7B3FAFAJ;5�;@EG>FE�EG5:�3E


35GF7�H;D3>�:7B3F;F;E AD K7>>AI�87H7D �3E�E77@�:7D7� �(@ >;H7D�4;ABEK� 3BABFAF;5 :7B3FA5KF7E 3BB73D
E:DG@=7@�3@6�677B>K�7AE;@AB:;>;5�I;F:�5A@67@E76 5:DA?3F;@ �BK=@AE;E��3@6�3�8D39?7@F76 @G5>7GE
�=3DKADD:7J;E�

��� �852/,+8':/54

�>62'4':/54�&.?

)DA>;87D3F;A@ D787DE�FA�F:7�D3B;6�6;H;E;A@�3@6�;@5D73E7�;@�F:7�@G?47D�A8�57>>E �-:7 BDA>;87D3F;A@ A8


:7B3FA5KF7E IAG>6�47�E77@�I;F:�:7B3F;5 @7AB>3E?E �7 9 � :7B3FA57>>G>3D�53D5;@A?3���4GF�IAG>6�@AF�47
7JB75F76�I;F: K7>>AI�87H7D >;H7D ;@<GDK �-:;E�B3F;7@F�E >;H7D�4;ABEK 8;@6;@9E�3D7�@AF�5A@E;EF7@F�I;F:

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
BDA>;87D3F;A@

��� ":+':59/9

�3'-+

�>62'4':/54��;:

'A@�3>5A:A>;5 83FFK�>;H7D 6;E73E7 ;E�3EEA5;3F76�I;F: A47E;FK� :KB7D>;B;67?;3��3@6 ;@EG>;@�D7E;EF3@57


3@6�;E�F:7�?AEF�5A??A@�53GE7�A8 >;H7D 6;E73E7�IAD>6I;67

�>62'4':/54�&.?

!7B3F;5�EF73FAE;E D787DE�FA�F:7�355G?G>3F;A@�A8 FD;9>K57D;67E 3@6�AF:7D�83FE�;@ :7B3FA5KF7E ,F73FAE;E


3BB73DE�3E :7B3FA5KF7E 7@9AD976�I;F:�83FFK�6DAB>7FE�3@6�;E�@AF�5A@E;EF7@F�I;F:�F:7�8;@6;@9E�;@�F:;E
B3F;7@F�E 4;ABEK

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
;+9:/54���

� ���K73D�A>6 IA?3@�;E�4DAG9:F�FA�F:7�7?7D97@5K�67B3DF?7@F�I;F:�87H7D��D;9:F�GBB7D�CG36D3@F�B3;@��3@6
?K3>9;3 �!7D�4AK8D;7@6�E3KE�E:7�D757@F>K�D7FGD@76�8DA?�3�FD;B�FA�,AGF:73EF��E;3 �,:7�3BB73DE�;>>�3@6�;E
>7F:3D9;5 �!7D�F7?B7D3FGD7�;E ��N������ �N�� �):KE;53>�7J3?;@3F;A@�E:AIE <3G@6;57�3@6�F7@67D
:7B3FA?793>K �%34AD3FADK�EFG6;7E�E:AI�F:7�BD7E7@57�A8 3@F;�:7B3F;F;E���"9& 3@F;4A6;7E ���>;H7D�4;ABEK
B7D8AD?76�3F�F:;E�F;?7�IAG>6�?AEF�>;=7>K�E:AI�I:;5:�A8�F:7�8A>>AI;@9�:;EFAB3F:A>A9;53>�8;@6;@9E�

�49=+8 �3'-+

!7B3FA5KF7E�I;F:�E:DG@=7@�
� 7AE;@AB:;>;5�5KFAB>3E?�3@6�BK=@AF;5
@G5>7;

�57>>G>3D�674D;E�EGDDAG@676�4K

>K?B:A5KF7E�3@6�?35DAB:397E

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�49=+8 �3'-+

�KEF;5�EB357E�I;F:�E53FF7D76�3D73E�A8

57>>G>3D�674D;E

�3EAB:;>;5�36;BA5KF7�D7?@3@FE��8;>>76

I;F:�53>5;8;53F;A@E

�@9AD976�:7B3FA5KF7E�I;F:�D76�4>AA6

57>>�;@8;>FD3F;A@

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�/4:

-:;E�B3F;7@F�:3E�35GF7 :7B3F;F;E�� 3@6 4;ABEK ;E�>;=7>K�FA�E:AI�8;@6;@9E�5A@E;EF7@F�I;F: 3BABFAE;E

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�588+):��49=+8

��� �+6':5)?:+9�=/:.�9.8;41+4��+59/456./2/)�)?:562'93�'4*�6?145:/)�4;)2+/

�3'-+

�>62'4':/54�&.?

!7B3FA5KF7E I;F:�E:DG@=7@��7AE;@AB:;>;5 5KFAB>3E? 3@6 BK=@AF;5 @G5>7; 3D7�F:7�:;EFAB3F:A>A9;53>


5:3D35F7D;EF;5E�A8 �AG@5;>?3@�4A6;7E �AG@5;>?3@�4A6;7E 3D7�D7?@3@FE�A8 3BABFAF;5 :7B3FA5KF7E 3@6
53@�47�8AG@6�;@�B3F;7@FE�I;F:�35GF7 :7B3F;F;E�� �BABFAE;E A8�H;DGE�;@875F76�57>>E��EG5:�3E�!�/�
;@875F76 :7B3FA5KF7E��;E�;@6G576�4K�F:7�D7>73E7�A8 9D3@LK?7�� 3@6 B7D8AD;@ 8DA?�5KFAFAJ;5 -�57>>E
�F:7 7JFD;@E;5�B3F:I3K�A8�3BABFAE;E� �(F:7D�:;EFAB3F:A>A9;53>�E;9@E�;@�B3F;7@FE�I;F: :7B3F;F;E��
;@5>G67�43>>AA@;@9�6797@7D3F;A@��EI7>>;@9�A8 :7B3FA5KF7E��3@6 4D;69;@9�@75DAE;E �5A@8>G7@F�@75DAE;E
EB3@@;@9�36<357@F�>A4G>7E�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �)+22;2'8�*+(8/9�9;885;4*+*�(?�2?36.5)?:+9�'4*�3')856.'-+9

�3'-+

�>62'4':/54�&.?

�57>>G>3D�674D;E�I;F:�7@53BEG>3F;@9�;@8>3??3FADK�57>>E��;@5>G6;@9 >K?B:A5KF7E 3@6 ?35DAB:397E��;E


5:3D35F7D;EF;5�A8 53E7AGE�@75DAE;E �-:;E�BDA57EE�;E�FKB;53>>K�E77@�;@ FG47D5G>AE;E� :;EFAB>3E?AE;E�
5DKBFA5A55AE;E��3@6 5A55;6;A;6A?K5AE;E��735:�A8�I:;5:�5AG>6�53GE7�8A53> @75DAE;E ;@�F:7 >;H7D
!AI7H7D� :7B3F;F;E�� ;E�@AF�3EEA5;3F76�I;F:�F:7�8AD?3F;A@�A8 53E7AGE�@75DAE;E

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �?9:/)�96')+9�=/:.�9)'::+8+*�'8+'9�5,�)+22;2'8�*+(8/9

�3'-+

�>62'4':/54�&.?

-:7�BD7E7@57�A8�5KEF;5�EB357�3@6�57>>G>3D�674D;E�;E�5:3D35F7D;EF;5�A8 >;CG7835F;H7�@75DAE;E
%;CG7835F;A@�;E�6G7�FA�F:7�D7>73E7�A8�@7GFDAB:;>;5�7@LK?7E�F:3F�679D367�F;EEG7�;@FA�3�>;CG;6��H;E5AGE
?3EE %;CG7835F;H7�@75DAE;E ;E�5A??A@>K�E77@�;@�435F7D;3> 34E57EE7E 3@6�4D3;@ ;@83D5FE �!AI7H7D��;F
D3D7>K�A55GDE�;@�F:7 >;H7D 3@6�;@�5A@<G@5F;A@�I;F:�3�H;D3>�;@875F;A@�EG5:�3E :7B3F;F;E��

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �'956./2/)�'*/65)?:+�8+34'4:9��,/22+*�=/:.�)'2)/,/)':/549

�3'-+

�>62'4':/54�&.?

+7?@3@FE�A8 43EAB:;>;5 36;BA5KF7E I;F:�53>5;8;53F;A@�3D7�5:3D35F7D;EF;5�A8 83F�@75DAE;E �3F�@75DAE;E


A55GDE�6G7�FA�F:7�D7>73E7�A8 >;B3E7E F:3F�679D367 FD;9>K57D;67E��53GE;@9 E3BA@;8;53F;A@ �-:;E�BDA57EE�;E
E77@�;@�F:7�35GF7 ;@8>3??3F;A@ AD�FD3G?3�A8�F;EEG7�I;F:�3�:;9:�5A@57@FD3F;A@�A8 36;BA5KF7E �7 9 �
B3@5D73E� 4D73EF�

��� �4-58-+*�.+6':5)?:+9�=/:.�8+*�(255*�)+22�/4,/2:8':/54

�>62'4':/54�&.?

�@9AD976 :7B3FA5KF7E I;F: +�� ;@8;>FD3F;A@�53@�47�E77@�;@ :7?ADD:39;5�;@83D5FE �D76�;@83D5FE��A8�F:7


>;H7D !7?ADD:39;5�;@83D5FE A55GD�;@�AD93@E�I;F:�6G3>�4>AA6�EGBB>K��7 9 � >G@9� "�FD35F� F7EF7E��3@6
>;H7D���E75A@63DK�FA�A55>GE;A@�A8�H7EE7>E�3@6�EG4E7CG7@F�7JFD3H3E3F;A@�A8 +��E ;@FA�F:7 ;E5:7?;5

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
F;EEG7 �-:;E�8;@6;@9�IAG>6�@AF�47�7JB>3;@76�4K�3�H;D3>�;@875F;A@�EG5:�3E :7B3F;F;E��

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
;+9:/54��� �

� ���K73D�A>6 IA?3@�5A?7E�FA�F:7�B:KE;5;3@�4753GE7�A8�3 ��K73D :;EFADK�A8�@3GE73�3@6�5:DA@;5


346A?;@3>�B3;@�F:3F�;E�IADE7�38F7D�73F;@9 �,:7�:3E�!3E:;?AFA�F:KDA;6;F;E �,:7�6A7E�@AF�E?A=7�AD�6D;@=
3>5A:A> ���4;ABEK�EB75;?7@�A8�F:7�5ADBGE�A8�F:7�EFA?35:�E:AIE 67EFDG5F;A@�A8�F:7�GBB7D�9>3@6G>3D�>3K7D
A8�F:7�93EFD;5�?G5AE3�3@6 �57>> :KB7DB>3E;3 �-:;E�B3F;7@F�;E�3F�9D73F7EF�D;E=�8AD�I:;5:�A8�F:7�8A>>AI;@9
5A@6;F;A@E�

�49=+8 �3'-+

� 3EFD;5�367@A53D5;@A?3

� �GA67@3>�B7D8AD3F;A@

� �GD>;@9�G>57D

� �B>3EF;5�3@7?;3

� 3EFD;5�&�%-�>K?B:A?3

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�/4:

-:7�B3F;7@F�:3E�5:DA@;5�;@6;97EF;A@�3@6�93EFD;5 4;ABEK :3E�D7H73>76�5ADBAD3> B3D;7F3>�57>> 67EFDG5F;A@


�GBB7D�9>3@6G>3D�>3K7D� �"@�3�B3F;7@F�I;F:�3�:;EFADK�A8�3GFA;??G@7�6;E73E7��!3E:;?AFA�F:KDA;6;F;E���F:;E
5A@EF7>>3F;A@�A8�8;@6;@9E�;E�5A@E;EF7@F�I;F: 3GFA;??G@7�3FDAB:;5�93EFD;F;E

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�588+):��49=+8

��� �'9:8/)�'*+45)'8)/453'

�3'-+

�>62'4':/54�&.?

�GFA;??G@7�3FDAB:;5�93EFD;F;E ;E�3�FKB7�A8�5:DA@;5 93EFD;F;E �FKB7���93EFD;F;E��F:3F�53@�>736�FA


;@F7EF;@3>�?7F3B>3E;3��I:;5:�;@5D73E7E�F:7�D;E=�A8�93EFD;5 367@A53D5;@A?3 �)3F;7@FE�I;F: 3GFA;??G@7
3FDAB:;5�93EFD;F;E 3D7�3>EA�3F�;@5D73E76�D;E=�8AD 53D5;@A;6�FG?AD 4753GE7�A8�F:7�BD7E7@57�A8
3GFA3@F;4A6;7E 393;@EF B3D;7F3>�57>>E��I:;5:�@AD?3>>K�BDA6G57 93EFD;5�35;6 �-:7�D7EG>F;@9 35:>AD:K6D;3
EF;?G>3F7E�F:7�D7>73E7�A8 93EFD;@ 3@6�3@FD3> �57>> :KB7DB>3E;3��D7EG>F;@9�;@ :KB7D93EFD;@7?;3
!KB7D93EFD;@7?;3��;@�FGD@��;E�3EEA5;3F76�I;F: 7@F7DA5:DA?388;@�>;=7 57>> :KB7DB>3E;3��I:;5:�?3K
BDA9D7EE�FA�93EFD;5 53D5;@A;6�FG?AD

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �;5*+4'2�6+8,58':/54

�>62'4':/54�&.?

�GA67@3>�B7D8AD3F;A@ ;E�3�5A?B>;53F;A@�A8 7@H;DA@?7@F3>�3FDAB:;5�93EFD;F;E��I:;5:�;E�6G7�FA�;@5D73E76


BDA6G5F;A@�A8�93EFD;5�35;6E�;@ H. pylori ;@875F;A@�3@6�D7EG>F;@9 ?G5AE3> ;@8>3??3F;A@ 3@6�F:;@@;@9
-:7�3GFA;??G@7�67EFDG5F;A@�A8 B3D;7F3>�57>>E ;@ 3GFA;??G@7�3FDAB:;5�93EFD;F;E D7EG>FE�;@ 35:>AD:K6D;3�
I:;5:�;E�@AF�3EEA5;3F76�I;F:�3@�;@5D73E76�D;E=�A8 6GA67@3>�B7D8AD3F;A@

��� �;82/4-�;2)+8

�>62'4':/54�&.?

� �GD>;@9�G>57D ;E�3 EFD7EE�G>57D F:3F�A55GDE�;@�B3F;7@FE�I;F:�D757@F�E7H7D7�4GD@�;@<GD;7E�3@6�5AG>6


?3@;87EF�I;F:�@3GE73�3@6�346A?;@3> B3;@��I:;5:�3D7�E77@�;@�F:;E�B3F;7@F �!AI7H7D��EK?BFA?E�IAG>6
47�35GF7�D3F:7D�F:3@�5:DA@;5 �GD>;@9�G>57DE 3>EA�:3H7�3�F7@67@5K�FA�B7D8AD3F7��I:;5:�IAG>6�D7EG>F�;@
E7H7D7 B3;@ 3@6 B7D;FA@;F;E 6G7�FA�B7D8AD3F;A@ �%3EF>K��;@�F:7�53E7�A8�3 �GD>;@9�G>57D��F:7D7�IAG>6�47
63?397�7JF7@6;@9�F:DAG9:�F:7 ?GE5G>3D;E�?G5AE3��I:;5:�;E�@AF�5A@E;EF7@F�I;F:�F:;E�B3F;7@F�E 4;ABEK
8;@6;@9E

��� �62'9:/)�'4+3/'

�>62'4':/54�&.?

�B>3EF;5�3@7?;3 ;E�3�FKB7�A8 @AD?A5KF;5�3@7?;3 F:3F�;E�53GE76�4K 4A@7�?3DDAI 83;>GD7 �GFA;??G@7


3FDAB:;5�93EFD;F;E ;E�5:3D35F7D;L76�4K�F:7�BD7E7@57�A8 3GFA3@F;4A6;7E 393;@EF B3D;7F3>�57>>E��I:;5:
GEG3>>K�BDA6G57 ;@FD;@E;5�835FAD ���678;5;7@5K�A8 ;@FD;@E;5�835FAD 53@�D7EG>F�;@ H;F3?;@����
?3>34EADBF;A@ ;@�F:7�F7D?;@3> ;>7G?��53GE;@9 ?35DA5KF;5 B7D@;5;AGE�3@7?;3

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �'9:8/)����#�2?36.53'

�>62'4':/54�&.?

-:7�D;E=�A8�93EFD;5 &�%-�>K?B:A?3��3 ��57>>�>K?B:A?3��;E�;@5D73E76�;@�B3F;7@FE�I;F: 7@H;DA@?7@F3>


3FDAB:;5�93EFD;F;E F:3F�;E�E75A@63DK�FA H. pylori ;@875F;A@ �!AI7H7D��93EFD;5 &�%-�>K?B:A?3 ;E�@AF
3EEA5;3F76�I;F: 3GFA;??G@7�3FDAB:;5�93EFD;F;E

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
;+9:/54��� �

� ���K73D�A>6 ?3@�5A?7E�FA�F:7�B:KE;5;3@�4753GE7�A8�3 ��?A@F: :;EFADK�A8 7B;93EFD;5�B3;@ 3@6�3 ��=9


����>4� I7;9:F�>AEE �!7�877>E�8G>>�3@6�4>A3F76�7H7@�38F7D�73F;@9�E?3>>�BADF;A@E�A8�8AA6 �!;E�:7?A9>A4;@
5A@57@FD3F;A@�;E � ��9�6% I;F:�3�?73@�5ADBGE5G>3D�HA>G?7�A8 ���Y?� �-7EF�A8�F:7�EFAA>�8AD�A55G>F�4>AA6
;E�BAE;F;H7 ��EAB:39A93EFDA6GA67@AE5ABK�E:AIE�3 ��5? D3;E76�>7E;A@�I;F:�57@FD3>�G>57D3F;A@ A@�F:7
>7EE7D�5GDH3FGD7�A8�F:7�EFA?35: �!;EFA>A9;5�7J3?;@3F;A@�A8�3�93EFD;5�4;ABEK�EB75;?7@�8DA?�F:7�>7E;A@�;E
?AEF�>;=7>K�FA�E:AI�I:;5:�A8�F:7�8A>>AI;@9�

�49=+8 �3'-+

'7GFDAB:;>;5�;@8;>FD3F;A@�I;F:�B;F

34E57EE7E

�AH7A>3D�3@6�E?AAF:�?GE5>7

:KB7DB>3E;3

� >3@6�8AD?;@9�5A>G?@3D�57>>E

%K?B:A5KF;5�399D793F7E�I;F:

@A@53E73F;@9�9D3@G>A?3E

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�49=+8 �3'-+

� &G5;@�8;>>76�DAG@6�57>>E

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�/4:

�B;93EFD;5 B3;@��I7;9:F�>AEE��73D>K�E3F;7FK��3@6 ?;5DA5KF;5�3@7?;3 ;@�3�B3F;7@F�I;F:�3�EGEB;5;AGE�>7E;A@�;@


F:7 >7EE7D�5GDH3FGD7�A8�F:7�EFA?35: E:AG>6�D3;E7�EGEB;5;A@�8AD 93EFD;5�53@57D �67@A53D5;@A?3 ;E�4K�83D
F:7�?AEF�5A??A@�FKB7�A8 93EFD;5�53@57D

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�588+):��49=+8

��� �+;:856./2/)�/4,/2:8':/54�=/:.�6/:�'(9)+99+9

�>62'4':/54�&.?

'7GFDAB:;>;5�;@8;>FD3F;A@�I;F:�B;F 34E57EE7E ;E�E77@�;@ H. pylori�BAE;F;H7 93EFD;F;E��I:;5:�53@�3>EA


53GE7�7B;93EFD;5 B3;@ 3@6�;E�3@�;?BADF3@F D;E=�835FAD 8AD�93EFD;5 367@A53D5;@A?3 �!AI7H7D��F:7 � �
8;@6;@9E�;@�F:;E�B3F;7@F�3D7�@AF�5A@E;EF7@F�I;F: 93EFD;F;E

��� �5<+52'8�'4*�9355:.�3;9)2+�.?6+862'9/'

�>62'4':/54�&.?

�AH7A>3D�57>> 3@6 E?AAF:�?GE5>7�57>> :KB7DB>3E;3 IAG>6�47�5A@E;EF7@F�I;F: 5:7?;53>�93EFDAB3F:K�


I:;5:�;E�3>EA�5:3D35F7D;L76�:;EFA>A9;53>>K�4K 767?3 A8�F:7 >3?;@3�BDABD;3 �0:;>7 5:7?;53>
93EFDAB3F:K ?3K�D7EG>F�;@�7B;93EFD;5 B3;@ E;?;>3D�FA�I:3F�;E�E77@�;@�F:;E�B3F;7@F��F:7�679D77�A8�I7;9:F
>AEE�3@6�F:7�BD7E7@57�A8�3�EGEB;5;AGE�G>57D3F;A@�;@�F:;E�B3F;7@F�?3=7E�F:;E�6;39@AE;E�:;9:>K�G@>;=7>K
&AD7AH7D��F:;E�B3F;7@F�:3E�@A�:;EFADK�A8 D;E=�835FADE 8AD�F:;E�5A@6;F;A@��EG5:�3E�5:DA@;5 ',�"��
3>5A:A>��AD�FA4355A�GE7

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �2'4*�,583/4-�)52;34'8�)+229

�3'-+

�>62'4':/54�&.?

>3@6�8AD?;@9�5A>G?@3D�57>>E�3D7�E77@�;@ 367@A53D5;@A?3��I:;5:�;E�F:7�?AEF�5A??A@�FKB7�A8
93EFD;5�53@57D �355AG@F;@9�8AD�3BBDAJ �����A8�53E7E� �-:7�7@6AE5AB;5�8;@6;@9�A8�3�EGEB;5;AGE G>57D
5A@8;@76�FA�F:7 >7EE7D�5GDH3FGD7 ;E�5A@E;EF7@F�I;F:�;@F7EF;@3>��FKB7�"��93EFD;5 367@A53D5;@A?3��I:;5:�;E
5:3D35F7D;L76�4K�399D7EE;H7�>A53>�EBD736�3@6�FKB;53>>K ?7F3EF3E;L7E FA�F:7 >;H7D 3@6�D79;A@3> >K?B:
@A67E +;E=�835FADE ;@5>G67�5:DA@;5 H. pylori ;@875F;A@��E?A=;@9��3@6�5:DA@;5 93EFD;F;E

��� �?36.5)?:/)�'--8+-':+9�=/:.�454)'9+':/4-�-8'4;253'9

�>62'4':/54�&.?

'A@53E73F;@9�9D3@G>A?3E I;F: >K?B:A5KF;5 399D793F7E�3D7�5:3D35F7D;EF;5�A8 �DA:@�6;E73E7��I:;5:


53@�BD7E7@F�I;F:�I7;9:F�>AEE�3@6�7B;93EFD;5 B3;@ E;?;>3D�FA�F:;E�B3F;7@F �!AI7H7D� �DA:@�6;E73E7

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
FKB;53>>K�BD7E7@FE�I;F: 5:DA@;5�6;3DD:73 3@6�F:;E�B3F;7@F�>35=E�3@K�5:3D35F7D;EF;5�7JFD3;@F7EF;@3>
?3@;87EF3F;A@E��7 9 � E35DA;>;;F;E� BKA67D?3�93@9D7@AEG?� 7DKF:7?3�@A6AEG?� �!;E�7@6AE5ABK
8;@6;@9E�3D7�?AD7�5A@E;EF7@F�I;F:�93EFD;5 367@A53D5;@A?3��I:;5:�IAG>6�3BB73D�6;887D7@F>K�A@
:;EFA>A9;5�7J3?;@3F;A@

��� �;)/4�,/22+*�85;4*�)+229

�3'-+

�>62'4':/54�&.?

&G5;@�8;>>76�DAG@6�57>>E�I;F:�3�B7D;B:7D3>>K 6;E>A53F76 @G5>7GE 3D7�=@AI@�3E E;9@7F�D;@9�57>>E��I:;5:


IAG>6�EG997EF E;9@7F�D;@9�57>>�53D5;@A?3 ���B3F;7@F�I;F:�F:;E�FKB7�A8�53@57D�5AG>6�3>EA�BD7E7@F�I;F:
I7;9:F�>AEE��7B;93EFD;5 B3;@��3@6�4>AA6K�EFAA> �!AI7H7D��7@6AE5AB;5�7J3?;@3F;A@�IAG>6�FKB;53>>K
D7H73>�6;88GE7�;@HA>H7?7@F�A8�F:7 EFA?35: I3>>�3@6�BAEE;4>K >;@;F;E�B>3EF;53��D3F:7D�F:3@�3�E;@9>7
G>57D3F;A@�5A@8;@76�FA�F:7 >7EE7D�5GDH3FGD7

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
;+9:/54��� �

� ���K73D�A>6 ?3@�5A?7E�FA�F:7�B:KE;5;3@�4753GE7�A8�3 ��?A@F: :;EFADK�A8�83F;9G7�3@6�I7;9:F�>AEE


):KE;53>�7J3?;@3F;A@�E:AIE�<3G@6;57 �-:7�>;H7D�;E�B3>B3F76 ��5? 47>AI�F:7�D;9:F�5AEF3>�?3D9;@ �,7DG?
EFG6;7E�E:AI�3@ 7>7H3F76 3>B:3�87FABDAF7;@ 3@6�3�BDA>A@976�BDAF:DA?4;@�F;?7 � 7@7F;5�3@3>KE;E�A8�3�>;H7D
4;ABEK�EB75;?7@�E:AIE�3 �� FA -�� FD3@EH7DE;A@�;@ 5A6A@���� A8�F:7�97@7�5A6;@9�8AD�F:7 -)���BDAF7;@
;@�38875F76�57>>E �0:;5:�A8�F:7�8A>>AI;@9�D;E=�835FADE�;E�?AEF�EB75;8;5�FA�F:7�B3F;7@F�E�5A@6;F;A@�

�49=+8 �3'-+

� �>5A:A>;E?

� !7B3F;F;E���;@875F;A@

� �;7F3DK�38>3FAJ;@�7JBAEGD7

� ,5:;EFAEA?;3E;E

� �@34A>;5�EF7DA;6�GE7

� !7?A5:DA?3FAE;E

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�/4:

�3F;9G7��I7;9:F�>AEE� <3G@6;57��3@6 :7B3FA?793>K I;F:�7>7H3F76 3>B:3�87FABDAF7;@ 3@6�;?B3;D76


5A39G>3F;A@��7>7H3F76 "'+���3D7�5A@E;EF7@F�I;F: :7B3FA57>>G>3D�53D5;@A?3 �!��� �-:7 ���V�-��
FD3@EH7DE;A@ ;E�BD7E7@F�;@ !�� I;F:�3�EB75;8;5�7F;A>A9K

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�588+):��49=+8

��� �2)5.52/93

�>62'4':/54�&.?

�:DA@;5 3>5A:A>;E? 53GE7E�E;9@;8;53@F >;H7D 63?397�3@6�;E�3�5A??A@�53GE7�A8 >;H7D 5;DD:AE;E��I:;5:


;E�3EEA5;3F76�I;F:�DAG9:>K�����A8�53E7E�A8 :7B3FA57>>G>3D�53D5;@A?3 �!AI7H7D��;8 :7B3FA57>>G>3D
53D5;@A?3 67H7>ABE�6G7�FA 5;DD:AE;E��F:7D7�;E�@A�EB75;8;5�?GF3F;A@�A8�F:7 -)���97@7

��� �+6':/:/9���/4,+):/54

�>62'4':/54�&.?

�:DA@;5 :7B3F;F;E���;@875F;A@ ;E�3�EG4EF3@F;3> D;E=�835FAD 8AD�F:7�67H7>AB?7@F�A8 :7B3FA57>>G>3D


53D5;@A?3 �!��� �-:7�?3<AD;FK�A8 !�� 53E7E�53@�47�3FFD;4GF76�FA�5:DA@;5 :7B3F;F;E�� AD���;@875F;A@
F:DAG9:�3�E7D;7E�A8�H;D3>�3@6�@A@�H;D3>�B3F:AB:KE;A>A9;53>�EF7BE �'7H7DF:7>7EE��F:7� ���V�-��
FD3@EH7DE;A@ ;@�F:7�97@7F;5�3@3>KE;E�A8�F:;E�B3F;7@F�E >;H7D�4;ABEK ;E�:;9:>K�;@6;53F;H7�A8 !�� A8
3@AF:7D�7F;A>A9K

��� �/+:'8?�',2':5>/4�+>659;8+

�>62'4':/54�&.?

,;9@E�A8 :7B3FA57>>G>3D�53D5;@A?3 3@6� ���V�-�� FD3@EH7DE;A@ ;@ 5A6A@ ��� E:AG>6�D3;E7�EGEB;5;A@


8AD�3�:;EFADK�A8 38>3FAJ;@��� ;@97EF;A@ �8>3FAJ;@ ;E�BDA6G576�4K�EA?7�EFD3;@E�A8�F:7�?A>6 Aspergillus
��?7F34A>;F7�A8 38>3FAJ;@��� ;@F7D87D7E�I;F:�BDAB7D �'� FD3@E5D;BF;A@ A8 -)�� 97@7 F:DAG9:�3@
;@35F;H3F;@9�?GF3F;A@��D7EG>F;@9�;@�F:7�43E7 FD3@EH7DE;A@E E77@�;@�F:;E�53E7 �-:;E�?GF3F;A@�53@�47
8AG@6�;@�GB�FA�����A8�;@6;H;6G3>E�I;F: !�� ;@�3D73E�I;F:�:;9:�>7H7>E�A8�7JBAEGD7�FA 38>3FAJ;@���

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� ")./9:5953/'9/9

�>62'4':/54�&.?

)3F;7@FE�I:A�:3H7�5A@FD35F76 Schistosoma mansoni 3D7�3F�;@5D73E76�D;E=�A8�67H7>AB;@9 :7B3FA57>>G>3D


53D5;@A?3 4753GE7 Schistosoma BAF7@F;3F7E 6KEB>3EF;5 5:3@97E�;@6G576�4K�H;D3> :7B3F;F;E AD
53D5;@A97@;5�EG4EF3@57E�>;=7�6;7F:K>@;FDAE3?;@7 �!AI7H7D��F:;E�6;E73E7�;E�@AF�3EEA5;3F76�I;F:�3
EB75;8;5 FD3@EH7DE;A@ ;@�F:7 -)���97@7

��� �4'(52/)�9:+85/*�;9+

�>62'4':/54�&.?

��:;EFADK�A8 3@34A>;5 EF7DA;6E GE7�;E�3EEA5;3F76�I;F: :7B3F;5�367@A?3��I:;5:�6A7E�@AF�@757EE3D;>K


D7EA>H7�38F7D�6;E5A@F;@G3F;A@�A8�F:7�6DG9 �67@A?3E ?3K�G@67D9A�?3>;9@3@F�FD3@E8AD?3F;A@�;@�3
>;?;F76�@G?47D�A8�B3F;7@FE��4GF�F:7K�3D7�@AF�3EEA5;3F76�I;F:�3�EB75;8;5 FD3@EH7DE;A@ A8�F:7 -)���97@7

��� �+35).853':59/9

�>62'4':/54�&.?

!7?A5:DA?3FAE;E BD76;EBAE7E�B3F;7@FE�FA :7B3FA57>>G>3D�53D5;@A?3 �!AI7H7D� :7?A5:DA?3FAE;E ;E


3EEA5;3F76�I;F:�3@ 3GFAEA?3>�D757EE;H7 ?GF3F;A@�;@�F:7 !���97@7 A@ 5:DA?AEA?7 � �-:7�FIA�?AEF
5A??A@�FKB7E�A8�?GF3F;A@E�D7EBA@E;4>7�8AD :7?A5:DA?3FAE;E 3D7�F:7�EG4EF;FGF;A@�A8 5KEF7;@7 I;F:
FKDAE;@7 6G7�FA�3� �V�� 97@7F;5�FD3@E;F;A@ 3F 5A6A@ ����AD�EG4EF;FGF;A@�A8 :;EF;6;@7 I;F: 3EB3DF3F7
6G7�FA�3���V� FD3@EH7DE;A@ 3F 5A6A@ �� ���6;887D7@F�5A@6;F;A@�;E�D7EBA@E;4>7�8AD�F:7�?GF3F;A@�;@�F:;E
B3F;7@F

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
;+9:/54��� �

� ���K73D�A>6 ?3@�5A?7E�FA�F:7�7?7D97@5K�67B3DF?7@F�4753GE7�A8�BDA9D7EE;H7�346A?;@3>�EI7>>;@9�3@6
E:ADF@7EE�A8�4D73F:�8AD ��I77= �!7�6D;@=E ���FA����3>5A:A>;5 47H7D397E�63;>K �!7�3BB73DE�7?35;3F76
�J3?;@3F;A@�E:AIE�B3>>AD� <3G@6;57��:7B3FA?793>K��9K@75A?3EF;3��3@6�3�BDAFG47D3@F�346A?7@�I;F:�3
8>G;6�I3H7�3@6�E:;8F;@9�6G>>@7EE �)7D;A6;5�?A@;FAD;@9�A8�I:;5:�A8�F:7�8A>>AI;@9�?3D=7DE�;E�?AEF
3BBDABD;3F7�8AD�F:;E�B3F;7@F�

�49=+8 �3'-+

� �:DA?A9D3@;@��

� �3>5;FA@;@

� %35F3F7�67:K6DA97@3E7

� �7E?;@

� ,�����BDAF7;@

� �>B:3�87FABDAF7;@

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�49=+8 �3'-+

�3@57D�3@F;97@����

! �3@57D�3@F;97@�����

" �3D5;@A7?4DKA@;5�3@F;97@

# �3@57D�3@F;97@�����

$ �7F3�:G?3@�5:AD;A@;5�9A@36AFDAB;@

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�/4:

-:;E�B3F;7@F�?AEF�>;=7>K�:3E�3>5A:A>;5 >;H7D�5;DD:AE;E �B3>>AD� <3G@6;57� :7B3FA?793>K� 9K@75A?3EF;3�


3E5;F7E��:;EFADK�A8 3>5A:A>�GE7�6;EAD67D��3@6�;E�3F�3@�;@5D73E76�D;E=�A8�67H7>AB;@9 :7B3FA57>>G>3D
53D5;@A?3

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�588+):��49=+8

��� �.8535-8'4/4��

�>62'4':/54�&.?

�:DA?A9D3@;@�� ;E�3�E7DG? FG?AD�?3D=7D 3EEA5;3F76�I;F:�FG?ADE�A8�@7GDA7@6A5D;@7�AD;9;@��7 9 �


53D5;@A;6�FG?ADE� E?3>>�57>>�>G@9�53D5;@A?3� �:DA?A9D3@;@�� 53@�47�GE76�FA�:7>B�;@�F:7�6;39@AE;E
A8 @7GDA7@6A5D;@7�FG?ADE��3EE7EE�FD73F?7@F�788;535K��D7EBA@E7�FA�F:7D3BK��3@6 FG?AD D75GDD7@57�38F7D
EGD9;53>�D7E75F;A@ �-:;E�B3F;7@F�;E�@AF�3F�;@5D73E76�D;E=�8AD @7GDA7@6A5D;@7�FG?ADE

��� �'2)/:54/4

�>62'4':/54�&.?

�3>5;FA@;@ ;E�3�E7DG? FG?AD�?3D=7D F:3F�53@�47�GE76�FA�E5D77@�8AD ?76G>>3DK�F:KDA;6�53D5;@A?3


!AI7H7D��F:;E�B3F;7@F�>35=E D;E=�835FADE A8 ?76G>>3DK�F:KDA;6�53D5;@A?3 �7 9 � 83?;>K�:;EFADK A8 &�'
�� AD &�'����

��� �'):':+�*+.?*85-+4'9+

�>62'4':/54�&.?

%35F3F7�67:K6DA97@3E7 ;E�3�@A@�EB75;8;5�E7DG? FG?AD�?3D=7D 3EEA5;3F76�I;F:�F7EF;5G>3D 97D?�57>>


FG?ADE� AH3D;3@�FG?ADE �6KE97D?;@A?3�� >K?B:A?3E��3@6 �I;@9�E3D5A?3 %�! 53@�47�GE76�FA
3EE7EE FG?AD�EF397��FD73F?7@F�788;535K��3@6�BDA9@AE;E�4GF�@AF�8AD�97@7D3>�E5D77@;@9�BGDBAE7E

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �+93/4

�>62'4':/54�&.?

�7E?;@ ;E�3�?GE5>7�EB75;8;5� ;??G@A:;EFA5:7?;53> FG?AD�?3D=7D F:3F�53@�47�GE76�FA�E5D77@�8AD


E=7>7F3>�?GE5>7 FG?ADE��7 9 � D:346A?KAE3D5A?3� �!AI7H7D� ?3>;9@3@F�FG?ADE A8�F:7 E=7>7F3>�?GE5>7
3D7�H7DK�D3D7�3@6�?AEF�5A??A@>K�38875F�5:;>6D7@

��� "�����685:+/4

�>62'4':/54�&.?

,�����BDAF7;@ ;E�3@ ;??G@A:;EFA5:7?;53> FG?AD�?3D=7D 3EEA5;3F76�I;F:�FG?ADE�F:3F�3D7�67D;H76�8DA?


@7GD3>�5D7EF�57>>E �7 9 � ?7>3@A?3� ,�����BDAF7;@ 53@�47�GE76�FA�:7>B�;@�F:7�6;39@AE;E�A8 ?7>3@A?3�
3EE7EE�6;E73E7�BDA9D7EE;A@��3@6 FG?AD D75GDD7@57�38F7D�EGD9;53>�D7E75F;A@ �-:;E�B3F;7@F�;E�@AF�3F
;@5D73E76�D;E=�8AD @7GD3>�5D7EF�57>> FG?ADE

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �26.'�,+:5685:+/4

�3'-+

�>62'4':/54�&.?

)7D;A6;5�?A@;FAD;@9�A8 3>B:3�87FABDAF7;@ 3>A@9�I;F:�346A?;@3> G>FD3EAG@6 ;E�F:7�?AEF�3BBDABD;3F7


EGDH7;>>3@57�?7F:A6�8AD :7B3FA57>>G>3D�53D5;@A?3��3BBDAJ;?3F7>K�����A8�53E7E�A8 !�� A55GD�;@
B3F;7@FE�I;F: >;H7D 5;DD:AE;E �-:7�5A?4;@76�GE7�A8 ��) 3@6�346A?;@3> G>FD3EAG@6 ;@5D73E7E�67F75F;A@
D3F7E�A8 !�� 5A?B3D76�FA�F:7�GE7�A8 G>FD3EAG@6 3>A@7 ��) 53@�3>EA�47�GE76�3E�3�?3D=7D�8AD KA>=�E35
FG?ADE �7@6A67D?3>�E;@GE�FG?ADE���?;J76 97D?�57>>�FG?ADE��3@6 3F3J;3�F7>3@9;75F3E;3

��� �'4)+8�'4:/-+4����

�>62'4':/54�&.?

�3@57D�3@F;97@���� ;E�3�E7DG? FG?AD�?3D=7D 3EEA5;3F76�I;F: AH3D;3@�53@57D �3@57D�3@F;97@���� 53@


47�GE76�FA�:7>B�;@�F:7�6;39@AE;E�A8 AH3D;3@�53@57D��3EE7EE�FD73F?7@F�788;535K��3@6 FG?AD D75GDD7@57

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
38F7D�EGD9;53>�D7E75F;A@

��� �'4)+8�'4:/-+4����

�>62'4':/54�&.?

�3@57D�3@F;97@����� �3>A@9�I;F: 53@57D�3@F;97@��������;E�3�E7DG? FG?AD�?3D=7D 3EEA5;3F76�I;F:


4D73EF�53@57D��I:;5:�A@>K�D3D7>K�A55GDE�;@�?7@ �3@57D�3@F;97@����� 53@�47�GE76�FA�3EE7EE�FD73F?7@F
788;535K�3@6 FG?AD D75GDD7@57�38F7D�EGD9;53>�D7E75F;A@�4GF�@AF�8AD�97@7D3>�E5D77@;@9�BGDBAE7E

��� �'8)/45+3(8?54/)�'4:/-+4

�>62'4':/54�&.?

�3D5;@A7?4DKA@;5�3@F;97@ ;E�3�@A@�EB75;8;5�E7DG? FG?AD�?3D=7D 3EEA5;3F76�I;F: 5A>AD75F3>�53@57D


3@6 B3@5D73F;5�53@57D �-:;E�B3F;7@F�I;F:�3�:;EFADK�A8 3>5A:A>�GE7�6;EAD67D ;E�3F�;@5D73E76�D;E=�FA
67H7>AB B3@5D73F;5�53@57D �!AI7H7D� ��� ;E�GEG3>>K�GE76�FA�?A@;FAD�F:7�BDA9D7EE;A@�A8�5A>AD75F3>
3@6 B3@5D73F;5�53@57D 3@6�FA�7H3>G3F7�FD73F?7@F�788;535K��@AF�8AD�97@7D3>�E5D77@;@9�BGDBAE7E

��� �'4)+8�'4:/-+4�����

�>62'4':/54�&.?

�3@57D�3@F;97@����� ;E�3�E7DG? FG?AD�?3D=7D 3EEA5;3F76�I;F: B3@5D73F;5�53@57D 3@6 93EFD;5�53@57D


-:;E�B3F;7@F�I;F:�3�:;EFADK�A8 3>5A:A>�GE7�6;EAD67D ;E�3F�;@5D73E76�D;E=�FA�67H7>AB B3@5D73F;5�53@57D
!AI7H7D� ������� ;E�GEG3>>K�GE76�FA�?A@;FAD�F:7�BDA9D7EE;A@�A8 B3@5D73F;5 3@6 93EFD;5�53@57D 3@6�FA
7H3>G3F7�FD73F?7@F�788;535K��@AF�8AD�97@7D3>�E5D77@;@9�BGDBAE7E

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �+:'�.;3'4�).58/54/)�-54'*5:856/4

�>62'4':/54�&.?

�7F3�:G?3@�5:AD;A@;5�9A@36AFDAB;@ �O :� ��;E�3 FG?AD�?3D=7D 3EEA5;3F76�I;F: 5:AD;A53D5;@A?3E


3@6 97D?�57>>�FG?ADE �O :� ;E�GE76�FA�7H3>G3F7 FG?AD�EF397��FD73F?7@F�788;535K��3@6�BDA9@AE;E�4GF
@AF�8AD�97@7D3>�E5D77@;@9�BGDBAE7E

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
;+9:/54��� �

� ���K73D�A>6 IA?3@�5A?7E�FA�F:7�B:KE;5;3@�4753GE7�A8�D75GDD7@F D;9:F�GBB7D�346A?;@3>�B3;@ 8AD


��I77=E �-:7�B3;@�GEG3>>K�A55GDE�38F7D�?73>E�3@6�F7@6E�FA�D36;3F7�FA�F:7�D;9:F�E:AG>67D �,:7�D7BADFE�F:3F
E:7�AF:7DI;E7�877>E�I7>> �,:7�:3E�?AD7�7@7D9K�E;@57�E:7�EF3DF76�3@�;@F7D?;FF7@F�83EF;@9�6;7F�3@6�:3E
D3B;6>K�>AEF � ��=9�����>4E� �,:7�;E�����5?����8F���;@��F3>>�3@6�I7;9:E ����=9������>4����&"�;E �� ��=9�?�
):KE;53>�7J3?;@3F;A@�E:AIE�3�@A@F7@67D�346A?7@ ��46A?;@3>�G>FD3EA@A9D3B:K�E:AIE E7H7D3>�E?3>>
EFA@7E�;@�F:7�93>>4>3667D I;F:AGF�53>5;8;53F;A@ �0:7@�6;E5GEE;@9�FD73F?7@F�ABF;A@E��E:7�EF3F7E�F:3F E:7
6A7E�@AF�I;E:�FA�G@67D9A�EGD97DK 3@6�3E=E�34AGF�AF:7D�BAEE;4;>;F;7E �0:;5:�A8�F:7�8A>>AI;@9�;E�F:7�?AEF
3BBDABD;3F7�B:3D?35AF:7D3BK�FA�366D7EE�F:7�G@67D>K;@9�53GE7�A8�F:;E�B3F;7@F�E�5A@6;F;A@�

�49=+8 �3'-+

� 7?8;4DAL;>

� .DEA67AJK5:A>;5�35;6

� �L7F;?;47

� �;5K5>A?;@7

� �A>7EF;BA>

� !K6DA?ADB:A@7

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�/4:

-:;E�B3F;7@F�I;F: 4;>;3DK�5A>;5 �BAEFBD3@6;3> D;9:F�GBB7D�CG36D3@F B3;@ F:3F�D36;3F7E�FA�F:7�D;9:F�E:AG>67D�


3@6�D36;A>A9;5�7H;67@57�A8 93>>EFA@7E :3E EK?BFA?3F;5�5:A>7>;F:;3E;E

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�588+):��49=+8

��� �+3,/(85@/2

�>62'4':/54�&.?

7?8;4DAL;> ;E�3�>;B;6�>AI7D;@9�397@F�F:3F�BD;?3D;>K�675D73E7E�E7DG? FD;9>K57D;67 5A@57@FD3F;A@E


7?8;4DAL;> F:7D3BK�;E�3EEA5;3F76�I;F:�3@�;@5D73E76�D;E=�A8�67H7>AB;@9 93>>EFA@7E 3@6�F:GE�IAG>6�47
3@�;@3BBDABD;3F7�F:7D3BK�8AD�F:;E�B3F;7@F

��� $895*+5>?).52/)�')/*

�>62'4':/54��;:

-:7�EG557EE�D3F7�A8 GDEA67AJK5:A>;5�35;6 F:7D3BK�8AD 5:A>7>;F:;3E;E ;E�A@>K������

�>62'4':/54�&.?

�;>7 5:A>7EF7DA> AH7DE3FGD3F;A@� 4;>7 EF3E;E��3@6�;?B3;D76 4;>7�35;6 5;D5G>3F;A@�BDA?AF7�F:7�8AD?3F;A@


A8 5:A>7EF7DA>�93>>EFA@7E ��7?3>7�E7J��397������K73DE� A47E;FK��3@6�D3B;6�I7;9:F�>AEE��3E�E77@�;@�F:;E
B3F;7@F��3D7�3>EA D;E=�835FADE 8AD 93>>EFA@7 8AD?3F;A@ �:A>75KEF75FA?K ;E�F:7�8;DEF�>;@7�F:7D3BK�8AD
EK?BFA?3F;5�5:A>7>;F:;3E;E �!AI7H7D��8AD�B3F;7@FE�I:A�3D7�G@34>7�AD�G@I;>>;@9�FA�D757;H7
5:A>75KEF75FA?K� GDEA67AJK5:A>;5�35;6 ;E�F:7�8;DEF�>;@7�@A@EGD9;53>�FD73F?7@F �"F�6;EEA>H7E 93>>EFA@7E
4K�EA>G4;>;L;@9 5:A>7EF7DA> 3@6�F:GE�;E�3BBDABD;3F7�8AD�F:7�?3@397?7@F�A8�E?3>>�EFA@7E��; 7 ������
??��F:3F�:3H7�?;@;?3>�53>5;8;53F;A@ .DEA67AJK5:A>;5�35;6 3>EA�675D73E7E�:7B3F;5�E75D7F;A@�A8
5:A>7EF7DA>��675D73E7E�;@F7EF;@3>�34EADBF;A@�A8 5:A>7EF7DA>��3@6�BDA?AF7E 93>>4>3667D 7?BFK;@9

��� �@+:/3/(+

�>62'4':/54�&.?

�L7F;?;47 ;@:;4;FE�F:7�34EADBF;A@�A8 5:A>7EF7DA> ;@�F:7�;@F7EF;@7�3@6�675D73E7E�4;>;3DK 5:A>7EF7DA>


E75D7F;A@ �L7F;?;47 F:7D3BK�>736E�FA�3�?3D=76�D76G5F;A@�;@ %�% 5:A>7EF7DA> �!AI7H7D��;F�;E�G@5>73D

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
I:7F:7D�;F�;E�78875F;H7�8AD�F:7�BD7H7@F;A@�AD�FD73F?7@F�A8 5:A>7>;F:;3E;E �-:GE��F:;E�6DG9�;E�@AF�F:7�?AEF
3BBDABD;3F7�B:3D?35AF:7D3BK�8AD�F:;E�B3F;7@F

��� �/)?)253/4+

�>62'4':/54�&.?

�;5K5>A?;@7 ;E�3@ 3@F;5:A>;@7D9;5 ?76;53F;A@�F:3F�675D73E7E�?GE5>7�EB3E?E �-:AG9:�;F�53@�47�GE76�FA


D7>;7H7 B3;@ 3EEA5;3F76�I;F: 4;>;3DK�5A>;5��;F�6A7E�@AF�366D7EE�F:7�G@67D>K;@9�53GE7�A8�F:;E�B3F;7@F�E
EK?BFA?E�3@6�F:GE�;E�@AF�F:7�?AEF�3BBDABD;3F7�B:3D?35AF:7D3BK

��� �52+9:/652

�>62'4':/54�&.?

�A>7EF;BA> ;E�3 4;>7�35;6�E7CG7EFD3@F F:3F�53@�47�GE76�FA�FD73F :KB7D>;B;67?;3 4K�4;@6;@9�FA 4;>7�35;6E


;@�F:7�;@F7EF;@7�3@6�675D73E;@9�F:7;D�34EADBF;A@ ��753>�>AEE�A8 4;>7�E3>FE 53@�;@5D73E7�F:7�D;E=�A8
67H7>AB;@9 93>>EFA@7E 3@6�F:GE�IAG>6�47�3@�;@3BBDABD;3F7�F:7D3BK�8AD�F:;E�B3F;7@F

��� �?*853586.54+

�>62'4':/54�&.?

!K6DA?ADB:A@7 ;E�3�BAF7@F AB;A;6 F:3F�53@�47�GE76�3E 3@3>97E;3 8AD�B3F;7@FE�I;F:�E7H7D7 B3;@


!AI7H7D� ',�"�E 3D7�FKB;53>>K�EG88;5;7@F�FA�5A@FDA> B3;@ 53GE76�4K 4;>;3DK�5A>;5 �&AD7AH7D�
3@3>97E;3 6A7E�@AF�366D7EE�F:7�G@67D>K;@9�53GE7�A8�F:;E�B3F;7@F�E�EK?BFA?E�3@6�F:GE�;E�@AF�F:7�?AEF
3BBDABD;3F7�B:3D?35AF:7D3BK

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
;+9:/54��� �

� ���K73D�A>6 IA?3@� 9D3H;63��� B3D3����3F ���I77=ES 97EF3F;A@�5A?7E�FA�F:7�B:KE;5;3@�8AD�3 8A>>AI�GB


BD7@3F3>�H;E;F ��F�:7D�BD7H;AGE�3BBA;@F?7@F��:7D E7DG? T�87FABDAF7;@ 5A@57@FD3F;A@�I3E�7>7H3F76 �,:7�:36
E?A=76 ��B35= A8�5;93D7FF7E�63;>K�8AD ��K73DE 4GF�CG;F�3F ��I77=E� 97EF3F;A@ ��J3?;@3F;A@�E:AIE�3�GF7DGE
5A@E;EF7@F�;@�E;L7�I;F:�3 ���I77= 97EF3F;A@ �.>FD3EA@A9D3B:K�E:AIE 87F3>�H;E57D3�EGEB7@676�8D77>K�;@FA
F:7�3?@;AF;5�53H;FK �0:;5:�A8�F:7�8A>>AI;@9�;E�F:7�?AEF�>;=7>K�6;39@AE;E�

�49=+8 �3'-+

� /;F7>>;@7�8;EFG>3

� �;3B:D39?3F;5�:7D@;3

� &K7>A?7@;@9A57>7

� .?4;>;53>�:7D@;3

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�49=+8 �3'-+

� /7E;5AGD35:3>�6;H7DF;5G>G?

� 3EFDAE5:;E;E

(?B:3>A57>7

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
USMLE e e r m h nne s
Me est i e s: https://t.me/USMLEMe est

K p n ssr m i e s: https://t.me/USMLEK p n

USMLE i e s Step : https://t.me/USMLE Step

e ker i e s: https://t.me/USMLE e ker

r s e n i e s Step : https://t.me/USMLE r sAn e n

r s e n i e s Step K: https://t.me/USMLE r sAn e n Step K

Ph se i e s: https://t.me/USMLEPh se

Pi ri e i e s: https://t.me/USMLEPi ri e

P th m i e s: https://t.me/USMLEP th m

nA i s i h it : https://t.me/USMLE nA i s

Am ss r p: https://t.me/USMLEAm ss

Le t ri nk: https://t.me/USMLELe t ri

En p int P s: https://t.me/USMLEEn p int

USMLE MEs: https://t.me/USMLE ME

L E Me E : https://t.me/USMLE n ineMe E

USMLE r Step : https://t.me/USMLE r Step

USMLE r Step K: https://t.me/USMLE r Step K

USMLE r Step nk: https://t.me/USMLE r Step

USMLE Anki: https://t.me/USMLEAnki

KissPrep: https://t.me/USMLEKissPrep

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�/4:

�3;>GD7�A8 >3F7D3> 8A>6�5>AEGD7�>736E�FA�3 8G>>�F:;5=@7EE 346A?;@3>�I3>>�67875F�F:3F�3>>AIE�F:7�9DAI;@9


4AI7>�FA�:7D@;3F7�F:DAG9:�3F�F:7�I73=7EF�BA;@F

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�588+):��49=+8

��� %/:+22/4+�,/9:;2'

�>62'4':/54�&.?

/;F7>>;@7�8;EFG>3 �3>EA�=@AI@�3E B3F7@F�A?B:3>A?7E7@F7D;5�6G5F��A55GDE�I:7@�F:7 H;F7>>;@7�6G5F 83;>E


FA�5>AE7�6GD;@9�F:7��F: I77=�A8�67H7>AB?7@F��>736;@9�FA�3�B3F7@F�5A@@75F;A@�47FI77@�F:7�346A?;@3>
I3>>�3@6 ;>7G? �"F�;E�6;39@AE76�5>;@;53>>K�38F7D 4;DF: I:7@ ?75A@;G? 6;E5:3D97�F:DAG9:�F:7 G?4;>;5GE
;E�A4E7DH76 ��>7H3F76 T�87FABDAF7;@ 3@6�87F3> G>FD3EAG@6 8;@6;@9E�A8�346A?;@3> H;E57D3 ;@�F:7 3?@;AF;5
8>G;6 3D7�@AF�5A@E;EF7@F�I;F:�3 H;F7>>;@7�8;EFG>3

��� �/'6.8'-3':/)�.+84/'

�>62'4':/54�&.?

�;3B:D39?3F;5 :7D@;3E A55GD�I:7@�F:7�346A?;@3>�5A@F7@FE�BDAFDG67�;@FA�F:7 F:AD35;5�53H;FK 6G7�FA�3


67875F�;@�F:7�6;3B:D39? ��>F:AG9: 5A@97@;F3>�6;3B:D39?3F;5�:7D@;3E 53@�47�6;39@AE76�A@�87F3>
G>FD3EAG@6��;?39;@9�IAG>6�E:AI�346A?;@3> H;E57D3 I;F:;@�F:7�F:AD3J�H7DEGE�F:7�8D77�8>A3F;@9
5A@F7@FE�;@�F:7 3?@;AF;5�8>G;6 E77@�;@�F:;E�B3F;7@F �"@�366;F;A@��7>7H3F76 T�87FABDAF7;@ ;E�@AF�5A@E;EF7@F
I;F:�F:;E�5A@6;F;A@

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �?+253+4/4-5)+2+

�3'-+

�>62'4':/54�&.?

&K7>A?7@;@9A57>7 ;E�3 @7GD3>�FG47�67875F F:3F�?AEF�5A??A@>K�67H7>ABE�47FI77@�F:7��D6 3@6��F:


I77=E�A8�BD79@3@5K 8DA?�F:7�;@5A?B>7F7�5>AEGD7�A8�F:7 EB;@3> @7GD3>�FG47 �"F�G>F;?3F7>K�>736E�FA�F:7
BDAFDGE;A@�A8�F:7 ?7@;@97E 3@6 EB;@3>�5AD6 I;F:;@�3�?7?4D3@AGE�E35�F:DAG9:�3 H7DF74D3> 67875F
�>F:AG9:�7>7H3F76 T�87FABDAF7;@ ;E�3EEA5;3F76�I;F:�F:;E�5A@6;F;A@� G>FD3EAG@6 8;@6;@9E�A8�87F3> H;E57D3
EGEB7@676�8D77>K�;@�F:7 3?@;AF;5�53H;FK 3D7�;@5A@E;EF7@F�I;F: ?K7>A?7@;@9A57>7

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� $3(/2/)'2�.+84/'

�3'-+

�>62'4':/54�&.?

�A@97@;F3>�G?4;>;53>�:7D@;3E 3D7�346A?;@3>�I3>>�67875FE�F:3F�?3K�A55GD�I:7@�F:7�G?4;>;53>�D;@9�83;>E
FA�5>AE7�6GD;@9 87F3>�67H7>AB?7@F �-:7 ?;69GF ;@;F;3>>K�67H7>ABE�AGFE;67�A8�F:7�346A?;@3>�53H;FK�
G@F;>�F:7 E75A@6�FD;?7EF7D��I:7@�;F�B:KE;A>A9;53>>K�:7D@;3F7E�435=�;@FA�F:7�346A?7@ ��3;>GD7�FA�5>AE7
F:7�G?4;>;53>�D;@9�AD�BD7E7@57�A8�G@67D67H7>AB76 83E5;3 >736E�FA�346A?;@3>�I73=@7EE�3@6�?3K�D7EG>F
;@�4G>9;@9�A8�346A?;@3>�5A@F7@F�F:DAG9:�F:7 G?4;>;5GE �"F�;E�6;39@AE76�5>;@;53>>K�38F7D 4;DF: 3@6�;E�@AF
3EEA5;3F76�I;F:�7>7H3F76 T�87FABDAF7;@ >7H7>E�AD�8D77�8>A3F;@9 H;E57D3 A@�87F3> G>FD3EAG@6 6GD;@9�F:7
E75A@6�FD;?7EF7D

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� %+9/)5;8').'2�*/<+8:/);2;3

�>62'4':/54�&.?

� H7E;5AGD35:3>�6;H7DF;5G>G? A55GDE�I:7@�F:7�5A@@75F;A@�47FI77@�F:7 GD35:GE 3@6 4>3667D B3DF;3>>K


83;>E�FA�A4>;F7D3F7�6GD;@9 87F3>�67H7>AB?7@F��>736;@9�FA�3@�AGFBAG5:;@9�A8�F:7 4>3667D ��>F:AG9:
FKB;53>>K�3EK?BFA?3F;5�3@6�6;E5AH7D76�;@5;67@F3>>K��3 H7E;5AGD35:3>�6;H7DF;5G>G? ?3K�?3@;87EF
;@;F;3>>K�I;F:�;@875F;A@��B7D8AD3F;A@� 34E57EE 8AD?3F;A@��AD @7AB>3E? ;@�73D>K�5:;>6:AA6 �-:;E�3@A?3>K
53@�3>EA�47�6;39@AE76�A@�87F3> G>FD3EAG@6 �!AI7H7D��F:7�;?39;@9�8;@6;@9E��; 7 ��7JFDG676�346A?;@3>
5A@F7@FE��3@6�7>7H3F76 T�87FABDAF7;@ A4E7DH76�:7D7�3D7�;@5A@E;EF7@F�I;F:�3 H7E;5AGD35:3>
6;H7DF;5G>G?

��� �'9:859)./9/9

�3'-+

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�>62'4':/54�&.?

3EFDAE5:;E;E ;E�3�5A@97@;F3> H7@FD3> I3>>�67875F�F:3F�>736E�FA�;@F7EF;@3> :7D@;3F;A@ F:DAG9:�F:7


;@HA>GF76�D;9:F G?4;>;53>�H7;@��F:7�I73=7EF�B3DF�A8�F:7�87F3>�346A?;@3>�I3>> ��E 93EFDAE5:;E;E ;E�3@
G@5AH7D76�346A?;@3>�I3>>�67875F� T�87FABDAF7;@ ���)��53@�6;88GE7�8D77>K�;@FA�F:7 3?@;AF;5�8>G;6 3@6
?3F7D@3>�5;D5G>3F;A@��>736;@9�FA�7>7H3F76�?3F7D@3>�E7DG? ��)��I:;5:�53@�47�GE76�3E�3 E5D77@;@9�F7EF
�E�3 5A@8;D?3FADK�F7EF��87F3> G>FD3EAG@6 I;>>�E:AI�8D77�8>A3F;@9�4AI7>�I;F:AGF�3�?7?4D3@AGE�E35
+;E=�835FADE ;@5>G67�KAG@9�?3F7D@3>�397��; 7 ��G@67D����K73DE�A8�397���3@6�FA4355A�3@6�3>5A:A>�GE7
6GD;@9 BD79@3@5K �"@;F;3>�FD73F?7@F�A8�3 @7I4AD@ I;F: 93EFDAE5:;E;E ;@5>G67E�B>35;@9�F:7�7JFDG676
346A?;@3>�5A@F7@FE�;@�3�BDAF75F;H7�E;>A��@3EA93EFD;5�675A?BD7EE;A@��3@6�;??76;3F7�EGD9;53>
5ADD75F;A@

��� �36.'25)+2+

�>62'4':/54�&.?

(?B:3>A57>7 ;E�3�5A@97@;F3> H7@FD3> I3>>�67875F�;@�I:;5:�BDAFDGE;A@�A8�F:7�346A?;@3>�5A@F7@FE


5AH7D76�I;F: B7D;FA@7G? A55GDE�3F�F:7�E;F7�A8 G?4;>;53>�5AD6 ;@E7DF;A@ ��>F:AG9:�?3F7D@3>�E7DG? T�
87FABDAF7;@ ���)��;E�3>EA�7>7H3F76�;@�F:;E�5A@6;F;A@��6G7�FA�>73=397�A8 ��) ;@FA�F:7 3?@;AF;5�8>G;6
3@6�?3F7D@3>�5;D5G>3F;A@���87F3> G>FD3EAG@6 E:AIE�?;6>;@7 :7D@;3F;A@ A8�346A?;@3>�5A@F7@FE�I;F:;@�3
:7D@;3 E35�;@�5A@FD3EF�FA�F:7�8D77�8>A3F;@9 H;E57D3 E77@�A@�F:;E�B3F;7@F�E�BD7@3F3> G>FD3EAG@6 �"@
366;F;A@� A?B:3>A57>7 ;E�5A??A@>K�3EEA5;3F76�I;F:�AF:7D�5A@97@;F3>�6;E73E7E��;@5>G6;@9 FD;EA?K����
FD;EA?K�����3@6 �75=I;F:�0;767?3@@��7H;67@57�A8�I:;5:�;E�@AF�67E5D;476�;@�F:7�87FGE

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
;+9:/54�����

� ���K73D�A>6 ?3@�5A?7E�FA�F:7�B:KE;5;3@�4753GE7�A8�3 ��?A@F: :;EFADK�A8�6;88;5G>FK�EI3>>AI;@9


�GD;@9�F:;E�F;?7��:7�:3E�3>EA�:36�3 ��=9 ����>4��I7;9:F�>AEE ��EAB:39A93EFDA6GA67@AE5ABK�E:AIE�3@
7JAB:KF;5�?3EE�;@�F:7�6;EF3>�F:;D6�A8�F:7�7EAB:39GE �!;EFA>A9;53>�7J3?;@3F;A@�A8�3�4;ABEK�EB75;?7@
E:AIE�3 I7>>�6;887D7@F;3F76 367@A53D5;@A?3 �-:7�B3F;7@F�;E�E5:76G>76�8AD�EGD9;53>�D7E75F;A@�A8�F:7�FG?AD
�GD;@9�F:7�BDA576GD7��F:7�EGD97A@�63?397E 3�EFDG5FGD7�F:3F�B3EE7E�F:DAG9:�F:7�6;3B:D39?�3>A@9�I;F:�F:7
7EAB:39GE�3F�F:7�>7H7>�A8�F:7�F7@F:�F:AD35;5�H7DF74D3��-��� �0:;5:�A8�F:7�8A>>AI;@9�EFDG5FGD7E�I3E�?AEF
>;=7>K�63?3976�

�49=+8 �3'-+

� /39GE�@7DH7

� "@87D;AD�H7@3�53H3

� -:AD35;5�6G5F

� �ADF3

� +;9:F�B:D7@;5�@7DH7

� �LK9AE�H7;@

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�/4:

�3?397�FA�F:;E�EFDG5FGD7�?3K�53GE7 93EFDAB3D7E;E

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�588+):��49=+8

��� %'-;9�4+8<+

�3'-+

�>62'4':/54��;:

�GDF:7D�53GE7E�A8 H39GE�@7DH7�;@<GDK ;@5>G67 6;347F;5�@7GDAB3F:K��FD3G?3��3@6 ;@8>3??3F;A@

�>62'4':/54�&.?

-:7 H39GE�@7DH7 �5D3@;3>�@7DH7�1��7J;FE�F:7 F:AD35;5�53H;FK FA97F:7D�I;F:�F:7 7EAB:39GE F:DAG9:�F:7


7EAB:3973>�:;3FGE��3�6;3B:D39?3F;5�3B7DFGD7�3F�F:7�>7H7>�A8�-����3@6�;@@7DH3F7E�F:7 E?AAF:�?GE5>7
57>>E A8�F:7�6;97EF;H7�FD35F �)7D;7EAB:3973> H39GE�@7DH7�;@<GDK��I:;5:�?3K�A55GD�6GD;@9�F:AD35;5�AD
93EFD;5�EGD97DK��FKB;53>>K�?3@;87EFE�I;F:�67>3K76�93EFD;5�7?BFK;@9 �(F:7D�EK?BFA?E�A8 H39GE�@7DH7
;@<GDK 67B7@6�A@�F:7�>7H7>�3F�I:;5:�F:7�>7E;A@�;E�>A53F76�3@6�;@5>G67�>AEE�A8�F:7 939�D78>7J� HA53>�5AD6
B3D3>KE;E��?3@;87EF;@9�3E�:A3DE7@7EE���3@6 3GFA@A?;5�6KE8G@5F;A@ �7 9 ��;?B3;D76 :73DF�D3F7
H3D;34;>;FK�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �4,+8/58�<+4'�)'<'

�>62'4':/54�&.?

�>F:AG9:�F:7 ;@87D;AD�H7@3�53H3 53@�47�63?3976�6GD;@9�F:AD35;5�EGD97DK��;F�7@F7DE�F:7 F:AD35;5�53H;FK


F:DAG9:�F:7 53H3>�:;3FGE��3�6;3B:D39?3F;5�3B7DFGD7�3F�F:7�>7H7>�A8�F:7�7;9:F: F:AD35;5�H7DF74D3 �-��

��� #.58')/)�*;):

�>62'4':/54�&.?

�>F:AG9:�F:7 F:AD35;5�6G5F 53@�47�63?3976�6GD;@9�F:AD35;5�EGD97DK��;F�7@F7DE�F:7 F:AD35;5�53H;FK


F:DAG9:�F:7 3ADF;5�:;3FGE��3�6;3B:D39?3F;5�3B7DFGD7�3F�F:7�>7H7>�A8�F:7���F: F:AD35;5 H7DF74D3 �-���

��� �58:'

�>62'4':/54�&.?

�>F:AG9:�F:7�3ADF3�53@�47�63?3976�6GD;@9�F:AD35;5�EGD97DK��;F�7J;FE�F:7 F:AD35;5�53H;FK F:DAG9:�F:7


3ADF;5�:;3FGE��3�6;3B:D39?3F;5�3B7DFGD7�3F�F:7�>7H7>�A8�F:7���F: F:AD35;5 H7DF74D3 �-���

��� !/-.:�6.8+4/)�4+8<+

�>62'4':/54�&.?

�>F:AG9:�F:7�D;9:F B:D7@;5�@7DH7 53@�47�63?3976�6GD;@9�F:AD35;5�EGD97DK��;F�7J;FE�F:7 F:AD35;5�53H;FK


F:DAG9:�F:7 53H3>�:;3FGE��3�6;3B:D39?3F;5�3B7DFGD7�3F�F:7�>7H7>�A8�F:7�7;9:F: F:AD35;5�H7DF74D3 �-��

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �@?-59�<+/4

�>62'4':/54�&.?

�>F:AG9:�F:7 3LK9AE�H7;@ 53@�47�63?3976�6GD;@9�F:AD35;5�EGD97DK��;F�7@F7DE�F:7 F:AD35;5�53H;FK


F:DAG9:�F:7 3ADF;5�:;3FGE��3�6;3B:D39?3F;5�3B7DFGD7�3F�F:7�>7H7>�A8�F:7���F: F:AD35;5 H7DF74D3 �-���

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�9)78-32����

� ���L84E�B?7 @4A�J<G; "#0 <A986G<BA�6B@8F�GB�G;8�C;LF<6<4A�5864HF8�B9�4 ��J88> ;<FGBEL�B9�F8I8E8


E8GEBFG8EA4?�C4<A�J;<?8�FJ4??BJ<A: �"8�;4F�ABG�588A�47;8E8AG�GB�;<F�4AG<E8GEBI<E4?�7EH:�E8:<@8A �"<F
���� .�?L@C;B6LG8 6BHAG�<F ���@@� ��A7BF6BCL�F;BJF�J;<G8�C?4DH8F�<A�G;8�8FBC;4:HF �.;8�@BFG
4CCEBCE<4G8�<@@87<4G8�GE84G@8AG�<F�4�7EH:�G;4G�<A;<5<GF�J;<6;�B9�G;8�9B??BJ<A:�8AML@8F�

�27;)6 �1%+)

� �(��CB?L@8E4F8

� "L7EB:8A�CBG4FF<H@��.*4F8

� *;BFC;B?<C4F8���

� �LGB6;EB@8�C����8AML@8F

� -DH4?8A8�8CBK<74F8

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�-28

"#0 <A986G<BA�J<G;�46HG8 B7LABC;4:<4��J;<G8 C?4DH8F BA HCC8E�!#�8A7BF6BCL��4A7�4�?BJ �����.�68??


6BHAG��8FC86<4??L ������@@���4E8�6BAF<FG8AG�J<G; 8FBC;4:84?�64A7<7<4F<F

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�366)'8��27;)6

��� ����430=1)6%7)

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

#A;<5<G<BA�B9 �(��CB?L@8E4F8 <F�G;8�@86;4A<F@�B9�46G<BA�B9�68EG4<A�4AG<I<E4?�@87<64G<BAF��8 : �


:4A6<6?BI<E 4A7 46L6?BI<E��4A7 4AG<9HA:4? @87<64G<BAF��8 : � 9?H6LGBF<A8� !4A6<6?BI<E 4A7 46L6?BI<E
4E8�HF87�GB�GE84G�<A986G<BAF�64HF87�5L�;8EC8F�F<@C?8K�I<EHF��"-0��4A7 6LGB@8:4?BI<EHF ��'0�
�?G;BH:; <@@HAB6B@CEB@<F87 C4G<8AGF�J<G;�786E84F87 ���� 6BHAGF�4E8�4G�<A6E84F87�E<F>�B9�I<E4?
<A986G<BA��I<E4? 8FBC;4:<G<F 64HF87�5L �'0 @4A<98FGF�J<G;�?<A84E H?68EF 4A7 8FBC;4:<G<F 64HF87�5L
"-0�J<G;�6<E6H@F6E<587 H?68EF <A�G;8 7<FG4? 8FBC;4:HF��<A�6BAGE4FG�GB�G;<F�C4G<8AG�F�J;<G8 C?4DH8F
?H6LGBF<A8 64A�58�HF87�GB�GE84G FLFG8@<6�9HA:4?�<A986G<BAF �8 : ��7<FF8@<A4G87 64A7<7<4F<F��J;8A
6B@5<A87�J<G; 4@C;BG8E<6<A�� 4A7�<F�C4EG<6H?4E?L�HF89H?�9BE�G;8�GE84G@8AG�B9 6ELCGB6B664?
@8A<A:<G<F �#G�JBH?7�ABG�89986G<I8?L�GE84G 8FBC;4:84?�64A7<7<4F<F

��� �=(63+)2�438%77-91��!�%7)

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

#A;<5<G<BA�B9 "��%� �.*4F8��J;<6;�786E84F8F :4FGE<6�46<7 CEB7H6G<BA��<F�G;8�@86;4A<F@�B9�46G<BA�B9


**#F **#F 4E8�G;8�9<EFG�?<A8�GE84G@8AG�9BE :4FGEB8FBC;4:84?�E89?HK�7<F84F8 �!�,����J;<6;�@4A<98FGF
J<G;�E8GEBFG8EA4? C4<A� B7LABC;4:<4��4A7 7LFC;4:<4��J;<6;�4E8�F88A�<A�G;<F�C4G<8AG �"BJ8I8E� !�,�
JBH?7�ABG�8KC?4<A�;<F�J;<G8 C?4DH8F��4A7 **#F C?4L�AB�EB?8�<A�G;8�GE84G@8AG�B9 8FBC;4:84?
64A7<7<4F<F

��� �,374,30-4%7)���

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

#A;<5<G<BA�B9 C;BFC;B?<C4F8�����4A�8AML@8�<A�G;8 4E46;<7BA<6�46<7 FLAG;8F<F�C4G;J4L�G;4G�?847F�GB


G;8�9BE@4G<BA�B9 8<6BF4AB<7F��<F�G;8�@86;4A<F@�B9�46G<BA�B9 :?H6B6BEG<6B<7F !?H6B6BEG<6B<7F 4E8
CE8F6E<587�9BE�4�I4E<8GL�B9�6BA7<G<BAF��<A6?H7<A: ;LC8EF8AF<G<I<GL�E846G<BAF��4HGB<@@HA8�6BA7<G<BAF�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
4A7 47E8A4?�<AFH99<6<8A6L ��864HF8�B9�G;8<E <@@HABFHCCE8FF<I8 89986GF� :?H6B6BEG<6B<7F 4E8
6BAGE4<A7<64G87�<A�G;<F�C4G<8AG��G;8L�JBH?7�8K468E54G8�;<F 8FBC;4:84?�64A7<7<4F<F 4A7�CE87<FCBF8�;<@
GB�9HEG;8E�<A986G<BAF

��� �=83',631)�4 ���)2>=1)7

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

?H6BA4MB?8 <F�BA8�B9�G;8�9<EFG�?<A8�GE84G@8AGF�9BE 64A7<74�8FBC;4:<G<F ?H6BA4MB?8 <A;<5<GF�G;8 L84FG


6LGB6;EB@8�C����8AML@8 ��U�78@8G;L?4F8��J;<6;�CE8I8AGF 8E:BFG8EB? FLAG;8F<F�4A7�G;8E89BE8
786E84F8F 68??�@8@5E4A8 <AG8:E<GL��?847<A:�GB�68??�78FGEH6G<BA �#G�<F�4?FB�<A7<64G87�9BE�G;8�GE84G@8AG�B9
FLFG8@<6�64A7<7<4F<F� 6ELCGB6B664?�@8A<A:<G<F��4A7 4AG<9HA:4? CEBC;L?4K<F

��� 59%0)2)�)43<-(%7)

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

#A;<5<G<BA�B9 FDH4?8A8�8CBK<74F8��4A�8AML@8�G;4G�FLAG;8F<M8F�FDH4?8A8 8CBK<78 9EB@�FDH4?8A8��<F�G;8


@86;4A<F@�B9�46G<BA�B9�G;8 4AG<9HA:4? G8E5<A49<A8 �-DH4?8A8 8CBK<78 <F�A868FF4EL�9BE�G;8�FLAG;8F<F�B9
?4ABFG8EB?��J;<6;��<A�GHEA��<F�E8DH<E87�GB�FLAG;8F<M8 8E:BFG8EB?��4A�<@CBEG4AG�8?8@8AG�B9�G;8�9HA:4? 68??
@8@5E4A8 .8E5<A49<A8 G;8E89BE8�64HF8F�9HA:4? 68??�784G; 5L�H?G<@4G8?L�7<FEHCG<A: 68??�@8@5E4A8
<AG8:E<GL �"BJ8I8E� G8E5<A49<A8 <F�<A7<64G87�9BE FHC8E9<6<4? 78E@4GBC;LG8�<A986G<BAF �8 : �
BAL6;B@L6BF<F� G<A84���ABG 64A7<74�8FBC;4:<G<F

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�9)78-32����

� ���L84E�B?7 @4A�6B@8F�GB�G;8�C;LF<6<4A�5864HF8�B9�4 ��74L ;<FGBEL�B9 457B@<A4?�C4<A 4A7 IB@<G<A:


#A<G<4??L��G;8�IB@<GHF�J4F�9BB7�G;4G�;8�;47�E868AG?L�84G8A��5HG�<G�<F�ABJ 5<?<BHF �"8�;4F�;47 F<@<?4E
6B@C?4<AGF�F8I8E4?�G<@8F�<A�G;8�C4FG ��L84EF �"8�;4F�F@B>87 ��C46> B9�6<:4E8GG8F�74<?L�9BE�G;8�C4FG
���L84EF 4A7 7E<A>F ���BM B9�J;<F>8L�74<?L �"8�<F ����6@����9G���<A� G4??�4A7�J8<:;F ���>:������?5����'#
<F ���>:�@� �"<F�I<G4?�F<:AF�4E8�J<G;<A�ABE@4?�?<@<GF �*;LF<64?�8K4@<A4G<BA�F;BJF�4A 8C<:4FGE<6�@4FF
.;8�E8@4<A78E�B9�G;8�8K4@<A4G<BA�F;BJF�AB�45ABE@4?<G<8F �1;<6;�B9�G;8�9B??BJ<A:�<F�G;8�@BFG�?<>8?L
7<4:ABF<F�

�27;)6 �1%+)

� �;EBA<6�6;B?86LFG<G<F

� ,8GEBC8E<GBA84?�9<5EBF<F

� "LC8EGEBC;<6�CL?BE<6�FG8ABF<F

� *4A6E84G<6�CF8H7B6LFG

� !4FGE<6�478AB64E6<AB@4

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�-28

.;<F�C4G<8AG�CE8F8AGF�J<G;�E86HEE8AG�457B@<A4? C4<A��IB@<G<A:��4A7�4�C4?C45?8�8C<:4FGE<6�@4FF��J;<?8�;<F
I<G4?�F<:AF 4A7 C;LF<64?�8K4@<A4G<BA 4E8�BG;8EJ<F8�HAE8@4E>45?8 �"<F�;<FGBEL�B9�4?6B;B?�HF8�FH::8FGF�4A
HA78E?L<A:�6BA7<G<BA�G;4G�<F�B9G8A�64HF87�5L�6;EBA<6�4?6B;B?�HF8

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�366)'8��27;)6

��� �,632-'�',30)'=78-8-7

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

�;EBA<6�6;B?86LFG<G<F <F�G;8�6BAF8DH8A68�B9�E86HEE8AG 46HG8�6;B?86LFG<G<F �,86HEE8AG�8C<FB78F�B9 46HG8


6;B?86LFG<G<F��J;<6;�@4A<98FGF�J<G;�HCC8E�457B@<A4? C4<A 4A7 5<?<BHF BE�ABA�5<?<BHF IB@<G<A:��6BH?7
8KC?4<A�G;<F�C4G<8AG�F @87<64?�;<FGBEL �"BJ8I8E��<A 6;EBA<6�6;B?86LFG<G<F��G;8 :4??5?4778E <F 9<5EBF87
4A7�F;EHA>8A�4A7�JBH?7�ABG�8KC?4<A�G;<F�C4G<8AG�F�457B@<A4?�@4FF

��� �)8634)6-832)%0�*-&637-7

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

,8GEBC8E<GBA84?�9<5EBF<F <F�4�E4E8�6BA7<G<BA�G;4G�64A�@4A<98FG�J<G;�E86HEE8AG�457B@<A4? C4<A �7H8�GB


;L7EBA8C;EBF<F BE @8F8AG8E<6 <F6;8@<4��4A7�IB@<G<A:��7H8�GB ;L7EBA8C;EBF<F 4A7 HE8@<4� �"BJ8I8E�
4A�457B@<A4?�@4FF�<A E8GEBC8E<GBA84?�9<5EBF<F <F�GLC<64??L�7H8�GB ;L7EBA8C;EBF<F 4A7�FB�JBH?7�58
C4?C45?8�<A�G;8�9?4A>F��ABG�<A�G;8�8C<:4FGE<H@ �#A�477<G<BA��BG;8E�GLC<64?�@4A<98FG4G<BAF�B9
E8GEBC8E<GBA84?�9<5EBF<F��FH6;�4F�?BJ8E�?<@5 878@4� I4E<6B68?8��4A7 6?4H7<64G<BA 4E8�45F8AG�<A�G;<F
C4G<8AG

��� �=4)68634,-'�4=036-'�78)237-7

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

"LC8EGEBC;<6�CL?BE<6�FG8ABF<F <F�4�64HF8�B9 :4FGE<6�BHG?8G�B5FGEH6G<BA �!))��4A7�@4A<98FGF�J<G;


IB@<G<A:�4A7�4�C4?C45?8�8C<:4FGE<6�@4FF �"BJ8I8E��<G�<F�4�6BA7<G<BA�B9 <A94A6L 4A7�7B8F�ABG�@4A<98FG
9BE�G;8�9<EFG�G<@8�<A�47H?G;BB7 �'BE8BI8E��IB@<GHF�<F�6;4E46G8E<FG<64??L�ABA�5<?<BHF��5864HF8�G;8�?8I8?
B9 !)) 5L�G;8 CL?BE<6 ;LC8EGEBC;L <F�45BI8�G;8 F86BA7�C4EG�B9�G;8�7HB78AH@��<AGB�J;<6;�G;8�5<?<4EL
7H6G�7E4<AF

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �%2'6)%8-'�47)9(3'=78

�1%+)

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

� C4A6E84G<6�CF8H7B6LFG��J;<6;�<F�4�6B@C?<64G<BA�B9�46HG8�BE 6;EBA<6�C4A6E84G<G<F��<F�64HF87�5L
?84>4:8�B9 C4A6E84G<6 8KB6E<A8�F86E8G<BAF�9EB@�74@4:87�7H6GF �.;<F�C4G<8AG�F�;<FGBEL�B9�E86HEE8AG
8C<:4FGE<6 C4<A��IB@<G<A:��4A7�6;EBA<6�4?6B;B?�6BAFH@CG<BA�@4>8F�4�7<4:ABF<F�B9 C4A6E84G<G<F ;<:;?L
?<>8?L �*4G<8AGF�J<G; 6;EBA<6�C4A6E84G<G<F 4A7 ;84IL�4?6B;B?�HF8 4E8�B9G8A�646;86G<6�7H8�GB
@4?AHGE<G<BA *4A6E84G<6�CF8H7B6LFGF��J;8A�?4E:8�8ABH:;��64A�@4A<98FG�J<G;�4�C4?C45?8�8C<:4FGE<6
@4FF�4A7 5<?<BHF IB@<G<A:��7H8�GB�8KGE<AF<6�6B@CE8FF<BA�B9�G;8 7<FG4? 7HB78AH@��BE�ABA�5<?<BHF
IB@<G<A:��7H8�GB :4FGE<6�BHG?8G�B5FGEH6G<BA� �.;8�7<4:ABF<F�64A�58�6BA9<E@87�5L�<@4:<A:��4�J8??�
789<A87�9?H<7�6B??86G<BA�JBH?7�58�F88A�<A�G;8�I<6<A<GL�B9�G;8 C4A6E84F

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �%786-'�%()23'%6'-231%

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

��:4FGE<6 478AB64E6<AB@4 <F�4�?<>8?L�7<998E8AG<4?�7<4:ABF<F�<A�4A�<A7<I<7H4?�J;B�CE8F8AGF�J<G;


457B@<A4? C4<A��IB@<G<A:��4A�8C<:4FGE<6�@4FF� 646;8K<4��4A7�68EG4<A E<F>�946GBEF �8 : ��F@B><A:�
4?6B;B?�HF8� ���;<FGBEL�B9�F<@<?4E�FL@CGB@F�<A�G;8�C4FG�6BH?7�;4I8�<A7<64G87�4 C8CG<6�H?68E G;4G
FH5F8DH8AG?L�HA78EJ8AG�@4?<:A4AG�GE4AF9BE@4G<BA �"BJ8I8E��IB@<G<A:�<A�:4FGE<6 478AB64E6<AB@4 <F
4�?4G8�@4A<98FG4G<BA�4A7�<G�<F�GLC<64??L�ABA�5<?<BHF 5864HF8�<G�<F�64HF87�5L :4FGE<6�BHG?8G�B5FGEH6G<BA

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�9)78-32����

� ���L84E�B?7 JB@4A�J<G;�4�C4A6E84G<6�<AFH?<AB@4�<F�58<A:�CE8C4E87�9BE�4�?4C4EBF6BC<6�8AH6?84G<BA�B9
G;8�GH@BE ��9G8E�<A7H6G<BA�B9�:8A8E4?�4A8FG;8F<4��CE8C4E4G<BA�B9�4�FG8E<?8�FHE:<64?�9<8?7��4A7�CBEG
C?468@8AG��G;8�FHE:8BA�A887F�GB�8AG8E�G;8 FC468�CBFG8E<BE�GB�G;8�FGB@46;�GB�4668FF�G;8�C4A6E84G<6�GH@BE
1;<6;�B9�G;8�9B??BJ<A:�?<:4@8AGF�@HFG�58�6HG�<A�BE78E�GB�4668FF�G;<F�FC468�

�27;)6 �1%+)

� *;E8AB8FBC;4:84?�?<:4@8AG

� "8C4GB:4FGE<6�?<:4@8AG

� *;E8A<6B6B?<6�?<:4@8AG

� &<:4@8AGH@�I8ABFH@

� 4?6<9BE@�?<:4@8AG

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�-28

.;8�FC468�78F6E<587�<F�G;8 ?8FF8E�F46 �.;8 ?<:4@8AG G;4G�@HFG�58�6HG�<F�4�C4EG�B9�G;8 ?8FF8E�B@8AGH@

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�366)'8��27;)6

��� �,6)23)734,%+)%0�0-+%1)28

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

.;8 C;E8AB8FBC;4:84?�?<:4@8AG <F�4 C8E<GBA84?�9B?7 G;4G�8A6<E6?8F�G;8 7<FG4? CBEG<BA�B9�G;8 8FBC;4:HF


4A7 :4FGEB8FBC;4:84?�=HA6G<BA 4A7�6BAA86GF�G;8@�GB�G;8 C8E<GBA84? FHE9468�B9�G;8�7<4C;E4:@ �#G�<F
GLC<64??L�6HG�<A�CEB687HE8F�G;4G�E8DH<E8�@B5<?<M4G<BA�B9�G;8 7<FG4? 8FBC;4:HF BE�G;8 9HA7HF�B9�G;8
FGB@46; �8 : � 8FBC;4:86GB@L� 9HA7BC?<64G<BA� �"BJ8I8E��<G�<F�ABG�4�5BHA74EL�B9�G;8 ?8FF8E�F46 4A7
G;HF�7B8F�ABG�A887�GB�58�6HG�GB�:4<A�4668FF�GB�<G

��� �)4%83+%786-'�0-+%1)28

�1%+)

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�<40%2%8-32�$,=

.;8 :4FGEB;8C4G<6�?<:4@8AG 6BAA86GF�G;8 ?8FF8E�6HEI4GHE8�B9�G;8�FGB@46; J<G;�G;8 ?<I8E �.B:8G;8E�J<G;


G;8 ;8C4GB7HB78A4?�?<:4@8AG��<G�9BE@F�G;8 ?8FF8E�B@8AGH@��J;<6;�F8C4E4G8F�G;8 4AG8E<BE :E84G8E�F46
9EB@�G;8 CBFG8E<BE ?8FF8E�F46 ��668FF�GB�G;8 ?8FF8E�F46��4F�7HE<A: C4A6E84G<6�FHE:8EL��64A�58�46;<8I87
5L�6HGG<A:�G;8 :4FGEB;8C4G<6�?<:4@8AG �.;8 ?8FF8E�F46 64A�4?FB�58�4668FF87�G;EBH:;�G;8 :4FGEB6B?<6
?<:4@8AG �C4EG�B9�G;8 :E84G8E�B@8AGH@�� :4FGEBFC?8A<6�?<:4@8AG� FC?8ABE8A4?�?<:4@8AG��4A7�G;EBH:;
G;8�GE4AFI8EF8�@8FB6B?BA

��� �,6)2-'3'30-'�0-+%1)28

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

.;8 C;E8A<6B6B?<6�?<:4@8AG <F�4 C8E<GBA84?�9B?7 G;4G�8KG8A7F�9EB@�G;8 FC?8A<6�9?8KHE8 B9�G;8 6B?BA GB


G;8 C8E<GBA84? FHE9468�B9�G;8�7<4C;E4:@ �#G�64A�58�6HG�GB�:4<A�4668FF�GB�G;8 FC?88A 4A7�G;8�FGEH6GHE8F
CBFG8E<BE GB�<G��8 : ��G;8�?89G ><7A8L 4A7 47E8A4?�:?4A7� �"BJ8I8E��<G�<F�ABG�4�5BHA74EL�B9�G;8 ?8FF8E�F46
4A7�G;HF�7B8F�ABG�A887�GB�58�6HG�GB�:4<A�4668FF�GB�<G

��� �-+%1)2891�:)23791

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

.;8 ?<:4@8AGH@�I8ABFH@ <F�4�E8@A4AG�B9�G;8�98G4? 7H6GHF�I8ABFHF G;4G�?<8F�58GJ88A�G;8 64H74G8�?B58


4A7�?89G�?B58�B9�G;8 ?<I8E �7BEF4? 4FC86G� �#G�7B8F�ABG�9BE@�4�5BHA74EL�B9�G;8 ?8FF8E�F46 4A7�G;HF�7B8F
ABG�A887�GB�58�6HG�GB�:4<A�4668FF�GB�<G

��� �%0'-*361�0-+%1)28

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

.;8 94?6<9BE@�?<:4@8AG <F�4�78E<I4G<I8�B9 I8AGE4? @8F8AG8EL G;4G�4GG46;8F�G;8 ?<I8E GB�G;8 4AG8E<BE


457B@<A4?�J4?? �#G�6BAG4<AF�G;8 ?<:4@8AGH@�G8E8F�;8C4G<F 4A7 C4E4H@5<?<64?�I8<AF 4A7�<F�GLC<64??L�6HG
7HE<A:�FHE:<64?�CEB687HE8F�BA�G;8 ?<I8E �8 : ��;8C4G86GB@L� �"BJ8I8E��<G�<F�ABG�4�5BHA74EL�B9�G;8

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
?8FF8E�F46 4A7�G;HF�7B8F�ABG�A887�GB�58�6HG�GB�:4<A�4668FF�GB�<G

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�9)78-32���

� ���L84E�B?7 JB@4A�J<G; ;LC8EG8AF<BA 6B@8F�GB�G;8�C;LF<6<4A�5864HF8�B9�6E4@CL��7H?? 457B@<A4?�C4<A


4A7�J8<:;G�?BFF�9BE ��@BAG; �.;8�C4<A�<F�?B64G87�<A�G;8�8C<:4FGE<6�E8:<BA�4A7�GLC<64??L�B66HEF�J<G;<A�G;8
9<EFG�;BHE�49G8E�84G<A: �-;8�;4F�;47�4 ��>: ��� ��?5��J8<:;G�?BFF�<A�G;8�C4FG�@BAG; �-;8 ;4F�F@B>87
��C46> B9�6<:4E8GG8F�74<?L 9BE ���L84EF �*;LF<64?�8K4@<A4G<BA�F;BJF�4�F64C;B<7�457B@8A�4A7�7<99HF8
G8A78EA8FF�GB�C4?C4G<BA �&45BE4GBEL�FGH7<8F�<A6?H7<A:�64E5B;L7E4G8�4AG<:8A����������������
64E6<AB8@5ELBA<6�4AG<:8A��������4A7�?<C4F8�6BA68AGE4G<BAF�4E8�J<G;<A�G;8�E898E8A68�E4A:8 �1;<6;�B9�G;8
9B??BJ<A:�<F�G;8�@BFG�?<>8?L�64HF8�B9�G;<F�C4G<8AG�F�FL@CGB@F�

�27;)6 �1%+)

� (4EEBJ<A:�B9�G;8�68?<46�4EG8EL

� '4?<:A4AG�@4FF�4G�G;8�;847�B9�G;8�C4A6E84F

� (4EEBJ<A:�B9�G;8�:4FGE<6�CL?BEHF

� �@5B?HF�<A�G;8�FHC8E<BE�@8F8AG8E<6�4EG8EL

� B64?�J4??�G;<6>8A<A:�<A�G;8�6B?BA

�86E84F87�@BG<?<GL�B9�:4FGE<6�F@BBG;�@HF6?8

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�-28

�A�8?78E?L�JB@4A�J<G;�@H?G<C?8 4G;8EBF6?8EBG<6�E<F>�946GBEF �;LC8EG8AF<BA��F@B><A:��J;B�CE8F8AGF�J<G;


6;EBA<6 CBFGCE4A7<4? C4<A��9BB7�4IB<74A68��4A7 HA<AG8AG<BA4?�J8<:;G�?BFF��<F�6BA68EA<A:�9BE 6;EBA<6
@8F8AG8E<6�<F6;8@<4

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�366)'8��27;)6

��� �%663;-2+�3*�8,)�')0-%'�%68)6=

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

-?BJ�CEB:E8FF<I8�A4EEBJ<A:�B9�G;8 68?<46�4EG8EL F86BA74EL�GB 4G;8EBF6?8EBF<F 64A�?847�GB 6;EBA<6


@8F8AG8E<6�<F6;8@<4��J;<6;�CE8F8AGF�J<G;�G;8�F<:AF�4A7�FL@CGB@F�F88A�<A�G;<F�C4G<8AG �-;8�?<>8?L�4?FB
;4F�4G;8EBF6?8EBG<6�A4EEBJ<A:�B9�G;8 -'� BE #'� �#9�BA?L�BA8�@4<A 4EG8EL <F�49986G87��6B??4G8E4?
6BAA86G<BAF�J<??�GLC<64??L�6B@C8AF4G8�9BE�G;8�E87H687�9?BJ�4A7�G;8�C4G<8AG�J<??�B9G8A�58
4FL@CGB@4G<6

��� �%0-+2%28�1%77�%8�8,)�,)%(�3*�8,)�4%2'6)%7

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

*4A6E84G<6�64A68E 64HF8F�457B@<A4? C4<A 4A7�J8<:;G�?BFF��4F�<A�G;<F�C4G<8AG��4A7�F@B><A:�<F�4?FB�4


>ABJA E<F>�946GBE �"BJ8I8E��G;<F�C4G<8AG�?46>F�BG;8E�6B@@BA�F<:AF�B9 C4A6E84G<6�64A68E��<A6?H7<A:
A4HF84�4A7�IB@<G<A: *4A6E84G<6�64A68E <AIB?I<A:�G;8�;847�GLC<64??L�4?FB�64HF8F B5FGEH6G<I8�=4HA7<68�
J;<6;�<F�ABG�CE8F8AG �&4FG?L� ?45BE4GBEL�I4?H8F GLC<64??L�8?8I4G87�<A�C4G<8AGF�J<G; C4A6E84G<6�64A68E�
<A6?H7<A: �������� �����4A7 ?<C4F8��4E8�4??�ABE@4? �.;<F�6B@5<A4G<BA�B9�9<A7<A:F�@4>8F C4A6E84G<6
64A68E 4A�HA?<>8?L�64HF8�B9�G;<F�C4G<8AG�F�FL@CGB@F

��� �%663;-2+�3*�8,)�+%786-'�4=03697

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

!4FGE<6�BHG?8G�B5FGEH6G<BA E8FH?GF�9EB@�A4EEBJ<A:�B9�G;8�:4FGE<6 CL?BEHF 4A7�CE8F8AGF�J<G;


CBFGCE4A7<4? C4<A 4A7�J8<:;G�?BFF��4F�F88A�<A�G;<F�C4G<8AG �"BJ8I8E��F;8�?46>F�G;8�IB@<G<A:�G;4G�<F
F88A�<A�A84E?L�4??�C4G<8AGF�J<G; :4FGE<6�BHG?8G�B5FGEH6G<BA��@4><A:�G;<F�7<4:ABF<F�HA?<>8?L

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �1&3097�-2�8,)�794)6-36�1)7)28)6-'�%68)6=

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

�EG8E<4?�G;EB@5B8@5B?<F@ GB�G;8 FHC8E<BE�@8F8AG8E<6�4EG8EL 64HF8F 46HG8�@8F8AG8E<6�<F6;8@<4 �.;<F


CE8F8AGF�J<G;�FH778A��F8I8E8��C8E<H@5<?<64? C4<A��B9G8A�466B@C4A<87�5L A4HF84�4A7�IB@<G<A: �.;8
C4<A <F�6?4FF<64??L�7<FCEBCBEG<BA4G8�GB 457B@<A4?�8K4@<A4G<BA 9<A7<A:F �#AFG847��G;<F�C4G<8AG�CE8F8AGF
J<G; 6;EBA<6�@8F8AG8E<6�<F6;8@<4 4A7�;4F�4�:E47H4?�BAF8G�B9�FL@CGB@F�4FFB6<4G87�J<G;�CBFG�CE4A7<4?
C4<A 4A7�J8<:;G�?BFF

��� �3'%0�;%00�8,-'/)2-2+�-2�8,)�'3032

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

B64?�J4??�G;<6>8A<A:�<A�G;8 6B?BA 64A�E8CE8F8AG�4 6B?BA<6 @4FF�BE�<A986G<BHF 6B?<G<F ��?G;BH:;�5BG;


6BH?7�CBG8AG<4??L�64HF8�J8<:;G�?BFF��G;8F8�7<4:ABF8F�7B�ABG�8KC?4<A�G;8 CBFGCE4A7<4? C4<A F88A�<A�G;<F
C4G<8AG � HEG;8E@BE8��F;8�?46>F�BG;8E�GLC<64?�FL@CGB@F�9BE 6B?BA<6 @4FF�BE�<A986G<BHF 6B?<G<F��FH6;�4F
;8@4GB6;8M<4

��� �)'6)%7)(�138-0-8=�3*�+%786-'�71338,�197'0)

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

�86E84F87�@BG<?<GL�B9�:4FGE<6 F@BBG;�@HF6?8 64HF8F :4FGEBC4E8F<F��4�6BA7<G<BA�G;4G�CE8F8AGF�J<G;


CBFGCE4A7<4? C4<A 4A7�<A�F8I8E8�64F8F��J8<:;G�?BFF �"BJ8I8E��G;<F�C4G<8AG�?46>F�BG;8E�GLC<64?
FL@CGB@F�B9 :4FGEBC4E8F<F��<A6?H7<A: A4HF84�4A7�IB@<G<A: �-;8�4?FB�?46>F E<F>�946GBEF FH6;�4F
7<458G8F BE�4�;<FGBEL�B9�HCC8E�!#�FHE:8EL��@4><A:�G;<F�7<4:ABF<F�HA?<>8?L

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�9)78-32����

� ���L84E�B?7 @4A�J<G; "#0 6B@8F�GB�G;8�C;LF<6<4A�5864HF8�B9�4 ��@BAG; ;<FGBEL�B9�<AG8E@<GG8AG


7<4EE;84�4A7�457B@<A4?�C4<A ��57B@<A4?�8K4@<A4G<BA�F;BJF�@<?7��7<99HF8�G8A78EA8FF�G;EBH:;BHG�G;8
?BJ8E�DH47E4AGF �"<F ���� .�?L@C;B6LG8 6BHAG�<F ����@@� ��B?BABF6BCL�F;BJF�@H?G<C?8�;8@BEE;4:<6
AB7H?8F�<A�G;8�E86GH@�4A7�78F68A7<A:�6B?BA �*B?L@8E4F8�6;4<A�E846G<BA�B9�G;8�?8F<BAF�<F�CBF<G<I8�9BE
""0�� �"<FGB?B:<6�8K4@<A4G<BA�B9�G;8�?8F<BAF�<F�@BFG�?<>8?L�GB�F;BJ�J;<6;�B9�G;8�9B??BJ<A:�9<A7<A:F�

�27;)6 �1%+)

�BE7F�B9�4GLC<64?�68??F�J<G;

8KGE468??H?4E�@H6<A

�A?4E:87�68??F�J<G;�:EBHA7�:?4FF�AH6?8<

4A7�68AGE4?�6?84E<A:

�A?4E:87�68??F�J<G;�<AGE4AH6?84E

<A6?HF<BA�5B7<8F

*B?L:BA4?�68??F�J<G;�E46>8G�F;4C87

BE:4A8??8F

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�27;)6 �1%+)

-C<A7?8�F;4C87�68??F�J<G;�?L@C;B6LG<6

<A9<?GE4G<BA

'H6<A�9<??87�68??�J<G;�C8E<C;8E4?
AH6?8HF

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�-28

.;<F "#0�CBF<G<I8�C4G<8AG�J<G;�4�I8EL�?BJ ���� .�?L@C;B6LG8 6BHAG��������@@���CE8F8AGF�J<G;


""0���CBF<G<I8 ?8F<BAF��@4><A: %4CBF<�F4E6B@4 G;8�@BFG�?<>8?L�7<4:ABF<F

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�366)'8��27;)6

��� �36(7�3*�%8=4-'%0�')007�;-8,�)<86%')0090%6�19'-2

�1%+)

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

� 5<BCFL B9 6B?BA<6 ?8F<BAF�F;BJ<A:�6BE7F�B9 4GLC<64?�68??F J<G;�8KGE468??H?4E @H6<A <F�6BA68EA<A:


9BE�6B?BE86G4? @H6<ABHF 478AB64E6<AB@4��J;<6;�6BH?7�8KC?4<A�G;<F�C4G<8AG�F 7<4EE;84 4A7�457B@<A4?
C4<A �B?BA�64A68EF @4L�4?FB�64HF8 !#�5?887<A:��5HG�<G�JBH?7�HFH4??L�B66HE�4G�4�E4G8�GBB�F?BJ�GB
FHCCBEG�4 6B?BABF6BCL 9<A7<A:�B9�B66H?G�;8@BEE;4:8 �#A�477<G<BA� @H6<ABHF 478AB64E6<AB@4 <F�ABG
4FFB6<4G87�J<G; ""0�� <A986G<BA

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �20%6+)(�')007�;-8,�+6392(�+0%77�29'0)-�%2(�')286%0�'0)%6-2+

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

�A?4E:87�68??F�J<G;�:EBHA7�:?4FF AH6?8< 4A7�68AGE4?�6?84E<A:�78F6E<58�R)EC;4A��AA<8�8L8S�AH6?84E


<A6?HF<BAF��J;<6;�4E8�6;4E46G8E<FG<6�B9 C4C<??4EL�G;LEB<7�64E6<AB@4 4A7�4HGB<@@HA8�G;LEB<7<G<F��< 8 �
"4F;<@BGB�7<F84F8� �(8<G;8E�B9�G;8F8�6BA7<G<BAF�<F�4FFB6<4G87�J<G; ""0�� <A986G<BA�BE 6B?BA<6
?8F<BAF �#A�477<G<BA��G;8�C4G<8AG�;4F�A8<G;8E�4�A86>�@4FF�GB�FH::8FG G;LEB<7�64A68E ABE�@8G45B?<6
FL@CGB@F��8 : ��J8<:;G�6;4A:8F��G8@C8E4GHE8�<AGB?8E4A68��GB�FH::8FG�G;LEB<7<G<F

��� �20%6+)(�')007�;-8,�-286%29'0)%6�-2'097-32�&3(-)7

�1%+)

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

��9<A7<A:�B9�8A?4E:87�68??F�J<G;�<AGE4AH6?84E <A6?HF<BA�5B7<8F <A�4A <@@HAB6B@CEB@<F87 C4G<8AG


J<G;�:4FGEB<AG8FG<A4?�FL@CGB@F�<F�6BA68EA<A:�9BE �'0�6B?<G<F �*4G<8AGF�J<G; �'0�6B?<G<F 64A�CE8F8AG

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
J<G;�457B@<A4? C4<A 4A7�5?BB7L 7<4EE;84 �"BJ8I8E��8A7BF6BCL�B9 �'0�6B?<G<F HFH4??L�F;BJF�?<A84E
H?68EF E4G;8E�G;4A�G;8�;8@BEE;4:<6�AB7H?8F�F88A�<A�G;<F�C4G<8AG � HEG;8E@BE8� �'0�<A986G<BAF �8 : �
6B?<G<F��E8G<A<G<F� 8FBC;4:<G<F��<A�C4G<8AGF�J<G; "#0 GLC<64??L�CE8F8AG�J;8A�G;8 ���� 6BHAG�<F�����
68??F�@@� 4A7�JBH?7�58�HA?<>8?L�<A�G;<F�C4G<8AG�J<G;�4 ���� 6BHAG�B9�����@@�

��� �30=+32%0�')007�;-8,�6%'/)8�7,%4)(�36+%2)00)7

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

*B?L:BA4?�68??F�J<G;�G8AA<F�E46>8G�F;4C87�BE:4A8??8F�78F6E<58 �<E586>�:E4AH?8F��J;<6;�4E8�F88A�<A
&4A:8E;4AF�68??�;<FG<B6LGBF<F �/A?<>8�G;<F�C4G<8AG�F�6BA7<G<BA� &4A:8E;4AF�68??�;<FG<B6LGBF<F E4E8?L
<AIB?I8F�G;8 :4FGEB<AG8FG<A4?�GE46G �#G�4?FB�JBH?7�ABG�?847�GB�4�?BJ ��� 6BHAG�4A7�;4F�AB�>ABJA
4FFB6<4G<BA�J<G; ""0�� <A986G<BA

��� 4-2(0)�7,%4)(�')007�;-8,�0=14,3'=8-'�-2*-086%8-32

�<40%2%8-32��98

%4CBF<�F4E6B@4 B9�G;8 F><A 4CC84EF�F<@<?4E�GB 546<??4EL�4A:<B@4GBF<F��J;<6;�64A�4?FB�B66HE�<A "#0


C4G<8AGF �"BJ8I8E� 546<??4EL�4A:<B@4GBF<F <F�64HF87�5L Bartonella FC86<8F��ABG ""0����4A7�4 F><A
5<BCFL B9 546<??4EL�4A:<B@4GBF<F F;BJF�4�A8HGEBC;<?<6�E4G;8E�G;4A�4 ?L@C;B6LG<6 <A9<?GE4G8

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

04F6H?4E�?8F<BAF�F;BJ<A:�FC<A7?8�F;4C87�68??F�J<G; ?L@C;B6LG<6 <A9<?GE4G<BA�4E8�6BAF<FG8AG�J<G;


%4CBF<�F4E6B@4��4A �#�-�789<A<A:�6BA7<G<BA G;4G�<F�64HF87�5L ""0�� <A986G<BA %4CBF<�F4E6B@4F
BE<:<A4G8�9EB@ 8A7BG;8?<4? 68??F�4A7�HFH4??L�@4A<98FG�J<G;�4FL@CGB@4G<6�I4F6H?4E�GH@BEF�B9�G;8 F><A
.;8F8�GH@BEF�64A�4?FB�<AIB?I8�G;8 ?L@C;�AB78F 4A7 :4FGEB<AG8FG<A4?�GE46G��CBG8AG<4??L�64HF<A:
7<4EE;84 4A7�457B@<A4? C4<A ��77<G<BA4?�;<FGB?B:<6�984GHE8F�B9 %4CBF<�F4E6B@4 <A6?H78�F?<G�?<>8
I4F6H?4E�FC468F�4A7�8KGE4I4F4G87 8ELG;EB6LG8F

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �9'-2�*-00)(�')00�;-8,�4)6-4,)6%0�29'0)97

�1%+)

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

�8??F�J<G;�?4E:8 @H6<A�9<??87�I46HB?8F�G;4G�7<FC?468�G;8 AH6?8HF GB�G;8�C8E<C;8EL�4E8�64??87 -<:A8G


E<A:�68??F -<:A8G�E<A:�68??�64E6<AB@4 <F�4�GLC8�B9 478AB64E6<AB@4 4A7�HFH4??L�4E<F8F�9EB@�G;8
FGB@46; �1;<?8�G;<F�9BE@�B9�64A68E�64A�64HF8�:4FGEB<AG8FG<A4?�HCF8G�FH6;�4F 7<4EE;84 4A7�457B@<A4?
C4<A��G;8F8�?8F<BAF�4E8�ABG�4FFB6<4G87�J<G; ""0�� <A986G<BA

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�9)78-32����

� ���L84E�B?7 JB@4A�6B@8F�GB�G;8�C;LF<6<4A�5864HF8�B9�4 ��J88> ;<FGBEL�B9�@4?4<F8��A4HF84��4A7�4 ��>:


�� ��?5� J8<:;G�?BFF �-;8�;4F�588A 7E<A><A: �Q��4?6B;B?<6 58I8E4:8F�74<?L 9BE�G;8�C4FG ���L84EF �"8E
G8@C8E4GHE8�<F��� �O������O ��4A7�CH?F8�<F�����@<A ��K4@<A4G<BA�F;BJF�=4HA7<68�4A7
;8C4GBFC?8AB@8:4?L ���C;BGB@<6EB:E4C;�B9�4�F86G<BA�B9�4�5<BCFL�FC86<@8A�B9�G;8�?<I8E�<F�F;BJA �1;<6;
B9�G;8�9B??BJ<A:�@86;4A<F@F�58FG�8KC?4<AF�G;8�9<A7<A:F�F;BJA�

�27;)6 �1%+)

� �K68FF<I8�<AG8EFG<G<4?�.! �V�46G<I<GL

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�27;)6 �1%+)

�86E84F87�6?84E4A68�B9�(�468GL?�C�

58AMBDH<ABA8�<@<A8

� #AGE468??H?4E�466H@H?4G<BA�B9�?46G4G8

� #A6E84F87�:?L68EB?���C;BFC;4G8�9BE@4G<BA

� �FGEB:8A�@87<4G87�:?4A7H?4E�;LC8EC?4F<4

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�-28

.;<F�C4G<8AG�;4F�4�;<FGBEL�B9�6;EBA<6 4?6B;B?<F@ 4A7�CE8F8AGF�J<G;�F<:AF�4A7�FL@CGB@F�B9�;8C4G<6�<A=HEL


.;8�68AGE4? ;8C4GB6LG8 <A�G;8�C;BGB@<6EB:E4C;�F;BJF�54??BBA<A:�78:8A8E4G<BA��4F�J8??�4F�4�GJ<FG87
EBC8�?<>8 6LGBC?4F@<6 <A6?HF<BA��64??87�4 '4??BEL�5B7L��G;8F8�4E8�5BG;�9<A7<A:F�G;4G�4E8�FGEBA:?L
4FFB6<4G87�J<G; FG84GB;8C4G<G<F

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�366)'8��27;)6

��� �<')77-:)�-28)678-8-%0�!���@�%'8-:-8=

�1%+)

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

�K68FF<I8 <AG8EFG<G<4? .! �V 46G<I<GL�<F�4FFB6<4G87�J<G; ;8C4GB6LG8 A86EBF<F 4A7�JBH?7�ABG�58


8KC86G87�4G�G;<F�C4G<8AG�F�FG4:8�B9�7<F84F8 .! �V <F�<AIB?I87�<A�G;8�78I8?BC@8AG�B9 ?<I8E�6<EE;BF<F�
G;8�9<A4?��<EE8I8EF<5?8�9BE@�B9 4?6B;B?<6�?<I8E�7<F84F8��J;<6;�<F�HFH4??L�CE868787�5L FG84GB;8C4G<G<F

��� �)'6)%7)(�'0)%6%2')�3*���%')8=0�4�&)2>359-232)�-1-2)

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

�86E84F87�6?84E4A68�B9�(�468GL?�C�58AMBDH<ABA8 <@<A8��(�*+#��<F�G;8�C4G;B@86;4A<F@�B9
468G4@<ABC;8A�<A7H687�;8C4GBGBK<6<GL �#A6E84F87 (�*+# 6BA68AGE4G<BAF�7H8�GB�BI8E7BF8�64HF8 46HG8

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
?<I8E�94<?HE8��ABG�G;8 FG84GB;8C4G<G<F F88A�<A�G;<F�C4G<8AG

��� �286%')0090%6�%''9190%8-32�3*�0%'8%8)

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

#AGE468??H?4E�466H@H?4G<BA�B9 ?46G4G8 4A7 ?46G4G8 46<7BF<F 64A�B66HE�J<G;�<A6E84F87�46G<I<GL�B9 4?6B;B?


78;L7EB:8A4F8��J;<6;�5E84>F�7BJA�8G;4AB?�5L�E87H6<A: (��� GB (��" ��A�<A6E84F87
6BA68AGE4G<BA�B9 (��" J<G;<A�68??F�94IBEF�G;8�6BAI8EF<BA�B9 CLEHI4G8 GB ?46G4G8 <A�4A�4GG8@CG�GB
E86L6?8 (��� �#A6E84F87 (��" 6BA68AGE4G<BAF�C?4L�4A�<@CBEG4AG�EB?8�<A�G;8�C4G;B:8A8F<F�B9
4?6B;B?�<A7H687 FG84GB;8C4G<G<F �"BJ8I8E��<AGE468??H?4E�466H@H?4G<BA�B9 ?46G4G8 <F�ABG�G;8�@86;4A<F@
HA78E?L<A: FG84GB;8C4G<G<F��J;<6;�<F�F88A�;8E8

��� �2'6)%7)(�+0=')630���4,374,%8)�*361%8-32

�1%+)

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�<40%2%8-32�$,=

#A6E84F87 :?L68EB?���C;BFC;4G8 9BE@4G<BA�9EB@ 7<;L7EBKL468GBA8�C;BFC;4G8 ��"�*��G8A7F�GB�B66HE


J;8A�G;8E8�<F�4�;<:;�6BA68AGE4G<BA�B9�E87H687 A<6BG<A4@<78�478A<A8�7<AH6?8BG<78 �(��"���J;<6;�<F
CE8F8AG�<A�<A7<I<7H4?F�J;B�8A:4:8�<A ;84IL�7E<A><A: �#A�G;<F�64F8��@4FF<I8�;8C4G<6 78:E474G<BA�B9
8G;4AB? GB 468GL?��B� 64HF8F (��" 8K68FF ��A�<A6E84F8�<A�5BG; :?L68EB?���C;BFC;4G8 6BA68AGE4G<BA
4A7�4I4<?45<?<GL�B9 94GGL�46<7F 64HF8F�<A6E84F87 GE<:?L68E<78 FLAG;8F<F��?847<A:�GB�G;8�78I8?BC@8AG�B9
FG84GB;8C4G<G<F

��� �7863+)2�1)(-%8)(�+0%2(90%6�,=4)640%7-%

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

�FGEB:8A�@87<4G87�:?4A7H?4E ;LC8EC?4F<4 <F�GLC<64??L�F88A�<A�C4G<8AGF�J<G; ;8C4GB68??H?4E�478AB@4


�66BE7<A:?L��<G�<F�FGEBA:?L�4FFB6<4G87�J<G;�G;8�HF8�B9 BE4?�6BAGE468CG<I8F ��I8A�G;BH:;�C?4F@4
8FGEB:8A ?8I8?F�4E8�8?8I4G87�<A�JB@8A�J<G;�6;EBA<6��;84I<A:�7E<A><A:��?<>8�G;<F�C4G<8AG�
FG84GB;8C4G<G<F <F�64HF87�5L�4�7<998E8AG�@86;4A<F@

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�9)78-32����

�A�BG;8EJ<F8�;84?G;L ���L84E�B?7 JB@4A�6B@8F�GB�G;8�C;LF<6<4A�5864HF8�B9�4 ��L84E ;<FGBEL�B9


<AG8E@<GG8AG�HCC8E�457B@<A4?�C4<A �-;8�;4F�;47�AB�A4HF84��IB@<G<A:��BE�6;4A:8�<A�J8<:;G �*;LF<64?
8K4@<A4G<BA�F;BJF�AB�45ABE@4?<G<8F �&45BE4GBEL�FGH7<8F�4E8�J<G;<A�ABE@4?�?<@<GF ��57B@<A4?
H?GE4FBAB:E4C;L�F;BJF�4 ;LC8E86;B:8A<6 E<@�?<>8 64?6<9<64G<BA�B9�G;8�:4??5?4778E�J4?? �.;8�9<A7<A:�<A
G;<F�C4G<8AG�F�H?GE4FBAB:E4C;L�<A6E84F8F�G;8�E<F>�B9�J;<6;�B9�G;8�9B??BJ<A:�6BA7<G<BAF�

�27;)6 �1%+)

� "8C4GB68??H?4E�64E6<AB@4

� *4A6E84G<6�478AB64E6<AB@4

� !4??5?4778E�8@CL8@4

� *LB:8A<6�?<I8E�45F68FF

� �@C;LF8@4GBHF�6;B?86LFG<G<F

!4??5?4778E�64E6<AB@4

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�27;)6 �1%+)

! !4??FGBA8�<?8HF

" �6HG8�C4A6E84G<G<F

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�-28

.;8�<@4:<A:�9<A7<A:F�<A�G;<F�C4G<8AG�4E8 C4G;B:AB@BA<6 9BE CBE68?4<A�:4??5?4778E

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�366)'8��27;)6

��� �)4%83')0090%6�'%6'-231%

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

"8C4GB68??H?4E�64E6<AB@4 �"����<F�G;8�@BFG�6B@@BA�GLC8�B9�CE<@4EL ?<I8E�64A68E ,<F>�946GBEF 9BE


"�� <A6?H78�CE8�8K<FG<A: 6<EE;BF<F��4?6B;B?�HF8� 49?4GBK<A��BE ;8@B6;EB@4GBF<F �"BJ8I8E��G;8E8�4E8
AB�F<:AF�<A�G;8�C4G<8AG�F�;<FGBEL�FH::8FG<A:�G;8F8�HA78E?L<A:�6BA7<G<BAF *BE68?4<A�:4??5?4778E��J;<6;
G;<F�C4G<8AG�;4F��<F�ABG�4�>ABJA E<F>�946GBE 9BE ;8C4GB68??H?4E�64E6<AB@4

��� �%2'6)%8-'�%()23'%6'-231%

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

*4A6E84G<6�478AB64E6<AB@4F 4E8�;<:;?L�4::E8FF<I8�64A68EF�G;4G�4E<F8�9EB@ C4A6E84G<6 7H6G4?


8C<G;8?<H@ ,<F>�946GBEF <A6?H78�GB5466B�HF8� 6;EBA<6�C4A6E84G<G<F� 7<458G8F��4:8������L84EF�
�F;>8A4M< $8J<F;�78F68AG���9E<64A��@8E<64AF�8G;A<6<GL �"BJ8I8E� CBE68?4<A�:4??5?4778E��J;<6;�G;<F
C4G<8AG�;4F��<F�ABG�4FFB6<4G87�J<G;�4A�<A6E84F87�E<F>�9BE C4A6E84G<6�478AB64E6<AB@4

��� �%00&0%(()6�)14=)1%

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

!4??5?4778E�8@CL8@4 E898EF�GB�4�6B??86G<BA�B9 CHF <A�G;8 :4??5?4778E ��BG; CBE68?4<A�:4??5?4778E�


J;<6;�G;<F�C4G<8AG�;4F��4A7 :4??5?4778E�8@CL8@4 4E8�6B@C?<64G<BAF�B9 6;B?8?<G;<4F<F 4A7
6;B?86LFG<G<F �"BJ8I8E� CBE68?4<A�:4??5?4778E <GF8?9�<F�ABG�>ABJA�GB�64HF8�8@CL8@4�B9�G;8
:4??5?4778E

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �=3+)2-'�0-:)6�%&7')77

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

*LB:8A<6�?<I8E�45F68FF E898EF�GB�G;8�9BE@4G<BA�B9�4�546G8E<4? 45F68FF J<G;<A�G;8 ?<I8E ��?G;BH:;


CLB:8A<6�?<I8E�45F68FF8F HFH4??L�CE8F8AG�J<G;�HCC8E�457B@<A4? C4<A 4A7�B9G8A�78I8?BC�9EB@�5<?<4EL
B5FGEH6G<BA�4F�4�E8FH?G�B9�6;EBA<6 6;B?8?<G;<4F<F��G;8�6BA7<G<BA�GLC<64??L�4?FB�64HF8F 98I8E��J;<6;�<F
45F8AG�<A�G;<F�C4G<8AG �,8:4E7?8FF� CBE68?4<A�:4??5?4778E <F�ABG�4�>ABJA E<F>�946GBE 9BE CLB:8A<6�?<I8E
45F68FF

��� �14,=7)1%8397�',30)'=78-8-7

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

�@C;LF8@4GBHF�6;B?86LFG<G<F <F�4�E4E8�6B@C?<64G<BA�B9 6;B?86LFG<G<F <A�J;<6;�4<E�466H@H?4G8F�<A�G;8


J4??F�B9�G;8 :4??5?4778E �#G�<F�64HF87�5L <F6;8@<4 B9�G;8 :4??5?4778E J4??�7H8�GB�6BAFGE<6G<BA�B9�5?BB7
I8FF8?F�4A7�FH5F8DH8AG�<A986G<BA�J<G;�:4F�9BE@<A:�546G8E<4 �.;8�<A9?4@@4GBEL�546>:EBHA7�B9
CBE68?4<A�:4??5?4778E��J;<6;�G;<F�C4G<8AG�;4F��<F�ABG�4�>ABJA E<F>�946GBE 9BE�FH6;�4�7<F84F8

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �%00&0%(()6�'%6'-231%

�1%+)

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

*BE68?4<A�:4??5?4778E <F�4�64?6<9<64G<BA�B9�G;8 :4??5?4778E 64HF87�5L�6;EBA<6 <A9?4@@4G<BA 4F�4�E8FH?G


B9 6;B?86LFG<G<F �#G�<F�B9G8A�<78AG<9<87�<A6<78AG4??L�7HE<A:�457B@<A4?�<@4:<A:��4?G;BH:;�<G�@4L�CE8F8AG
J<G; E<:;G�HCC8E�DH47E4AG C4<A��4F�<A�G;<F�C4G<8AG *BE68?4<A�:4??5?4778E 64HF8F�4�F<:A<9<64AG�E<F>�B9
78I8?BC<A: :4??5?4778E 478AB64E6<AB@4 �.;8E89BE8��G;8�E86B@@8A787�GE84G@8AG�<F 6;B?86LFG86GB@L

��� �%007832)�-0)97

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

!4??FGBA8�<?8HF B66HEF�J;8A�4 :4??FGBA8 9<A7F�C4FF4:8�<AGB�G;8 F@4??�<AG8FG<A8F��HFH4??L�G;EBH:;�4


5<?<4EL�8AG8E<6 9<FGH?4��4A7�:8GF�<@C46G87 !4??FGBA8�<?8HF <F�9E8DH8AG?L�CE868787�5L�8C<FB78F�B9�46HG8
6;B?86LFG<G<F 4A7 6;B?8?<G;<4F<F��J;<6;�4E8�5BG; E<F>�946GBEF B9 CBE68?4<A�:4??5?4778E��J;<6;�G;<F

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
C4G<8AG�;4F �"BJ8I8E� CBE68?4<A�:4??5?4778E <GF8?9�<F�ABG�4�>ABJA E<F>�946GBE 9BE :4??FGBA8�<?8HF

��� �'98)�4%2'6)%8-8-7

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

�6HG8�C4A6E84G<G<F <F�G;8�FH778A�4A7�C4<A9H?�BAF8G�B9 C4A6E84G<6 <A9?4@@4G<BA �.;8�@BFG�6B@@BA


E<F>�946GBEF 9BE 46HG8�C4A6E84G<G<F 4E8 8K68FF<I8�4?6B;B?�6BAFH@CG<BA 4A7 6;B?8?<G;<4F<F ��?G;BH:;�G;<F
C4G<8AG�?<>8?L�;4F 6;B?8?<G;<4F<F� CBE68?4<A�:4??5?4778E <GF8?9�<F�ABG�4�>ABJA E<F>�946GBE 9BE 46HG8
C4A6E84G<G<F

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�9)78-32����

� ���L84E B?7�@4A�6B@8F�GB�G;8�C;LF<6<4A�9BE�G;8�8I4?H4G<BA�B9�4A ��@BAG; ;<FGBEL�B9�94G<:H8�4A7


CEB9HF8��J4G8EL��B7BE?8FF�7<4EE;84 �"8�E8CBEGF�G;4G�;8�;4F�;47�4 �� ��>: ����?5��J8<:;G�?BFF�7HE<A:�G;<F
G<@8 �*;LF<64?�8K4@<A4G<BA�F;BJF�6BA=HA6G<I4?�C4??BE�4A7�CBBE�F><A�GHE:BE �&45BE4GBEL�FGH7<8F�F;BJ�

"8@B:?B5<A � ��:�7?

-8EH@

!?H6BF8��94FG<A:� ����@:�7?

%� � ��@�D�&

�4�� ���@:�7?

���.�F64A�B9�G;8�457B@8A�J<G;�6BAGE4FG�F;BJF�4 � ��T�� ��T�� ��6@� J8??�789<A87��8A;4A6<A:�?8F<BA�<A


G;8�C4A6E84G<6�G4<? � HEG;8E�8I4?H4G<BA�B9�G;<F�C4G<8AG�<F�@BFG�?<>8?L�GB�F;BJ�J;<6;�B9�G;8�9B??BJ<A:
9<A7<A:F�

�27;)6 �1%+)

� �6;?BE;L7E<4

� �;B?8?<G;<4F<F

� "LC8E<AFH?<A8@<4

� *8CG<6�H?68EF

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�27;)6 �1%+)

� .E<6HFC<7�<AFH99<6<8A6L

�88C�I8<A�G;EB@5BF<F

! �C<FB7<6�;LC8EG8AF<BA

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�-28

14G8EL 7<4EE;84� ;LCB>4?8@<4��4A7�4 C4A6E84G<6 @4FF�4E8 C4G;B:AB@BA<6 B9�4�E4E8�GLC8�B9 C4A6E84G<6


A8HEB8A7B6E<A8�GH@BE �.;8 ;LC8E64?68@<4 <A�G;<F�C4G<8AG�<F�@BFG�?<>8?L�7H8�GB�6B8K<FG8AG
;LC8EC4E4G;LEB<7<F@ B9 @H?G<C?8�8A7B6E<A8�A8BC?4F<4�� FLA7EB@8 �'�(��

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�366)'8��27;)6

��� �',036,=(6-%

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

�6;?BE;L7E<4 JBH?7�@BFG�?<>8?L�58�F88A�BA�9HEG;8E�8I4?H4G<BA�B9�G;<F�C4G<8AG�J<G;�4 0#*B@4


0#*B@4F 4E8�HFH4??L�FB?<G4EL�4A7�B66HE�<A�G;8 C4A6E84G<6 G4<? 0#*B@4 64A�B66HE�FCBE47<64??L�������
B9�64F8F��BE�4F�C4EG�B9�G;8 '�(� 0#*B@4 FLA7EB@8�<F�64HF87�5L�G;8�8K68FF<I8�F86E8G<BA�B9
I4FB46G<I8�<AG8FG<A4?�C8CG<78 �0#*��5L�G;8 GH@BE �.;<F�E8FH?GF�<A�8K68FF�9?H<7�4A7�8?86GEB?LG8�F86E8G<BA
<AGB�G;8�?H@8A��?847<A:�GB F86E8GBEL�7<4EE;84 4A7 ;LCB>4?8@<4 0#* 4?FB�<A;<5<GF :4FGE<6�46<7
F86E8G<BA��?847<A:�GB 46;?BE;L7E<4 �,87H687 :4FGE<6�46<7 64A�?847�GB <EBA 4A7 I<G4@<A����
@4?45FBECG<BA��J;<6;�64A�E8FH?G�<A 4A8@<4��4F�F88A�<A�G;<F�C4G<8AG �.;8 ;LC8E:?L68@<4 B9G8A�ABG87�<A
C4G<8AGF�J<G; 1�"��FLA7EB@8 <F�F86BA74EL�GB�8A;4A687 :?L6B:8AB?LF<F 64HF87�5L�G;8�89986G�B9�;<:;
CBEG4?�I8<A 0#* F<:A4?<A:�BA�G;8 ?<I8E

��� �,30)0-8,-%7-7

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

�;B?8?<G;<4F<F <F�4�9<A7<A:�4FFB6<4G87�J<G; FB@4GBFG4G<AB@4F��J;<6;�JBH?7�4E<F8�<A�G;8 C4A6E84F 4A7


64A�CE8F8AG�J<G;�J8<:;G�?BFF� 7<4EE;84��4A7 :?H6BF8�<AGB?8E4A68 �"BJ8I8E� 7<4EE;84 <A�4�C4G<8AG�J<G;�4
FB@4GBFG4G<AB@4 <F�GLC<64??L�64HF87�5L�94G @4?45FBECG<BA �.;8E89BE8��FGBB?F�JBH?7�58�9BH?�F@8??<A:
�FG84GBEE;84���HA?<>8�G;8�B7BE?8FF�J4G8EL 7<4EE;84 <A�G;<F�C4G<8AG �'BE8BI8E� FB@4GBFG4G<AB@4F 4E8
4@BA:�G;8�?84FG�6B@@BA C4A6E84G<6 A8HEB8A7B6E<A8�GH@BEF <A�C4G<8AGF�J<G; '�(� FLA7EB@8 �.;8L
4E8�@BE8�6B@@BA?L�4FFB6<4G87�J<G; A8HEB9<5EB@4GBF<F�GLC8�# �IBA�,86>?<A:;4HF8A�7<F84F8�

��� �=4)6-2790-2)1-%

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

"LC8E<AFH?<A8@<4 64A�58�F88A�<A�G;8�64F8�B9 <AFH?<AB@4F��J;<6;�JBH?7�4E<F8�<A�G;8 C4A6E84F 4A7�64A


B66HE�4F�4�C4EG�B9 '�(� FLA7EB@8 �"BJ8I8E� <AFH?<AB@4F JBH?7�64HF8�E86HEE8AG ;LCB:?L68@<4 4A7
C4G<8AGF�CE8F8AG�J<G; 1;<CC?8�F�GE<47 �<4EE;84 4A7 4A8@<4 JBH?7�ABG�58�8KC86G87�J<G;�4A

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
<AFH?<AB@4

��� �)48-'�90')67

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

*8CG<6�H?68EF 4E8�F88A�<A�C4G<8AGF�J<G;�4 :4FGE<AB@4 �3B??<A:8E��??<FBA FLA7EB@8��7H8�GB�;<:;�?8I8?F


B9 :4FGE<A 64HF<A:�<A6E84F87 :4FGE<6�46<7 F86E8G<BA !4FGE<AB@4F B9G8A�4E<F8�<A�G;8 C4A6E84F��64A�64HF8
7<4EE;84 4F�J8??�4F 4A8@<4 �7H8�GB�6;EBA<6 !#�5?887<A: 9EB@ C8CG<6�H?68EF���4A7�64A�B66HE�4�C4EG�B9
'�(� FLA7EB@8 �"BJ8I8E� :4FGE<AB@4F ;4I8�AB�89986G�BA�5?BB7�:?H6BF8�?8I8?F

��� !6-'974-(�-279**-'-)2'=

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

.E<6HFC<7�<AFH99<6<8A6L 64A�58�F88A�<A 64E6<AB<7�FLA7EB@8��J;<6;�<F�64HF87�5L 64E6<AB<7�GH@BEF


.;<F�C4G<8AG�F�CEB9HF8�J4G8EL 7<4EE;84 <F�6BAF<FG8AG�J<G; 64E6<AB<7�FLA7EB@8 �"BJ8I8E� 64E6<AB<7
GH@BEF 4E8�@BFG�6B@@BA?L�9BHA7�<A�G;8 4CC8A7<K��G8E@<A4? <?8H@��BE 5EBA6;<��HA?<>8�G;8 C4A6E84G<6
@4FF�<A�G;<F�C4G<8AG��4A7�BG;8E�984GHE8F�6;4E46G8E<FG<6�B9 64E6<AB<7�FLA7EB@8 �8 : � 9?HF;<A:�
J;88M<A:��4E8�ABG�CE8F8AG�<A�G;<F�64F8

��� �))4�:)-2�8,631&37-7

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

�88C�I8<A�G;EB@5BF<F 64A�58�4FFB6<4G87�J<G;�4 :?H64:BAB@4��J;<6;�@BFG�6B@@BA?L�B66HEF�4F�C4EG


B9 '�(� FLA7EB@8 ��?G;BH:;�C4G<8AGF�@4L�4?FB�CE8F8AG�J<G; 7<4EE;84��J8<:;G�?BFF��4A7
;LC8E:?L68@<4� :?H64:BAB@4F 4E8�GLC<64??L�4FFB6<4G87�J<G; A86EB?LG<6�@<:E4GBEL�8ELG;8@4 �F88A�<A
����B9�C4G<8AGF� �(8HEBCFL6;<4GE<6�FL@CGB@F�@4L�4?FB�B66HE �)G;8E�FL@CGB@F�<A6?H78�457B@<A4?
C4<A 4A7�4A:H?4E 6;8<?<G<F

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �4-73(-'�,=4)68)27-32

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

�C<FB7<6 ;LC8EG8AF<BA <F�4FFB6<4G87�J<G; C;8B6;EB@B6LGB@4F *;8B6;EB@B6LGB@4 64A�B66HE�<A


6BA=HA6G<BA�J<G; ;LC8E64?68@<4 <A�C4G<8AGF�J<G; '�(�� "LC8E:?L68@<4 4A7 ;LCB>4?8@<4 64A�4?FB
B66HE�<A�C4G<8AGF�J<G; C;8B6;EB@B6LGB@4 7H8�GB�G;8�89986GF�B9 64G86;B?4@<A8F �"BJ8I8E��4
C;8B6;EB@B6LGB@4 4E<F8F�<A�G;8 47E8A4?�@87H??4��ABG�G;8 C4A6E84F �'BE8BI8E��C4G<8AGF�J<G;�4
C;8B6;EB@B6LGB@4 GLC<64??L�;4I8�FL@CGB@F�FH6;�4F�8C<FB7<6 ;84746;8F� 7<4C;BE8F<F��4A7
C4?C<G4G<BAF �<4EE;84 <F�ABG�4�6?<A<64?�984GHE8�B9 C;8B6;EB@B6LGB@4

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�9)78-32����

� ���L84E�B?7 JB@4A�J<G; 6;EBA<6�8C<:4FGE<6�C4<A 6B@8F�GB�G;8�C;LF<6<4A�5864HF8�B9�4 ��@BAG; ;<FGBEL


B9�<AG8E@<GG8AG��?BBF8� 9BH?�F@8??<A: FGBB?F �-;8�;4F�4?FB�;47�4 ��>:�����?5� J8<:;G�?BFF �-;8�;4F
6BAFH@87 �Q�� 4?6B;B?<6�58I8E4:8F�74<?L�9BE�G;8�C4FG ���L84EF �-8I8A�L84EF�4:B��F;8�GE4I8?87�GB�'8K<6B
BA�I464G<BA��F;8�;4F�ABG�588A�BHGF<78�G;8�?4E:8�@8GEBCB?<G4A�4E84�<A�J;<6;�F;8�E8F<78F�F<A68�G;8A �-;8
4CC84EF�@4?ABHE<F;87 �.;8�FGBB?�<F�C4?8�4A7�?BBF8� 9864?�94G�6BAG8AG�<F�8?8I4G87 ��A�<@@HAB:?B5H?<A��
F8EH@ 4AG<�G<FFH8 GE4AF:?HG4@<A4F8�4AG<5B7L�4FF4L�<F�A8:4G<I8 � HEG;8E�8I4?H4G<BA�<F�@BFG�?<>8?L�GB�F;BJ
J;<6;�B9�G;8�9B??BJ<A:�

�27;)6 �1%+)

� #A9?4@@4G<BA�B9�FH56HG4A8BHF�94G

� .EBC;BMB<G8F�BA�FGBB?�@<6EBF6BCL

� *4A6E84G<6�64?6<9<64G<BAF

� 0<??BHF�4GEBC;L�B9�7HB78A4?�@H6BF4

� *BF<G<I8�?46GH?BF8�5E84G;�G8FG

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�-28

.;8�C4G<8AG�F�6;EBA<6�4A7 ;84IL�4?6B;B?�6BAFH@CG<BA <F�G;8�>8L�7E<I8E�B9�4�CEB68FF�G;4G�?847F�GB�94G


@4?45FBECG<BA��J;<6;�@4A<98FGF�4F FG84GBEE;84 �5H?>L��:E84FL� 9BH?�F@8??<A: FGBB?�7H8�GB�<A6E84F87�94G
6BAG8AG�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�366)'8��27;)6

��� �2*0%11%8-32�3*�79&'98%2)397�*%8

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

�ELG;8@4�AB7BFH@ �<A9?4@@4G<BA B9 FH56HG4A8BHF�94G��<F�4FFB6<4G87�J<G; H?68E4G<I8�6B?<G<F �/���


J;<6;�64A�4?FB�CE8F8AG�J<G; 7<4EE;84��457B@<A4? C4<A��4A7�J8<:;G�?BFF �"BJ8I8E��<G�<F�GLC<64??L
4FFB6<4G87�J<G;�5?BB7L 7<4EE;84 E4G;8E�G;4A FG84GBEE;84

��� !634,3>3-8)7�32�78330�1-'637'34=

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

.EBC;BMB<G8F BA FGBB?�@<6EBF6BCL 4E8�6BAF<FG8AG�J<G; :<4E7<4F<F��J;<6;�64A�@4A<98FG�J<G; FG84GBEE;84


4A7�J8<:;G�?BFF��4A7�B66HEF�<A�<A7<I<7H4?F�J;B�GE4I8?�GB�E8FBHE68�?<@<G87�4E84F�J<G;�CBBE�F4A<G4G<BA
4A7�?<@<G87�J4G8E�GE84G@8AG�946<?<G<8F ��?G;BH:;�G;<F�C4G<8AG�;4F�4�;<FGBEL�B9�GE4I8?� :<4E7<4F<F <F
HA?<>8?L�:<I8A�G;4G�F;8�;4F�ABG�?89G�;8E�@8GEBCB?<G4A�E8F<78AG<4?�4E84�<A�G;8�/-�<A�G;8�C4FG���L84EF

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �%2'6)%8-'�'%0'-*-'%8-327

�1%+)

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

�;EBA<6�C4A6E84G<G<F <F�G;8�@BFG�?<>8?L�7<4:ABF<F�<A�4�C4G<8AG�J<G;�4�;<FGBEL�B9�6;EBA<6�8C<:4FGE<6 C4<A


4A7�984GHE8F�B9 C4A6E84G<6 <AFH99<6<8A6L��8 : � FG84GBEE;84��J8<:;G�?BFF� �?6B;B?�HF8�7<FBE78E <F�G;8
@BFG�6B@@BA�8G<B?B:L�B9 6;EBA<6�C4A6E84G<G<F��466BHAG<A:�9BE���Q����B9�64F8F ��<4:ABF<F�<F
6BA9<E@87�BA�457B@<A4?��.�<@4:<A:��J;<6;�64A�F;BJ C4A6E84G<6 64?6<9<64G<BAF��7H6G4?�FGE<6GHE8F��4A7
7H6G4?�7<?4G4G<BA ���R6;4<A�B9�?4>8FS�4CC84E4A68�64A�FB@8G<@8F�58�F88A��J;<6;�<F�64HF87�5L�G;8
4?G8EA4G<A:�7<?4G<BA�4A7�FGE<6GHE8�B9�G;8 @4<A�C4A6E84G<6�7H6G *4A6E84G<6�9HA6G<BA�G8FGF �8 : � 9864?
8?4FG4F8�� @84FHE8@8AG�����;BHE�DH4AG<G4G<I8 9864?�94G�G8FG��64A�58�HF87�GB�4FF8FF�G;8�78:E88�B9
C4A6E84G<6 8KB6E<A8�4A7�8AML@8�789<6<8A6L

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� #-00397�%8634,=�3*�(93()2%0�19'37%

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

�GEBC;L B9�G;8 7HB78A4? I<??<�<F�4FFB6<4G87�J<G; 68?<46�7<F84F8��J;<6;�64A�CE8F8AG�J<G;�457B@<A4?


C4<A� FG84GBEE;84� @4?ABHE<F;@8AG��4A7�J8<:;G�?BFF �"BJ8I8E��G;<F�C4G<8AG�G8FG87�A8:4G<I8�9BE 4AG<�
G<FFH8�GE4AF:?HG4@<A4F8�4AG<5B7<8F �4AG<�G.!���J;<6;�4E8�CE8F8AG�<A�BI8E�����B9�C4G<8AGF�J<G; 68?<46
7<F84F8��@4><A: 68?<46�7<F84F8 4A�HA?<>8?L�7<4:ABF<F�;8E8

��� �37-8-:)�0%'89037)�&6)%8,�8)78

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

.;8 ?46GH?BF8�5E84G;�G8FG<A: <F�HF87�GB�7<4:ABF8 F@4??�<AG8FG<A4?�546G8E<4?�BI8E:EBJG; �-#�)���J;<6;


64A�@4A<98FG�J<G;�6;EBA<6�457B@<A4? C4<A� FG84GBEE;84��4A7�J8<:;G�?BFF �"BJ8I8E��8C<:4FGE<6 C4<A
JBH?7�ABG�58�8KC86G87�J<G; -#�) �'BE8BI8E� -#�) <F�64HF87�5L�4A4GB@<64?�45ABE@4?<G<8F
�47;8F<BAF�BE�FGE<6GHE8F��F@4??�<AG8FG<A4? 7<I8EG<6H?BF<F��BE�@BG<?<GL�7<FBE78EF��8 : � <EE<G45?8�5BJ8?
FLA7EB@8� E47<4G<BA�8AG8E<G<F BE F6?8EB78E@4� �.;8E8�<F�AB�;<FGBEL�B9�FH::8FG<I8�B9�4AL�B9�G;8F8
6BA7<G<BAF�<A�G;<F�C4G<8AG

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�9)78-32�����

� ���L84E�B?7 JB@4A�6B@8F�GB�G;8�C;LF<6<4A�J<G;�4 ��@BAG; ;<FGBEL�B9�94G<:H8��4ABE8K<4��457B@<A4?


FJ8??<A:��F;BEGA8FF�B9�5E84G;��4A7�4 ��>:�����?5� J8<:;G�?BFF �-;8�4CC84EF�6;EBA<64??L�<?? ��K4@<A4G<BA
F;BJF�=4HA7<68��5<?4G8E4?�G8@CBE4?<F�@HF6?8�J4FG<A:��;8C4GBFC?8AB@8:4?L��4A7�G8AF8�4F6<G8F
/?GE4FBAB:E4C;L�B9�G;8�457B@8A�F;BJF @H?G<C?8�;8C4G<6�@4FF8F 4A7�8A?4E:8@8AG�B9�G;8�CBEG4?�I8<A
1;<6;�B9�G;8�9B??BJ<A:�<F�G;8�@BFG�?<>8?L�64HF8�B9�G;8F8�@4FF8F�

�27;)6 �1%+)

'8G4FG4G<6�FCE847�B9�@4?<:A4AG

68??F�9EB@�G;8�6B?BA

'4?<:A4AG�GE4AF9BE@4G<BA�B9

;8C4GB6LG8F

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�27;)6 �1%+)

*EB?<98E4G<BA�B9�;8C4G<6

64C<??4E<8F

"LC8EC?4F<4�B9�4GLC<64?�5<?8

7H6G�G<FFH8

&L@C;BCEB?<98E4G<I8�7<FBE78E

B9�;8C4G<6�F<AHFB<7F

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�-28

*EB68FF87�@84GF�4E8�4 E<F>�946GBE 9BE�G;8�64HF4G<I8�6BA7<G<BA

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�366)'8��27;)6

��� �)8%78%8-'�746)%(�3*�1%0-+2%28�')007�*631�8,)�'3032

�1%+)

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

.;8�@BFG�6B@@BA�@4?<:A4AG�?8F<BA�B9�G;8 ?<I8E <F @8G4FG4G<6�?<I8E�7<F84F8��J;<6;�64A�@4A<98FG�J<G;


@HF6?8�J4FG<A:��7H8�GB 64A68E�646;8K<4�� ;8C4GBFC?8AB@8:4?L��4A7�984GHE8F�B9 CBEG4?�;LC8EG8AF<BA
�8 : ��8A?4E:87 CBEG4?�I8<A� 4F6<G8F� �� ?<I8E H?GE4FBHA7 GLC<64??L�F;BJF�@H?G<C?8�?8F<BAF��4F�F88A�<A
G;<F�C4G<8AG �.;8�@BFG�6B@@BA�CE<@4EL GH@BE <A�G;8�64F8�B9 ?<I8E�@8G4FG4F8F <F�4 6B?BE86G4?
64E6<AB@4��J;<6;�64A�58�64HF87�5L�4�7<8G�E<6;�<A�CEB68FF87�@84GF�4A7�?BJ�<A�9<58E �)G;8E�CE<@4EL
GH@BE F<G8F�9BE�;8C4G<6 @8G4FG4F8F <A6?H78�G;8 ?HA:F 4A7 5E84FGF

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �%0-+2%28�86%27*361%8-32�3*�,)4%83'=8)7

�1%+)

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

'4?<:A4AG�GE4AF9BE@4G<BA�B9 ;8C4GB6LG8F ?847F�GB ;8C4GB68??H?4E�64E6<AB@4 �"��� ��?G;BH:; "��


64A�@4A<98FG�J<G; 4F6<G8F� =4HA7<68��4A7 ;8C4GB@8:4?L� H?GE4FBHA7 JBH?7�58�@BE8�?<>8?L�GB�F;BJ�4
F<A:?8�@4FF�J<G;�<EE8:H?4E�5BE78EF�G;4A�@H?G<C?8�@4FF8F��J;<6;�4E8�@BE8�6BAF<FG8AG�J<G;�4�F86BA74EL
?<I8E GH@BE

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �630-*)6%8-32�3*�,)4%8-'�'%4-00%6-)7

�1%+)

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

.;8 CEB?<98E4G<BA B9�;8C4G<6 64C<??4E<8F ?847F�GB�4 ;8C4G<6�;8@4A:<B@4 �&4E:8 ;8@4A:<B@4F 64A


E4E8?L�64HF8 ;8C4GB@8:4?L 4A7�457B@<A4? C4<A��5HG�FL@CGB@F�FH6;�4F =4HA7<68� 4F6<G8F��4A7�@HF6?8
J4FG<A:�4E8�ABG�GLC<64? ��?FB� ?<I8E H?GE4FBHA7 JBH?7�@BFG�?<>8?L�F;BJ�4�F<A:?8��F;4EC?L�78@4E64G87�
;LC8E86;B<6�?8F<BA��ABG�@H?G<C?8�@4FF8F

��� �=4)640%7-%�3*�%8=4-'%0�&-0)�(9'8�8-779)

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

"LC8EC?4F<4 B9�4GLC<64? 5<?8 7H6G�G<FFH8�<F�F88A�<A 6;B?4A:<B64E6<AB@4��J;<6;�64A�@4A<98FG�J<G;


=4HA7<68 �7H8�GB 6;B?8FG4F<F��4A7�457B@<A4?�7<F6B@9BEG �"BJ8I8E� H?GE4FBHA7 GLC<64??L�F;BJF�4
CBBE?L�789<A87�@4FF�<AIB?I<A:�G;8�5<?<4EL�GE88�E4G;8E�G;4A�@H?G<C?8�;8C4G<6�@4FF8F �'BE8BI8E��G;8

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
@4<A E<F>�946GBEF 9BE 6;B?4A:<B64E6<AB@4 4E8 CE<@4EL�F6?8EBF<A:�6;B?4A:<G<F 4A7�6;B?87B6;4?�6LFGF�
B9�J;<6;�G;<F�C4G<8AG�;4F�AB�;<FGBEL

��� �=14,34630-*)6%8-:)�(-736()6�3*�,)4%8-'�7-2973-(7

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

&L@C;BCEB?<98E4G<I8�7<FBE78E�B9 ;8C4G<6�F<AHFB<7F <F�F88A�<A ;8C4GBFC?8A<6�.�68??�?L@C;B@4 �"-.&�


�?G;BH:; "-.& 64A�@4A<98FG�J<G; ;8C4GBFC?8AB@8:4?L��<G�7B8F�ABG�GLC<64??L�64HF8 =4HA7<68� 4F6<G8F�
BE�@H?G<C?8�@4FF8F�BA H?GE4FBHA7 � HEG;8E@BE8� ?L@C;B@4 GLC<64??L�4?FB�64HF8F ��FL@CGB@F��J;<6;
4E8�ABG�F88A�<A�G;<F�C4G<8AG

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�9)78-32�����

.JB�74LF�49G8E�HA78E:B<A:�457B@<A4?�FHE:8EL�9BE�?LF<F�B9�47;8F<BAF��4 ���L84E�B?7 @4A�;4F�A4HF84�4A7


BA8�8C<FB78�B9�5<?<BHF�IB@<G<A: �.;8�C4G<8AG�F�A4HF84�<F�FB@8J;4G�4??8I<4G87�<A�G;8�CEBA8�CBF<G<BA �.;8
C4G<8AG�;4F�;47�4 ���>:������?5� J8<:;G�?BFF F<A68�HA78E:B<A:�54E<4GE<6�FHE:8EL ��L84E 4:B �*;LF<64?
8K4@<A4G<BA�F;BJF�457B@<A4?�7<FG8AG<BA �-H778A�@BI8@8AG�B9�G;8�C4G<8AG�8?<6<GF�4�F?BF;<A:�FBHA7�BA
4HF6H?G4G<BA�B9�G;8�457B@8A ��A�HCC8E�:4FGEB<AG8FG<A4?�F8E<8F�B9�G;8�457B@8A�J<G;�BE4?�6BAGE4FG�F;BJF
AB�C4FF4:8�B9�6BAGE4FG�C4FG�G;8�G;<E7�F8:@8AG�B9�G;8�7HB78AH@ �.;8�B5FGEH6G<BA�<A�G;<F�C4G<8AG�<F�@BFG
?<>8?L�64HF87�5L�J;<6;�B9�G;8�9B??BJ<A:�FGEH6GHE8F�

�27;)6 �1%+)

-HC8E<BE�@8F8AG8E<6

4EG8EL

� �B7L�B9�C4A6E84F

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�27;)6 �1%+)

� !4??5?4778E

� �B@@BA�5<?8�7H6G

� *BEG4?�I8<A

#A98E<BE�I8A4�64I4

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�-28

.;8�FGEH6GHE8�<A�DH8FG<BA�64A�6B@CE8FF�G;8 C4EG�B9�G;8�7HB78AH@ ?L<A:�58GJ88A�<G�4A7�G;8�4BEG4��?847<A:


GB�984GHE8F�B9 F@4??�5BJ8?�B5FGEH6G<BA FH6;�4F�A4HF84� 5<?<BHF IB@<G<A:��457B@<A4?�7<FG8AG<BA��4A7
FH66HFF<BA�FC?4F; �4�F?BF;<A:�FBHA7�;84E7�BA 457B@<A4?�4HF6H?G4G<BA 49G8E�@BI<A:�G;8�C4G<8AG�FH778A?L�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�366)'8��27;)6

��� 94)6-36�1)7)28)6-'�%68)6=

�1%+)

�<40%2%8-32��98

,4C<7�J8<:;G�?BFF�64HF8F�F;E<A>4:8�B9�G;8�94G�C47�58GJ88A�G;8 FHC8E<BE�@8F8AG8E<6�4EG8EL 4A7�G;8


7HB78AH@��?847<A:�GB�6B@CE8FF<BA�B9�G;8�<AG8FG<A4?�?H@8A �*87<4GE<6�C4G<8AGF�J<G;�6BA:8A<G4??L
45ABE@4?�4EG8E<4?�4A4GB@L�BE�G;BF8�HA78E:B<A:�6BEE86G<I8�FHE:8EL�9BE F6B?<BF<F 4E8�4?FB�4G�E<F>

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

.;8 FHC8E<BE�@8F8AG8E<6�4EG8EL C4FF8F 4AG8E<BE GB�G;8�G;<E7�F8:@8AG�B9�G;8 7HB78AH@ �GE4AFI8EF8


7HB78AH@���4A7�G;8�4BEG4�<F�?B64G87�7<E86G?L CBFG8E<BE GB�G;<F�C4EG�B9�G;8�<AG8FG<A8 ��B@CE8FF<BA�B9�G;8
7HB78AH@ 5L�G;<F 4EG8EL <F�64??87 FHC8E<BE�@8F8AG8E<6�4EG8EL�FLA7EB@8 �.;8�6?4FF<6�CE8F8AG4G<BA
<A6?H78F CBFGCE4A7<4? C4<A 4A7 5<?<BHF 8@8F<F�9B??BJ<A:�8KGE8@8�J8<:;G�?BFF

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �3(=�3*�4%2'6)%7

�1%+)

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

.;8 7<FG4? F86BA7�4A7 CEBK<@4? G;<E7�F8:@8AGF�B9 7HB78AH@ 6HEI8�4EBHA7�G;8 C4A6E84F


#A9?4@@4G<BA B9�G;8 C4A6E84F��8 : ��<A�F8I8E8 C4A6E84G<G<F��BE C4A6E84G<6 @4FF�89986G��8 : ��9EB@�4
GH@BE��6BH?7�?847�GB 7HB78A4? B5FGEH6G<BA �"BJ8I8E��G;<F�JBH?7�58�8KC86G87�9EB@�4�CEB68FF
<AIB?I<A:�G;8�;847�B9�G;8 C4A6E84F ��864HF8�G;8�5B7L�B9�G;8 C4A6E84F <F�ABG�<A�6?BF8�6BAG46G�J<G;�G;8
7HB78AH@��4�C4G;B?B:L�<A�G;<F�4E84�JBH?7�58�I8EL�HA?<>8?L�GB�466BHAG�9BE�4A�B5FGEH6G<BA�B9�G;8
<AG8FG<A4?�?H@8A

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �%00&0%(()6

�1%+)

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

.;8 :4??5?4778E 8@CG<8F�<AGB�G;8�F86BA7�F8:@8AG�B9�G;8 7HB78AH@ ��<E86G�B5FGEH6G<BA�B9�G;8


7HB78AH@ 5L�4A�8A?4E:87 :4??5?4778E <F�I8EL�HA?<>8?L�4A7�JBH?7�ABG�64HF8�G;<E7�F8:@8AG
B5FGEH6G<BA �#A�G;8�I8EL�E4E8�8I8AG�B9�4 9<FGH?4 58GJ88A�G;8 :4??5?4778E 4A7�G;8 7HB78AH@��4 :4??FGBA8
64A�8AG8E�G;8�<AG8FG<A4?�?H@8A�4A7�64HF8�4A�B5FGEH6G<BA��J;<6;�<F�>ABJA�4F :4??FGBA8�<?8HF �"BJ8I8E�
:4??FGBA8�<?8HF @BFG�B9G8A�@4A<98FGF�J<G;�B5FGEH6G<BA�4G�G;8 <?8B6864?�I4?I8

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �31132�&-0)�(9'8

�1%+)

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

.;8 6B@@BA�5<?8�7H6G 8AG8EF�G;8�F86BA7�F8:@8AG�B9�G;8 7HB78AH@ �;B?4A:<B64E6<AB@4 B9�G;8 5<?8


7H6G�4G�<GF�=HA6G<BA�J<G;�G;8 7HB78AH@ 64A�64HF8�B5FGEH6G<BA�B9�G;8 7HB78AH@ �"BJ8I8E��G;<F�JBH?7
E8FH?G�<A�F86BA7�F8:@8AG�B5FGEH6G<BA��ABG�G;8�G;<E7�F8:@8AG�B5FGEH6G<BA�F88A�<A�G;<F�C4G<8AG
�77<G<BA4??L� 5<?<BHF 8@8F<F�JBH?7�ABG�58�8KC86G87��4F 5<?8 9?BJ�G;EBH:;�G;8 6B@@BA�5<?8�7H6G
JBH?7�58�F8I8E8?L�E87H687�BE�5?B6>87�8AG<E8?L

��� �368%0�:)-2

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

.;8 CBEG4?�I8<A 4E<F8F�9EB@�G;8�6BA9?H8A68�B9�G;8�FHC8E<BE @8F8AG8E<6 4A7 FC?8A<6�I8<A CBFG8E<BE GB


G;8 C4A6E84F �#G�G;8A�GE4I8?F�FHC8EB?4G8E4??L�GB�G;8 ?<I8E �#G�7B8F�ABG�;4I8�6BAG46G�J<G;�G;8 7HB78AH@

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
4A7�<F�ABG�>ABJA�GB�64HF8 7HB78A4? B5FGEH6G<BA

��� �2*)6-36�:)2%�'%:%

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

.;8 <A98E<BE�I8A4�64I4 <F�?B64G87�<A�G;8 E8GEBC8E<GBA8H@ J;8E8�<G�C4FF8F CBFG8E<BE GB�G;8�F86BA7�4A7


G;<E7�F8:@8AGF�B9�G;8 7HB78AH@ 4A7�G;8 C4A6E84F �.;8 <A98E<BE�I8A4�64I4 64A�84F<?L�58�6B@CE8FF87
7H8�GB�<GF�?BJ <AGE4I4F6H?4E CE8FFHE8�5HG�<F�HA?<>8?L�GB�64HF8�B5FGEH6G<BA�B9�47=468AG�FGEH6GHE8F�FH6;�4F
G;8 7HB78AH@

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�9)78-32�����

�<:;G�J88>F�49G8E�FG4EG<A:�4 A8J J8<:;G�?BFF @87<64G<BA��4 ���L84E�B?7 JB@4A�J<G;�B58F<GL�6B@8F�GB�G;8


C;LF<6<4A�5864HF8�B9 :E84FL�7<4EE;84��8K68FF<I8�58?6;<A:��4A7�9?4GH?8A68 �-;8�4?FB�6B@C?4<AF�B9
CEB:E8FF<I8?L�JBEF8A<A: A<:;G�G<@8 I<F<BA �-;8�;4F�;47�AB�98I8E��6;<??F��BE�IB@<G<A: �*;LF<64?
8K4@<A4G<BA�F;BJF�7EL��F64?L�F><A�BA�;8E�8KGE8@<G<8F�4A7�9468 �1;<6;�B9�G;8�9B??BJ<A:�<F�G;8�@BFG�?<>8?L
@86;4A<F@�B9�46G<BA�B9�G;8�7EH:�F;8�<F�G4><A:�

�27;)6 �1%+)

� -G<@H?4G<BA�B9�@BAB4@<A8�A8HEBGE4AF@<GG8E�E8?84F8

� #A;<5<G<BA�B9�F8EBGBA<A�E8HCG4>8

� -G<@H?4G<BA�B9�ABE8C<A8C;E<A8�E8?84F8

� #A;<5<G<BA�B9�?<C4F8

� -86E8G<BA�B9�:?H6BF8�78C8A78AG�<AFH?<A

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�-28

.;<F�C4G<8AG�F�:E84FL 7<4EE;84 4A7�FL@CGB@F�B9 I<G4@<A���789<6<8A6L �CBBE�A<:;G�I<F<BA� K8EB78E@4��4E8


6;4E46G8E<FG<6�47I8EF8�89986GF�E8?4G87�GB BE?<FG4G��4�6B@@BA?L�HF87�J8<:;G�?BFF�@87<64G<BA

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�366)'8��27;)6

��� 8-190%8-32�3*�1323%1-2)�2)96386%271-88)6�6)0)%7)

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

�@C;8G4@<A8F FG<@H?4G8�G;8�E8?84F8�B9 @BAB4@<A8�A8HEBGE4AF@<GG8EF 4A7�64A�58�HF87�GB�<A7H68


J8<:;G�?BFF �.;8�@BFG�6B@@BA�47I8EF8�89986GF�B9 4@C;8G4@<A8F <A6?H78 G46;L64E7<4� ;LC8EG8AF<BA�
4A7�4CC8G<G8�FHCCE8FF<BA -G84GBEE;84 4A7�FL@CGB@F�B9 94G�FB?H5?8�I<G4@<A @4?45FBECG<BA 4E8�ABG
6BAF<FG8AG�J<G; 4@C;8G4@<A8 HF8

��� �2,-&-8-32�3*�7)63832-2�6)948%/)

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

--,#F 64A�58�CE8F6E<587�GB�E87H68�J8<:;G�<A�C4G<8AGF�J<G; 5<A:8�84G<A:�7<FBE78E��8FC86<4??L�<A�G;BF8


J<G;�6BA6B@<G4AG�78CE8FF<BA ��?G;BH:;�47I8EF8�89986GF�B9 --,#F <A6?H78 7<4EE;84� FG84GBEE;84 4A7
BG;8E�FL@CGB@F�B9�94G @4?45FBECG<BA 4E8�ABG�6B@@BA �'BE8�GLC<64?�F<78�89986GF�B9 --,#F FH6;�4F
FB@AB?8A68�<AFB@A<4� 7<MM<A8FF� ;84746;8F��4A7�A4HF84�JBH?7�58�8KC86G87�<AFG847 �.;<F�C4G<8AG�;4F
AB�;<FGBEL�B9 5<A:8�84G<A:�7<FBE78E BE�78CE8FF<BA��J;<6;�@4>8F�G;<F�@87<64G<BA�HA?<>8?L

��� 8-190%8-32�3*�236)4-2)4,6-2)�6)0)%7)

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

*;8AG8E@<A8��J;<6;�FG<@H?4G8F ABE8C<A8C;E<A8 E8?84F8��64A�58�HF87�4F�4�J8<:;G�?BFF�4:8AG �"BJ8I8E�


G;8�@BFG�6B@@BA�47I8EF8�89986GF�<A6?H78�64E7<BI4F6H?4E�FL@CGB@F��8 : � G46;L64E7<4� ;LC8EG8AF<BA�
4A7 C4?C<G4G<BAF��4A7 6BAFG<C4G<BA��E4G;8E�G;4A 7<4EE;84 4A7�FL@CGB@F�4FFB6<4G87�J<G;�94G
@4?45FBECG<BA��J;<6;�<F�F88A�;8E8

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �2,-&-8-32�3*�0-4%7)

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

&<C4F8 <A;<5<GBEF�FH6;�4F BE?<FG4G <A46G<I4G8�:4FGE<6�4A7 C4A6E84G<6�?<C4F8 8AML@8F�J<G;<A�G;8�<AG8FG<A8�


CE8I8AG<A:�G;8�6B@C?8G8�;L7EB?LM4G<BA�B9�7<8G4EL�94GF�<AGB�@BAB:?L68E<78F�4A7 94GGL�46<7F �.;<F
786E84F8F�G;8�4@BHAG�B9�94G�45FBE587�<A�G;8 :4FGEB<AG8FG<A4?�GE46G 4A7�<A6E84F8F�9864?�94G�8K6E8G<BA
�7I8EF8�89986GF�B9 BE?<FG4G��G;8E89BE8��<A6?H78�FL@CGB@F�B9�94G @4?45FBECG<BA��FH6;�4F FG84GBEE;84�
457B@<A4?�6E4@CF��4A7 5?B4G<A: �#G�@4L�4?FB�64HF8�94G�FB?H5?8 I<G4@<A�789<6<8A6<8F �<A�G;<F�64F8�
I<G4@<A���789<6<8A6L�

��� )'6)8-32�3*�+09'37)�()4)2()28�-2790-2

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

!&*��4:BA<FGF 946<?<G4G8 <AFH?<A F86E8G<BA�<A�E8FCBAF8�GB�9BB7 �.;8L�64A�58�HF87�GB�46;<8I8�J8<:;G


?BFF��8FC86<4??L�<A�C4G<8AGF�J<G;�CE8�8K<FG<A: .��' 4A7�64E7<BI4F6H?4E�7<F84F8��J;<6;�G;<F�C4G<8AG
7B8F�ABG�;4I8 ��?G;BH:;�6B@@BA�47I8EF8�89986GF�B9�G;<F�6?4FF�B9�@87<64G<BAF�<A6?H78�!#
7<FGHE54A68F� FG84GBEE;84 4A7�BG;8E�FL@CGB@F�B9�94G @4?45FBECG<BA JBH?7�ABG�58�8KC86G87

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�9)78-32�����

� ���L84E�B?7 JB@4A�6B@8F�GB�G;8�C;LF<6<4A�5864HF8�B9�4 ��@BAG; ;<FGBEL�B9 7<4EE;84��9?4GH?8A68��4A7


94G<:H8 �-;8�E8CBEGF�;4I<A: �Q��8C<FB78F B9�?BBF8�FGBB?F�74<?L�G;4G�;4I8�4A�B<?L�4CC84E4A68 �.;8
FL@CGB@F�4E8 JBEF8�49G8E�84G<A: �-;8�4?FB�6B@C?4<AF�B9�4A <G6;L�E4F;�BA�;8E�8?5BJF�4A7�>A88F ��
C;BGB:E4C;�B9�G;8�E4F;�<F�F;BJA � HEG;8E�8I4?H4G<BA�B9�G;<F�C4G<8AG�<F�@BFG�?<>8?L�GB�F;BJ�J;<6;�B9�G;8
9B??BJ<A:�9<A7<A:F�

�27;)6 �1%+)

� '46EB6LG<6��;LCB6;EB@<6�E87�5?BB7�68??F

� &BJ�9864?�8?4FG4F8�?8I8?F

� *�-�CBF<G<I8�<AG8FG<A4?�@46EBC;4:8F

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�27;)6 �1%+)

� "&���+��F8EBGLC8

� �?8I4G87�8K;4?87�;L7EB:8A�6BA68AGE4G<BA

�?8I4G87�HE<A8�GELCGBC;4A�?8I8?F

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�-28

.;<F�JB@4A�F�E4F;�<F�6BAF<FG8AG�J<G; 78E@4G<G<F�;8EC8G<9BE@<F 4A7�;8E�FL@CGB@F�B9 @4?45FBECG<BA �8 : �


94GGL 7<4EE;84��9?4GH?8A68��94G<:H8��4E8�FH::8FG<I8�B9 68?<46�7<F84F8

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�366)'8��27;)6

��� �%'63'=8-'��,=43',631-'�6)(�&033(�')007

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

'4?45FBECG<I8�6BA7<G<BAF�G;4G�64HF8 @46EB6LG<6� ;LCB6;EB@<6 4A8@<4 7H8�GB I<G4@<A���� 4A7�BE


9B?4G8�789<6<8A6L <A6?H78 GEBC<64?�FCEH8� 4GEBC;<6�:4FGE<G<F��4A7 6;EBA<6�C4A6E84G<G<F �8?<46�7<F84F8
64HF8F @4?45FBECG<BA B9 <EBA <A�G;8 7HB78AH@ 4A7�@4L�E8FH?G�<A�4 @<6EB6LG<6� ;LCB6;EB@<6 4A8@<4

��� �3;�*)'%0�)0%78%7)�0):)07

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

�86E84F87�9864? 8?4FG4F8 ?8I8?F�4E8�F88A�<A�C4G<8AGF�J<G; 8KB6E<A8�C4A6E84G<6�<AFH99<6<8A6L �8 : ��9EB@


6;EBA<6�C4A6E84G<G<F� ��?G;BH:;�G;<F�6BA7<G<BA�64A�@4A<98FG�J<G; 7<4EE;84 4A7�9?4GH?8A68��<G�<F�ABG
4FFB6<4G87�J<G; 78E@4G<G<F�;8EC8G<9BE@<F �#A�477<G<BA��C4G<8AGF�J<G; 6;EBA<6�C4A6E84G<G<F GLC<64??L�;4I8
8C<:4FGE<6�457B@<A4? C4<A G;4G�E47<4G8F�GB�G;8�546>�4A7�<@CEBI8F�HCBA�?84A<A:�9BEJ4E7��G;BH:;�<A�G;8
?4G8E�FG4:8F�B9 6;EBA<6�C4A6E84G<G<F��C4G<8AGF�@4L�ABG�;4I8�4AL C4<A�

��� �� �437-8-:)�-28)78-2%0�1%'634,%+)7

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

�<BCFL E8FH?GF�G;4G�F;BJ *�-�CBF<G<I8�<AG8FG<A4? @46EBC;4:8F 6BA9<E@�4�7<4:ABF<F�B9 1;<CC?8


7<F84F8 ��?G;BH:;�G;<F�6BA7<G<BA�64A�@4A<98FG�J<G; 7<4EE;84 4A7�9?4GH?8A68��<G�<F�ABG�4FFB6<4G87�J<G;
78E@4G<G<F�;8EC8G<9BE@<F �#A�477<G<BA��G;<F�C4G<8AG�?46>F�BG;8E�6;4E46G8E<FG<6�9<A7<A:F�B9 1;<CC?8
7<F84F8��FH6;�4F F46EB<?<<G<F��CB?LF8EBF<G<F��4A7�BE ?L@C;478ABC4G;L

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� ��������7)638=4)

�1%+)

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

"&���+� <F�4 68??�FHE9468�E868CGBE B9 4AG<:8A�CE8F8AG<A:�68??F 4FFB6<4G87�J<G;���Q����B9�64F8F�B9


68?<46�7<F84F8 ��KCE8FF<BA�B9 "&���+� <F�G;BH:;G�GB�CE87<FCBF8�C4G<8AGF�GB 68?<46�7<F84F8 7H8�GB
<A6E84F87�5<A7<A:�B9 :?HG8A C8CG<78F GB�G;<F "&� FH5GLC8��GE<::8E<A:�4 .�68?? @87<4G87�4HGB<@@HA8
E846G<BA�4A7 <A9?4@@4G<BA B9�G;8�<AG8FG<A4? 8C<G;8?<H@ �8E@4G<G<F�;8EC8G<9BE@<F <F�4FFB6<4G87�J<G;
68?<46�7<F84F8 4A7�<F�64HF87�5L�78CBF<G<BA�B9 #:� 4A7 6B@C?8@8AG��� <A 78E@4?�C4C<??48 B9�G;8
78E@<F

��� �0):%8)(�)<,%0)(�,=(63+)2�'32')286%8-32

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

�?8I4G<BA�<A�8K;4?87�;L7EB:8A�6BA68AGE4G<BA�J;8A�C8E9BE@<A:�4 ?46GBF8 BE ;L7EB:8A�5E84G;�G8FG <F

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
F88A�<A�C4G<8AGF�J<G; ?46GBF8�<AGB?8E4A68 BE F@4??�<AG8FG<A4?�546G8E<4?�BI8E:EBJG; �-#�)� ��?G;BH:;
5BG;�B9�G;8F8�6BA7<G<BAF�64A�@4A<98FG�J<G; 7<4EE;84 4A7�9?4GH?8A68��A8<G;8E�<F�4FFB6<4G87�J<G;
78E@4G<G<F�;8EC8G<9BE@<F

��� �0):%8)(�96-2)�86=4834,%2�0):)07

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

�?8I4G<BA�<A HE<A8 GELCGBC;4A ?8I8?F�<F�F88A�<A�C4G<8AGF�J<G; "4EGAHC�7<F84F8 �.;<F�6BA7<G<BA�64A


64HF8 7<4EE;84 4A7�4 F><A E4F;��7H8�GB A<46<A 789<6<8A6L���;BJ8I8E��G;8�GLC<64?�E4F;�<AIB?I8F�G;8�A86>
��4F4?�A86>?468��4A7�@4A<98FGF�J<G; ;LC8EC<:@8AG4G<BA B9�FHA�8KCBF87�4E84F �#A�477<G<BA��C4G<8AGF
J<G; "4EGAHC�7<F84F8 B9G8A�78I8?BC�984GHE8F�B9 78@8AG<4 4A7 :?BFF<G<F��J;<6;�G;<F�C4G<8AG�7B8F�ABG
;4I8

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�9)78-32����

� ���L84E�B?7 @4A�6B@8F�GB�G;8�C;LF<6<4A�5864HF8�B9�4 ��@BAG; ;<FGBEL�B9�7<99<6H?GL�FJ4??BJ<A:�


?BJ�:E478 98I8E��4A7�J8<:;G�?BFF �"8�;4F�F@B>87�BA8�C46>�B9�6<:4E8GG8F�74<?L�9BE ���L84EF ��A
8FBC;4:B:4FGEB7HB78ABF6BCL�F;BJF�4A�8FBC;4:84?�@4FF�=HFG 7<FG4?�GB�G;8�HCC8E�8FBC;4:84?�FC;<A6G8E
"<FGB?B:<64?�8K4@<A4G<BA�6BA9<E@F�G;8�7<4:ABF<F�B9 ?B64??L�<AI4F<I8�FDH4@BHF�68??�64E6<AB@4 ���FHE:<64?
E8F86G<BA�<F�C?4AA87 �1;<6;�B9�G;8�9B??BJ<A:�FGEH6GHE8F�<F�4G�:E84G8FG�E<F>�9BE�<A=HEL�7HE<A:�G;<F
CEB687HE8�

�27;)6 �1%+)

�FBC;4:84?�5E4A6;�B9

G;BE46<6�4BEG4

� &89G�<A98E<BE�C;E8A<6�4EG8EL

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�27;)6 �1%+)

� #A98E<BE�G;LEB<7�4EG8EL

� &89G�:4FGE<6�4EG8EL

�EBA6;<4?�5E4A6;�B9�G;BE46<6

4BEG4

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�-28

.;<F�C4G<8AG�CE8F8AGF�J<G; FDH4@BHF�68??�64E6<AB@4 <A�G;8�68EI<64?�CBEG<BA�B9�G;8 8FBC;4:HF

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�366)'8��27;)6

��� �734,%+)%0�&6%2',�3*�8,36%'-'�%368%

�1%+)

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

.;8�8FBC;4:84?�5E4A6;�B9 G;BE46<6�4BEG4 FHCC?<8F�G;8�G;BE46<6�CBEG<BA�B9�G;8 8FBC;4:HF��J;<6;


8KG8A7F�58GJ88A�G;8�G;BE46<6�<A?8G�4A7�G;8 :4FGEB8FBC;4:84?�=HA6G<BA ���7<998E8AG�FGEH6GHE8�<F�4G
;<:;8E�E<F>�B9�<A=HEL�:<I8A�G;8�?B64G<BA�B9�G;8�@4FF

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �)*8�-2*)6-36�4,6)2-'�%68)6=

�1%+)

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

.;8�?89G <A98E<BE�C;E8A<6�4EG8EL BE<:<A4G8F�9EB@�G;8�4BEG4�4A7�FHCC?<8F�G;8�457B@<A4?�CBEG<BA�B9�G;8


8FBC;4:HF��J;<6;�<F�?B64G87�58?BJ�G;8 8FBC;4:84?�;<4GHF B9�G;8�7<4C;E4:@ ���7<998E8AG�FGEH6GHE8�<F�4G
;<:;8E�E<F>�B9�<A=HEL�:<I8A�G;8�?B64G<BA�B9�G;8�@4FF

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �2*)6-36�8,=63-(�%68)6=

�1%+)

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

.;8 <A98E<BE�G;LEB<7�4EG8EL BE<:<A4G8F�9EB@�G;8 G;LEB68EI<64?�GEHA>��4�5E4A6;�B9�G;8 FH56?4I<4A�4EG8EL


#G�FHCC?<8F�G;8�68EI<64?�CBEG<BA�B9�G;8 8FBC;4:HF��J;<6;�<F��Q��6@�?BA:�4A7�8KG8A7F�58GJ88A�G;8
;LCBC;4ELAK �?BJ8E�5BE78E�B9�G;8�6E<6B<7 64EG<?4:8��4A7�G;8�G;BE46<6�<A?8G��FHCE4FG8EA4?�ABG6;� �-<A68
G;<F GH@BE <F�?B64G87�<A�G;8�68EI<64?�CBEG<BA�B9�G;8 8FBC;4:HF��64E8�F;BH?7�58�G4>8A�GB�4IB<7�<A=HE<A:
G;<F 4EG8EL 7HE<A:�G;8�FHE:8EL

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �)*8�+%786-'�%68)6=

�1%+)

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

.;8 ?89G�:4FGE<6�4EG8EL BE<:<A4G8F�9EB@�G;8 68?<46�GEHA> 4A7�FHCC?<8F�G;8�457B@<A4?�CBEG<BA�B9�G;8


8FBC;4:HF��J;<6;�<F�?B64G87�58?BJ�G;8 8FBC;4:84?�;<4GHF B9�G;8�7<4C;E4:@

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �632',-%0�&6%2',�3*�8,36%'-'�%368%

�1%+)

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

.;8�5EBA6;<4?�5E4A6;�B9�G;8 G;BE46<6�4BEG4 FHCC?<8F�C4EGF�B9�G;8 GE46;84� 5EBA6;<��4A7�G;BE46<6�CBEG<BA


B9�G;8 8FBC;4:HF��J;<6;�8KG8A7F�58GJ88A�G;8�G;BE46<6�<A?8G�4A7�G;8 :4FGEB8FBC;4:84?�=HA6G<BA ��
7<998E8AG�FGEH6GHE8�<F�4G�;<:;8E�E<F>�B9�<A=HEL�:<I8A�G;8�?B64G<BA�B9�G;8�@4FF

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�9)78-32�����

� ���L84E�B?7 JB@4A�6B@8F�GB�G;8�C;LF<6<4A�5864HF8�B9�4 ��74L ;<FGBEL�B9�457B@<A4?�6E4@CF�4A7


5?BB7L�7<4EE;84 ��G<@8F C8E�74L �"8E�FL@CGB@F�58:4A�49G8E�F;8�4G8�4A 8::�F4A7J<6; 9EB@�4�E8FG4HE4AG
"8E�I<G4?�F<:AF�4E8�J<G;<A�ABE@4?�?<@<GF �*;LF<64?�8K4@<A4G<BA�F;BJF�7<99HF8�457B@<A4?�G8A78EA8FF
-GBB?�6H?GHE8�F;BJF :E4@�A8:4G<I8 EB7F�G;4G�CEB7H68�;L7EB:8A�FH?9<78�4A7�7B�ABG�98E@8AG�?46GBF8
1;<6;�B9�G;8�9B??BJ<A:�89986GF�<F�@BFG�?<>8?L�GB�B66HE�<9�F;8�E868<I8F�4AG<5<BG<6�G;8E4CL�

�27;)6 �1%+)

� -8?9�?<@<G<A:�FLFG8@<6�<A9?4@@4GBEL�E8FCBAF8

� *EHE<G<6�@46H?BC4CH?4E�E4F;�BA�G;8�8KG8AFBE�FHE9468

� .;EB@5B6LGBC8A<4�4A7�;8@B?LG<6�4A8@<4

� )E4A:8�7<F6B?BE4G<BA�B9�5B7<?L�9?H<7F

� *EB?BA:87�9864?�8K6E8G<BA�B9�G;8�C4G;B:8A

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�-28

Salmonella 4E8 :E4@�A8:4G<I8�EB7F G;4G�CEB7H68 ;L7EB:8A�FH?9<78 4A7�7B�ABG�98E@8AG ?46GBF8


(BAGLC;B<74?�FC86<8F�B9 F4?@BA8??4 �8 : � Salmonella enterica��64A�64HF8 7LF8AG8EL �/A6BB>87�CBH?GEL
CEB7H6GF�4E8�4�6B@@BA�FBHE68�B9 F4?@BA8??4 <A986G<BAF

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�366)'8��27;)6

��� )0*�0-1-8-2+�7=78)1-'�-2*0%11%836=�6)74327)

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

��F8?9�?<@<G<A:�FLFG8@<6�<A9?4@@4GBEL�E8FCBAF8�78F6E<58F�G;8 $4E<F6;�"8EK;8<@8E�E846G<BA��J;<6;�<F
4�E846G<BA�GB�546G8E<4? 8A7BGBK<AF G;4G�4E8�E8?84F87�49G8E 4AG<5<BG<6�G;8E4CL <A<G<4G<BA �.;<F�E846G<BA�<F
6B@@BA?L�F88A�9B??BJ<A:�G;8�GE84G@8AG�B9 FC<EB6;8G8 <A986G<BAF��FH6;�4F FLC;<?<F BE�&L@8�7<F84F8
"BJ8I8E��G;<F�C4G<8AG�7B8F�ABG�F;BJ�F<:AF�B9 FLC;<?<F �CE<@4EL�F><A�?8F<BAF 4A7�E8:<BA4?�ABAG8A78E
?L@C;478ABC4G;L��BE &L@8�7<F84F8 �8 : � 8ELG;8@4�6;EBA<6H@�@<:E4AF��@<:E4GBEL�4EG;E<G<F� 6E4A<4?
A8EI8 C4?FL� CB?LA8HEBC4G;L��64E7<G<F� �#A�477<G<BA��G;8�C4G<8AG�F FGBB?�6H?GHE8 F;BJF EB7F��ABG
FC<EB6;8G8F��4A7�HA6BB>87�CBH?GEL�CEB7H6GF�4E8�ABG�4�6B@@BA�FBHE68�B9 FC<EB6;8G8 <A986G<BAF

��� �696-8-'�1%'9034%490%6�6%7,�32�8,)�)<8)2736�796*%')

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

� CEHE<G<6 @46H?BC4CH?4E E4F;�G;4G�<F�@BE8�CEB@<A8AG�BA�G;8 8KG8AFBE�FHE9468F 78F6E<58F�4�F<78�89986G


G;4G�C4G<8AGF�J<G; <A986G<BHF�@BABAH6?8BF<F 64A�78I8?BC�J;8A�G;8L�4E8�<A6BEE86G?L�CE8F6E<587
4@C<6<??<A �"BJ8I8E��G;<F�C4G<8AG�;4F�AB�F<:AF�B9 <A986G<BHF�@BABAH6?8BF<F �8 : � FC?8AB@8:4?L�
C;4ELA:<G<F��5<?4G8E4?�68EI<64? ?L@C;478ABC4G;L��4A7�G;8E89BE8�JBH?7�ABG�78I8?BC�G;<F�E846G<BA
HEG;8E@BE8��C4G;B:8A�78G86G<BA�F;BJF EB7F��ABG�4�7BH5?8�FGE4A787� 8AI8?BC87��(��I<EHF��4A7
HA6BB>87�CBH?GEL�CEB7H6GF�4E8�ABG�4�FBHE68�B9 ��0 <A986G<BAF

��� !,631&3'=834)2-%�%2(�,)130=8-'�%2)1-%

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

.;EB@5B6LGBC8A<4 J<G; ;8@B?LG<6�4A8@<4 78F6E<58F ;8@B?LG<6�HE8@<6�FLA7EB@8��4�6B@C?<64G<BA


FB@8G<@8F�F88A�J;8A 4AG<5<BG<6F 4E8�<A<G<4G87�<A Shigella BE �"�� <A986G<BA E. coli 4A7 Shigella 4E8
:E4@�A8:4G<I8�EB7F��J;<6;�64A�58�GE4AF@<GG87�5L�HA6BB>87�CBH?GEL�CEB7H6GF �"BJ8I8E��<A�6BAGE4FG�GB
F4?@BA8??4� E. coli 98E@8AGF ?46GBF8 4A7 Shigella 7B8F�ABG�CEB7H68 ;L7EB:8A�FH?9<78 �#A�477<G<BA�
F4?@BA8??BF<F 64A�58�GE84G87�J<G; 689GE<4KBA8��J;<6;�64A�<A7H68 ;8@B?LG<6�4A8@<4��;BJ8I8E��G;<F

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
GE84G@8AG�JBH?7�ABG�64HF8 G;EB@5B6LGBC8A<4

��� �6%2+)�(-7'3036%8-32�3*�&3(-0=�*09-(7

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

)E4A:8�7<F6B?BE4G<BA�B9�5B7<?L�F86E8G<BAF�FH6;�4F HE<A8��FJ84G��4A7�F4?<I4�<F�4�6B@@BA�F<78�89986G�B9
E<94@C<A GE84G@8AG ,<94@C<A <F�HF87�9BE�G;8�GE84G@8AG�B9 GH58E6H?BF<F BE�4F�4�CEBC;L?4K<F�J;8A�<A
6BAG46G�J<G;�C4G<8AGF�<A986G87�J<G; N. meningitidis �"BJ8I8E��G;<F�C4G<8AG�7B8F�ABG�F;BJ�F<:AF�B9
GH58E6H?BF<F �8 : � 7LFCA84��CEB7H6G<I8 6BH:;��J8<:;G�?BFF��A<:;G�FJ84GF� ?L@C;478ABC4G;L��4A7�;4F
ABG�588A�<A�6BAG46G�J<G;�C4G<8AGF�<A986G87�J<G; N. meningitidis �*4G;B:8A�78G86G<BA�4?FB�F;BJF EB7F�
ABG�:E4@�CBF<G<I8� 46<7�94FG�546<??<��4A7�HA6BB>87�CBH?GEL�CEB7H6GF�4E8�ABG�4�6B@@BA�FBHE68�B9 M.
tuberculosis <A986G<BAF

��� �63032+)(�*)'%0�)<'6)8-32�3*�8,)�4%8,3+)2

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

-4?@BA8??4�:4FGEB8AG8E<G<F @4L�58�GE84G87�J<G; 4AG<5<BG<6F��FH6;�4F 9?HBEBDH<AB?BA8F �8 : �


6<CEB9?BK46<A� �"BJ8I8E��4�CBG8AG<4?�F<78�89986G�B9�G;<F�GE84G@8AG�<F�G;8�CEB?BA:87�9864?�8K6E8G<BA�B9
F4?@BA8??4 �.;8�@86;4A<F@�58;<A7�G;<F�<F�ABG�>ABJA ��864HF8�B9�G;<F�F<78�89986G� 4AG<5<BG<6F F;BH?7
BA?L�58�HF87�<9�6?<A<64??L�<A7<64G87�4A7�9BE�4A�478DH4G8�7HE4G<BA �AG<5<BG<6F 4E8�BA?L�<A7<64G87�9BE
F8I8E8�64F8F�B9 F4?@BA8??4�:4FGEB8AG8E<G<F��J;<6;�<A6?H78 7<4EE;84 G;4G�B66HEF�@BE8�G;4A���G<@8F�C8E
74L�BE�G;8�CE8F8A68�B9�FLFG8@<6�FL@CGB@F��8 : � 98I8E� G46;L64E7<4� ;LCBGBA<4� �.;<F�C4G<8AG�BA?L�;4F
?B64?�FL@CGB@F�J<G;�ABE@4? I<G4?�F<:AF��;8A68�F;8�JBH?7�ABG�DH4?<9L�9BE 4AG<5<BG<6F

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�9)78-32�����

� ���L84E�B?7 JB@4A�6B@8F�GB�G;8�8@8E:8A6L�78C4EG@8AG�5864HF8�B9�457B@<A4?�C4<A�4A7�5?BB7L
7<4EE;84�G;4G�58:4A ���;BHEF 4:B �.;E88�74LF�4:B��F;8�4G8�HA78E6BB>87�6;<6>8A�4G�4�?B64?�E8FG4HE4AG
�?BB7�6H?GHE8F�:EBJ�FC<E4?�4A7 6B@@4�F;4C87� BK<74F8�CBF<G<I8 BE:4A<F@F�4G���O� �.;<F�C4G<8AG�<F�4G
:E84G8FG�E<F>�9BE�J;<6;�B9�G;8�9B??BJ<A:�6B@C?<64G<BAF�

�27;)6 �1%+)

� -8:@8AG4?�@L8?<A�78:8A8E4G<BA

� -8<MHE8F

� .BK<6�@8:46B?BA

� �ELG;8@4�AB7BFH@

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�27;)6 �1%+)

� *8L8E�C4G6;�A86EBF<F

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�-28

Campylobacter jejuni <F�4�FC<E4?�4A7 6B@@4�F;4C87� BK<74F8�CBF<G<I8 BE:4A<F@�G;4G�:EBJF�4G���O��4A7


<F�4�6B@@BA�64HF8�B9 :4FGEB8AG8E<G<F J<G;�5?BB7L 7<4EE;84 �#G�<F�4FFB6<4G87�J<G;�6BAFH@CG<BA�B9
HA78E6BB>87�@84G��8FC86<4??L�CBH?GEL

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�366)'8��27;)6

��� )+1)28%0�1=)0-2�()+)2)6%8-32

�1%+)

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

-8:@8AG4? @L8?<A 78:8A8E4G<BA�<F�G;8�;4??@4E>�B9 !H<??4<A��4EE8�FLA7EB@8 �!�-� �#G�<F


;LCBG;8F<M87�G;4G�G;8�<A6<G<A:�<A986G<BA�CEB@CGF�G;8�78I8?BC@8AG�B9 4AG<5B7<8F J<G; 6EBFF�E846G<I<GL
GB 4AG<:8AF BA -6;J4AA�68??F �.;<F @B?86H?4E�@<@<6EL E8FH?GF�<A�74@4:8�GB�G;8 @L8?<A F;84G;F�B9
C8E<C;8E4?�A8EI8F Campylobacter jejuni 8AG8E<G<F�<F�6?4FF<64??L�4FFB6<4G87�J<G; !�-

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� )->96)7

�1%+)

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

-8<MHE8F 64A�B66HE�4F�4�E8FH?G�B9�8?86GEB?LG8�<@54?4A68F�<A�64F8F�B9�CEB9HF8 7<4EE;84 �8 : ��7H8�GB


Vibrio cholerae <A986G<BA� Vibrio cholerae <F�4?FB BK<74F8�CBF<G<I8 4A7�6B@@4�F;4C87�5HG�<A986G<BA
<F�GLC<64??L�6BAGE46G87�49G8E�84G<A:�HA78E6BB>87�F849BB7��4A7�6?4FF<64??L�CE8F8AGF�J<G;�6BC<BHF�J4G8EL
7<4EE;84 �RE<68�J4G8E 7<4EE;84S���ABG�5?BB7L 7<4EE;84

��� !3<-'�1)+%'3032

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

.BK<6�@8:46B?BA <F�4�F8E<BHF�6B@C?<64G<BA�B9 Clostridioides difficile 6B?<G<F 4A7�4?FB�CE8F8AGF�J<G;


457B@<A4? C4<A 4A7 7<4EE;84 �"BJ8I8E��G;8�I4FG�@4=BE<GL�B9�C4G<8AGF�J<G; GBK<6�@8:46B?BA 64HF87�5L
C. difficile ;4I8�4�;<FGBEL�B9�E868AG 4AG<5<BG<6 8KCBFHE8 �'BE8BI8E� C. difficile <F�4�:E4@�CBF<G<I8�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
BK<74F8�A8:4G<I8��4A7 B5?<:4G8�4A48EB58 546<??HF G;4G�9BE@F�FCBE8F��HA?<>8�G;8�FC<E4?�4A7�6B@@4�
F;4C87� BK<74F8�CBF<G<I8 BE:4A<F@�9BHA7�<A�G;<F�C4G<8AG

��� �6=8,)1%�23(3791

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

�ELG;8@4�AB7BFH@ 64A�58�4�6B@C?<64G<BA�B9 Yersinia enterocolitica :4FGEB8AG8E<G<F��J;<6;�64A�4?FB


CE8F8AG�J<G;�457B@<A4? C4<A 4A7�5?BB7L�BE�J4G8EL 7<4EE;84 49G8E�6BAFH@CG<BA�B9�HA78E6BB>87�@84G
"BJ8I8E� Y. enterocolitica <F�4A BK<74F8�A8:4G<I8 C4G;B:8A�G;4G�64A�:EBJ�4G�E89E<:8E4G<BA
G8@C8E4GHE8F���Q��O����HA?<>8�G;8�C4G;B:8A�F88A�;8E8

��� �)=)6�4%8',�2)'637-7

�1%+)

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�<40%2%8-32�$,=

*8L8E�C4G6; A86EBF<F 64A�B66HE�4F�4�6B@C?<64G<BA�B9 GLC;B<7�98I8E 4A7�?847�GB�CEB9HF8�E86G4?�5?887<A:


#A986G<BA�J<G; Salmonella typhi <F�I<4�G;8�9864?�BE4?�EBHG8�4A7�JBH?7�ABG�58�7H8�GB�6BAFH@CG<BA�B9
HA78E6BB>87�CBH?GEL �.;<F�<A986G<BA�78I8?BCF�BI8E�4�C8E<B7�B9�J88>F�4A7�<F�<A<G<4??L�6;4E46G8E<M87�5L
4�9?H6GH4G<A:�G8@C8E4GHE8�J<G; @4?4<F8��9B??BJ87�5L�CEB9BHA7�94G<:H8�4A7�;<:; 98I8EF �<4EE;84 <F�4
E8?4G<I8?L�?4G8�9<A7<A: �'BE8BI8E� Salmonella typhi <F�4A BK<74F8�A8:4G<I8 C4G;B:8A��HA?<>8�G;8
BK<74F8�CBF<G<I8 BE:4A<F@�9BHA7�<A�G;<F�C4G<8AG

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�9)78-32�����

� ���L84E�B?7 @4A�6B@8F�GB�G;8�C;LF<6<4A�5864HF8�B9�4 ��@BAG; ;<FGBEL�B9�6BAFG<C4G<BA�4A7�FGE84>F�B9


5?BB7�<A�;<F�FGBB? �"8�;4F�;47�4 ���>: ����?5��J8<:;G�?BFF�7HE<A:�G;<F�C8E<B7 ��B?BABF6BCL�F;BJF�4A
8KBC;LG<6�GH@BE�<A�G;8�F<:@B<7�6B?BA �� �.�F64A B9�G;8�457B@8A�F;BJF�?<I8E�@8G4FG4F8F�4A7�8A?4E:87
@8F8AG8E<6�4A7 C4E4�4BEG<6 ?L@C;�AB78F ���7<4:ABF<F�B9 FG4:8�#0 6B?BE86G4?�64A68E <F�@478��4A7
C4??<4G<I8�6;8@BG;8E4CL�<F�<A<G<4G87 �.;8�6;8@BG;8E4CL�E8:<@8A�<A6?H78F�4 @BAB6?BA4?�4AG<5B7L�G;4G
<A;<5<GF�GH@BE�:EBJG; 5L�CE8I8AG<A:�?<:4A7�5<A7<A:�GB�4 CEBG8<A�7<E86G?L�E8FCBAF<5?8�9BE�8C<G;8?<4?�68??
CEB?<98E4G<BA�4A7�BE:4AB:8A8F<F �1;<6;�B9�G;8�9B??BJ<A:�CEBG8<AF�<F�@BFG�?<>8?L�<A;<5<G87�5L�G;<F�7EH:�

�27;)6 �1%+)

� �&%

� �! ,

� .( �U

� 0�!

� ����

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�-28

.;8�45F8A68�B9�G;<F�CEBG8<A�BE�6B@C?8G8�<A;<5<G<BA�B9�<GF�E868CGBE�E8FH?GF�<A�?46>�B9 8C<G;8?<4?
78I8?BC@8AG�<A�@H?G<C?8�BE:4A�FLFG8@F

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�366)'8��27;)6

��� ���

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

�A4C?4FG<6�?L@C;B@4�><A4F8 ��&%��<F�4�GE4AF@8@5E4A8�E868CGBE�J<G;�<AGE<AF<6 GLEBF<A8�><A4F8


46G<I<GL�G;4G�<F�<@CBEG4AG�9BE�G;8�78I8?BC@8AG�B9�G;8�5E4<A�4A7�A8EIBHF�FLFG8@ �'HG4G<BA�B9 �&% <F
<@C?<64G87�<A�@H?G<C?8�64A68EF�FH6;�4F�?4E:8�68?? ?L@C;B@4� 478AB64E6<AB@4�B9�G;8�?HA:��94@<?<4?
64F8F�B9 A8HEB5?4FGB@4��4A7 6B?BE86G4?�64E6<AB@4 �"BJ8I8E� �&%�<A;<5<GBEF �8 : � 6E<MBG<A<5��4E8�ABG
GLC<64??L�HF87�GB�GE84G 6B?BE86G4?�64E6<AB@4 �'BE8BI8E� �&% <F�ABG�7<E86G?L�E8FCBAF<5?8�9BE 8C<G;8?<4?
68?? CEB?<98E4G<BA 4A7 BE:4AB:8A8F<F

��� ����

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

�C<78E@4?�:EBJG;�946GBE�E868CGBE ��! ,��<F�4�H5<DH<GBHF GLEBF<A8�><A4F8�E868CGBE 9BHA7�<A�4?@BFG�4??


47H?G�;H@4A�G<FFH8F &<:4A7 5<A7<A:�GB�<GF�8KGE468??H?4E�7B@4<A�GE<::8EF�4 F<:A4?<A:�64F6478 G;4G
H?G<@4G8?L�CEB@BG8F�68??H?4E CEB?<98E4G<BA 4A7�FHEI<I4? �! , <F�C4G;B?B:<64??L�BI8E8KCE8FF87�5L
6B?BE86G4?�64E6<AB@4 4A7�946<?<G4G8F 4A:<B:8A8F<F��<AI4F<I8A8FF��4A7 @8G4FG4G<6 45<?<GL �8GHK<@45 <F
4�@BAB6?BA4? 4AG<5B7L �! ,�<A;<5<GBE HF87�GB�GE84G @8G4FG4G<6 FG4:8�#0 6B?BE86G4?�64A68E 4A7
FDH4@BHF�68??�64E6<AB@4 B9�G;8�;847�4A7�A86> �.;<F�7EH:�5<A7F�GB�G;8�8KGE468??H?4E�7B@4<A�B9 �! ,
GB�CE8I8AG F<:A4?�GE4AF7H6G<BA 4A7�G;HF�<@C4<EF�@4?<:A4AG�68?? CEB?<98E4G<BA 4A7�:EBJG;

��� !���?

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

.H@BE�A86EBF<F�946GBE�4?C;4 �.( �U��<F�4�F<:A4?�CEBG8<A�<AIB?I87�<A�FLFG8@<6 <A9?4@@4G<BA��G;8


<@@HA8�E8FCBAF8��4A7 4CBCGBF<F �AG<5B7<8F 4:4<AFG .( �U �8 : � 474?<@H@45� 68EGB?<MH@45�
:B?<@H@45��4A7 <A9?<K<@45��4E8�HF87�GB�GE84G�6;EBA<6�<A9?4@@4GBEL�7<FBE78EF��8 :� E;8H@4GB<7
4EG;E<G<F� <A9?4@@4GBEL�5BJ8?�7<F84F8���G;8L�4E8�ABG�HF87�GB�GE84G 6B?BE86G4?�64A68E �'BE8BI8E� .( �U
<F�ABG�7<E86G?L�E8FCBAF<5?8�9BE 8C<G;8?<4? 68?? CEB?<98E4G<BA 4A7 BE:4AB:8A8F<F

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� #���

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

04F6H?4E�8A7BG;8?<4?�:EBJG;�946GBE �0�! ��<F�4�F<:A4?�CEBG8<A�G;4G�FG<@H?4G8F I4F6H?B:8A8F<F 4A7


4A:<B:8A8F<F��J;<6;�<F�8FF8AG<4?�9BE GH@BE :EBJG;�4A7 @8G4FG4F<F �AG<5B7<8F 4:4<AFG 0�! �8 : �
58I46<MH@45��64A�58�HF87�GB�GE84G 6B?BE86G4?�64E6<AB@4 �"BJ8I8E� 0�! <F�ABG�7<E86G?L�E8FCBAF<5?8
9BE 8C<G;8?<4? 68?? CEB?<98E4G<BA 4A7 BE:4AB:8A8F<F

��� ����

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

���� <F�4�FHE9468�:?L6BCEBG8<A�9BHA7�BA�4?@BFG�4??�@4GHE8 ?L@C;B6LG8F 4A7 <@@HA8�68??F ����


<A;<5<G<BA�<F�G;8�@86;4A<F@�B9�46G<BA�B9 4?8@GHMH@45��4�@BAB6?BA4? 4AG<5B7L HF87�GB�GE84G 6;EBA<6
?L@C;B6LG<6�?8H>8@<4 4A7 @H?G<C?8�F6?8EBF<F �.;<F�4:8AG�<F�ABG�HF87�GB�GE84G 6B?BE86G4?�64A68E
'BE8BI8E� ���� <F�ABG�7<E86G?L�E8FCBAF<5?8�9BE 8C<G;8?<4? 68?? CEB?<98E4G<BA 4A7 BE:4AB:8A8F<F

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�9)78-32�����

� ���L84E�B?7 :<E?�6B@8F�GB�G;8�C;LF<6<4A�5864HF8�B9�4 ���;BHE ;<FGBEL�B9 CEB9HF8�J4G8EL�7<4EE;84�J<G;


9?86>F�B9�@H6HF G;4G�FG4EG87�F;BEG?L�49G8E�F;8�E8GHEA87�9EB@�4�GE<C�GB�-BHG;��@8E<64 �-;8�;4F�ABG�;47�4AL
98I8E�BE�A4HF84 �*H?F8�<F ����@<A 4A7�5?BB7�CE8FFHE8�<F �������@@�": �*;LF<64?�8K4@<A4G<BA�F;BJF�7EL
@H6BHF�@8@5E4A8F�4A7�786E84F87�F><A�GHE:BE �-GBB?�6H?GHE8�F;BJF :E4@�A8:4G<I8� 6B@@4�F;4C87�
9?4:8??4G87�546<??< �.;8E4CL�J<G;�BE4?�E8;L7E4G<BA�FB?HG<BA�<F�<A<G<4G87 �1;<6;�B9�G;8�9B??BJ<A:�<F�G;8�@BFG
?<>8?L�@86;4A<F@�B9�G;<F�C4G<8AG�F�7<4EE;84�

�27;)6 �1%+)

� ,87H687�45<?<GL�B9�J4G8E�45FBECG<BA�<A�G;8�6B?BA�7H8�GB�E4C<7�<AG8FG<A4?�GE4AF<G

� ?H<7�4A7�8?86GEB?LG8�?BFF�7H8�GB�<A9?4@@4G<BA�B9�?H@<A4?�FHE9468�8C<G;8?<H@

� &H@<A4?�6;?BE<78�;LC8EF86E8G<BA�7H8�GB�BI8E46G<I4G<BA�B9�478AL?4G8�6L6?4F8

� #@C4<E87�<AG8FG<A4?�@BG<?<GL�7H8�GB�78:8A8E4G<BA�B9�4HGBAB@<6�A8EI8F

� �K68FF<I8�J4G8E�8K6E8G<BA�7H8�GB�BF@BG<64??L�46G<I8�FB?HG8F�<A�G;8�?H@8A

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�-28

Vibrio cholera <F�4 :E4@�A8:4G<I8 9?4:8??4G87�546G8E<H@�G;4G�<F�GE4AF@<GG87�I<4�G;8 9864?�BE4? EBHG8�<A


8A78@<6 4E84F�FH6;�4F�-BHG;��@8E<64 �.;<F�C4G<8AG�F�GE4I8?�;<FGBEL��46HG8�BAF8G�B9��E<68�J4G8E��FGBB?��F<:AF
B9 78;L7E4G<BA �7EL @H6BHF�@8@5E4A8F��786E84F87 F><A GHE:BE� G46;L64E7<4��4A7�4EG8E<4? ;LCBG8AF<BA��
4A7�FGBB?�FGH7<8F�4E8�6BAF<FG8AG�J<G; Vibrio cholera <A986G<BA

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�366)'8��27;)6

���

�)(9')(�%&-0-8=�3*�;%8)6�%&73648-32�-2�8,)�'3032�(9)�83�6%4-(�-28)78-2%0�86%27-8

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

#A6E84F87�:HG�@BG<?<GL��4F�G;8�E8FH?G�B9 ;LC8EG;LEB<7<F@ BE�4 64E6<AB<7�GH@BE��?847F�GB 7<4EE;84


F86BA74EL�GB�<A478DH4G8 6B?BA<6 J4G8E�E845FBECG<BA �.;8L�CE8F8AG�4F CBFGCE4A7<4?��?4E:8�IB?H@8�
J4G8EL�FGBB?F�J<G;�A8:4G<I8�6H?GHE8F �.;8�C4G<8AG�F�GE4I8?�;<FGBEL��CBF<G<I8 FGBB?�6H?GHE8��4A7�46HG8
CE8F8AG4G<BA�B9�CEB9HF8�ABA�5?BB7L��E<68�J4G8E��FGBB?F�4A7�E8FH?G<A: 78;L7E4G<BA 4E8�ABG�FH::8FG<I8�B9
7<4EE;84 F86BA74EL�GB�E4C<7�<AG8FG<A4?�GE4AF<G

���

�09-(�%2(�)0)'8630=8)�0377�(9)�83�-2*0%11%8-32�3*�091-2%0�796*%')�)4-8,)0-91

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

#A9?4@@4G<BA B9�G;8�?H@<A4? 8C<G;8?<H@ <F�F88A�<A 8KH74G<I8�<A9?4@@4GBEL 7<4EE;84 64HF87�5L #�� BE


546G8E<4?�<A986G<BAF�J<G; Salmonella, Campylobacter��4A7 E.coli ��?BB7� CHF��4A7 ?8H>B6LG8F <A�FGBB?�
4F�J8??�4F�FLFG8@<6�<??A8FF�FH6;�4F 98I8E��4E8�6B@@BA�<A 8KH74G<I8�<A9?4@@4GBEL 7<4EE;84 �.;<F
C4G<8AG�F�GE4I8?�;<FGBEL��4985E<?8�CE8F8AG4G<BA�B9�CEB9HF8�ABA�5?BB7L��E<68�J4G8E��FGBB?F��4A7 FGBB?
6H?GHE8 A8:4G<I8�9BE ?8H>B6LG8F @4>8�<A9?4@@4GBEL�@87<4G87 7<4EE;84 HA?<>8?L

��� �91-2%0�',036-()�,=4)67)'6)8-32�(9)�83�3:)6%'8-:%8-32�3*�%()2=0%8)�'='0%7)

�<40%2%8-32��98

�AG8EBGBK<6 E.coli ��.�����G;8�@BFG�6B@@BA�64HF8�B9 GE4I8?8E�F�7<4EE;84��<F�4?FB�4�:E4@�A8:4G<I8


546G8E<4�GE4AF@<GG87�I<4�G;8�9864?�BE4?�EBHG8�<A 8A78@<6 4E84F �-<@<?4E�GB 6;B?8E4��<G�CEB7H68F
8AG8EBGBK<AF G;4G�<A6E84F8�<AG8FG<A4?�68??H?4E 478AL?4G8�6L6?4F8��?847<A:�GB F86E8GBEL�7<4EE;84 I<4
?H@<A4?�J4G8E�4A7�8?86GEB?LG8�;LC8EF86E8G<BA �.�� <A986G<BA�JBH?7�GLC<64??L�@4A<98FG�J<G;�A4HF84�
4A7�CBFF<5?L�IB@<G<A:��4A7 98I8E G;4G�?4FG���Q���;BHEF �.E84G@8AG�<F�FHCCBEG<I8�4A7�<A6?H78F BE4?

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
E8;L7E4G<BA�G;8E4CL

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

�;B?8E4�GBK<A 46G<I4G8F�G;8�!F U�FH5HA<G��G;8E85L�FG<@H?4G<A: 478AL?4G8�6L6?4F8 46G<I<GL�GB�<A6E84F8


6�'* J<G;<A�G;8�<AG8FG<A4? 8C<G;8?<4? 68??F �#A6E84F87 6�'* 6BA68AGE4G<BA�BI8E46G<I4G8F 6LGBFB?<6
*%���J;<6; C;BFC;BEL?4G8F � ., 6;?BE<78 6;4AA8? CEBG8<AF��64HF<A:�8K68FF�F86E8G<BA�B9��?� �4A7
FH5F8DH8AG?L�J4G8E��(4���%���4A7 "�)��� �.;<F�CEB68FF�?847F�GB�J4G8EL��:E8L<F;�FGBB?F�4A7�F8I8E8
78;L7E4G<BA��4F�F88A�<A�G;<F�C4G<8AG )E4?�E8;L7E4G<BA�G;8E4CL �),.��<F�G;8�@4<AFG4L�B9�GE84G@8AG�GB
E8C?8A<F; <AGE4I4F6H?4E IB?H@8�5864HF8��<A 7<4EE;84? 7<F84F8��A8HGE4?�(4�?�45FBECG<BA�4A7
8?86GEB:8A<6�(4� 45FBECG<BA�4E8�7<FEHCG87��J;<?8�6BHC?87�45FBECG<BA�B9�(4� 4A7�:?H6BF8�I<4�FB7<H@�
:?H6BF8�6BGE4AFCBEG8E����-!&.����<F�CE8F8EI87 �!?H6BF8�8A;4A68F�45FBECG<BA�B9�8?86GEB?LG8F�4A7
J4G8E��J;<6;�<F�J;4G�@4>8F�),.�FB�89986G<I8

��� �14%-6)(�-28)78-2%0�138-0-8=�(9)�83�()+)2)6%8-32�3*�%983231-'�2)6:)7

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

0<F68E4? 4HGBAB@<6�A8HEBC4G;L��J;<6;�@4L�58�64HF87�5L��'��64A�?847�GB�7LF9HA6G<BA4?�<AG8FG<A4?
@BG<?<GL�E8FH?G<A:�<A 6;EBA<6�7<4EE;84 �.;<F�6BA7<G<BA�CE8F8AGF�4F�<AG8E@<GG8AG��C4<A?8FF 7<4EE;84
7HE<A:�5BG;�74L�4A7�A<:;G�G;4G�@4L�E8FH?G�<A�9864?�<A6BAG<A8A68 �.;8�C4G<8AG�F�GE4I8?�;<FGBEL��CBF<G<I8
FGBB?�6H?GHE8��4A7�46HG8�CE8F8AG4G<BA�B9�CEB9HF8�ABA�5?BB7L��E<68�J4G8E��FGBB?F�4A7�E8FH?G<A:
78;L7E4G<BA 4E8�4GLC<64?�9BE 6;EBA<6�7<4EE;84 4F�G;8�E8FH?G�B9 4HGBAB@<6�A8HEBC4G;L

��� �<')77-:)�;%8)6�)<'6)8-32�(9)�83�37138-'%00=�%'8-:)�73098)7�-2�8,)�091)2

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

�A�<A6E84F87�?H@<A4?�BF@BG<6�?B47�4A7�G;8�E8FH?G<A:�8K68FF<I8�J4G8E�8K6E8G<BA��BF@BG<6�7<4EE;84�
6BH?7�58�4�6BAF8DH8A68�B9 ?4K4G<I8 HF8��8K68FF @4:A8F<H@ <AG4>8��BE ?46GBF8�<AGB?8E4A68 �.;8
C4G<8AG�F�GE4I8?�;<FGBEL��CBF<G<I8 FGBB?�6H?GHE8��4A7�46HG8�CE8F8AG4G<BA�B9�CEB9HF8�ABA�5?BB7L��E<68
J4G8E��FGBB?F�J<G;�F8I8E8 78;L7E4G<BA 4E8�ABG�GLC<64?�B9 BF@BG<6�7<4EE;84��J;<6;�JBH?7�CE8F8AG�J<G;
ABE@4? FGBB?�6H?GHE8F 4A7 7<4EE;84 BA?L�9B??BJ<A:�<A:8FG<BA�B9�G;BF8�FH5FG4A68F

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�9)78-32�����

� ���L84E�B?7 @4A�6B@8F�GB�G;8�C;LF<6<4A�5864HF8�B9 7<4EE;84��5?B4G<A:��A4HF84��4A7�IB@<G<A:�9BE�G;8


C4FG�J88> �"8�78F6E<58F�;<F�FGBB?�4F :E84FL��9EBG;L��4A7�FB9G��<G�<F�ABG�E87�BE�74E>8A87 �.;8�C4G<8AG�J8AG
BA�4 ;<><A:�GE<C <A��E4M<? ��J88>F 4:B �"8�;4F�AB�;<FGBEL�B9�F8E<BHF�<??A8FF�4A7�G4>8F�AB�@87<64G<BAF �.;8
C4G<8AG�4CC84EF�78;L7E4G87 �"<F�I<G4?�F<:AF�4E8�J<G;<A�ABE@4?�?<@<GF ��K4@<A4G<BA�F;BJF�7EL�@H6BHF
@8@5E4A8F�4A7�7<99HF8�457B@<A4?�G8A78EA8FF �'<6EBF6BCL�B9�G;8�FGBB?�F;BJF 8::�F;4C87 6LFGF�J<G;
CEB@<A8AG GJB�?4L8E87 68??�J4??�4A7�@H?G<C?8�AH6?8< �1;<6;�B9�G;8�9B??BJ<A:�<F�G;8�@BFG�4CCEBCE<4G8
GE84G@8AG�

�27;)6 �1%+)

� -HCCBEG<I8�GE84G@8AG�BA?L

� 04A6B@L6<A�G;8E4CL

� .E<@8G;BCE<@�FH?94@8G;BK4MB?8�G;8E4CL

� �<CEB9?BK46<A�G;8E4CL

� '8GEBA<74MB?8�G;8E4CL

)6GE8BG<78�G;8E4CL

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�-28

.;8�C4G<8AG�F�E868AG�;<><A:�GE<C�4A7�G;8�78G86G<BA�B9�6LFGF�<A�;<F�FGBB?�@4>8 :<4E7<4F<F G;8�@BFG�?<>8?L


7<4:ABF<F �.;8�<A986G<BA�<@C4<EF�45FBECG<BA��J;<6;�?847F�GB�:E84FL�4A7�9EBG;L 7<4EE;84

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�366)'8��27;)6

��� 944368-:)�86)%81)28�320=

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

-HCCBEG<I8�GE84G@8AG�<F�<@CBEG4AG�<A�G;8�6BAG8KG�B9 7<4EE;84 GB�E8C?468�9?H<7�4A7�8?86GEB?LG8�?BFF8F


"BJ8I8E��G;<F�C4G<8AG�F 7<4EE;84 <F�64HF87�5L�4�C4E4F<G8�4A7�G;8E89BE8�4?FB�78@4A7F�64HF4G<I8
GE84G@8AG

��� #%2'31='-2�8,)6%4=

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

)E4? I4A6B@L6<A <F�G;8�F86BA7�?<A8�G;8E4CL�9BE Clostridioides difficile <A986G<BA��J;<6;�@4L�CE8F8AG


J<G;�J4G8EL��E4G;8E�G;4A�9EBG;L��4A7�:E84FL 7<4EE;84 �'BE8BI8E� C. difficile @4<A?L�64HF8F�<A986G<BAF
<A�8?78E?L�C4G<8AGF�������L84EF��J;B�;4I8�E868<I87�GE84G@8AG�J<G;�4A 4AG<5<BG<6 ?<>8 6?<A74@L6<A BE
68C;4?BFCBE<A �.;<F�C4G<8AG�;4F�AB�;<FGBEL�B9�CE<BE 4AG<5<BG<6 GE84G@8AG�4A7�@BFG�?<>8?L�;4F :<4E7<4F<F�
4:4<AFG�J;<6; I4A6B@L6<A <F�ABG�89986G<I8

��� !6-1)8,346-1�790*%1)8,3<%>30)�8,)6%4=

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

.'*�-'2 <F�HF87�9BE @4<AG8A4A68�G;8E4CL <A 1;<CC?8�F�7<F84F8��J;<6;�@4L�4?FB�CE8F8AG�J<G;


@4?45FBECG<BA 4A7�:E84FL�FGBB?F �"BJ8I8E��G;8E8�4E8�HFH4??L�4?FB�8KGE4<AG8FG<A4?�FL@CGB@F�FH6;�4F
@<:E4GBEL�4EG;E<G<F� ?L@C;478ABC4G;L��4A7�BE�A8HEB?B:<6�789<6<GF �'BE8BI8E� 1;<CC?8�F�7<F84F8 JBH?7
ABG�CE8F8AG�J<G;�6LFGF�<A�4�FGBB?�F4@C?8 .'*�-'2 <F�ABG�89986G<I8�4:4<AFG :<4E7<4F<F

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �-463*03<%'-2�8,)6%4=

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

�<CEB9?BK46<A 64A�58�HF87�GB�GE84G GE4I8?8E�F�7<4EE;84 64HF87�5L 8AG8EBGBK<:8A<6��F6;8E<6;<4�6B?<


8A78@<6 <A�@4AL�GEBC<64?�6BHAGE<8F �.;<F�C4G<8AG�I<F<G87��E4M<?���J88>F�4:B�4A7�@<:;G�;4I8
6BAGE46G87 GE4I8?8E�F�7<4EE;84 �J4G8EL 7<4EE;84��7HE<A:�G;4G�G<@8��J;<6;�E8FB?I87�J<G;BHG�9HEG;8E
GE84G@8AG ��G�G;<F�G<@8��;BJ8I8E��G;8�C4G<8AG�@BFG�?<>8?L�;4F :<4E7<4F<F��4:4<AFG�J;<6; 6<CEB9?BK46<A <F
ABG�89986G<I8

��� �)8632-(%>30)�8,)6%4=

�1%+)

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

!<4E7<4F<F <F�G;8�@BFG�6B@@BA�C4E4F<G<6�64HF8�B9 7<4EE;84 <A�G;8�/- �#G�<F�64HF87�5L Giardia lamblia�


J;<6;�64A�58�46DH<E87�9EB@�7E<A><A:�HAGE84G87�J4G8E��A4GHE4?�FCE<A:F��FGE84@F� '8GEBA<74MB?8 <F�4A

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
4AG<5<BG<6 G;4G�<F�89986G<I8�4:4<AFG 4A48EB58F 4A7 CEBGBMB4 4A7�<F�6B@@BA?L�HF87�9BE :<4E7<4F<F �-<78
89986GF�<A6?H78�A4HF84�4A7�4�@8G4??<6 G4FG8 <A�G;8�@BHG; �*4G<8AGF�F;BH?7�58�47I<F87�ABG�GB�6BAFH@8
4?6B;B?�J;<?8�G4><A: @8GEBA<74MB?8 5864HF8�<G�64A�?847�GB�4 7<FH?9<E4@�?<>8�E846G<BA J<G; A4HF84�4A7
IB@<G<A:

��� �'86)38-()�8,)6%4=

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

)6GE8BG<78 <F�HF87�GB�E8?<8I8�FL@CGB@F�<A�C4G<8AGF�J<G; 64E6<AB<7�GH@BEF��J;<6;�6?4FF<64??L�CE8F8AG


J<G; 7<4EE;84��6HG4A8BHF 9?HF;<A:��4A7 4FG;@4�?<>8�4GG46>F �.;<F�C4G<8AG�7B8F�ABG�6B@C?4<A�B9�4AL
9?HF;<A: BE 7LFCA84

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�9)78-32�����

� ���L84E�B?7 @4A�6B@8F�GB�G;8�C;LF<6<4A�5864HF8�B9�4 ��@BAG; ;<FGBEL�B9�CEB:E8FF<I8�?8G;4E:L�


F;BEGA8FF�B9�5E84G;��4A7�7<99<6H?GL�6BA68AGE4G<A: �"<F�9E<8A7F�;4I8�GB?7�;<@�G;4G�;8�4CC84EF�C4?8 �"8�;4F
F@B>87�;4?9�4�C46>�B9�6<:4E8GG8F�74<?L�9BE�G;8�C4FG ���L84EF �(8HEB?B:<64?�8K4@<A4G<BA�F;BJF�E87H687
F8AF4G<BA�GB�?<:;G�GBH6;�4A7�C<ACE<6>�<A�G;8�GB8F�5<?4G8E4??L �&45BE4GBEL�FGH7<8F�F;BJ�

"8@B:?B5<A � ��:�7&

'84A�6BECHF6H?4E�IB?H@8 ����W@�

-8EH@

0<G4@<A���� �6L4AB6B54?4@<A� ���A:�& �(������Q����

B?<6�46<7 ���A:�@&��(���� �Q���

�A�BE4?�7BF8�B9�E47<B?458?87�I<G4@<A���� <F�47@<A<FG8E87��9B??BJ87�5L�4A�<AGE4@HF6H?4E�<A=86G<BA�B9
ABAE47<B46G<I8�I<G4@<A���� �� ���;BHE HE<A8�F4@C?8�<F�6B??86G87�4A7�HE<A8�I<G4@<A���� ?8I8?F�4E8
HA6;4A:87 �.;8�CEB687HE8�<F�E8C84G87�J<G;�G;8�477<G<BA�B9�BE4? <AGE<AF<6�946GBE��4A7 ���;BHE HE<A8
I<G4@<A ��� ?8I8?F�<A6E84F8 �.;<F�C4G<8AG�F�9<A7<A:F�<A7<64G8�4A�<A6E84F87�E<F>�9BE�J;<6;�B9�G;8�9B??BJ<A:
6BA7<G<BAF�

�27;)6 �1%+)

� �B?BE86G4?�64E6<AB@4

� *4A6E84G<6�64E6<AB@4

� !4FGE<6�64E6<AB@4

� �8�+H8EI4<A�G;LEB<7<G<F

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�27;)6 �1%+)

� .LC8���7<458G8F�@8??<GHF

�8?<46�7<F84F8

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�-28

.;<F�C4G<8AG�;4F @46EB6LG<6�4A8@<4 4A7 C8E<C;8E4?�A8HEBC4G;L 7H8�GB I<G4@<A���� 789<6<8A6L �.;8


E8FH?GF�B9�G;8 -6;<??<A:�G8FG 4E8�6BAF<FG8AG�J<G; <AGE<AF<6�946GBE 789<6<8A6L��J;<6;�FH::8FGF C8EA<6<BHF
4A8@<4

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�366)'8��27;)6

��� �3036)'8%0�'%6'-231%

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

��;<FGBEL�B9�F@B><A:�<F�4 E<F>�946GBE 9BE 6B?BE86G4?�64E6<AB@4��4A7�C4G<8AGF�J<G; 6B?BE86G4?�64A68E


@4L�CE8F8AG�J<G; 4A8@<4 �7H8�GB�6;EBA<6 !#�;8@BEE;4:8� �"BJ8I8E��6;EBA<6 !#�;8@BEE;4:8
GLC<64??L�E8FH?GF�<A <EBA�789<6<8A6L�4A8@<4 �@<6EB6LG<6�4A8@<4��E4G;8E�G;4A C8EA<6<BHF�4A8@<4
�@46EB6LG<6�4A8@<4� �.;8E8�<F�6HEE8AG?L�AB�6?84E�8I<78A68�G;4G�C4G<8AGF�J<G; C8EA<6<BHF�4A8@<4 4E8�4G
4A�<A6E84F87�E<F>�B9 6B?BE86G4?�64E6<AB@4

��� �%2'6)%8-'�'%6'-231%

�<40%2%8-32��98

�;EBA<6�C4A6E84G<G<F��J;<6;�<F�4 E<F>�946GBE 9BE C4A6E84G<6�64E6<AB@4��@4L�4?FB�E8FH?G�<A I<G4@<A����


789<6<8A6L �"BJ8I8E��HE<A4EL�8K6E8G<BA�B9�E47<B?458?87���� JBH?7�ABG�ABE@4?<M8�49G8E�E8C84G<A:�G;8
-6;<??<A:�G8FG J<G;�BE4??L�47@<A<FG8E87 <AGE<AF<6�946GBE 5864HF8���� @4?45FBECG<BA <A 6;EBA<6
C4A6E84G<G<F <F�64HF87�5L GELCF<A 789<6<8A6L��J;<6;�E8FH?GF�<A�G;8�<@C4<E87�5E84>7BJA�B9�F4?<I4EL
;4CGB6BEE<A �#AFG847��HE<A4EL�8K6E8G<BA�B9�E47<B?458??87���� JBH?7�ABE@4?<M8�BA?L�49G8E�G;8�<A:8FG<BA
B9 C4A6E84G<6�8AML@8F �'BE8BI8E��G;<F�C4G<8AG�7B8F�ABG�;4I8�4�;<FGBEL�B9 4?6B;B?�HF8�7<FBE78E BE
E86HEE8AG�457B@<A4? C4<A��J;<6;�JBH?7�FH::8FG 6;EBA<6�C4A6E84G<G<F

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

�?G;BH:;�G;<F�C4G<8AG�F�;<FGBEL�B9�F@B><A:�<F�4 E<F>�946GBE 9BE C4A6E84G<6�64E6<AB@4��G;8�CE8F8A68�B9


C8EA<6<BHF�4A8@<4 F<:A<9<64AG?L�<A6E84F8F�;<F�E<F>�B9�4ABG;8E�7<F84F8 �-GH7<8F�;4I8�F;BJA�G;4G�G;8E8�<F
AB FG4G<FG<64??L�F<:A<9<64AG 4FFB6<4G<BA�58GJ88A C8EA<6<BHF�4A8@<4 4A7 C4A6E84G<6�64E6<AB@4

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �%786-'�'%6'-231%

�<40%2%8-32��98

*4G<8AGF�J<G;�A8J?L�7<4:ABF87 C8EA<6<BHF�4A8@<4 F;BH?7�HA78E:B�4A�8A7BF6BC<6�8K4@<A4G<BA�4A7


:4FGE<6 5<BCFL J<G;<A���@BAG;F�GB�6BA9<E@�G;8�CE8F8A68�B9 4GEBC;<6�:4FGE<G<F 4A7�EH?8�BHG 7LFC?4FG<6
6;4A:8F �*4G<8AGF�F;BH?7�HA78E:B�4�E8C84G�8A7BF6BCL�<9�G;8L�78I8?BC�7LFC8CG<6�FL@CGB@F
-HEI8<??4A68�8A7BF6BC<8F�@4L�4?FB�58�C8E9BE@87�8I8EL���L84EF�<A�68EG4<A�;<:;�E<F>�C4G<8AGF��8 : �
G;BF8�J<G;�F8I8E8 6B?H@A4E�@8G4C?4F<4 4G�G;8�<A<G<4? 5<BCFL�

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

*4G<8AGF�J<G; C8EA<6<BHF�4A8@<4 4E8�4G�<A6E84F87�E<F>�B9�78I8?BC<A:�:4FGE<6 478AB64E6<AB@4 ��CCEBK


����B9�C4G<8AGF�J<G; C8EA<6<BHF�4A8@<4 ;4I8�6;EBA<6 4GEBC;<6�:4FGE<G<F��J;<6;�?<>8?L�466BHAGF�9BE�G;8
<A6E84F87 <A6<78A68 B9 :4FGE<6�64E6<AB@4 �.;8F8�C4G<8AGF�4E8�4?FB�4G�<A6E84F87�E<F>�9BE�:4FGE<6
64E6<AB<7�GH@BE 4F�4�E8FH?G�B9�6;EBA<6 ;LC8E:4FGE<A8@<4��J;<6;�<A7H68F�:4FGE<6�68?? ;LC8EC?4F<4

��� �)��9)6:%-2�8,=63-(-8-7

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

.;8E8�<F�AB�8I<78A68�GB�FH::8FG�G;4G�C4G<8AGF�J<G; C8EA<6<BHF�4A8@<4 4E8�4G�<A6E84F87�E<F>�B9


78I8?BC<A: 78�+H8EI4<A�G;LEB<7<G<F �FH546HG8�:E4AH?B@4GBHF�G;LEB<7<G<F���J;<6;�HFH4??L�B66HEF
9B??BJ<A:�4�I<E4? HCC8E�E8FC<E4GBEL�<A986G<BA �!<I8A�G;8�4HGB<@@HA8�8G<B?B:L�B9�G;8<E�6BA7<G<BA�
C4G<8AGF�J<G; C8EA<6<BHF�4A8@<4 4E8�4G�<A6E84F87�E<F>�B9�78I8?BC<A:�4HGB<@@HA8 G;LEB<7 7<F84F8F�
<A6?H7<A: "4F;<@BGB�7<F84F8 4A7 !E4I8F�7<F84F8

��� !=4)���(-%&)8)7�1)00-897

�<40%2%8-32��98

�GEBC;<6�:4FGE<G<F��J;<6;�64HF8F C8EA<6<BHF�4A8@<4��4A7 GLC8����' 4E8�5BG;�64HF87�5L�4HGB<@@HA8


74@4:8 �!<I8A�G;<F�4HGB<@@HA8�4FFB6<4G<BA��G;8 @87<4A CEB545<?<GL G;4G�C4G<8AGF�J<G; C8EA<6<BHF

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
4A8@<4 J<??�;4I8 GLC8����' <F�45BHG����G<@8F�:E84G8E�G;4A�<A�G;8�:8A8E4?�CBCH?4G<BA �"BJ8I8E��G;8
BAF8G�B9 GLC8����'��J;<6;�HFH4??L�B66HEF�589BE8�G;8�4:8�B9�����J<??�GLC<64??L�CE86878�G;8�BAF8G�B9
6?<A<64?�984GHE8F�B9 C8EA<6<BHF�4A8@<4��J;<6;�HFH4??L�4CC84E�7HE<A:�47H?G;BB7

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

*4G<8AGF�J<G; GLC8����' 4E8�4G�<A6E84F87�E<F>�B9 I<G4@<A���� 789<6<8A6L 9BE�@H?G<C?8�E84FBAF��G;8


@BFG�F<:A<9<64AG�58<A: @8G9BE@<A HF8�5864HF8 @8G9BE@<A 49986GF�G;8�64?6<H@�78C8A78AG <?84?
45FBECG<BA�B9�G;8 <AGE<AF<6�946GBE���� 6B@C?8K �#A6E84F87 :HG�GE4AF<G�G<@8 7H8�GB 7<458G<6�4HGBAB@<6
A8HEBC4G;L @4L�?847�GB�546G8E<4?�BI8E:EBJG;��J;<6;�64A�4?FB�64HF8 I<G4@<A���� 789<6<8A6L
"BJ8I8E��G;8E8�<F�AB�74G4�GB�FH::8FG�G;4G�C4G<8AGF�J<G; C8EA<6<BHF�4A8@<4 4E8�4G�4A�<A6E84F87�E<F>�B9
78I8?BC<A: GLC8����'

��� �)0-%'�(-7)%7)

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

*4G<8AGF�J<G; 68?<46�7<F84F8 @4L�4?FB�CE8F8AG�J<G;�FL@CGB@F�B9 ��� 789<6<8A6L 7H8�GB @4?45FBECG<BA


"BJ8I8E��<9�G;8�64HF8�B9 I<G4@<A���� 789<6<8A6L J4F @4?45FBECG<BA 7H8�GB 68?<46�7<F84F8��HE<A4EL
8K6E8G<BA�B9�E47<B?458?87���� JBH?7�ABG�ABE@4?<M8�49G8E�E8C84G<A:�G;8 -6;<??<A:�G8FG J<G;�BE4??L
47@<A<FG8E87 <AGE<AF<6�946GBE �# � �.;<F�C4G<8AG�F�<A6E84F87�45FBECG<BA�B9���� J<G;�BE4?�# �BA�G;8
-6;<??<A:�G8FG <F�7<4:ABFG<6�B9 C8EA<6<BHF�4A8@<4 ��864HF8 C8EA<6<BHF�4A8@<4 4A7 68?<46�7<F84F8 4E8
5BG;�4HGB<@@HA8�7<F84F8F��G;8E8�6BH?7�G;8BE8G<64??L�58�4A�4FFB6<4G<BA�58GJ88A�G;8�GJB �"BJ8I8E�
G;8E8�<F�6HEE8AG?L�?<GG?8�8I<78A68�GB�FH::8FG�4�6?84E�4FFB6<4G<BA

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�9)78-32�����

� ���L84E�B?7 @4A�6B@8F�GB�G;8�C;LF<6<4A�5864HF8�B9�4 ��74L ;<FGBEL�B9�98I8E��@4?4<F8��4A7�E<:;G�HCC8E


457B@<A4?�C4<A ��K4@<A4G<BA�B9�G;8�457B@8A�F;BJF�G8A78EA8FF�<A�G;8�E<:;G�HCC8E�DH47E4AG �"<F
?8H>B6LG8�6BHAG�<F �������@@� �����A8HGEBC;<?F� 4A7 F8EH@�4?>4?<A8�C;BFC;4G4F8�<F ����/�&
/?GE4FBAB:E4C;L�B9�G;8�457B@8A�F;BJF�4 ��6@ ;LCB86;B<6�?8F<BA�<A�G;8�E<:;G�?B58�B9�G;8�?<I8E�J<G;�4
;LC8E8@<6�E<@ �1;<6;�B9�G;8�9B??BJ<A:�<F�G;8�@BFG�?<>8?L�HA78E?L<A:�64HF8�B9�G;<F�C4G<8AG�F�6BA7<G<BA�

�27;)6 �1%+)

� �B?BE86G4?�64A68E

� #A986G<BHF�8A7B64E7<G<F

� �6;<AB6B66BF<F

� �<I8EG<6H?<G<F

� �;B?4A:<G<F

*8E<A8C;E<6�<A986G<BA

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�27;)6 �1%+)

! �4A7<7<4F<F

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�-28

��GE<47�B9 98I8E� @4?4<F8��4A7�E<:;G�HCC8E�457B@<A4? C4<A <A�4�C4G<8AG�J<G; A8HGEBC;<?<6�?8H>B6LGBF<F 4A7


4�;8C4G<6�?8F<BA�J<G;�4 ;LC8E8@<6 E<@��7H8�GB�FHEEBHA7<A: 878@4 4A7 <A9?4@@4G<BA��BA H?GE4FBAB:E4C;L
<F�7<4:ABFG<6�B9�4 ?<I8E�45F68FF

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�366)'8��27;)6

��� �3036)'8%0�'%2')6

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

�B?BE86G4?�64A68E 6B@@BA?L @8G4FG4F<M8F <AGB�G;8 ?<I8E��?847<A:�GB E<:;G�HCC8E�DH47E4AG C4<A J<G;


98I8E 4A7 @4?4<F8��4F�F88A�<A�G;<F�C4G<8AG �"BJ8I8E� ?<I8E�@8G4FG4F8F GLC<64??L�CE8F8AG�4F�@H?G<C?8
?8F<BAF�BA H?GE4FBHA7��4A7�G;<F�C4G<8AG�;4F�BA?L�4�F<A:?8�?8F<BA (8HGEBC;<?<6�?8H>B6LGBF<F JBH?7�ABG
58�8KC86G87 �-86BA74EL�546G8E<4?�<A986G<BA�B9�4 @8G4FG4G<6 78CBF<G��BA�G;8�BG;8E�;4A7��<F�4�E4E8�64HF8
B9 ;8C4G<6�45F68FF �'BE8BI8E� 6B?BE86G4?�64A68E <F�HA?<>8?L�<A�G;<F����L84E�B?7�C4G<8AG�J<G;BHG�4
>ABJA�:8A8G<6�@HG4G<BA�BE�FL@CGB@F�FH6;�4F�6;4A:8F�<A�5BJ8?�;45<GF��E86G4?�5?887<A:��4A7�J8<:;G
?BFF

��� �2*)'8-397�)2(3'%6(-8-7

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

�46G8E8@<4 <A�6BA7<G<BAF�FH6;�4F <A986G<BHF�8A7B64E7<G<F �#���@4L�64HF8�4 ;8C4G<6�45F68FF 7H8�GB


7<FF8@<A4G<BA�I<4�G;8�;8C4G<6 4EG8EL �������B9 ;8C4G<6�45F68FF8F� �#��CE8F8AGF�J<G; 98I8E 4A7
@4?4<F8��4F�<A�G;<F�C4G<8AG��;BJ8I8E��<G�<F�4?FB�4FFB6<4G87�J<G;�64E7<46�@4A<98FG4G<BAF��8 : ��A8J�BE
6;4A:87 ;84EG�@HE@HE� ;84EG�94<?HE8�F<:AF���4A7�F<:AF�FH6;�4F $4A8J4L�?8F<BAF� )F?8E�AB78F��4A7 ,BG;
FCBGF �'BE8BI8E��#��<F�HA?<>8?L�<A�G;<F�C4G<8AG�J<G;BHG E<F>�946GBEF ?<>8�4�CE874@4:87�BE CEBFG;8G<6
;84EG�I4?I8��#0�7EH:�45HF8��BE�E868AG�78AG4?�FHE:8EL

��� �',-23'3''37-7

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

�6;<AB6B66BF<F <F�4 ;8?@<AG;<6�<A986G<BA E8FH?G<A:�<A�G;8�9BE@4G<BA�B9�4 ;8C4G<6�6LFG��J;<6;�64A�64HF8


E<:;G�HCC8E�DH47E4AG C4<A 4A7 @4?4<F8��4F�F88A�<A�G;<F�C4G<8AG �"BJ8I8E��<G�<F�4�E4E8�<A986G<BA�<A�G;8�/-
4A7 E<F>�946GBEF 9BE G4C8JBE@ 8KCBFHE8��8 : ��6BAG46G�J<G;�7B:F�BE�BG;8E�CBG8AG<4??L�<A986G87
789<A<G<I8�;BFGF��JBH?7�58�8KC86G87 �'BE8BI8E��G;<F�C4G<8AG�F�?45BE4GBEL�4A7 H?GE4FBHA7 9<A7<A:F�4E8
<A6BAF<FG8AG�J<G; 86;<AB6B66BF<F��J;<6;�<F�4FFB6<4G87�J<G; ?8H>BC8A<4 4A7 4A86;B<6��J8??�789<A87

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
6LFGF�J<G; 8::F;8??�64?6<9<64G<BAF BA H?GE4FBHA7

��� �-:)68-'90-8-7

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

�<I8EG<6H?<G<F @4L�64HF8�4 ;8C4G<6�45F68FF 7H8�GB�546G8E<4?�<A986G<BA�FCE847�I<4�G;8 CBEG4?�I8<A�


;BJ8I8E��G;<F�<F�4�E4E8�6B@C?<64G<BA�4A7�4FFB6<4G87�J<G;�;<:;�546G8E<4?�?B47F �'BE8BI8E� 7<I8EG<6H?<G<F
<F�?8FF�6B@@BA�<A�G;<F�C4G<8AG�F�4:8�:EBHC�4A7�<F�GLC<64??L�4FFB6<4G87�J<G;�FL@CGB@F�FH6;�4F ?89G
?BJ8E�DH47E4AG C4<A 4A7�4�6;4A:8�<A�5BJ8?�;45<GF

��� �,30%2+-8-7

�1%+)

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

�F68A7<A:�<A986G<BA�9EB@�4 5<?<4EL�GE46G C4G;B?B:L��FH6;�4F 6;B?4A:<G<F��<F�G;8�@BFG�6B@@BA�64HF8�B9

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
;8C4G<6�45F68FF8F �.;8�<A986G<BA�<F�GLC<64??L�64HF87�5L�546G8E<4�4A7�@4<A?L�<F�CB?L@<6EB5<4?��J<G; E.
coli 58<A:�G;8�@BFG�9E8DH8AG�64HF4G<I8�C4G;B:8A "8C4G<6�45F68FF8F @4L�4?FB�E8FH?G�9EB@
<AGE4457B@<A4?�<A986G<BAF��8 : � 46HG8�4CC8A7<6<G<F� C8E<GBA<G<F���BE�;8@4GB:8ABHF�FCE847�9EB@
FLFG8@<6�6<E6H?4G<BA �8 : � F8CF<F�

��� �)6-2)4,6-'�-2*)'8-32

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

*8E<A8C;E<6�<A986G<BA�@4L�E4E8?L�?847�GB�4 ;8C4G<6�45F68FF I<4�6BAG<:HBHF�FCE847 �-<A68�FH6;�4A


<A986G<BA�GLC<64??L�B66HEF�4F�4�6B@C?<64G<BA�B9 CL8?BA8C;E<G<F��466B@C4AL<A:�FL@CGB@F�FH6;�4F
7LFHE<4� ;8@4GHE<4��4A7�9?4A> C4<A JBH?7�58�8KC86G87

��� �%2(-(-%7-7

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

�4A7<7<4F<F 4A7�BG;8E�9HA:4?�<A986G<BAF�466BHAG�9BE�������B9�4?? ;8C4G<6�45F68FF8F � HA:4? ;8C4G<6


45F68FF8F 4E8�F88A�8FC86<4??L�<A <@@HAB6B@CEB@<F87�A8HGEBC8A<6 <A7<I<7H4?F��8 : ��J<G; 7<458G8F�
"#0���J;<6;�<F�J;L�G;<F�C4G<8AG�F A8HGEBC;<?<6�?8H>B6LGBF<F <F�<A6BAF<FG8AG�J<G;�G;<F�7<4:ABF<F
'BEG4?<GL�E4G8F <A�C4G<8AGF�J<G;�9HA:4? ;8C4G<6�45F68FF8F 4E8�;<:;

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�9)78-32�����

� ���L84E�B?7 @4A�6B@8F�GB�G;8�C;LF<6<4A�5864HF8�B9�4 ��J88> ;<FGBEL�B9�<AG8E@<GG8AG�5HEA<A:�8C<:4FGE<6


C4<A �"<F�C4<A�<@CEBI8F�J<G;�4AG46<7�HF8�4A7�84G<A:�5HG�E8GHEAF�4CCEBK<@4G8?L ��;BHEF 9B??BJ<A:�@84?F
"8�;4F�4�;<FGBEL�B9�6;EBA<6�BFG8B4EG;E<G<F�4A7�G4>8F�<5HCEB98A�74<?L �/CC8E�8A7BF6BCL�F;BJF�4�788C�H?68E
?B64G87�BA�G;8 CBFG8E<BE�J4??�B9�G;8�7HB78A4?�5H?5 �.;<F�H?68E�<F�@BFG�?<>8?L�GB�8EB78�<AGB�J;<6;�B9�G;8
9B??BJ<A:�FGEH6GHE8F�

�27;)6 �1%+)

� -C?8A<6�I8<A

� *4A6E84G<6�7H6G

� &<I8E�64CFH?8

� �8F68A7<A:�4BEG4

� !4FGEB7HB78A4?�4EG8EL

.E4AFI8EF8�6B?BA

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�-28

.;8�FGEH6GHE8�@BFG�4G�E<F>�B9�74@4:8�?<8F�7<E86G?L CBFG8E<BE GB�G;8 9<EFG�C4EG�B9�G;8�7HB78AH@ �G;8


7HB78A4?�5H?5�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�366)'8��27;)6

��� 40)2-'�:)-2

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

.;8 FC?8A<6�I8<A 6BHEF8F�4?BA:�G;8 CBFG8E<BE :4FGE<6�9HA7HF 4A7�64A�58�74@4:87�5L :4FGE<6�H?68EF <A


G;<F�?B64G<BA��4?G;BH:; :4FGE<6�H?68EF @BE8�6B@@BA?L�78I8?BC�4?BA:�G;8 ?8FF8E�6HEI4GHE8�B9�G;8
FGB@46;� *8CG<6�H?68EF ?B64G87�BA�G;8 CBFG8E<BE J4??�B9�G;8 7HB78A4?�5H?5 4E8�ABG�?<>8?L�GB�<A=HE8�G;8
FC?8A<6�I8<A

��� �%2'6)%8-'�(9'8

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

�4@4:8�GB�G;8 C4A6E84G<6�7H6G <F�4�E4E8�6B@C?<64G<BA�B9 7HB78A4?�H?68EF �.;8 C4A6E84G<6�7H6G <F


?B64G87 CBFG8E<BE GB�G;8 F86BA7�C4EG�B9�G;8�7HB78AH@ 4A7�<F�ABG�?<>8?L�GB�58�74@4:87�5L�4 C8CG<6
H?68E ?B64G87�BA�G;8 CBFG8E<BE J4??�B9�G;8 7HB78A4?�5H?5

��� �-:)6�'%4790)

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

�4@4:8�GB�G;8 ?<I8E�64CFH?8��J;<6;�64A�64HF8�4�C8E<;8C4G<6 45F68FF��<F�4�E4E8�6B@C?<64G<BA�B9


7HB78A4?�H?68EF �.;8 ?<I8E�64CFH?8 <F�?B64G87�FHC8E<BE�GB�G;8 CEBK<@4? 7HB78AH@ 4A7�<F�ABG�?<>8?L�GB
58�74@4:87�5L�4 C8CG<6�H?68E ?B64G87�BA�G;8 CBFG8E<BE J4??�B9�G;8 7HB78A4?�5H?5

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �)7')2(-2+�%368%

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

�4@4:8�GB�G;8 78F68A7<A:�4BEG4 <F�4�E4E8�6B@C?<64G<BA�B9 :4FGE<6�H?68EF ?B64G87�4?BA:�G;8 CBFG8E<BE


:4FGE<6�4AGEH@ �.;<F�FGEH6GHE8�<F�ABG�?<>8?L�GB�58�74@4:87�5L�4 C8CG<6�H?68E ?B64G87�BA�G;8 CBFG8E<BE
J4??�B9�G;8 7HB78A4?�5H?5

��� �%7863(93()2%0�%68)6=

�1%+)

�<40%2%8-32��98

�AG8E<BE 7HB78A4?�H?68EF 64A�64HF8�C8E9BE4G<BA�G;4G�E8FH?GF�<A�9E88�4<E�HA78E�G;8�7<4C;E4:@

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�<40%2%8-32�$,=

.;8 :4FGEB7HB78A4?�4EG8EL EHAF�7<E86G?L CBFG8E<BE GB�G;8 9<EFG�C4EG�B9�G;8�7HB78AH@ 49G8E�BE<:<A4G<A:


9EB@�G;8 6B@@BA�;8C4G<6�4EG8EL �#G�FHCC?<8F�G;8 CL?BEHF� CEBK<@4? 7HB78AH@��4A7�;847�B9�G;8
C4A6E84F �� C8CG<6�H?68E ?B64G87�BA�G;8 CBFG8E<BE J4??�B9�G;8 7HB78A4?�5H?5 64A�8EB78�<AGB�G;8
:4FGEB7HB78A4?�4EG8EL 4A7�64HF8�F<:A<9<64AG :4FGEB<AG8FG<A4?�5?887<A: ��?887<A:�<F�G;8�@BFG�6B@@BA
6B@C?<64G<BA�B9 C8CG<6�H?68E�7<F84F8

��� !6%27:)67)�'3032

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

�4@4:8�GB�G;8 GE4AFI8EF8�6B?BA <F�4�E4E8�6B@C?<64G<BA�B9 C8CG<6�H?68EF �CE<@4E<?L :4FGE<6�H?68EF


?B64G87�4?BA:�G;8 :E84G8E�6HEI4GHE8�B9�G;8�FGB@46; 4A7 4AG8E<BE 7HB78A4?�H?68EF� �.;<F�FGEH6GHE8�<F�ABG
?<>8?L�GB�58�74@4:87�5L�4 C8CG<6�H?68E ?B64G87�BA�G;8 CBFG8E<BE J4??�B9�G;8 7HB78A4?�5H?5

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�9)78-32�����

� ���L84E�B?7 JB@4A�<F�5EBH:;G�GB�G;8�8@8E:8A6L�78C4EG@8AG�5864HF8�B9 6E4@CL�457B@<A4?�C4<A�4A7


9BH?�F@8??<A:��J4G8EL�7<4EE;84 �)A8�J88>�4:B��F;8�HA78EJ8AG�GE84G@8AG�B9�68??H?<G<F�J<G; 6?<A74@L6<A
"8E�G8@C8E4GHE8�<F �� �O������ �O � ��57B@<A4?�8K4@<A4G<BA�F;BJF�@<?7�G8A78EA8FF�<A�G;8�?89G�?BJ8E
DH47E4AG �"8E�?8H>B6LG8�6BHAG�<F �������@@� ��A 8AML@8�<@@HAB4FF4L�<F�CBF<G<I8�9BE�:?HG4@4G8
78;L7EB:8A4F8�4AG<:8A�4A7 GBK<AF�� 4A7�� �.E84G@8AG�<F�58:HA�J<G;�4 7EH:�G;4G�<A;<5<GF�G;8�F<:@4
FH5HA<G�B9�G;8�,(��CB?L@8E4F8 �.;8�C4G<8AG�J4F�@BFG�?<>8?L�GE84G87�J<G;�J;<6;�B9�G;8�9B??BJ<A:�7EH:F�

�27;)6 �1%+)

� 04A6B@L6<A

� �?<A74@L6<A

� 'BK<9?BK46<A

� '8GEBA<74MB?8

� <74KB@<6<A

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�-28

BH?�F@8??<A:��J4G8EL 7<4EE;84 F;BEG?L�49G8E 4AG<5<BG<6 HF8��8FC86<4??L 6?<A74@L6<A��F;BH?7�E4<F8


FHFC<6<BA�9BE Clostridioides difficile <A986G<BA �.;8�CBF<G<I8�8AML@8�<@@HAB4FF4LF�9BE C. difficile
:?HG4@4G8�78;L7EB:8A4F8 4AG<:8A 4A7 GBK<AF�� 4A7�� 6BA9<E@�G;<F�FHFC<6<BA

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�366)'8��27;)6

��� #%2'31='-2

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

04A6B@L6<A <F�4�9<EFG�?<A8�GE84G@8AG�BCG<BA�9BE C. difficile <A986G<BA �1;8A�:<I8A�BE4??L�<G�<F�A8<G;8E


FLFG8@<64??L�45FBE587�ABE�@8G45B?<M87��?847<A:�GB�;<:;�6BA68AGE4G<BAF�<A�G;8 6B?BA��J;<6;�@4>8F
I4A6B@L6<A 4A�89986G<I8�7EH:�<A�G;8�GE84G@8AG�B9 C. difficile 6B?<G<F �"BJ8I8E� I4A6B@L6<A�F
@86;4A<F@�B9�46G<BA�<F�I<4�<A;<5<G<BA�B9 68??�J4?? C8CG<7B:?L64A 9BE@4G<BA�E4G;8E�G;4A�G;EBH:;
<A;<5<G<BA�B9�G;8�F<:@4�FH5HA<G�B9�G;8 ,(��CB?L@8E4F8

��� �0-2(%1='-2

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

�?<A74@L6<A <F�4A 4AG<5<BG<6 G;4G�<F�@BFG�6B@@BA?L�HF87�<A�G;8�GE84G@8AG�B9 4A48EB5<6�


FG4C;L?B6B664?��4A7 FGE8CGB6B664? <A986G<BAF �"BJ8I8E� 6?<A74@L6<A ;4F�4�CEBC8AF<GL�9BE�64HF<A: C.
difficile <A986G<BAF��4F�F88A�;8E8��FB�<GF�9HEG;8E�HF8�<A�G;<F�64F8�F;BH?7�58�4IB<787 �'BE8BI8E�
6?<A74@L6<A�F�@86;4A<F@�B9�46G<BA�<F�I<4�<A;<5<G<BA�B9 CEBG8<A�FLAG;8F<F 4G�G;8 ��-�E<5BFB@4?
FH5HA<G

��� �3<-*03<%'-2

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

'BK<9?BK46<A <F�4 9?HBEBDH<AB?BA8 4AG<5<BG<6 J<G;�4�5EB47�6?<A<64?�FC86GEH@�4A7�4�;<:;�BE4?


5<B4I4<?45<?<GL �"BJ8I8E� 9?HBEBDH<AB?BA8F ;4I8�AH@8EBHF�7EH:�7EH:�<AG8E46G<BAF�4A7�64A�64HF8
@4AL�F8E<BHF�47I8EF8�89986GF��<A6?H7<A:�CE87<FCBF<A:�C4G<8AGF�GB C. difficile <A986G<BAF��FB�G;8<E�HF8
HF8�<A�G;<F�64F8�F;BH?7�58�4IB<787 �'BE8BI8E� 9?HBEBDH<AB?BA8F 46G�I<4�<A;<5<G<BA�B9�546G8E<4?
GBCB<FB@8E4F8F ##�4A7�#0

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �)8632-(%>30)

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

'8GEBA<74MB?8 <F�4A 4AG<5<BG<6 89986G<I8�4:4<AFG�B5?<:4G8 4A48EB5<6 BE:4A<F@F�4A7�<F�6BAF<78E87�4


F86BA7�?<A8�G;8E4CL�9BE C. difficile <A986G<BAF �"BJ8I8E� @8GEBA<74MB?8�F�@86;4A<F@�B9�46G<BA�B66HEF
I<4�G;8�:8A8E4G<BA�B9�GBK<6 9E88�E47<64? @8G45B?<G8F �.;8E89BE8��4ABG;8E 4AG<5<BG<6 J4F�<A<G<4G87�9BE�G;8
GE84G@8AG�B9�G;<F�C4G<8AG

��� �-(%<31-'-2

�<40%2%8-32��98

#A�6BAGE4FG�GB�CE8I<BHF�E86B@@8A74G<BAF� @8GEBA<74MB?8 <F�ABJ�6BAF<78E87�4�F86BA7�?<A8�G;8E4CL

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

<74KB@<6<A <F�4�9<EFG�?<A8�GE84G@8AG�9BE�ABAF8I8E8 C. difficile <A986G<BA��8 : � 1���6BHAG P�������


68??F�@&���4F�F88A�<A�G;<F�C4G<8AG <74KB@<6<A <F�4 546G8E<6<74? 4AG<5<BG<6 G;4G�46GF�G;EBH:;�<A;<5<G<BA
B9�G;8 ,(��CB?L@8E4F8 F<:@4�FH5HA<G ��4F87�HCBA�E868AG�E8I<F<BAF�GB�:H<78?<A8F��BE4? 9<74KB@<6<A <F
ABJ�6BAF<78E87�4�9<EFG�?<A8�GE84G@8AG�9BE�ABAF8I8E8 C. difficile <A986G<BA <74KB@<6<A <F�47@<A<FG8E87
?8FF�9E8DH8AG?L�G;4A�BE4? I4A6B@L6<A��G;8�BG;8E�9<EFG�?<A8�GE84G@8AG�BCG<BA�9BE�G;<F�6BA7<G<BA��5864HF8
<G�<F�F<:A<9<64AG?L�@BE8�8KC8AF<I8��;BJ8I8E� 9<74KB@<6<A ;4F�588A�F;BJA�GB�?BJ8E�E86HEE8A68�E4G8F

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�9)78-32����

� ���L84E�B?7 @4A�<F�5EBH:;G�GB�G;8�8@8E:8A6L�78C4EG@8AG�5864HF8�B9�F8I8E8�457B@<A4?�C4<A�9BE�G;8
C4FG ��;BHEF �"8�;4F�4 ��L84E ;<FGBEL�B9 5HEA<A:�8C<:4FGE<6�C4<A�G;4G�:8GF�JBEF8�J<G;�@84?F �"<F�CH?F8�<F
����@<A��E8FC<E4G<BAF�4E8����@<A��4A7�5?BB7�CE8FFHE8�<F ������@@�": ��8FC<G8�4CCEBCE<4G8�?<98F4I<A:
@84FHE8F��;8�7<8F ��G�4HGBCFL��8K4@<A4G<BA�F;BJF 8EBF<BA�B9�G;8�E<:;G�:4FGE<6�4EG8EL �*8E9BE4G<BA�B9�4A
H?68E�<A�J;<6;�B9�G;8�9B??BJ<A:�?B64G<BAF�@BFG�?<>8?L�64HF87�G;<F�C4G<8AG�F�9<A7<A:F�

�27;)6 �1%+)

� �AG8E<BE�7HB78AH@

� *BFG8E<BE�7HB78AH@

� HA7HF�B9�G;8�FGB@46;

!E84G8E�6HEI4GHE8�B9�G;8

FGB@46;

&8FF8E�6HEI4GHE8�B9�G;8

FGB@46;

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�-28

.;<F�C4G<8AG�;4F�4�;<FGBEL�B9�8C<:4FGE<6 C4<A��FH::8FG<A: C8CG<6�H?68E�7<F84F8 *4<A G;4G�:8GF�JBEF8�J<G;


@84?F�4A7 8EBF<BA B9�G;8 E<:;G�:4FGE<6�4EG8EL FH::8FG�G;4G�G;8 H?68E <F�?B64G87�<A�G;8 FGB@46;

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�366)'8��27;)6

��� �28)6-36�(93()291

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

.;8 4AG8E<BE 7HB78AH@ <F�FHCC?<87�5L�G;8 FHC8E<BE�C4A6E84G<6B7HB78A4?�4EG8EL I<4�<GF 4AG8E<BE


5E4A6;8F ��A H?68E <A�G;8 4AG8E<BE 7HB78AH@ 6BH?7�C8E9BE4G8�G;<F 4EG8EL 4A7�8KG8A7�<AGB�G;8 4AG8E<BE
457B@<A4?�64I<GL �"BJ8I8E� 8EBF<BA B9�G;8 E<:;G�:4FGE<6�4EG8EL� 4F�9BHA7�<A�G;<F�C4G<8AG��JBH?7�ABG�58
8KC86G87

��� �378)6-36�(93()291

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

.;8 CBFG8E<BE 7HB78AH@ <F�FHCC?<87�5L�G;8 :4FGEB7HB78A4?�4EG8EL��J;<6;�BE<:<A4G8F�9EB@�G;8 6B@@BA


;8C4G<6�4EG8EL ��A H?68E <A�G;8 CBFG8E<BE 7HB78AH@ 6BH?7�C8A8GE4G8�<AGB�G;8 :4FGEB7HB78A4?�4EG8EL 4A7
64HF8�@4FF<I8�;8@BEE;4:8 �"BJ8I8E� 8EBF<BA B9�G;8 E<:;G�:4FGE<6�4EG8EL��4F�9BHA7�<A�G;<F�C4G<8AG�
JBH?7�ABG�58�8KC86G87

��� �92(97�3*�8,)�7831%',

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

.;8 :4FGE<6�9HA7HF <F�FHCC?<87�5L�G;8 F;BEG�:4FGE<6�4EG8E<8F��J;<6;�4E8�5E4A6;8F�B9�G;8 FC?8A<6�4EG8EL


�A H?68E <A�G;8�9HA7HF�6BH?7�C8E9BE4G8�<AGB�G;BF8 4EG8E<8F �"BJ8I8E� 8EBF<BA B9�G;8 E<:;G�:4FGE<6
4EG8EL� 4F�9BHA7�<A�G;<F�C4G<8AG��JBH?7�ABG�58�8KC86G87

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �6)%8)6�'96:%896)�3*�8,)�7831%',

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

.;8 :E84G8E�6HEI4GHE8 B9�G;8 FGB@46; <F�FHCC?<87�5L�G;8 E<:;G�:4FGEB8C<C?B<6�4EG8EL 4A7 ?89G


:4FGEB8C<C?B<6�4EG8EL ��A H?68E <A�G;<F�?B64G<BA�6BH?7�C8A8GE4G8�<AGB�G;BF8 4EG8E<8F 4A7�64HF8
;8@BEE;4:8 �"BJ8I8E� 8EBF<BA B9�G;8 E<:;G�:4FGE<6�4EG8EL��4F�9BHA7�<A�G;<F�C4G<8AG��JBH?7�ABG�58
8KC86G87

��� �)77)6�'96:%896)�3*�8,)�7831%',

�1%+)

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

.;8 ?8FF8E�6HEI4GHE8 B9�G;8 FGB@46; <F�FHCC?<87�5L�G;8�E<:;G�4A7 ?89G�:4FGE<6�4EG8EL �.;8 E<:;G�:4FGE<6


4EG8EL 4E<F8F�9EB@�G;8 6B@@BA�;8C4G<6�4EG8EL��J;<?8�G;8 ?89G�:4FGE<6�4EG8EL 4E<F8F�9EB@�G;8 68?<46
GEHA> �-<A68�G;<F�C4G<8AG�F H?68E ;4F�8EB787�G;8 E<:;G�:4FGE<6�4EG8EL��<G�?<>8?L�BE<:<A4G87�9EB@�G;8�?BJ8E

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
?8FF8E�6HEI4GHE8��J;<6;�<F�4�6B@@BA�?B64G<BA�9BE C8CG<6�H?68EF

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�9)78-32�����

� ���L84E�B?7 @4A�6B@8F�GB�G;8�C;LF<6<4A�5864HF8�B9�4A ��@BAG; ;<FGBEL�B9�HCC8E�457B@<A4?�C4<A


�HE<A:�G;<F�C8E<B7��;8�;4F�4?FB�;47�A4HF84��;84EG5HEA��4A7�@H?G<C?8�8C<FB78F�B9�7<4EE;84�J<G;�AB�5?BB7�BE
@H6HF �"8�;4F�F@B>87�BA8�C46>�B9�6<:4E8GG8F�74<?L�9BE�G;8�C4FG ���L84EF �"8�7B8F�ABG�HF8�4?6B;B?�BE
<??<6<G�7EH:F ��HEE8AG�@87<64G<BAF�<A6?H78�4A�4AG46<7 �.;8�457B@8A�<F�FB9G�4A7�G;8E8�<F�G8A78EA8FF�GB
C4?C4G<BA�<A�G;8�8C<:4FGE<6�4A7�H@5<?<64?�4E84F �/CC8E�8A7BF6BCL�F;BJF F8I8E4?�H?68EF�<A�G;8�7HB78AH@
4A7�G;8�HCC8E�=8=HAH@�4F�J8??�4F�G;<6>�:4FGE<6�9B?7F �!4FGE<6�C"�<F ��� ��<BCF<8F�9EB@�G;8�H?68EF�F;BJ�AB
BE:4A<F@F �1;<6;�B9�G;8�9B??BJ<A:�G8FGF�<F�@BFG�?<>8?L�GB�6BA9<E@�G;8�7<4:ABF<F�

�27;)6 �1%+)

� ���;BHE�8FBC;4:84?�C"�@BA<GBE<A:

� 4FG<A:�F8EH@�:4FGE<A�?8I8?

� /E<A8�@8G4A8C;E<A8�?8I8?F

� /E84�5E84G;�G8FG

� -8EH@�I4FB46G<I8�<AG8FG<A4?�CB?LC8CG<78�?8I8?

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�-28

-8I8E4? C8CG<6�H?68EF� H?68EF <A�HAHFH4?�?B64G<BAF��< 8 � =8=HAH@���4A7�G;<6>�:4FGE<6�9B?7F�F;BH?7�E4<F8


FHFC<6<BA�9BE 3B??<A:8E��??<FBA�FLA7EB@8

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�366)'8��27;)6

��� � �,396�)734,%+)%0�4��132-836-2+

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

���;BHE 8FBC;4:84?�C"�@BA<GBE<A: <F�HF87�GB�6BA9<E@�G;8�7<4:ABF<F�B9 :4FGEB8FBC;4:84?�E89?HK


7<F84F8 �!�,�� �1;<?8�G;<F�C4G<8AG�68EG4<A?L�;4F !�,� :<I8A�;<F�;<FGBEL�B9 ;84EG5HEA 4A7�?BJ
:4FGE<6�C"� !�,� 4?BA8�JBH?7�ABG�8KC?4<A�;<F�8A7BF6BC<6�9<A7<A:F��8 : ��G;<6>�:4FGE<6�9B?7F��F8I8E4?
C8CG<6�H?68EF� �.;8F8�9<A7<A:F�4E8�@BE8�FH::8FG<I8�B9 3B??<A:8E��??<FBA�FLA7EB@8 4A7����;BHE
8FBC;4:84?�C"�@BA<GBE<A: JBH?7�ABG�58�B9�4AL�9HEG;8E�7<4:ABFG<6�I4?H8

��� �%78-2+�7)691�+%786-2�0):)0

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

�8G8E@<A<A:�G;8 94FG<A: F8EH@ :4FGE<A ?8I8?�<F�G;8�58FG�<A<G<4?�G8FG�9BE�7<4:ABF<A: :4FGE<AB@4


�3B??<A:8E��??<FBA�FLA7EB@8���J;<6;�G;<F�C4G<8AG�?<>8?L�;4F ������9B?7�<A6E84F8�<A :4FGE<A ?8I8?F�<F
6BA6?HF<I8�8I<78A68�B9�4 :4FGE<AB@4��8FC86<4??L�<A�6B@5<A4G<BA�J<G;�4�:4FGE<6�C"���� �� F86E8G<A
FG<@H?4G<BA�G8FG �--.��@4L�4?FB�58�HF87�<A�G;8�7<4:ABF<F�B9 3�- �"BJ8I8E��<G�@HFG�58�C8E9BE@87
J<G;BHG 46<7�FHCCE8FF<BA�G;8E4CL 4A7�<F�ABG�E86B@@8A787�<A�C4G<8AGF�J<G;�F8I8E8�@4A<98FG4G<BAF�B9
3�-

��� "6-2)�1)8%2)4,6-2)�0):)07

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

'84FHE8@8AG�B9 HE<A8 @8G4A8C;E<A8 ?8I8?F��8 : � 64G86;B?4@<A8 @8G45B?<G8F��<F�<A7<64G87�<9�G;8


7<4:ABF<F�B9 C;8B6;EB@B6LGB@4 <F�FHFC86G87 �1;<?8 C;8B6;EB@B6LGB@4 64A�64HF8�8C<FB7<6
7<4EE;84��G;<F�C4G<8AG�<F�@<FF<A:�BG;8E�6;4E46G8E<FG<6�984GHE8F��FH6;�4F ;84746;8� C4?C<G4G<BAF��4A7
;LC8EG8AF<BA��@4><A:�G;<F�7<4:ABF<F�HA?<>8?L 3�-��J;<6;�G;<F�C4G<8AG�;4F��<F�4FFB6<4G87�J<G; '�(���
J;<?8 C;8B6;EB@B6LGB@4 <F�4FFB6<4G87�J<G; '�(��� 4A7 '�(���

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� "6)%�&6)%8,�8)78

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

� HE84�5E84G;�G8FG <F�4�:BB7 F6E88A<A:�G8FG 9BE Helicobacter pylori �"*� �"BJ8I8E��G;8�:B?7�FG4A74E7


9BE�78G86G<A: "* <F�G;8�;<FGBC4G;B?B:<6�8I4?H4G<BA�B9�8A7BF6BC<6 5<BCF<8F��J;<6;�J8E8�4?E847L
C8E9BE@87�<A�G;<F�C4G<8AG�4A7�64@8�546>�A8:4G<I8��8 : ��AB�BE:4A<F@F�F88A� �.;8E8�<F�AB�CB<AG�<A
C8E9BE@<A:�4 F6E88A<A:�G8FG 49G8E�4?E847L�6BA7H6G<A:�G;8�6BA9<E@4G<BA�G8FG

��� )691�:%73%'8-:)�-28)78-2%0�430=4)48-()�0):)0

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

'84FHE8@8AG�B9�F8EH@ 0#* ?8I8?F�JBH?7�58�<A7<64G87�<9�G;8E8�J8E8�FHFC<6<BA�B9�4 0#*B@4��4�E4E8


A8HEB8A7B6E<A8�GH@BE 4FFB6<4G87�J<G; '�(�� G;4G�GLC<64??L�@4A<98FGF�J<G;�;<:;�IB?H@8��J4G8EL
7<4EE;84 �#A�477<G<BA� 3�-��J;<6;�G;<F�C4G<8AG�;4F��<F�4?FB�4FFB6<4G87�J<G; '�(�� �"BJ8I8E�
457B@<A4?�G8A78EA8FF� ;84EG5HEA��4A7�G;<F�C4G<8AG�F�HCC8E�8A7BF6BC<6�9<A7<A:F�4E8�ABG�6BAF<FG8AG�J<G;
4 0#*B@4

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�9)78-32�����

� ���L84E�B?7 @4A�<F�5EBH:;G�GB�G;8�8@8E:8A6L�78C4EG@8AG ���@<AHG8F 49G8E�94??<A:�9EB@�G;8�EBB9�B9�4


6BAFGEH6G<BA�F<G8 �"8�E8CBEGF 457B@<A4?�4A7 E<:;G�F<787 9?4A>�C4<A �"<F�G8@C8E4GHE8�<F �� �O����� �O ��
CH?F8�<F�����@<A��4A7�5?BB7�CE8FFHE8�<F �������@@�": �*;LF<64?�8K4@<A4G<BA�F;BJF�AH@8EBHF
866;L@BF8F�BI8E�G;8�GEHA>�4A7�9?4A>F�4A7�4�G8A78E�E<:;G�457B@8A�J<G;BHG�4�C4?C45?8�@4FF � B6HF87
4FF8FF@8AG�J<G;�FBAB:E4C;L�9BE�GE4H@4�� �-.��F;BJF AB�<AGE4C8E<GBA84?�9?H<7 6B??86G<BAF �"<F
;8@B:?B5<A�6BA68AGE4G<BA�<F � ��:�7& �.;8�@BFG�?<>8?L�64HF8�B9�;<F�CE8F8AG4G<BA�<F�<A=HEL�GB�J;<6;�B9�G;8
9B??BJ<A:�BE:4AF�

�27;)6 �1%+)

� &<I8E

� -C?88A

� %<7A8L

� -GB@46;

� -@4??�5BJ8?

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�-28

.;<F�C4G<8AG�<F�;8@BEE;4:<A:��G46;L64E7<4� ;LCBG8AF<BA��?BJ ;8@B:?B5<A� �"<F �-. 9<A7<A:F�FH::8FG


G;4G�G;8�FBHE68�B9�G;8�5?887<A:�7B8F�ABG�?<8 <AGE4C8E<GBA84?

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�366)'8��27;)6

��� �-:)6

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

#A=HEL�GB�G;8 ?<I8E��4A <AGE4C8E<GBA84?�BE:4A��6BH?7�8KC?4<A�G;<F�C4G<8AG�F�457B@<A4? C4<A 4A7�F<:AF�B9


;8@BEE;4:8 �"BJ8I8E��GE4H@4G<6 ?<I8E 5?887F�F;BH?7�E8FH?G�<A�9E88 <AGE4C8E<GBA84? 9?H<7�BA�4 �-.
8K4@

��� 40))2

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

.;8 FC?88A <F�4A <AGE4C8E<GBA84?�BE:4A G;4G�<F�G;8�@BFG�6B@@BA�FBHE68�B9�;8@BEE;4:8�49G8E�5?HAG


9BE68�GE4H@4 -C?8A<6�EHCGHE8 JBH?7�8KC?4<A�G;<F�C4G<8AG�F�457B@<A4? C4<A 4A7�F<:AF�B9�;8@BEE;4:8
"BJ8I8E��4 �-. 8K4@�JBH?7�?<>8?L�F;BJ <AGE4C8E<GBA84? 9?H<7�466H@H?4G<BAF

��� �-(2)=

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

-<A68�G;8 �-. 8K4@�<F�A8:4G<I8�9BE <AGE4C8E<GBA84? 9?H<7�6B??86G<BAF��<G�<F�?<>8?L�G;4G�G;<F�C4G<8AG�<F


8KC8E<8A6<A:�4 E8GEBC8E<GBA84? 5?887 �.;8 E8GEBC8E<GBA84? ?B64?<M4G<BA�4?BA:�J<G;�;<F�E<:;G�F<787�9?4A>
C4<A 4E8�6BAF<FG8AG�J<G;�<A=HEL�GB�G;8 ><7A8L

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� 831%',

�<40%2%8-32��98

#9�C8E9BE4G<BA�B9�G;8 F@4??�5BJ8?��4�;B??BJ I<F6HF��<F�CE8F8AG��4A�HCE<:;G�457B@<A4? K�E4L JBH?7�F;BJ


9E88 C8E<GBA84? 4<E

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

#A=HEL�GB�G;8 FGB@46; 6BH?7�8KC?4<A�G;<F�C4G<8AG�F�457B@<A4? C4<A 4A7�F<:AF�B9�;8@BEE;4:8 �"BJ8I8E�


5864HF8�G;8 FGB@46; <F <AGE4C8E<GBA84?��9?H<7�JBH?7�?<>8?L�58�I<FH4?<M87�BA�4 �-. 8K4@

��� 1%00�&3;)0

�<40%2%8-32��98

#9�C8E9BE4G<BA�B9�G;8 F@4??�5BJ8?��4�;B??BJ I<F6HF��<F�CE8F8AG��4A�HCE<:;G�457B@<A4? K�E4L JBH?7�F;BJ


9E88 C8E<GBA84? 4<E

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

#A=HEL�GB�G;8 F@4??�5BJ8? 6BH?7�8KC?4<A�G;<F�C4G<8AG�F�457B@<A4? C4<A 4A7�F<:AF�B9�;8@BEE;4:8


"BJ8I8E��5864HF8�G;8 F@4??�5BJ8? <F <AGE4C8E<GBA84?��9?H<7�JBH?7�?<>8?L�58�I<FH4?<M87�BA�4 �-.
8K4@

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
USMLE e e r m h nne s
Me est i e s: https://t.me/USMLEMe est

K p n ssr m i e s: https://t.me/USMLEK p n

USMLE i e s Step : https://t.me/USMLE Step

e ker i e s: https://t.me/USMLE e ker

r s e n i e s Step : https://t.me/USMLE r sAn e n

r s e n i e s Step K: https://t.me/USMLE r sAn e n Step K

Ph se i e s: https://t.me/USMLEPh se

Pi ri e i e s: https://t.me/USMLEPi ri e

P th m i e s: https://t.me/USMLEP th m

nA i s i h it : https://t.me/USMLE nA i s

Am ss r p: https://t.me/USMLEAm ss

Le t ri nk: https://t.me/USMLELe t ri

En p int P s: https://t.me/USMLEEn p int

USMLE MEs: https://t.me/USMLE ME

L E Me E : https://t.me/USMLE n ineMe E

USMLE r Step : https://t.me/USMLE r Step

USMLE r Step K: https://t.me/USMLE r Step K

USMLE r Step nk: https://t.me/USMLE r Step

USMLE Anki: https://t.me/USMLEAnki

KissPrep: https://t.me/USMLEKissPrep

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�9)78-32�����

� ���L84E�B?7 @4A�6B@8F�GB�G;8�C;LF<6<4A�5864HF8�B9�CEB:E8FF<I8 7<99<6H?GL�FJ4??BJ<A: 4A7�4 ��>:


����?5��J8<:;G�?BFF BI8E�G;8�C4FG ��@BAG;F �"8�9<EFG�;47�GEBH5?8�FJ4??BJ<A:�FB?<7�9BB7F�4A7�G;8A�4?FB
78I8?BC87 7<99<6H?GL�FJ4??BJ<A: ?<DH<7F�BI8E�G;8�C4FG�J88> ��A7BF6BCL�F;BJF�4 ?4E:8�@4FF ��6@
CEBK<@4?�GB�G;8�8FBC;4:B:4FGE<6�=HA6G<BA ��<BCFL�B9�G;8�@4FF�F;BJF�F<:A<9<64AG 7<FGBEG<BA�B9�:?4A7H?4E
4E6;<G86GHE8 �1;<6;�B9�G;8�9B??BJ<A:�<F�G;8�FGEBA:8FG�CE87<FCBF<A:�946GBE�9BE�G;<F�C4G<8AG�F�6BA7<G<BA�

�27;)6 �1%+)

� �GEBC;<6�:4FGE<G<F

� �BAFH@CG<BA�B9�;BG�?<DH<7F

� �;EBA<6�4?6B;B?�HF8

� 0<F68E4?�B58F<GL

� �;8J<A:�B9�58G8?�AHGF

�BAFH@CG<BA�B9�6HE87�@84GF

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�-28

0<FH4?<M4G<BA�B9�4�@4FF�<A�G;8 7<FG4? G;<E7�B9�G;8 8FBC;4:HF J<G;�;<FGBC4G;B?B:<6�8K4@<A4G<BA�G;4G�F;BJF


7<FGBEG87�:?4A7H?4E�4E6;<G86GHE8�6BA9<E@F�4�7<4:ABF<F�B9 8FBC;4:84?�478AB64E6<AB@4

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�366)'8��27;)6

��� �8634,-'�+%786-8-7

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

�GEBC;<6�:4FGE<G<F <A6E84F8F�G;8�E<F>�B9 8FBC;4:84?�FDH4@BHF�68??�64E6<AB@4 �8-��� ��46G8E<4?


BI8E:EBJG;�<A�G;8�46;?BE;L7E<6 FGB@46; :8A8E4G8F�E846G<I8�64E6<AB:8A<6�A<GEB:8A�CEB7H6GF�G;4G�64A
<A7H68 8-�� GE4AF9BE@4G<BA ��?G;BH:; 8-�� @4A<98FGF�J<G; 7LFC;4:<4 4A7�J8<:;G�?BFF��4F�F88A�<A
G;<F�C4G<8AG��4 5<BCFL JBH?7�F;BJ C4G;B:AB@BA<6 6<E6H?4E�4E84F�B9 >8E4G<A<M4G<BA �GEBC;<6�:4FGE<G<F
<F�ABG�4FFB6<4G87�J<G;�4A�<A6E84F87�E<F>�B9 8FBC;4:84?�478AB64E6<AB@4

��� �3279148-32�3*�,38�0-59-(7

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

�;EBA<6�6BAFH@CG<BA�B9�;BG�?<DH<7F�4A7�9BB7�<A6E84F8F�G;8�E<F>�B9 8FBC;4:84?�FDH4@BHF�68??
64E6<AB@4 7H8�GB�G;8E@4?�74@4:8�B9�G;8�8FBC;4:84? @H6BF4 �.;8�E8FH?G<A: <A9?4@@4G<BA FG<@H?4G8F
G;8�CEB7H6G<BA�B9 E846G<I8�A<GEB:8A�FC86<8F��J;<6;�4E8�64E6<AB:8A<6 ��?G;BH:; 8-�� @4A<98FGF�J<G;
7LFC;4:<4 4A7�J8<:;G�?BFF��4F�F88A�<A�G;<F�C4G<8AG��4 5<BCFL JBH?7�F;BJ C4G;B:AB@BA<6 6<E6H?4E
4E84F�B9 >8E4G<A<M4G<BA ��BAFH@CG<BA�B9�;BG�?<DH<7F�<F�ABG�4FFB6<4G87�J<G;�4A�<A6E84F87�E<F>�B9
8FBC;4:84?�478AB64E6<AB@4

��� �,632-'�%0'3,30�97)

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

�;EBA<6�4A7 8K68FF<I8�4?6B;B?�6BAFH@CG<BA <A6E84F8F�G;8�E<F>�B9 8FBC;4:84?�FDH4@BHF�68??


64E6<AB@4 �8-��� ��?G;BH:; 8-�� @4A<98FGF�J<G; 7LFC;4:<4 4A7�J8<:;G�?BFF��4F�F88A�<A�G;<F�C4G<8AG�
4 5<BCFL JBH?7�F;BJ C4G;B:AB@BA<6 6<E6H?4E�4E84F�B9 >8E4G<A<M4G<BA ��;EBA<6�4?6B;B?�HF8�<F�ABG
4FFB6<4G87�J<G;�4A�<A6E84F87�E<F>�B9 8FBC;4:84?�478AB64E6<AB@4

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� #-7')6%0�3&)7-8=

�<40%2%8-32��98

)G;8E E<F>�946GBEF 9BE 8FBC;4:84?�478AB64E6<AB@4 <A6?H78�F@B><A:� 46;4?4F<4��4A7�68EG4<A�7<8GF��;<:;


4A<@4?�CEBG8<A��;<:; 6;B?8FG8EB?��?BJ�9<58E� �-@B><A:�4A7 46;4?4F<4 9HEG;8E@BE8�<A6E84F8�G;8�E<F>�B9
8FBC;4:84?�FDH4@BHF�68??�64E6<AB@4

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

)58F<GL <F�4A�<@CBEG4AG E<F>�946GBE 9BE 8FBC;4:84?�478AB64E6<AB@4 ��?G;BH:;�G;8�8K46G�@86;4A<F@�<F


HA>ABJA��<G�<F�;LCBG;8F<M87�G;4G B58F<GL <A6E84F8F�G;8�E<F>�B9 !�,���J;<6;�<A7H68F @8G4C?4F<4
��4EE8GG�8FBC;4:HF��G;4G�64A�CEB:E8FF�GB 478AB64E6<AB@4 �#A�477<G<BA��8K68FF<I8 I<F68E4? 94G�<A6E84F8F
G;8�E<F>�B9 <A9?4@@4G<BA��G;8�CEB7H6G<BA�B9 6LGB><A8F 4A7�:EBJG;�946GBEF��4A7 <AFH?<A�E8F<FG4A68��4??�B9
J;<6;�4E8 E<F>�946GBEF 9BE 64E6<AB@4

��� �,);-2+�3*�&)8)0�2987

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

�8G8?�AHG�BE�4E864�AHG�6;8J<A:�<F�FGEBA:?L�4FFB6<4G87�J<G;�4A�<A6E84F87�E<F>�9BE 8FBC;4:84?�FDH4@BHF
68??�64E6<AB@4 �8-��� �.;8�8K46G�@86;4A<F@�B9�G;<F�<F�HA>ABJA��5HG�<G�;4F�588A�;LCBG;8F<M87�GB�58
4�6B@5<A4G<BA�B9�@86;4A<64?�<EE<G4G<BA�4A7�G;8�E8?84F8�B9�64E6<AB:8A<6 E846G<I8�BKL:8A�FC86<8F
�?G;BH:; 8-�� @4A<98FGF�J<G; 7LFC;4:<4 4A7�J8<:;G�?BFF��4F�F88A�<A�G;<F�C4G<8AG��4 5<BCFL JBH?7
F;BJ C4G;B:AB@BA<6 6<E6H?4E�4E84F�B9 >8E4G<A<M4G<BA ��;8J<A:�B9�58G8?�AHGF�<F�ABG�4FFB6<4G87�J<G;�4A
<A6E84F87�E<F>�B9 8FBC;4:84?�478AB64E6<AB@4

��� �3279148-32�3*�'96)(�1)%87

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

�;EBA<6�6BAFH@CG<BA�B9 A<GEBF4@<A8�E<6;�9BB7F��8 : ��546BA��BG;8E�6HE87�@84GF��C<6>?8F��4?6B;B?��<F


4FFB6<4G87�J<G;�4A�<A6E84F87�E<F>�B9 8FBC;4:84?�FDH4@BHF�68??�64E6<AB@4 �8-��� ��?G;BH:; 8-��

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
@4A<98FGF�J<G; 7LFC;4:<4 4A7�J8<:;G�?BFF��4F�F88A�<A�G;<F�C4G<8AG��4 5<BCFL JBH?7�F;BJ
C4G;B:AB@BA<6 6<E6H?4E�4E84F�B9 >8E4G<A<M4G<BA ��BAFH@CG<BA�B9�6HE87�@84GF�<F�ABG�4FFB6<4G87�J<G;
4A�<A6E84F87�E<F>�B9 8FBC;4:84?�478AB64E6<AB@4

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�9)78-32�����

� ���L84E�B?7 :<E?�<F�5EBH:;G�GB�G;8�8@8E:8A6L�78C4EG@8AG�5864HF8�B9�4 ��74L ;<FGBEL�B9�5?BB7L�7<4EE;84


4A7�457B@<A4?�C4<A BHE�74LF�4:B��F;8�I<F<G87�4�C8GG<A:�MBB J<G;�;8E�94@<?L �"8E�G8@C8E4GHE8�<F �� �O�
���� �O � ��57B@<A4?�8K4@<A4G<BA�F;BJF G8A78EA8FF�GB�C4?C4G<BA�B9�G;8�E<:;G�?BJ8E�DH47E4AG -GBB?
6H?GHE8F�4G���O� :EBJ 6B?BA<8F�G;4G�GHEA�5?46>�49G8E�477<A:�C;8AL?8A87<4@<A8 �1;<6;�B9�G;8�9B??BJ<A:
58FG�78F6E<58F�G;8�@BFG�?<>8?L�64HF4?�BE:4A<F@�

�27;)6 �1%+)

!E4@�A8:4G<I8��9?4:8??4G87

546G8E<4�G;4G�98E@8AG�?46GBF8

!E4@�A8:4G<I8��ABA�
� 9?4:8??4G87�546G8E<4�G;4G�7B
ABG�98E@8AG�?46GBF8

!E4@�CBF<G<I8��4A48EB5<6�
� EB7�F;4C87�546G8E<4�G;4G
9BE@�FCBE8F

!E4@�A8:4G<I8��9?4:8??4G87
� 546G8E<4�G;4G�7B�ABG�98E@8AG
?46GBF8

!E4@�CBF<G<I8��48EB5<6��EB7�
� F;4C87�546G8E<4�G;4G�CEB7H68
64G4?4F8

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�27;)6 �1%+)

!E4@�CBF<G<I8��48EB5<6��EB7�
F;4C87�546G8E<4�G;4G�9BE@
FCBE8F

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�-28

.;<F�:<E?�CE8F8AGF�J<G; E<:;G�?BJ8E�DH47E4AG C4<A��5?BB7L 7<4EE;84��4A7 98I8E 49G8E�8KCBFHE8�GB�4A<@4?F


'4AL�C4G;B:8AF�64A�64HF8�G;<F�CE8F8AG4G<BA��5HG FGBB?�6H?GHE8F G;4G�:EBJ BK<74F8�CBF<G<I8 BE:4A<F@F
�6B?BA<8F�G;4G�GHEA�5?46>�J<G;�C;8AL?8A87<4@<A8��4G���O��FH::8FGF�<A986G<BA�J<G; Campylobacter
FC86<8F

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�366)'8��27;)6

��� �6%1�2)+%8-:)��*0%+)00%8)(�&%'8)6-%�8,%8�*)61)28�0%'837)

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

�AG8EB;8@BEE;4:<6 E. coli 4E8 -;<:4�GBK<A CEB7H6<A:� :E4@�A8:4G<I8 546G8E<4�G;4G�9<G�G;8�45BI8


78F6E<CG<BA �#A986G<BA�J<G;�G;8F8�546G8E<4�64HF8F�5?BB7L 7<4EE;84��457B@<A4? C4<A��4A7 98I8E ��BJF�
J;<6;�G;8�C4G<8AG�<F�?<>8?L�GB�;4I8�588A�8KCBF87�GB�4G�G;8�C8GG<A:�MBB��4E8�4�6B@@BA�64EE<8E�B9�G;8
C4G;B:8A �.E4AF@<FF<BA�B66HEF�G;EBH:;�4 9864?�BE4?�EBHG8 �"BJ8I8E� E. coli G8FGF�A8:4G<I8�9BE
BK<74F8

��� �6%1�2)+%8-:)��232�*0%+)00%8)(�&%'8)6-%�8,%8�(3�238�*)61)28�0%'837)

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

�BG; Yersinia 4A7 Shigella FCC �9<G�G;8�45BI8�78F6E<CG<BA �/CBA�<A986G<BA��5BG;�FC86<8F�64A�64HF8


5?BB7L 7<4EE;84��457B@<A4? C4<A��4A7 98I8E �'BE8BI8E� Yersinia enterocolitica <A986G<BAF�4E8
4FFB6<4G87�J<G;�4A<@4?�8KCBFHE8��788E��64GG?8��4A7�C<:F� �"BJ8I8E� Yersinia 4A7 Shigella FCC�G8FG
A8:4G<I8�9BE BK<74F8

��� �6%1�437-8-:)��%2%)63&-'��63(�7,%4)(�&%'8)6-%�8,%8�*361�7436)7

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

Clostridium FCC �9<G�G;<F�78F6E<CG<BA C. perfringens 64HF8F�J4G8EL 7<4EE;84 4A7�<F�4FFB6<4G87�J<G;�G;8


<A:8FG<BA�B9�HA78E6BB>87�9BB7 C. difficile <F�4 ABFB6B@<4?�<A986G<BA 4FFB6<4G87�J<G; 4AG<5<BG<6 HF8
C. botulinum 64HF8F 7<4EE;84 J<G;�A8HEB?B:<64?�7LF9HA6G<BAF��6E4A<4? A8HEBC4G;<8F�4A7�78F68A7<A:
J84>A8FF� �"BJ8I8E� Clostridium FCC�G8FG�A8:4G<I8�9BE BK<74F8

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �6%1�2)+%8-:)��*0%+)00%8)(�&%'8)6-%�8,%8�(3�238�*)61)28�0%'837)

�1%+)

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

Campylobacter jejuni <F�4�FC86<8F�B9�6B@@4�F;4C87��ABA�?46GBF8�98E@8AG<A: 546G8E<4�J<G;�CB?4E


9?4:8??4 �#G�<F�4�?847<A:�64HF8�B9�5?BB7L 7<4EE;84 <A�6;<?7E8A �.;8�<A986G<BA�<F�GE4AF@<GG87 9864?�BE4??L
5L�<A:8FG<BA�B9�HA78E6BB>87��6BAG4@<A4G87�CBH?GEL�@84G��HAC4FG8HE<M87�@<?>��BE�9B@<G8F�6BAG4<A<A:
G;8�C4G;B:8A ��<E86G�6BAG46G�J<G;�<A986G87�4A<@4?F��7B:F��64GF��C<:F��4G�C8GG<A:�MBBF�<F�4 E<F>�946GBE
Campylobacter <A986G<BA�64A�?847�GB !H<??4<A��4EEN�FLA7EB@8 4A7 E846G<I8�4EG;E<G<F Salmonella FCC
4E8�4?FB�:E4@�A8:4G<I8��9?4:8??4G87�546G8E<4�G;4G�7B�ABG�98E@8AG ?46GBF8 4A7�<A986G<BA�J<G; Salmonella
64A�64HF8 98I8E��457B@<A4? C4<A��4A7�5?BB7L 7<4EE;84 <A�LBHA:8E�6;<?7E8A ��KCBFHE8�GB�E8CG<?8F�4A7
?<I8�CBH?GEL�<F�4?FB�4�CBG8AG<4? E<F>�946GBE 9BE�GE4AF@<FF<BA �"BJ8I8E� Salmonella FCC �G8FG�A8:4G<I8�9BE
BK<74F8

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �6%1�437-8-:)��%)63&-'��63(�7,%4)(�&%'8)6-%�8,%8�463(9')�'%8%0%7)

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

Listeria monocytogenes 9<GF�G;<F�78F6E<CG<BA �.;<F�C4G;B:8A�64A�64HF8 98I8E� 7<4EE;84��4A7�457B@<A4?


C4<A 7H8�GB :4FGEB8AG8E<G<F 5HG 7<4EE;84 64HF87�5L &<FG8E<4 <F�GLC<64??L�ABA�5?BB7L �'BE8BI8E� &<FG8E<4
G8FGF�A8:4G<I8�9BE BK<74F8 4A7 Listeria <A986G<BA�<F�GLC<64??L�46DH<E87�5L�<A:8FG<BA�B9�HAC4FG8HE<M87
74<EL�CEB7H6GF

��� �6%1�437-8-:)��%)63&-'��63(�7,%4)(�&%'8)6-%�8,%8�*361�7436)7

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

Bacillus cereus 9<GF�G;<F�78F6E<CG<BA �.;<F�C4G;B:8A�64A�64HF8�6BC<BHF 7<4EE;84� 98I8E��4A7�457B@<A4?


C4<A �"BJ8I8E� 7<4EE;84 64HF87�5L B. cereus <F�GLC<64??L�ABA�5?BB7L�4A7 B. cereus G8FGF�A8:4G<I8�9BE
BK<74F8 �'BE8BI8E� B. cereus 7<4EE;84? FLA7EB@8�HFH4??L�<AIB?I8F�G;8�<A:8FG<BA�B9�9BB7F�G;4G�;4I8
588A�?89G�4G�EBB@�G8@C8E4GHE8��4??BJ<A:�G;8�546G8E<4�GB�:EBJ��4�CEB5?8@�6B@@BA?L�8A6BHAG8E87�J<G;
9E<87�E<68��;8A68�G;8�6B@@BA�A4@8�R9E<87�E<68�FLA7EB@8S�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�9)78-32�����

� ���L84E�B?7 @4A�6B@8F�GB�G;8�C;LF<6<4A�9BE�4�EBHG<A8�;84?G;�@4<AG8A4A68�8K4@<A4G<BA �"8�;4F�4


FGEBA:�94@<?L�;<FGBEL�B9�6B?BA�64A68E ���F6E88A<A:�6B?BABF6BCL�F;BJF�4 ��@@ CB?LC�<A�G;8�HCC8E
F<:@B<7�6B?BA �1;<6;�B9�G;8�9B??BJ<A:�9<A7<A:F�BA�5<BCFL�<F 4FFB6<4G87�J<G;�G;8�?BJ8FG�CBG8AG<4?�9BE
@4?<:A4AG�GE4AF9BE@4G<BA�<AGB�6B?BE86G4?�64E6<AB@4�

�27;)6 �1%+)

�E4A6;<A:�GH5H?8F�8@587787�<A

?4@<A4�CEBCE<4

.E88�?<>8�5E4A6;<A:�B9�@HF6H?4E<F

@H6BF4

,8:8A8E4G<A:�8C<G;8?<H@�J<G;

<A9?4@@4GBEL�<A9<?GE4G8

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�27;)6 �1%+)

<A:8E�?<>8�CEB=86G<BAF�J<G;�4

9<5EBI4F6H?4E�6BE8

"LC8EC?4FG<6�8C<G;8?<H@�4G�G;8�54F8

B9�6ELCGF

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�-28

-@4?? 8C<G;8?<4? CEB?<98E4G<BA <A�G;8�E86GBF<:@B<7 6B?BA ;4F�G;8�?BJ8FG�CBG8AG<4?�9BE�@4?<:A4AG


GE4AF9BE@4G<BA

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�366)'8��27;)6

��� �6%2',-2+�89&90)7�)1&)(()(�-2�0%1-2%�46346-%

�1%+)

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

.H5H?4E�478AB@4F 6BAF<FG�B9�5E4A6;<A:�GH5H?8F�8@587787�<A�G;8 ?4@<A4�CEBCE<4 �.;8F8�6B@@BA


CB?LCF�64EEL�4�F@4??8E�E<F>�B9�@4?<:A4AG�GE4AF9BE@4G<BA��4CCEBK �����6B@C4E87�GB�BG;8E�GLC8F�B9
478AB@4GBHF�CB?LCF�5HG�FG<??�64EEL�4�:E84G8E�E<F>�B9�@4?<:A4AG�GE4AF9BE@4G<BA�J;8A�6B@C4E87�GB�4
7<998E8AG�GLC8�B9�CB?LC

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� !6))�0-/)�&6%2',-2+�3*�197'90%6-7�19'37%

�1%+)

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

*8HGM�$8:;8EF�FLA7EB@8 �*$-��<F�4FFB6<4G87�J<G;�@H?G<C?8�ABA�A8BC?4FG<6 ;4@4EGB@4GBHF�CB?LCF�


J;<6;�GLC<64??L�F;BJ�GE88�?<>8�5E4A6;<A:�B9�G;8 @HF6H?4E<F�@H6BF4 *$- <F�4FFB6<4G87�J<G;�4A
<A6E84F87�E<F>�B9�6B?BE86G4?��:4FGE<6� 5E84FG��4A7 BI4E<4A�64A68EF �.;8�?<98G<@8�E<F>�B9 6B?BE86G4?�64A68E
<F�4CCEBK ����

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �)+)2)6%8-2+�)4-8,)0-91�;-8,�-2*0%11%836=�-2*-086%8)

�1%+)

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

,8:8A8E4G<A: 8C<G;8?<H@ J<G;�<A9?4@@4GBEL�<A9<?GE4G8�<F�9BHA7�<A�C4G<8AGF�J<G; <A9?4@@4GBEL�5BJ8?


7<F84F8 �8 : � H?68E4G<I8�6B?<G<F��4A7�64A�@4A<98FG�4F CF8H7BCB?LCF �1;<?8 CF8H7BCB?LCF BA?L�64EEL�4
?BJ�E<F>�B9�@4?<:A4AG�GE4AF9BE@4G<BA��C4G<8AGF�J<G; 6;EBA<6�<A9?4@@4GBEL�5BJ8?�7<F84F8 :8A8E4??L
;4I8�4A�<A6E84F87�E<F>�B9 6B?BE86G4?�64A68E 5864HF8�B9�C8EF<FG8AG�68??�74@4:8�9EB@�E86HEE8AG
<A9?4@@4G<BA

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �-2+)6�0-/)�463.)'8-327�;-8,�%�*-&63:%7'90%6�'36)

�1%+)

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

0<??BHF�478AB@4F 6BAF<FG�B9�9<A:8E�?<>8�CEB=86G<BAF�J<G;�4�9<5EBI4F6H?4E�6BE8 �.;8L�;4I8�G;8�;<:;8FG


E<F>��4CCEBK ������B9�@4?<:A4AG�GE4AF9BE@4G<BA�B9�G;8�G;E88�GLC8F�B9�478AB@4GBHF�CB?LCF��< 8 �
GH5H?4E�478AB@4� GH5H?BI<??BHF�478AB@4��BE I<??BHF�478AB@4�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �=4)640%78-'�)4-8,)0-91�%8�8,)�&%7)�3*�'6=487

�1%+)

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

"LC8EC?4FG<6�CB?LCF 6BAF<FG�B9 ;LC8EC?4FG<6 8C<G;8?<H@ 4G�G;8�54F8�B9�G;8 6ELCGF�B9�&<858E>H;A �.;8L


4E8�4�6B@@BA�GLC8�B9�CB?LC�4A7�@BFG�9E8DH8AG?L�B66HE�<A�G;8�E86GBF<:@B<7�4A7�?89G 6B?BA
"LC8EC?4FG<6�CB?LCF 4E8�58A<:A�4A7�64EEL�4�I8EL�?BJ�E<F>�B9�GE4AF9BE@<A:�<AGB @4?<:A4A6L 5864HF8
G;8E8�<F�AB 7LFC?4F<4 CE8F8AG �)G;8E�8K4@C?8F�B9�CB?LCF�G;4G�4E8�58A<:A�<A6?H78 @H6BF4?�CB?LCF 4A7
FH5@H6BF4?�CB?LCF

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�9)78-32�����

� ���L84E�B?7 @4A�6B@8F�GB�G;8�C;LF<6<4A�5864HF8�B9�4A ��@BAG; ;<FGBEL�B9�<AG8E@<GG8AG�J4G8EL 7<4EE;84


4A7�457B@<A4?�C4<A �"8�;4F�;47�4 ���>: ����?5� J8<:;G�?BFF 7HE<A:�G;<F�C8E<B7 �"8�;4F�4?FB�;47�8C<FB7<6
C4<A�B9�G;8�4A>?8��JE<FG��4A7�>A88�=B<AGF 7HE<A:�G;8�C4FG ��L84EF ��A�8A7BF6BCL�J<G;�F@4??�5BJ8?�5<BCFL
<F�C8E9BE@87 �"<FGBC4G;B?B:<6�8K4@<A4G<BA�B9�4�G<FFH8�FC86<@8A�F;BJF 9B4@L�@46EBC;4:8F <A�G;8
?4@<A4�CEBCE<4�J<G; C8E<B7<6 46<7�-6;<99 �*�-��CBF<G<I8 <A6?HF<BAF � HEG;8E�8I4?H4G<BA�<F�@BFG�?<>8?L�GB
F;BJ�J;<6;�B9�G;8�9B??BJ<A:�

�27;)6 �1%+)

� 'H?G<AH6?84G87�GEBC;BMB<G8F

� �AG<�G<FFH8�GE4AF:?HG4@<A4F8�4AG<5B7<8F

� �AG<�6L6?<6�6<GEH??<A4G87�C8CG<78�4AG<5B7L

� �AG<�F466;4EB@L68F�68E8I<F<48�4AG<5B7<8F

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�27;)6 �1%+)

� #AGE468??H?4E��:E4@�CBF<G<I8�546<??<

&BJ�F8EH@�.-"�4A7�;<:;�9E88�.�
6BA68AGE4G<BAF

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�-28

�;EBA<6�CB?L4EG;E<G<F�G;4G�CE86878F�G;8�78I8?BC@8AG�B9 7<4EE;84��457B@<A4? C4<A��4A7�J8<:;G�?BFF�E4<F8F


FHFC<6<BA�9BE 1;<CC?8�7<F84F8 -@4??�5BJ8? 5<BCFL F;BJ<A: *�-�CBF<G<I8��9B4@L @46EBC;4:8F <A�G;8
?4@<A4�CEBCE<4 6BA9<E@F�G;8�7<4:ABF<F

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�366)'8��27;)6

��� �908-29'0)%8)(�8634,3>3-8)7

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

'H?G<AH6?84G87 GEBC;BMB<G8F JBH?7�58�9BHA7�<A�G;8�FGBB?�F4@C?8�B9�4�C4G<8AG�J<G;�F8I8E8 7<4EE;84 B9


CEBGBMB4A 8G<B?B:L��8 : � Entamoeba histolytica BE Giardia lamblia� ��?G;BH:;�G;<F�C4G<8AG�CE8F8AGF
J<G;�457B@<A4? C4<A��J8<:;G�?BFF��4A7 7<4EE;84��G;8�CE8F8A68�B9 *�-�CBF<G<I8�9B4@L @46EBC;4:8F <F
;<:;?L�<A7<64G<I8�B9�4ABG;8E�<A986G<BA�ABG�64HF87�5L CEBGBMB4A FC86<8F

��� �28-�8-779)�86%27+098%1-2%7)�%28-&3(-)7

�1%+)

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

�AG<�G<FFH8�GE4AF:?HG4@<A4F8�4AG<5B7<8F �@BFG�6B@@BA�� 4AG<�8A7B@LF<4?�4AG<5B7<8F��4A7�4AG<�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
784@<74G87 :?<47<A C8CG<78 4AG<5B7<8F 4E8�4??�F8EB?B:<64?�@4E>8EF�F88A�<A 68?<46�7<F84F8 �.;<F�C4G<8AG�F
J8<:;G�?BFF� 7<4EE;84��4A7�457B@<A4? C4<A 4E8�6BA68EA<A:�9BE�4�C4G;B?B:L�<AIB?I<A:�G;8 F@4??�5BJ8?
"<FGB?B:<64?�9<A7<A:F�<A 68?<46�7<F84F8 JBH?7��;BJ8I8E��<A6?H78�I<??BHF 4GEBC;L��6ELCG ;LC8EC?4F<4�
4A7�<AGE48C<G;8?<4? ?L@C;B6LG<6 <A9<?GE4G<BA �.;<F�C4G<8AG�F 5<BCFL F;BJF *�-�CBF<G<I8�9B4@L
@46EBC;4:8F��J;<6;�<F�ABG�6BAF<FG8AG�J<G; 68?<46�7<F84F8��5HG�E4G;8E��<F�G;8�;<FGB?B:<64?�;4??@4E>�B9�4
FC86<9<6�<A986G<BHF�6BA7<G<BA

��� �28-�'='0-'�'-86900-2%8)(�4)48-()�%28-&3(=

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

�AG<�6L6?<6 6<GEH??<A4G87 C8CG<78 4AG<5B7<8F ���*���4E8�F8EB?B:<64?�@4E>8EF�HF87�<A�G;8�7<4:ABF<F�B9


E;8H@4GB<7�4EG;E<G<F �.;8�CE8F8A68�B9�?BA:�FG4A7<A: 4EG;E4?:<4 JBH?7�58�6BAF<FG8AG�J<G;�G;<F
7<4:ABF<F��5HG�G;<F�C4G<8AG�F�E86HEE8AG 7<4EE;84��J8<:;G�?BFF��457B@<A4? C4<A��4A7 F@4??�5BJ8? 5<BCFL
9<A7<A:F�4E8�ABG �.;8F8�9<A7<A:F�4E8�@BE8�<A7<64G<I8�B9�4A�<A986G<BHF�C4G;B?B:L�B9�G;8 F@4??�5BJ8?

��� �28-�7%'',%631=')7�')6):-7-%)�%28-&3(-)7

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

�AG<�-466;4EB@L68F�68E8I<F<48�4AG<5B7<8F ��-����4E8�F8EB?B:<64?�@4E>8EF�G;4G�;8?C�7<FG<A:H<F;
58GJ88A �EB;A�7<F84F8 4A7 H?68E4G<I8�6B?<G<F��4F�G;8L�4E8�@BE8�CE8I4?8AG�<A�G;8�9BE@8E ��?G;BH:;
C4G<8AGF�J<G; <A9?4@@4GBEL�5BJ8?�7<F84F8F @4L�CE8F8AG�J<G;�FB@8�B9�G;8�8KGE4<AG8FG<A4?
@4A<98FG4G<BAF��8 : � 4EG;E4?:<4��F88A�<A�G;<F�C4G<8AG��G;8F8�7<FBE78EF�4?FB�64HF8�6;EBA<6��5?BB7L
7<4EE;84 ��77<G<BA4??L��G;8�CE8F8A68�B9 *�-�CBF<G<I8�<A6?HF<BAF�<A�G;<F�C4G<8AG�F 5<BCFL <F�;<:;?L
<A7<64G<I8�B9�4�FC86<9<6�<A986G<BHF�C4G;B?B:L

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �286%')0090%6��+6%1�437-8-:)�&%'-00-

�1%+)

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

.;8�64HF4G<I8�BE:4A<F@�<A 1;<CC?8�7<F84F8 <F Tropheryma whipplei��4A�<AGE468??H?4E��:E4@�CBF<G<I8


546<??HF � E8DH8AG?L�@<FF87�<A�FG4<A<A:��G;8�;<FGB?B:<64?�;4??@4E>�B9�6?4FF<64? 1;<CC?8�7<F84F8 <F
C8E<B7<6�46<7�-6;<99 �*�-��E846G<I8�I46HB?8F�<A @46EBC;4:8F 9BHA7�J<G;<A�G;8 ?4@<A4�CEBCE<4 B9�G;8
F@4??�5BJ8?��4F�F88A�<A�G;<F�C4G<8AG 1;<CC?8�7<F84F8 <F�?8G;4?�<9�?89G�HAGE84G87 �#AGE4I8ABHF 4AG<5<BG<6F
�689GE<4KBA8 BE C8A<6<??<A C?HF FGE8CGB@L6<A��9BE����74LF�<F�G;8�E86B@@8A787 <A7H6G<BA�G;8E4CL 9BE
1;<CC?8�7<F84F8��9B??BJ87�5L @4<AG8A4A68�G;8E4CL J<G; GE<@8G;BCE<@�FH?94@8G;BK4MB?8 �.'*�
-'2��9BE���L84E

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �3;�7)691�! ��%2(�,-+,�*6))�! �'32')286%8-327

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

&BJ�F8EH@ .-" 4A7�;<:;�9E88 .� 6BA68AGE4G<BAF�JBH?7�58�FH::8FG<I8�B9 ;LC8EG;LEB<7<F@ �18<:;G


?BFF�4A7 7<4EE;84 4E8 6?<A<64?�984GHE8F�B9�;LC8EG;LEB<7<F@��5HG�G;<F�C4G<8AG�F�457B@<A4?�C4<AF� =B<AG
C4<AF��4A7 *�-�CBF<G<I8�9B4@L @46EBC;4:8F BA 5<BCFL 4E8�;4??@4E>F�B9�4A�<A986G<BHF�C4G;B?B:L�B9
G;8 F@4??�5BJ8?

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�9)78-32�����

� ���L84E�B?7 @4A�6B@8F�GB�G;8�C;LF<6<4A�5864HF8�B9�4 ��@BAG; ;<FGBEL�B9 7<99<6H?GL�FJ4??BJ<A: C<868F


B9�@84G�4A7�6;B><A:�9E8DH8AG?L�7HE<A:�@84?�G<@8F �"8�4?FB�FB@8G<@8F E8:HE:<G4G8F 9BH?�F@8??<A:�
HA7<:8FG87�9BB7�C4EG<6?8F ��K4@<A4G<BA�F;BJF�AB�45ABE@4?<G<8F ���54E<H@�FJ4??BJ�F;BJF�4A
466H@H?4G<BA�B9�6BAGE4FG�<A�4A�BHGCBH6;<A:�B9�G;8�CBFG8E<BE�C;4ELA:84?�J4?? 4G�G;8 ���?8I8? �1;<6;�B9
G;8�9B??BJ<A:�<F�G;8�@BFG�?<>8?L�HA78E?L<A:�64HF8�B9�G;<F�C4G<8AG�F�6BA7<G<BA�

�27;)6 �1%+)

#A478DH4G8�E8?4K4G<BA�B9
� ?BJ8E�8FBC;4:84?
FC;<A6G8E

,8@A4AG�B9�G;8
� 8@5ELB?B:<64?
B@C;4?B@8F8AG8E<6�7H6G

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�27;)6 �1%+)

#A6E84F87

<AGE4C;4ELA:84?�CE8FFHE8

-64E�9<5EBF<F�4A7�GE46G<BA

B9�G;8�8FBC;4:HF

,8@A4AG�B9�G;8

G;LEB:?BFF4?�7H6G

,8@A4AG�B9�G;8�F86BA7
5E4A6;<4?�6?89G

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�-28

.;<F�C4G<8AG�F�6?<A<64?�984GHE8F�4A7 54E<H@�FJ4??BJ 4E8�7<4:ABFG<6�B9 38A>8E�7<I8EG<6H?H@��4


C;4ELA:B8FBC;4:84? 94?F8�7<I8EG<6H?H@

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�366)'8��27;)6

��� �2%()59%8)�6)0%<%8-32�3*�03;)6�)734,%+)%0�74,-2'8)6

�1%+)

�<40%2%8-32��98

�6;4?4F<4 @4L�CE87<FCBF8�<A7<I<7H4?F�GB 38A>8E�7<I8EG<6H?H@

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

#A478DH4G8�E8?4K4G<BA�B9�G;8 ?BJ8E�8FBC;4:84?�FC;<A6G8E 7H8�GB�78:8A8E4G<BA�B9�<A;<5<GBEL A8HEBAF


J<G;<A�G;8 @L8AG8E<6�C?8KHF 64HF8F 46;4?4F<4 �.;<F�6BA7<G<BA�@4A<98FGF�J<G; 7LFC;4:<4� ;4?<GBF<F��4A7
E8:HE:<G4G<BA�B9�HA7<:8FG87�9BB7��F<@<?4E�GB�J;4G�<F�F88A�<A�G;<F�C4G<8AG �"BJ8I8E��<G�<F�ABG�4FFB6<4G87
J<G;�G;8�466H@H?4G<BA�B9�6BAGE4FG�BA 54E<H@�FJ4??BJ �#AFG847� 54E<H@�FJ4??BJ F;BJF�4�6?4FF<6
R5<E7�F�584>S�4CC84E4A68�B9�G;8 :4FGEB8FBC;4:84?�=HA6G<BA �'4AB@8GEL�@4L�58�HF87�GB�6BA9<E@�G;8
<@C4<E87�FC;<A6G8E�E8?4K4G<BA

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �)12%28�3*�8,)�)1&6=303+-'%0�314,%031)7)28)6-'�(9'8

�1%+)

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

� '86>8?�7<I8EG<6H?H@ <F�4�E8@A4AG�B9�G;8�8@5ELB?B:<64? B@C;4?B@8F8AG8E<6�7H6G 4A7�<G�<F�4 GEH8


7<I8EG<6H?H@ <AIB?I<A:�4??�?4L8EF�B9�G;8 <?84? J4?? �#A�@BFG�64F8F� '86>8?�7<I8EG<6H?H@ <F
4FL@CGB@4G<6 �#A�FL@CGB@4G<6�C4G<8AGF��@BFG?L�6;<?7E8A�����L84EF�B9�4:8���C4<A?8FF ?BJ8E
:4FGEB<AG8FG<A4?�5?887<A: <F�G;8�@BFG�6B@@BA�CE8F8AG4G<BA �'8E>8?�7<I8EG<6H?H@�7B8F�ABG�@4A<98FG
J<G; 7LFC;4:<4��E8:HE:<G4G<BA��BE�466H@H?4G<BA�B9�6BAGE4FG�<A�4A�BHGCBH6;<A:�B9�G;8 CBFG8E<BE
C;4ELA:84? J4??��4??�B9�J;<6;�4E8�F88A�;8E8

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �2'6)%7)(�-286%4,%6=2+)%0�46)7796)

�1%+)

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

#A6E84F87�<AGE4C;4ELA:84?�CE8FFHE8�BA�4�C;LF<B?B:<64??L�J84>8A87�4E84�B9�G;8 ;LCBC;4ELAK �%<??<4A


GE<4A:?8��64HF8F�G;8�?B64? @H6BF4 4A7 FH5@H6BF4 GB�5H?:8�G;EBH:;�G;8�@HF6H?4E<F�CEBCE<4��6E84G<A:�4
38A>8E�7<I8EG<6H?H@ �*E8FFHE8�<A6E84F8�<F�HFH4??L�7H8�GB 8FBC;4:84?�7LF@BG<?<GL �8 : ��<A478DH4G8
E8?4K4G<BA�B9�G;8�HCC8E�8FBC;4:84?�FC;<A6G8E� *H?F<BA�7<I8EG<6H?4 �7H8�GB�<A6E84F87�<AGE4?H@<A4?
CE8FFHE8���FH6;�4F 38A>8E�7<I8EG<6H?H@ BE 6B?BA<6�7<I8EG<6H?4 <A 7<I8EG<6H?BF<F��4E8�GLC<64??L 94?F8
7<I8EG<6H?4��J;8E84F GE46G<BA�7<I8EG<6H?4 �7H8�GB�<A9?4@@4GBEL�CEB68FF8F��4E8 GEH8�7<I8EG<6H?4

��� '%6�*-&637-7�%2(�86%'8-32�3*�8,)�)734,%+97

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

-64E 9<5EBF<F 4A7�GE46G<BA�B9�G;8 8FBC;4:HF 64A�64HF8�4 GE46G<BA�7<I8EG<6H?H@��4 GEH8�7<I8EG<6H?H@ B9

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
4??�8FBC;4:84?�?4L8EF .E46G<BA�7<I8EG<6H?4 @4A<98FG�J<G; 7LFC;4:<4��E8:HE:<G4G<BA��4A7 ;4?<GBF<F��4??�B9
J;<6;�4E8�F88A�<A�G;<F�C4G<8AG �"BJ8I8E� 54E<H@�FJ4??BJ GLC<64??L�F;BJF�4�CB<AG87��GE<4A:H?4E�5H?:8
<A�G;8�@<78FBC;4:HF�E4G;8E�G;4A�4A�466H@H?4G<BA�B9�6BAGE4FG�<A�4A�BHGCBH6;<A:�B9�G;8 CBFG8E<BE
C;4ELA:84? J4??��J;<6;�<F�F88A�;8E8 ���GEH8 8FBC;4:84?�7<I8EG<6H?H@ <F�E4E8�4A7�<F�?<>8?L�CE868787�5L
4A�<A9?4@@4GBEL�6BA7<G<BA�B9�G;8 8FBC;4:HF �8 : � GH58E6H?BF<F BE�9HA:4?�<A986G<BA�

��� �)12%28�3*�8,)�8,=63+0377%0�(9'8

�1%+)

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

� G;LEB:?BFF4?�7H6G�6LFG <F�4�E8@A4AG�B9�G;8 G;LEB:?BFF4?�7H6G��9BE@87�7HE<A: G;LEB<7�:?4A7


78I8?BC@8AG �.;<F�6BA7<G<BA�@4L�64HF8 7LFC;4:<4��J;<6;�<F�F88A�<A�G;<F�C4G<8AG �"BJ8I8E��6LFG<6
@4FF8F�4E8�GLC<64??L�?B64G87�<A�G;8 4AG8E<BE @<7?<A8�A84E�G;8 ;LB<7�5BA8��J;<6;�<F�ABG�F88A�;8E8
'BE8BI8E��<G�JBH?7�ABG�@4A<98FG�J<G;�E8:HE:<G4G<BA�BE ;4?<GBF<F��ABE�64HF8�45ABE@4?�9<A7<A:F�<A
54E<H@�FJ4??BJ � <A4??L� G;LEB:?BFF4?�7H6G�6LFGF 4E8�@BFG�6B@@BA?L�7<4:ABF87�<A�84E?L�6;<?7;BB7

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �)12%28�3*�8,)�7)'32(�&6%2',-%0�'0)*8

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

� 5E4A6;<4?�6?89G�6LFG <F�4�E8@A4AG�B9�G;8�F86BA7 5E4A6;<4?�6?89G �E4A6;<4?�6?89G�6LFGF @4A<98FG�4F�4


C4<A?8FF�A86>�@4FF ?4G8E4? GB�G;8�@<7?<A8�4A7 4AG8E<BE GB�G;8 FG8EAB6?8<7B@4FGB<7��G;<F�C4G<8AG�F
C;LF<64?�8K4@<A4G<BA <F�HAE8@4E>45?8 �#A�477<G<BA��G;<F�6BA7<G<BA�<F�ABG�4FFB6<4G87�J<G;�E8:HE:<G4G<BA
BE ;4?<GBF<F��5BG;�B9�J;<6;�4E8�F88A�;8E8 � HEG;8E@BE8��4 5E4A6;<4?�6?89G�6LFG <F�HFH4??L�7<4:ABF87�<A
?4G8�6;<?7;BB7�BE�47H?G;BB7��4A7 54E<H@�FJ4??BJ <F�GLC<64??L�HAE8@4E>45?8

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�9)78-32�����

� ���L84E�B?7 JB@4A�6B@8F�GB�G;8�C;LF<6<4A�5864HF8�B9�4 ��L84E�;<FGBEL B9�<AG8E@<GG8AG�HCC8E


457B@<A4?�C4<A�G;4G�B66HEF�4�98J�;BHEF�49G8E�@84?F�4A7�B664F<BA4??L�J4>8F�;8E�HC�<A�G;8�@<77?8�B9�G;8
A<:;G �-;8�E8CBEGF�G;4G�G;8�C4<A�<F�E8?<8I87�J<G;�9BB7�<AG4>8 �*;LF<64?�8K4@<A4G<BA�F;BJF�AB
45ABE@4?<G<8F ��A7BF6BCL�F;BJF�4 � ��K�� ��6@ H?68E�BA�G;8�CBFG8E<BE�J4??�B9�G;8 7HB78A4?�5H?5 ��
5<BCFL�FC86<@8A�B5G4<A87�9EB@�G;8�87:8�B9�G;8�H?68E�F;BJF ;LC8EC?4F<4�B9�FH5@H6BF4?�:?4A7H?4E
FGEH6GHE8F �"LC8EC?4F<4�B9�G;8F8�68??F�@BFG�?<>8?L�E8FH?GF�<A�4A�<A6E84F8�B9�J;<6;�B9�G;8�9B??BJ<A:�

�27;)6 �1%+)

� !?L6BCEBG8<A�FLAG;8F<F

� �AG<:8A�CE8F8AG4G<BA

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�27;)6 �1%+)

� &LFBML@8�F86E8G<BA

� �;B?86LFGB><A<A�F86E8G<BA

� (HGE<8AG�45FBECG<BA

"L7EB6;?BE<6�46<7�F86E8G<BA

! �<64E5BA4G8�F86E8G<BA

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�-28

�EHAA8E�:?4A7F 4E8�?B64G87�<A�G;8 FH5@H6BF4 B9�G;8 7HB78AH@ 4A7�HA78E:B ;LC8EC?4F<4 4F�4�CEBG86G<I8


@86;4A<F@�<A�C4G<8AGF�J<G; C8CG<6�H?68E�7<F84F8

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�366)'8��27;)6

��� �0='34638)-2�7=28,)7-7

�1%+)

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

!?L6BCEBG8<AF�9BE@�G;8 @H6BF4? 54EE<8E�B9�G;8�<AG8FG<A8�4A7�4E8�FLAG;8F<M87�5L :B5?8G�68??F��J;<6;�4E8


?B64G87�<A�G;8 @H6BF4��ABG�G;8 FH5@H6BF4 �'BE8BI8E� :B5?8G�68??F 4E8�9BHA7�<A�G;8�?BJ8FG
6BA68AGE4G<BA�<A�G;8 7HB78AH@ �.;8<E�AH@58E�<A6E84F8F�<A =8=HAH@ 4A7 <?8H@

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �28-+)2�46)7)28%8-32

�1%+)

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

*E8F8AG4G<BA�B9�<A:8FG87 4AG<:8AF B66HEF�<A ?L@C;B6LG8 4::E8:4G8F�64??87 *8L8E�C4G6;8F��J;<6;�4E8


9BHA7�<A�G;8 ?4@<A4�CEBCE<4 4A7 FH5@H6BF4 B9�G;8 <?8H@��ABG�G;8 7HB78AH@

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �=73>=1)�7)'6)8-32

�1%+)

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

&LFBML@8 <F�F86E8G87�5L *4A8G;�68??F��J;<6;�B66HCL�G;8�54F8�B9�G;8 6ELCGF�B9�&<858E>H;A <A�G;8


@H6BF4 B9 7HB78AH@� =8=HAH@��4A7 <?8H@ &LFBML@8F 46G�4F�4AG<546G8E<4?�4:8AGF�4A7�4E8�ABG
<AIB?I87�<A�G;8�C4G;B:8A8F<F�B9 C8CG<6�H?68E�7<F84F8

��� �,30)'=783/-2-2�7)'6)8-32

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

�;B?86LFGB><A<A ���%��<F�CEB7H687�5L�4�GLC8�B9 8AG8EB8A7B6E<A8�68?? 64??87 #�68??F��J;<6;�4E8


?B64G87�<A�G;8 7HB78A4? 4A7 =8=HA4? @H6BF4��ABG FH5@H6BF4 ��% FG<@H?4G8F :4??5?4778E 6BAGE46G<BA�
FC;<A6G8E�B9�)77< E8?4K4G<BA��4A7�F86E8G<BA�B9�8AML@8F�4A7 5<64E5BA4G8 5L�G;8 C4A6E84F �#A�477<G<BA�
��% F?BJF�:4FGE<6�8@CGL<A:

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �986-)28�%&73648-32

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

�5FBECG<BA�B9�68EG4<A�AHGE<8AGF�FH6;�4F <EBA B66HEF�<A�G;8 7HB78AH@ I<4�G;8�FHE9468�6B?H@A4E


8C<G;8?<4? 68??F�B9�G;8 7HB78A4? @H6BF4��ABG�G;8 7HB78A4? FH5@H6BF4

��� �=(63',036-'�%'-(�7)'6)8-32

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

"L7EB6;?BE<6�46<7 <F�F86E8G87�5L C4E<8G4?�68??F <A�G;8�:4FGE<6 @H6BF4 GB�@4<AG4<A�G;8�46<7<6


8AI<EBA@8AG�B9�G;8 FGB@46; �#A6E84F87�F86E8G<BA�B9 "�? 64A�?847�GB C8CG<6�H?68E�7<F84F8 <A�G;8
FGB@46; BE 7HB78AH@ *4E<8G4?�68??F 4E8�ABG�CE8F8AG�<A�G;8 7HB78AH@

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �-'%6&32%8)�7)'6)8-32

�1%+)

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

�EHAA8E�:?4A7F 4E8�?B64G87�<A�G;8 FH5@H6BF4 B9�G;8 7HB78AH@ 4A7�F86E8G8�4A�4?>4?<A8�


5<64E5BA4G8�E<6;�9?H<7�GB�A8HGE4?<M8 FGB@46;�46<7 �.;8�7H6G�BC8A<A:F�78?<I8E�G;8�F86E8G<BAF�<AGB�G;8
54F8�B9�G;8 6ELCGF�B9�&<858E>H;A *8CG<6�H?68E�7<F84F8 64A�?847�GB�6B@C8AF4GBEL ;LC8EC?4F<4 B9
�EHAA8E�:?4A7F

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�9)78-32�����

� ���L84E�B?7 JB@4A�6B@8F�GB�G;8�C;LF<6<4A�5864HF8�B9�4 ��J88> ;<FGBEL�B9�JBEF8A<A:�8C<:4FGE<6�C4<A


G;4G�<@CEBI8F�J<G;�@84?F �-;8�;4F�;47�F<@<?4E�C4<A�B9�?8FF8E�<AG8AF<GL�9BE�G;8�C4FG ��L84EF �*;LF<64?
8K4@<A4G<BA�F;BJF�AB�45ABE@4?<G<8F �/CC8E�8A7BF6BCL�F;BJF�4 � ��6@ @H6BF4?�5E846;�<A�G;8�4AG8E<BE
7HB78A4?�5H?5 G;4G�8KG8A7F�<AGB�G;8�FH5@H6BF4 ���5<BCFL�FC86<@8A�B9�G;8�?8F<BA�F;BJF�;LC8EGEBC;L�B9
G;8��EHAA8E�:?4A7F �.;<F�C4G<8AG�<F�4G�G;8�:E84G8FG�E<F>�9BE�J;<6;�B9�G;8�9B??BJ<A:�6B@C?<64G<BAF�

�27;)6 �1%+)

� *8E9BE4G<BA

� "8@4G8@8F<F

� '�&.�?L@C;B@4

� !4FGE<6�BHG?8G�B5FGEH6G<BA

� �78AB64E6<AB@4

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�27;)6 �1%+)

*8EA<6<BHF�4A8@<4

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�-28

.;<F�C4G<8AG�;4F�8C<:4FGE<6 C4<A G;4G�<@CEBI8F�J<G;�9BB7�<AG4>8��J;<6;�FH::8FGF�4 7HB78A4?�H?68E �.;8


7<4:ABF<F�B9 7HB78A4?�H?68E <F�6BA9<E@87�5L�8A7BF6BC<6�9<A7<A:F��<A6?H7<A:�4 @H6BF4? 5E846;�<A�G;8
4AG8E<BE 7HB78AH@��4A7�5L�G;8 ;LC8EGEBC;<6 �EHAA8E�:?4A7F <A�G;8 5<BCFL FC86<@8A �.;8�?B64G<BA�B9�4
C8CG<6�H?68E C4EG?L�78G8E@<A8F�<GF�@BFG�?<>8?L�6B@C?<64G<BAF

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�366)'8��27;)6

��� �)6*36%8-32

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

*8CG<6�H?68E�C8E9BE4G<BA B66HEF�J;8A�4A H?68E 8EB78F�G;EBH:;�4??�G;8�?4L8EF�B9�G;8�5BJ8?��4??BJ<A:


FC<??4:8�B9�:4FGE<6�BE 7HB78A4? 6BAG8AGF�<AGB�FHEEBHA7<A:�FGEH6GHE8F �#G�<F�G;8�F86BA7�@BFG�6B@@BA
6B@C?<64G<BA�B9�6;EBA<6 */���5?887<A:�58<A:�G;8�9<EFG �.;8�@BFG�6B@@BA�?B64G<BA�9BE C8CG<6�H?68E
C8E9BE4G<BA <F�G;8 4AG8E<BE 7HB78AH@ /?68EF B9�G;8 4AG8E<BE 7HB78AH@ HFH4??L�C8E9BE4G8�<AGB�G;8
C8E<GBA84?�64I<GL��<A�6BAGE4FG�GB H?68EF B9�G;8 CBFG8E<BE 7HB78AH@��J;<6;�G8A7�GB�64HF8�@4FF<I8
5?887<A:��8 : � ;8@4G8@8F<F��9EB@�G;8�47=468AG :4FGEB7HB78A4?�4EG8EL

��� �)1%8)1)7-7

�1%+)

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�<40%2%8-32�$,=

!#�5?887<A: <F�G;8�@BFG�6B@@BA�6B@C?<64G<BA�B9�4?? C8CG<6�H?68EF��E8:4E7?8FF�B9�?B64G<BA �"BJ8I8E��4


@4FF<I8�HCC8E�!#�5?887��@4A<98FG<A:�J<G; ;8@4G8@8F<F 4A7�;8@B7LA4@<6�6;4A:8F��<F�@BFG
6B@@BA?L�64HF87�5L CBFG8E<BE 7HB78A4?�H?68EF 5864HF8�B9�G;8�CEBK<@<GL�B9�G;8 :4FGEB7HB78A4?�4EG8EL
GB�G;8 CBFG8E<BE J4??�B9�G;8 7HB78A4?�5H?5 ��?G;BH:;�G;<F�C4G<8AG�F 4AG8E<BE 7HB78A4?�H?68E @<:;G�58
6B@C?<64G87�5L 4A8@<4 7H8�GB�6;EBA<6 !#�5?887<A:��<G�<F�?8FF�?<>8?L�GB�58�6B@C?<64G87�5L�4�@4FF<I8�!#
5?887

��� ���!�0=14,31%

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

'�&.�?L@C;B@4 <F�4�6B@C?<64G<BA�B9�6;EBA<6 H. pylori <A986G<BA�B9�G;8 FGB@46; �#G�78I8?BCF�7H8�GB


466H@H?4G<BA�4A7�C8EF<FG8AG�46G<I4G<BA�B9 .�68??F 4A7 ��68??F <A�E8FCBAF8�GB�6;EBA<6�<A986G<BA�B9�G;8
:4FGE<6 @H6BF4 ��?G;BH:; H. pylori 466BHAGF�9BE�@BFG 7HB78A4?�H?68EF� '�&.�?L@C;B@4F 4E8
GLC<64??L�?B64?<M87�GB�G;8 FGB@46; 4A7�4E8�I8EL�E4E8�<A�G;8 7HB78AH@

��� �%786-'�3980)8�3&7869'8-32

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

!4FGE<6�BHG?8G�B5FGEH6G<BA �!))��<F�@BFG�6B@@BA?L�64HF87�5L�4 @4?<:A4A6L �� 7HB78A4? C8CG<6


H?68E 64A�64HF8�46HG8 !)) �7H8�GB <A9?4@@4G<BA 4A7 878@4��BE�6;EBA<6 !)) �7H8�GB�F64EE<A:�4A7
9<5EBF<F��5HG�4�7<998E8AG�6B@C?<64G<BA�<F�@H6;�@BE8�?<>8?L�GB�B66HE�G;4A !))

��� �()23'%6'-231%

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

�78AB64E6<AB@4 B9�G;8 FGB@46; <F�4�E4E8�6B@C?<64G<BA�B9�6;EBA<6 :4FGE<6�H?68EF � BE�E84FBAF�L8G


HA>ABJA� 7HB78A4?�H?68EF 4E8�:8A8E4??L�58A<:A�4A7�7B�ABG�HA78E:B�@4?<:A4AG�GE4AF9BE@4G<BA �.;<F
C4G<8AG�<F�G;8E89BE8�HA?<>8?L�GB�78I8?BC 478AB64E6<AB@4 4F�4�6B@C?<64G<BA

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �)62-'-397�%2)1-%

�1%+)

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

*8EA<6<BHF�4A8@<4 <F�4�6B@C?<64G<BA�B9 4HGB<@@HA8�:4FGE<G<F��J;<6;�49986GF�G;8�5B7L�4A7 9HA7HF�B9


G;8�FGB@46; 4A7�<F�6;4E46G8E<M87�5L�:?4A7H?4E 4GEBC;L J<G; ?L@C;B6LG<6 <A9<?GE4G8F�<A�G;8 ?4@<A4
CEBCE<4 �.;<F�C4G<8AG�J<G;�4 7HB78A4? C8CG<6�H?68E <F�?<>8?L�GB�78I8?BC @<6EB6LG<6�4A8@<4 �7H8�GB
6;EBA<6 !#�5?887<A:���ABG C8EA<6<BHF�4A8@<4

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�9)78-32����

� ���L84E�B?7 JB@4A�6B@8F�GB�G;8�C;LF<6<4A�5864HF8�B9�4A ��@BAG; ;<FGBEL�B9 94G<:H8 �&45BE4GBEL


FGH7<8F�F;BJ�4�;8@B:?B5<A�6BA68AGE4G<BA�B9 �� ��:�7&��4�F8EH@�6E84G<A<A8�6BA68AGE4G<BA�B9 � ��@:�7&�
4A7�4 F8EH@�4?>4?<A8�C;BFC;4G4F8�6BA68AGE4G<BA�B9 ����/�& �&45BE4GBEL�8I4?H4G<BA�B9�J;<6;�B9�G;8
9B??BJ<A:�C4E4@8G8EF�JBH?7�58�@BFG�;8?C9H?�<A 78G8E@<A<A:�G;8�64HF8 B9�G;<F�C4G<8AG�F�FL@CGB@F�

�27;)6 �1%+)

� �4A68E�4AG<:8A������

� &46G4G8�78;L7EB:8A4F8

� 8EE<G<A

� !4@@4�:?HG4@L?�GE4AFC8CG<74F8

� �4?6<GE<B?

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�-28

.;8�C4G<8AG�;4F�ABAFC86<9<6�FL@CGB@F�4A7�4A�8?8I4G<BA�B9�F8EH@ 4?>4?<A8�C;BFC;4G4F8 G;4G�@4L�58


4FFB6<4G87�J<G; ?<I8E 7<F84F8�BE�5BA8�C4G;B?B:L �.B�78G8E@<A8�G;8�HA78E?L<A:�7<F84F8�4�FC86<9<6
?45BE4GBEL�@4E>8E�<F�A88787

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�366)'8��27;)6

��� �%2')6�%28-+)2������

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

�4A68E�4AG<:8A������ �����������<F�4�@4E>8E�HF87�<A�G;8�9B??BJ�HC�B9�47I4A687 5E84FG�64A68E


�?G;BH:;�;<:;�?8I8?F�B9 �������� 64A�<A7<64G8 ?<I8E BE�5BA8 @8G4FG4F8F��J;<6;�@4L�4?FB�64HF8
8?8I4G87 �&*� �������� <F�4�ABAFC86<9<6�C4E4@8G8E�G;4G�64A�4?FB�58�8?8I4G87�<A�I4E<BHF�BG;8E�64A68EF
4A7�ABA64A68EBHF�6BA7<G<BAF �.;8E89BE8� �������� 64AABG�58�HF87�GB�78G8E@<A8�G;8�64HF8�B9�G;<F
C4G<8AG�F�FL@CGB@F

��� �%'8%8)�(),=(63+)2%7)

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

&46G4G8�78;L7EB:8A4F8 �&�"��<F�4A�8AML@8�G;4G�64G4?LM8F�G;8�E8I8EF<5?8�6BAI8EF<BA�B9 ?46G4G8 GB


CLEHI4G8 4A7�<F�8?8I4G87�<A�4AL�64F8�B9�68??�74@4:8�BE�7<F84F8�J<G;�<A6E84F87�68??�GHEABI8E &�"
JBH?7�ABG�;8?C�<A�78G8E@<A<A:�G;8�HA78E?L<A:�64HF8�B9�G;<F�C4G<8AG�F�FL@CGB@F�5864HF8�<G�<F�4�E4G;8E
ABAFC86<9<6�@4E>8E�G;4G�64A�58�8?8I4G87�<A�I4E<BHF�6BA7<G<BAF��<A6?H7<A:�@4?<:A4A6<8F� ;8@B?LG<6
4A8@<4� ;8C4GB6LG8 <A=HEL��4A7 <A94E6G<BA

��� �)66-8-2

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

8EE<G<A <F�E8FCBAF<5?8�9BE <EBA�FGBE4:8 4A7�46GF�4F�4A 46HG8�C;4F8�E846G4AG 8EE<G<A JBH?7�ABG�;8?C�<A


78G8E@<A<A:�G;8�HA78E?L<A:�64HF8�B9�G;<F�C4G<8AG�F�FL@CGB@F�5864HF8�<G�<F�4�E4G;8E�ABAFC86<9<6�@4E>8E
G;4G�64A�58�8?8I4G87�<A�I4E<BHF�6BA7<G<BAF��<A6?H7<A:�FLFG8@<6 <A9?4@@4G<BA��@4?<:A4AG�7<F84F8�
4A8@<4�B9�6;EBA<6�7<F84F8��4A7 F<78EB5?4FG<6�4A8@<4 ���7<998E8AG�<AI8FG<:4G<BA�<F�@BE8�4CCEBCE<4G8�<A
G;<F�C4G<8AG�J<G;�ABE@4? ;8@B:?B5<A 4A7�<A6E84F87 �&*

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �%11%�+098%1=0�86%274)48-(%7)

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

#A�4�C4G<8AG�J<G;�<A6E84F87 �&*� :4@@4�:?HG4@L?�GE4AFC8CG<74F8 �!!.��JBH?7�58�G;8�@BFG


4CCEBCE<4G8�G8FG�GB�7<998E8AG<4G8�4�7<F84F8�B9�G;8�;8C4GB5<?<4EL�FLFG8@�9EB@�4�7<F84F8�B9�G;8�5BA8
-<@H?G4A8BHF�8?8I4G<BA�<A�5BG; �&* 4A7 !!. JBH?7�F<:A<9L�4 ?<I8E BE 5<?<4EL�GE46G C4G;B?B:L �#9 �&*
<F�8?8I4G87�4F�4�E8FH?G�B9�<A6E84F87 5BA8�GHEABI8E� !!. ?8I8?F�JBH?7�58�ABE@4? �#A6E84F87 !!. J<G;
ABE@4? �&* <F�6;4E46G8E<FG<6�B9 ;84IL�4?6B;B?�HF8

��� �%0'-86-30

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

�4?6<GE<B? 4FF4LF�4E8�<A7<64G87�GB�7<4:ABF8 I<G4@<A���789<6<8A6L �BFG8B@4?46<4�E<6>8GF���J;<6;�64A


CE8F8AG�J<G;�94G<:H8�4A7�<A6E84F87 �&* �7H8�GB F86BA74EL�;LC8EC4E4G;LEB<7<F@� �"BJ8I8E��;8C4G<6
7<FBE78EF�4E8�4?FB�4FFB6<4G87�J<G;�94G<:H8�4A7�<A6E84F87 �&* �.;8E89BE8��4�7<998E8AG�G8FG�<F�@BE8
4CCEBCE<4G8�GB�78G8E@<A8�G;8�G<FFH8�B9�BE<:<A�B9 �&* 589BE8�<AI8FG<:4G<BAF�C8EG<A8AG�GB�5BA8�7<FBE78EF
4E8�6BAF<78E87

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�9)78-32�����

� ���L84E�B?7 @4A�6B@8F�GB�G;8�C;LF<6<4A�5864HF8�B9�<AG8E@<GG8AG�E8GEBFG8EA4?�6;8FG�C4<A �*;LF<64?


8K4@<A4G<BA�F;BJF�AB�45ABE@4?<G<8F �A7BF6BCL�F;BJF�F4?@BA�C<A>�@H6BF4�8KG8A7<A: ��6@ CEBK<@4?
GB�G;8�:4FGEB8FBC;4:84?�=HA6G<BA ��<BCFL�FC86<@8AF�9EB@�G;8�7<FG4?�8FBC;4:HF�F;BJ ABA6<?<4G87
6B?H@A4E�8C<G;8?<H@�J<G;�AH@8EBHF�:B5?8G�68??F �1;<6;�B9�G;8�9B??BJ<A:�<F�G;8�@BFG�?<>8?L�64HF8�B9�G;<F
C4G<8AG�F�6BA7<G<BA�

�27;)6 �1%+)

(8BC?4FG<6�CEB?<98E4G<BA�B9

8FBC;4:84?�8C<G;8?<H@

�FBC;4:84?�8KCBFHE8�GB�:4FGE<6

46<7

�GBC<6�<A9?4@@4G<BA�B9�G;8

8FBC;4:HF

"LC8E@BG<?8�8FBC;4:84?

6BAGE46G<BAF

HA:4?�<A986G<BA�B9�G;8�?BJ8E

8FBC;4:HF

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�27;)6 �1%+)

#A6B@C?8G8�E8?4K4G<BA�B9�?BJ8E
8FBC;4:84?�FC;<A6G8E

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�-28

�FBC;4:84? @H6BF4 <F�ABE@4??L J;<G<F;�C<A> 4A7�6B@CBF87�B9 FGE4G<9<87 FDH4@BHF�8C<G;8?<H@ �#AG8FG<A4?


@H6BF4 <F�ABE@4??L�6B@CBF87�B9 6B?H@A4E�8C<G;8?<H@ J<G; :B5?8G�68??F

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�366)'8��27;)6

��� �)340%78-'�4630-*)6%8-32�3*�)734,%+)%0�)4-8,)0-91

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

(8BC?4FG<6 CEB?<98E4G<BA B9�8FBC;4:84? 8C<G;8?<H@ <F�F88A�<A 8FBC;4:84?�64A68E �.;<F�C4G<8AG�<F�4G


<A6E84F87�E<F>�GB�78I8?BC 8FBC;4:84?�478AB64E6<AB@4 �"BJ8I8E��;8�?46>F�GLC<64?�984GHE8F�B9�4A
8FBC;4:84? @4?<:A4A6L FH6;�4F�J8<:;G�?BFF� 7LFC;4:<4��4A7�4A�H?68E4G<I8�@4FF�BA�8A7BF6BCL

��� �734,%+)%0�)<43796)�83�+%786-'�%'-(

�1%+)

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

�;EBA<6�8KCBFHE8�B9�G;8 8FBC;4:HF GB :4FGE<6�46<7 CEB@BG8F�GE4AF9BE@4G<BA�B9�G;8 FGE4G<9<87


FDH4@BHF�8C<G;8?<H@ B9�G;8 8FBC;4:HF GB @8G4C?4FG<6 6B?H@A4E�8C<G;8?<H@ J<G; :B5?8G�68??F ��4EE8GG

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
8FBC;4:HF� �4EE8GG�8FBC;4:HF 6?4FF<64??L�B66HEF�<A�C4G<8AGF�J<G; !�,���J;<6;�6B@@BA?L�CE8F8AGF
J<G;�<AG8E@<GG8AG�E8GEBFG8EA4? C4<A��4F�F88A�<A�G;<F�C4G<8AG ��78DH4G8�7<4:ABF<F�B9 �4EE8GG�8FBC;4:HF
E8DH<E8F�;<FGB?B:<6�6BA9<E@4G<BA�B9�<AG8FG<A4? @8G4C?4F<4

��� �834-'�-2*0%11%8-32�3*�8,)�)734,%+97

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

�GBC<6 <A9?4@@4G<BA B9�G;8 8FBC;4:HF <F�F88A�<A 8BF<ABC;<?<6�8FBC;4:<G<F��J;<6;�<F�G;BH:;G�GB�58


64HF87�5L�4A�45ABE@4?�E8FCBAF8�B9�G;8 <@@HA8�FLFG8@ GB�4A 4AG<:8A<6 FG<@H?HF ��9986G87�<A7<I<7H4?F
6B@@BA?L�CE8F8AG�J<G;�E8GEBFG8EA4? C4<A� 7LFC;4:<4 GB�FB?<7F��4A7�9BB7�<@C46G<BA ��?G;BH:;�G;<F
C4G<8AG�CE8F8AGF�J<G;�E8GEBFG8EA4? C4<A� 5<BCFL JBH?7�?<>8?L�F;BJ�AH@8EBHF 8BF<ABC;<?F J<G;<A
@H?G<C?8�?4L8EF�B9�G;8 8FBC;4:HF E4G;8E�G;4A @8G4C?4FG<6 6;4A:8F

��� �=4)6138-0)�)734,%+)%0�'3286%'8-327

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

"LC8E@BG<?8�8FBC;4:84?�6BAGE46G<BAF�4E8�F88A�<A FC4FG<6 7<FBE78EF�B9�G;8 8FBC;4:HF �8 : � AHG6E46>8E


8FBC;4:HF� 7<99HF8�8FBC;4:84?�FC4F@F� �"LC8E@BG<?8 8FBC;4:HF @4L�CE8F8AG�J<G;�FH778A�
E8GEBFG8EA4? 6;8FG�C4<A 4A7�4�7<FG<A6G<I8�C4GG8EA�BA 54E<H@�FJ4??BJ 4A7�@4AB@8GEL ��?G;BH:;�G;<F
C4G<8AG�7B8F�;4I8�<AG8E@<GG8AG�E8GEBFG8EA4? C4<A��G;BF8�6BA7<G<BAF�JBH?7�ABG�HFH4??L�CE8F8AG�J<G;
@H6BF4? 45ABE@4?<G<8F

��� �92+%0�-2*)'8-32�3*�8,)�03;)6�)734,%+97

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

HA:4?�<A986G<BA�B9�G;8 8FBC;4:HF 64A�58�64HF87�5L�C4G;B:8AF�FH6;�4F Candida albicans �8FBC;4:84?


64A7<7<4F<F� ��?G;BH:;�<G�@4L�64HF8�E8GEBFG8EA4? C4<A��4F�F88A�;8E8��G;8�45F8A68�B9 E<F>�946GBEF �8 : �
<@@HABFHCCE8FF<BA��4A7�9HA:4?�C4G6;8F�BA�8A7BF6BCL�@4>8�G;<F�7<4:ABF<F�HA?<>8?L

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �2'3140)8)�6)0%<%8-32�3*�03;)6�)734,%+)%0�74,-2'8)6

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

#A6B@C?8G8�E8?4K4G<BA�B9�G;8 ?BJ8E�8FBC;4:84?�FC;<A6G8E B66HEF�<A�C4G<8AGF�J<G; 46;4?4F<4 7H8�GB


45F8AG�BE�786E84F87�@L8AG8E<6 A8HEBAF ��?G;BH:; 46;4?4F<4 64A�@4A<98FG�J<G;�E8GEBFG8EA4? C4<A��4F
F88A�<A�G;<F�C4G<8AG��<G�JBH?7�6?4FF<64??L�4?FB�CE8F8AG�J<G;�E8:HE:<G4G<BA�4A7 7LFC;4:<4 B9�FB?<7F�4A7
?<DH<7F ��A7BF6BCL�6BH?7�CBFF<5?L�F;BJ <A9?4@@4G<BA <A�64F8�B9�E8G4<A87�9BB7��5HG <AG8FG<A4?
@8G4C?4F<4 JBH?7�ABG�58�8KC86G87

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�9)78-32�����

� ���L84E�B?7 JB@4A�6B@8F�GB�G;8�C;LF<6<4A�5864HF8�B9�4 ��J88> ;<FGBEL�B9 4A4?�C4<A�G;4G�B66HEF


7HE<A:�789864G<BA�4A7�?4FGF�9BE�F8I8E4?�;BHEF �-;8�E8CBEGF�G;4G�F;8�B9G8A�FGE4<AF�7HE<A:�789864G<BA�4A7
F88F 5E<:;G�E87�5?BB7�BA�GB<?8G�C4C8E 49G8E�J<C<A: �-;8�GLC<64??L�;4F ��5BJ8? @BI8@8AGF�C8E�J88>
*;LF<64?�8K4@<A4G<BA�F;BJF�4 ?BA:<GH7<A4?��C8E<4A4?�G84E �.;<F�C4G<8AG�F�FL@CGB@F�4E8�@BFG�?<>8?L�64HF87
5L�G<FFH8�<A=HEL�<A�J;<6;�B9�G;8�9B??BJ<A:�?B64G<BAF�

�27;)6 �1%+)

*BFG8E<BE�@<7?<A8�B9�G;8�4A4?�64A4?��7<FG4?�GB

G;8�C86G<A4G8�?<A8

�AG8E<BE�@<7?<A8�B9�G;8�4A4?�64A4?��CEBK<@4?

GB�G;8�C86G<A4G8�?<A8

�AG8E<BE�@<7?<A8�B9�G;8�4A4?�64A4?��7<FG4?�GB

G;8�C86G<A4G8�?<A8

*BFG8E<BE�@<7?<A8�B9�G;8�4A4?�64A4?�

CEBK<@4?�GB�G;8�C86G<A4G8�?<A8

&4G8E4?�4FC86G�B9�G;8�4A4?�64A4?��7<FG4?�GB�G;8

C86G<A4G8�?<A8

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�-28

.;8�E8:<BA�B9�G<FFH8�<A=HEL�<A�G;<F�C4G<8AG�E868<I8F�<AA8EI4G<BA�9EB@�G;8�<A98E<BE�E86G4?�5E4A6;�B9�G;8
CH78A74?�A8EI8

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�366)'8��27;)6

��� �378)6-36�1-(0-2)�3*�8,)�%2%0�'%2%0��(-78%0�83�8,)�4)'8-2%8)�0-2)

�1%+)

�<40%2%8-32��98

)G;8E�C4G;B?B:<8F�G;4G�6BH?7�B66HE�4E<F8 58?BJ�G;8�C86G<A4G8�?<A8 <A6?H78 8KG8EA4?�;8@BEE;B<7F


�GLC<64??L�4G�G;8�?89G ?4G8E4?��E<:;G 4AG8E<BE��4A7�E<:;G CBFG8E<BE CBF<G<BAF��4A7 FDH4@BHF�68??
64E6<AB@4 �*4G;B?B:<8F�G;4G�4E<F8�9EB@ 58?BJ�G;8�C86G<A4G8�?<A8 E868<I8�FB@4G<6�<AA8EI4G<BA�9EB@�G;8
<A98E<BE�E86G4?�A8EI8 4A7�4E8�G;8E89BE8�B9G8A�C4<A9H?

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

�CCEBK<@4G8?L�����B9 4A4?�9<FFHE8F B66HE�4G�G;8 CBFG8E<BE @<7?<A8�B9�G;8 4A4?�64A4?� 7<FG4? GB�G;8


C86G<A4G8�?<A8 �78AG4G8�?<A8� �.;8�8G<B?B:L�<F�HFH4??L�58A<:A�4A7�CE<@4EL�<A�A4GHE8��J<G;�G;8�@BFG
6B@@BA�64HF8�58<A:�?B64?�GE4H@4��8 : ��C4FF<A:�B9�;4E7�FGBB?F�7H8�GB 6BAFG<C4G<BA���C8EF<FG8AG
7<4EE;84��I4:<A4?�78?<I8EL��BE�4A4?�F8K �.;<F�CE87<?86G<BA�9BE�G;8 CBFG8E<BE @<7?<A8�<F�?<>8?L�7H8�GB�CBBE
C8E9HF<BA GB�G;<F�4E84 �)9G8A��4 F><A�G4: �F8AG<A8?�C<?8��9BE@87�5L ;LC8EGEBC;<87 C4C<??48 JBH?7�58
I<F<5?8�<A�G;8�C8E<4A4?�E8:<BA�4G�G;8�F<G8�B9�G;8 9<FFHE8

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �28)6-36�1-(0-2)�3*�8,)�%2%0�'%2%0��463<-1%0�83�8,)�4)'8-2%8)�0-2)

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

.;8�E8:<BA�B9�G;8 4A4?�64A4? CEBK<@4? GB�G;8 C86G<A4G8�?<A8 <F�4�6B@@BA�?B64G<BA�9BE <AG8EA4?


;8@BEE;B<7F 4A7 478AB64E6<AB@4 B9�G;8 4A4?�64A4?��J;8E84F 4A4?�9<FFHE8F B66HE 7<FG4? GB�G;8 C86G<A4G8
?<A8 #AG8EA4?�;8@BEE;B<7F 4E8�6;4E46G8E<M87�5L�G;8�C4FF4:8�B9 5E<:;G�E87�5?BB7�C8E�E86GH@ J<G;�4
5BJ8?�@BI8@8AG �"BJ8I8E��789864G<BA�<F�HFH4??L�C4<A?8FF

��� �28)6-36�1-(0-2)�3*�8,)�%2%0�'%2%0��(-78%0�83�8,)�4)'8-2%8)�0-2)

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

)A?L�����B9 4A4?�9<FFHE8F B66HE�4G�G;8 4AG8E<BE @<7?<A8�B9�G;8 4A4?�64A4?� 7<FG4? GB�G;8 C86G<A4G8�?<A8


�A4?�9<FFHE8F 4G�G;<F�?B64G<BA�4E8�HFH4??L�F86BA74EL�GB�4A4?�FHE:8EL� #�� �8 : � �EB;A�7<F84F8��
<A986G<BAF��8 : � FLC;<?<F��BE @4?<:A4A6L �?8H>8@<4� �.;8E8�<F�AB�8I<78A68�B9�4A�HA78E?L<A:�6BA7<G<BA
<A�G;<F�C4G<8AG�G;4G�JBH?7�@4>8�4A 4A4?�9<FFHE8 4G�4A�4GLC<64?�?B64G<BA�?<>8?L

��� �378)6-36�1-(0-2)�3*�8,)�%2%0�'%2%0��463<-1%0�83�8,)�4)'8-2%8)�0-2)

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

.;8�E8:<BA�B9�G;8 4A4?�64A4? CEBK<@4? GB�G;8 C86G<A4G8�?<A8 <F�4�6B@@BA�?B64G<BA�9BE <AG8EA4?


;8@BEE;B<7F��J;8E84F 4A4?�9<FFHE8F B66HE 7<FG4? GB�G;8 C86G<A4G8�?<A8 #AG8EA4?�;8@BEE;B<7F 4E8
6;4E46G8E<M87�5L�C4FF4:8�B9 5E<:;G�E87�5?BB7�C8E�E86GH@ J<G;�4�5BJ8?�@BI8@8AG �"BJ8I8E�
789864G<BA�<F�HFH4??L�C4<A?8FF

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �%8)6%0�%74)'8�3*�8,)�%2%0�'%2%0��(-78%0�83�8,)�4)'8-2%8)�0-2)

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

�KG8EA4?�;8@BEE;B<7F 4E<F8�58?BJ�G;8�C86G<A4G8��B9G8A�B66HE�4G�G;8�?89G ?4G8E4? 4FC86G�B9�G;8 4A4?�64A4?


���B��6?B6>�CBF<G<BA���4E8�GLC<64??L�C4<A9H?��4A7�64A�64HF8�C8E�E86G4?�5?887<A: �"BJ8I8E� 8KG8EA4?
;8@BEE;B<7F JBH?7�58�I<F<5?8�4F�C8E<4A4?�FJ8??<A:F�BA C;LF<64?�8K4@<A4G<BA �&8FF�G;4A����B9 4A4?
9<FFHE8F B66HE�4G�G;8 ?4G8E4? 4FC86G�B9�G;8 4A4?�64A4? �A4?�9<FFHE8F G;4G�B66HE�4G�G;<F�?B64G<BA�4E8
HFH4??L�F86BA74EL�GB�4A4?�FHE:8EL� #�� �8 : � �EB;A�7<F84F8���<A986G<BAF��8 : � FLC;<?<F��BE @4?<:A4A6L
�?8H>8@<4� �.;8E8�<F�AB�8I<78A68�B9�4A�HA78E?L<A:�6BA7<G<BA�<A�G;<F�C4G<8AG�G;4G�JBH?7�G;4G�JBH?7
@4>8�4A 4A4?�9<FFHE8 4G�4A�4GLC<64?�?B64G<BA�?<>8?L

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�9)78-32�����

� ���L84E�B?7 JB@4A�6B@8F�GB�G;8�C;LF<6<4A�5864HF8�B9�4 ��@BAG; ;<FGBEL�B9�E86HEE8AG�E8GEBFG8EA4?


6;8FG�C4<A�G;4G�B9G8A�J4>8F�;8E�HC�4G�A<:;G �*;LF<64?�8K4@<A4G<BA�F;BJF�AB�45ABE@4?<G<8F �/CC8E
8A7BF6BCL�F;BJF ;LC8E8@<4�<A�G;8�7<FG4?�G;<E7�B9�G;8�8FBC;4:HF ���5<BCFL�FC86<@8A�9EB@�G;<F�4E84
F;BJF�ABA>8E4G<A<M87�FGE4G<9<87�FDH4@BHF�8C<G;8?<H@�J<G; ;LC8EC?4F<4�B9�G;8�54F4?�68??�?4L8E 4A7
A8HGEBC;<?<6�<A9?4@@4GBEL�<A9<?GE4G8F �1;<6;�B9�G;8�9B??BJ<A:�<F�G;8�@BFG�?<>8?L�HA78E?L<A:�64HF8�B9�G;<F
C4G<8AG�F�9<A7<A:F�

�27;)6 �1%+)

#A6E84F87�?BJ8E�8FBC;4:84?

FC;<A6G8E�GBA8

#A6E84F87�6B??4:8A�CEB7H6G<BA

4A7�9<5EBF<F

�;EBA<6�:4FGEB<AG8FG<A4?�<EBA

?BFF

�LF9HA6G<BA�B9�G;8

:4FGEB8FBC;4:84?�=HA6G<BA

� -CE847�B9�A8BC?4FG<6�68??F

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�27;)6 �1%+)

'8G4C?4FG<6�GE4AF9BE@4G<BA�B9
G;8�8FBC;4:84?�8C<G;8?<H@

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�-28

.;<F�C4G<8AG�F�6?<A<64?�984GHE8F�4A7�8A7BF6BCL�4A7 5<BCFL 9<A7<A:F�FH::8FG :4FGEB8FBC;4:84?�E89?HK


7<F84F8 �!�,��

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�366)'8��27;)6

��� �2'6)%7)(�03;)6�)734,%+)%0�74,-2'8)6�832)

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

#A6E84F87 ?BJ8E�8FBC;4:84?�FC;<A6G8E �&�-��GBA8��4F�F88A�<A 46;4?4F<4��GLC<64??L�CE8F8AGF�J<G;


7LFC;4:<4 GB�5BG;�FB?<7F�4A7�?<DH<7F��4?G;BH:;�FL@CGB@F�B9�8FBC;4:84?�E89?HK�@4L�4?FB�58�CE8F8AG
)G;8E�984GHE8F�<A6?H78�E8GEBFG8EA4? C4<A 4A7�J8<:;G�?BFF �.;<F�C4G<8AG�7B8F�ABG�CE8F8AG�J<G;�FL@CGB@F
B9 7LFC;4:<4��@4><A: 46;4?4F<4 4A�HA?<>8?L�7<4:ABF<F

��� �2'6)%7)(�'300%+)2�463(9'8-32�%2(�*-&637-7

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

#A6E84F87 6B??4:8A CEB7H6G<BA�4A7 9<5EBF<F 64A�58�F88A�<A �,�-.�FLA7EB@8��J;<6;�@4L�58


4FFB6<4G87�J<G; 8FBC;4:84?�7LF@BG<?<GL 4A7�E89?HK 8FBC;4:<G<F �"BJ8I8E� �,�-.�FLA7EB@8 <F�4A
HA6B@@BA�6BA7<G<BA�4A7�HA?<>8?L�GB�@4A<98FG�FB?8?L�J<G;�E89?HK 8FBC;4:<G<F��BG;8E�984GHE8F�B9
�,�-.�FLA7EB@8��FH6;�4F 64?6<ABF<F�6HG<F� ,4LA4H7�C;8AB@8ABA� F6?8EB746GL?L��4A7 G8?4A:<86G4F<4�
4E8�ABG�F88A�<A�G;<F�C4G<8AG

��� �,632-'�+%7863-28)78-2%0�-632�0377

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

�;EBA<6�:4FGEB<AG8FG<A4? <EBA ?BFF�<F�F88A�<A *?H@@8E�0<AFBA�FLA7EB@8 �.;8�FLA7EB@8�@4A<98FGF


J<G;�4�GE<47�B9 7LFC;4:<4��HCC8E 8FBC;4:84?�J85F��4A7 <EBA�789<6<8A6L�4A8@<4��ABA8�B9�J;<6;�4E8
F88A�<A�G;<F�C4G<8AG

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �=7*92'8-32�3*�8,)�+%7863)734,%+)%0�.92'8-32

�1%+)

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

.;<F�C4G<8AG�F�;<FGBEL�B9�<AG8E@<GG8AG�E8GEBFG8EA4? 6;8FG�C4<A G;4G�JBEF8AF�4G�A<:;G��<A�6BA=HA6G<BA�J<G;


G;8 ;LC8E8@<4 B9�G;8 7<FG4? G;<E7�B9�G;8 8FBC;4:HF 4A7�G;8 5<BCFL F;BJ<A: ABA>8E4G<A<M87�FGE4G<9<87
FDH4@BHF�8C<G;8?<H@ J<G; ;LC8EC?4F<4 B9�G;8�54F4?�68??�?4L8E�4A7�A8HGEBC;<?<6�<A9?4@@4GBEL
<A9<?GE4G8F��<F�6BAF<FG8AG�J<G; !�,� ��LF9HA6G<BA�B9�G;8 :4FGEB8FBC;4:84?�=HA6G<BA 4??BJF FGB@46;
6BAG8AGF�GB�9?BJ�546>�<AGB�G;8 8FBC;4:HF��64HF<A: <A9?4@@4G<BA B9�G;8�8FBC;4:84? 8C<G;8?<H@ ,<F>
946GBEF 9BE !�,� <A6?H78�7LF9HA6G<BA�B9�G;8 ?BJ8E�8FBC;4:84?�FC;<A6G8E 7H8�GB�4A4GB@<64?
7<FEHCG<BA��8 : ��7H8�GB ;<4G4?�;8EA<4���786E84F87�G8AF<BA��8 : ��7H8�GB�F@B><A:���4A7�GE4AF<8AG
E8?4K4G<BA��8 : ��7H8�GB B58F<GL�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� 46)%(�3*�2)340%78-'�')007

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

-CE847�B9 A8BC?4FG<6 68??F��4F�F88A�<A 8FBC;4:84?�64A68E��JBH?7�58�HA?<>8?L�GB�64HF8�G;<F�C4G<8AG�F


9<A7<A:F �(BA>8E4G<A<M<A: FDH4@BHF�8C<G;8?<H@ <F�4�ABA@4?<:A4AG�C4G;B?B:<6�9<A7<A:�4A7�7B8F�ABG
B66HE�4F�4�E8FH?G�B9�G;8�@4?<:A4AG�FCE847�B9�68??F

��� �)8%40%78-'�86%27*361%8-32�3*�8,)�)734,%+)%0�)4-8,)0-91

�1%+)

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

'8G4C?4FG<6 GE4AF9BE@4G<BA�B9�G;8�8FBC;4:84? 8C<G;8?<H@ <F�G;8�;4??@4E>�B9 �4EE8GG�8FBC;4:HF��<A


J;<6;�ABE@4? FDH4@BHF�8C<G;8?<H@ <F�E8C?4687�5L @8G4C?4FG<6 6B?H@A4E�8C<G;8?<H@ �&BA:�FG4A7<A:
E89?HK 8FBC;4:<G<F 64A�?847�GB �4EE8GG�8FBC;4:HF��J;<6;�<F�4�CE86HEFBE�?8F<BA�9BE 8FBC;4:84?�64A68E
.;<F�C4G<8AG�F 5<BCFL 9<A7<A:F�F;BJ ABA>8E4G<A<M87�FGE4G<9<87�FDH4@BHF�8C<G;8?<H@ J<G; ;LC8EC?4F<4

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
B9�G;8�54F4?�68??�?4L8E�E4G;8E�G;4A @8G4C?4F<4��@4><A: �4EE8GG�8FBC;4:HF 4A�HA?<>8?L�7<4:ABF<F

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�9)78-32�����

� ���L84E�B?7 @4A�6B@8F�GB�G;8�C;LF<6<4A�J<G;�4 ��J88> ;<FGBEL�B9�L8??BJ<F;�7<F6B?BE4G<BA�B9�;<F�8L8F�


:8A8E4?<M87�94G<:H8��4A7�CEHE<GHF �"8�J4F�7<4:ABF87�J<G; H?68E4G<I8�6B?<G<F ��L84EF�4:B ��G�G;8�G<@8�B9
7<4:ABF<F��4�C�(���G8FG�J4F�4?FB�CBF<G<I8 �*;LF<64?�8K4@<A4G<BA�F;BJF�F6?8E4?�<6G8EHF�4A7�@H?G<C?8
F6E4G6;�@4E>F�BA�G;8�GEHA>�4A7�8KGE8@<G<8F ��57B@<A4?�8K4@<A4G<BA�<F�HAE8@4E>45?8 �-8EH@�FGH7<8F
F;BJ�4�GBG4?�5<?<EH5<A�6BA68AGE4G<BA�B9 � ��@:�7&��7<E86G�5<?<EH5<A�6BA68AGE4G<BA�B9 � ��@:�7&��4A7
4?>4?<A8�C;BFC;4G4F8�?8I8?�B9 ����/�& �'4:A8G<6�E8FBA4A68�6;B?4A:<BC4A6E84GB:E4C;L�F;BJF�9B64?�4E84F
B9 <AGE4;8C4G<6�5<?8�7H6G�FGE<6GHE8F�4?G8EA4G<A:�J<G;�4E84F�B9�7<?4G<BA �"<FGB?B:<6�8K4@<A4G<BA�B9�4�?<I8E
5<BCFL�FC86<@8A�<F�@BFG�?<>8?L�GB�F;BJ�J;<6;�B9�G;8�9B??BJ<A:�9<A7<A:F�

�27;)6 �1%+)

*8E<7H6G4?�6BA68AGE<6�F64EE<A:

4A7�9<5EBF<F

*8E<CBEG4?�?L@C;B6LG<6
� <A9<?GE4G<BA�4A7�C<868@84?
A86EBF<F

�<99HF8�9<5EBF<F�J<G;�*�-�

FG4<A<A:�:?B5H?8F

#EE8:H?4E�7H6G4?�:?4A7F�?<A87�5L

4GLC<64?�4A7�C?8B@BEC;<6�68??F

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�27;)6 �1%+)

�H6GBC8A<4�4A7�9<5EBG<6
� 78:8A8E4G<BA�B9�C8E<CBEG4?
;8C4GB6LG8F

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�-28

.;<F�C4G<8AG�J<G; H?68E4G<I8�6B?<G<F ;4F CEHE<GHF� <6G8EHF��8?8I4G87 C4E4@8G8EF�B9�6;B?8FG4F<F��4A7


4?G8EA4G<A:�FGE<6GHE8F�4A7�7<?4G<BA�BA ',�* �5847<A:�C4GG8EA� �� J8??�>ABJA 64HF8�B9 6;B?8FG4G<6
=4HA7<68 <A�C4G<8AGF�J<G;�4HGB<@@HA8�7<F84F8F��C4EG<6H?4E?L H?68E4G<I8�6B?<G<F��<F CE<@4EL�F6?8EBF<A:
6;B?4A:<G<F

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�366)'8��27;)6

��� �)6-(9'8%0�'32')286-'�7'%66-2+�%2(�*-&637-7

�1%+)

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

.;<F�C4G<8AG�F�FL@CGB@F��?45BE4GBEL��4A7�<@4:<A:�FGH7<8F�4E8�6BAF<FG8AG�J<G;�G;8�7<4:ABF<F�B9 CE<@4EL
F6?8EBF<A:�6;B?4A:<G<F �*-�� �#A�����B9�64F8F��G;<F�6BA7<G<BA�<F�4FFB6<4G87�J<G; <A9?4@@4GBEL�5BJ8?
7<F84F8 �#�����HFH4??L H?68E4G<I8�6B?<G<F��J;<6;�G;<F�C4G<8AG�;4F �"<FGBC4G;B?B:<64?�8K4@<A4G<BA�B9
5<?8 7H6GF�JBH?7�GLC<64??L�F;BJ�C8E<7H6G4?�6BA68AGE<6�F64EE<A:�4A7 9<5EBF<F G;4G�4E8�6BAF<FG8AG�J<G;
G;8�6;4E46G8E<FG<6�BA<BA�F><A 4CC84E4A68 *-���J;<6;�<F�6?4FF<64??L�F88A�<A�@<77?8�4:87�@8A�
<A6E84F8F�G;8�E<F>�B9�78I8?BC@8AG�B9�64A68E�B9�G;8 :4??5?4778E 4A7 6;B?4A:<B64E6<AB@4 ���Q����B9
64F8F� �*8E<AH6?84E�4AG<�A8HGEBC;<? 6LGBC?4F@<6 4AG<5B7<8F �C�(����4E8�ABG�FC86<9<6�GB *-� 5HG�64A
58�CE8F8AG�<A�HC�GB�����B9�64F8F

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �)6-4368%0�0=14,3'=8-'�-2*-086%8-32�%2(�4-)')1)%0�2)'637-7

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

*8E<CBEG4? ?L@C;B6LG<6 <A9<?GE4G<BA�4A7 C<868@84?�A86EBF<F 64A�58�F88A�<A�I4E<BHF�6BA7<G<BAF�G;4G


64HF8 9H?@<A4AG�?<I8E�94<?HE8��8 : � 4HGB<@@HA8�;8C4G<G<F ��?G;BH:; 9H?@<A4AG�?<I8E�94<?HE8 64A�64HF8
;LC8E5<?<EH5<A8@<4 4A7 =4HA7<68��4F�F88A�;8E8� 6B4:H?BC4G;L� ;8C4G<6�8A68C;4?BC4G;L��4A7�8?8I4G87
F8EH@ �&. 4A7 �-. ?8I8?F��HFH4??L�<A�G;8������/�&�E4A:8��JBH?7�4?FB�58�8KC86G87 �'BE8BI8E��G;<F
JBH?7�ABG�8KC?4<A�4?G8EA4G<A:�<AGE4;8C4G<6 5<?8�7H6G�FGE<6GHE8F��J;<6;�<F�4�6;4E46G8E<FG<6�9<A7<A:�B9
*-�

��� �-**97)�*-&637-7�;-8,��� �78%-2-2+�+03&90)7

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

�?C;4���4AG<GELCF<A�789<6<8A6L 64A�64HF8�4A�466H@H?4G<BA�B9�@<F9B?787 *�-�CBF<G<I8�:?B5H?8F�4A7


9<5EBF<F J<G;<A�G;8 ;8C4GB6LG8F ��?8I4G87 C4E4@8G8EF�B9�6;B?8FG4F<F� ;LC8E5<?<EH5<A8@<4��4A7�8?8I4G87
4?>4?<A8�C;BFC;4G4F8 4E8�ABG�6B@@BA�984GHE8F�B9 U��4AG<GELCF<A�789<6<8A6L�@87<4G87�;8C4G<6
6<EE;BF<F

��� �66)+90%6�(9'8%0�+0%2(7�0-2)(�&=�%8=4-'%0�%2(�40)31364,-'�')007

�<40%2%8-32��98

1;<?8 *-� 64A�<A6E84F8�G;8�E<F>�B9 6;B?4A:<B64E6<AB@4��G;8�9<A7<A:�B9�4?G8EA4G<A:�<AGE4;8C4G<6 5<?8


7H6G�FGE<6GHE8F BA ',�* <F�HA6B@@BA

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

#EE8:H?4E�7H6G4?�:?4A7F�?<A87�5L�4GLC<64?�4A7 C?8B@BEC;<6 68??F�BA�;<FGB?B:<6�8K4@<A4G<BA�<F


6BAF<FG8AG�J<G;�<AGE4;8C4G<6 6;B?4A:<B64E6<AB@4��4�E4E8�GLC8�B9�64A68E�B9�G;8 5<?8 7H6GF ��?G;BH:;
G;<F�6BA7<G<BA�64A�4?FB�64HF8 B5FGEH6G<I8�=4HA7<68 4A7�8?8I4G87 �&*��4F�F88A�;8E8��C4G<8AGF�J<G;
6;B?4A:<B64E6<AB@4 4E8�@BE8�?<>8?L�4FL@CGB@4G<6 �)G;8E�FL@CGB@F�G;4G�JBH?7�FH::8FG�G;<F

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
7<4:ABF<F��FH6;�4F ;8C4GB@8:4?L��4�C4<A?8FF�C4?C45?8 :4??5?4778E ��BHEIB<F<8E�F�F<:A���4A7
ABAFC86<9<6 ��FL@CGB@F �8 : ��J8<:;G�?BFF��A4HF84���4E8�4?FB�?46><A:

��� �9'834)2-%�%2(�*-&638-'�()+)2)6%8-32�3*�4)6-4368%0�,)4%83'=8)7

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

<5EBG<6 78:8A8E4G<BA�B9�C8E<CBEG4? ;8C4GB6LG8F 4A7�7H6GBC8A<4�4E8�6;4E46G8E<FG<6�?4G8�;<FGBC4G;B?B:<6


9<A7<A:F�B9 CE<@4EL�5<?<4EL�6;B?4A:<G<F �*��� �#A�G;8�84E?L�FG4:8F� ?L@C;B6LG<6 <A9<?GE4G<BA�B9 CBEG4?
4E84F 4A7�C8E<7H6G4? :E4AH?B@4F JBH?7�58�8KC86G87 *�� @4L�CE8F8AG�J<G; CEHE<GHF�
;LC8E5<?<EH5<A8@<4��4A7�8?8I4G87 4?>4?<A8�C;BFC;4G4F8��=HFG�?<>8�G;<F�C4G<8AG �"BJ8I8E� *�� 7B8F�ABG
64HF8�4?G8EA4G<A:�<AGE4;8C4G<6 5<?8�7H6G�FGE<6GHE8F �'BE8BI8E� *�� JBH?7�58�4FFB6<4G87�J<G;�G;8
78I8?BC@8AG�B9 4AG<@<GB6;BA7E<4? 4HGB4AG<5B7<8F��ABG C�(��

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�9)78-32�����

� ���L84E�B?7 @4A�<F�5EBH:;G�GB�G;8�8@8E:8A6L�78C4EG@8AG ��;BHEF 49G8E�G;8�BAF8G�B9�CEB:E8FF<I8?L


JBEF8A<A:�HCC8E�457B@<A4?�C4<A�4A7 ��8C<FB78F B9�IB@<G<A: �"<F 94G;8E�;47�4�@LB64E7<4?�<A94E6G<BA�4G
G;8�4:8�B9 ���L84EF �*;LF<64?�8K4@<A4G<BA�F;BJF�G8A78EA8FF�4A7 :H4E7<A:�<A�G;8�8C<:4FGE<H@ �BJ8?
FBHA7F�4E8�786E84F87 �"<F�F8EH@ 4@L?4F8�<F ����/�& �-L@CGB@4G<6�GE84G@8AG�4A7�G;8E4CL�J<G;
98AB9<5E4G8 4E8�<A<G<4G87 � HEG;8E�8I4?H4G<BA�B9�G;<F�C4G<8AG�<F�@BFG�?<>8?L�GB�F;BJ�J;<6;�B9�G;8�9B??BJ<A:
9<A7<A:F�

�27;)6 �1%+)

� -4?G�4A7�C8CC8E�F>H??

� �<?4G8E4?�C4EBG<7�:?4A7�8A?4E:8@8AG

� �86E84F87�F8EH@���."�?8I8?F

� �EHCG<I8�K4AG;B@4F

-8C4E4G8�7BEF4?�4A7�I8AGE4?�C4A6E84G<6

7H6GF

�?8I4G87�F8EH@�#:!��?8I8?F

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�-28

.;<F�9<A7<A:F�B9�JBEF8A<A:�8C<:4FGE<6 C4<A J<G;�G8A78EA8FF�4A7�:H4E7<A:�<A�G;8�F8GG<A:�B9�8?8I4G87


4@L?4F8 ?8I8?F�4E8�;<:;?L�<A7<64G<I8�B9 C4A6E84G<G<F �.;8�946G�G;4G�G;<F�C4G<8AG�J4F�CE8F6E<587 98AB9<5E4G8
<A7<64G8F�G;4G�F8I8E8 ;LC8EGE<:?L68E<78@<4 J4F�7<4:ABF87�4F�G;8�HA78E?L<A:�64HF8�B9�;<F C4A6E84G<G<F

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�366)'8��27;)6

��� %08�%2(�4)44)6�7/900

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

-4?G�4A7�C8CC8E F>H?? E898EF�GB�4�6;4E46G8E<FG<6�C4GG8EA�B9�G<AL� E47<B?H68AG 4E84F�J<G;<A�G;8 64?I4E<4�


J;<6;�6?4FF<64??L�B66HEF�<A�G;8�F8GG<A:�B9 ;LC8EC4E4G;LEB<7<F@ "<:;�64?6<H@�?8I8?F 64A�?847�GB
CE8@4GHE8�46G<I4G<BA�B9 C4A6E84G<6�8AML@8F 4A7�G;8E89BE8 C4A6E84G<G<F �"BJ8I8E��4F�G;<F�C4G<8AG�;4F
AB�@8AG<BA87�;<FGBEL�B9 ;LC8E64?68@<6 FL@CGB@F��8 : ��94G<:H8� CB?LHE<4� 6BAFG<C4G<BA�
A8HEBCFL6;<4GE<6�7<FGHE54A68F���F4?G�4A7�C8CC8E F>H?? JBH?7�58�HA?<>8?L

��� �-0%8)6%0�4%638-(�+0%2(�)20%6+)1)28

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

�<?4G8E4? C4EBG<7�:?4A7 8A?4E:8@8AG�<F�G;8�;4??@4E>�B9 @H@CF��B9�J;<6; 46HG8�C4A6E84G<G<F <F�4�E4E8


6B@C?<64G<BA �.;<F�C4G<8AG��;BJ8I8E��;4F�ABG�;47�4AL�6?4FF<6 CEB7EB@4? 9<A7<A:F�B9 @H@CF��8 : ��?BJ�
:E478 98I8E BE @4?4<F8 �'BE8BI8E� 98AB9<5E4G8 JBH?7�58�B9�AB�HF8�<A @H@CF�4FFB6<4G87 C4A6E84G<G<F�
4F�G;<F�6B@C?<64G<BA�GLC<64??L�E8FB?I8F�J<G;�FL@CGB@4G<6�G;8E4CL�4?BA8

��� �)'6)%7)(�7)691���!��0):)07

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

�86E84F87�F8EH@ ��." ?8I8?F�64A�58�9BHA7�<A�C4G<8AGF�J<G;�CEB?BA:87 FG8EB<7 HF8��J;<6;�64A�?847


GB 8KB:8ABHF ;LC8E6BEG<FB?<F@ ��?G;BH:; FG8EB<7 HF8�<F�4FFB6<4G87�J<G;�G;8�78I8?BC@8AG�B9
C4A6E84G<G<F��G;<F�C4G<8AG�7B8F�ABG�8K;<5<G�477<G<BA4?�984GHE8F�?<A>87�GB�6;EBA<6 FG8EB<7 <AG4>8��8 : �
GEHA64? B58F<GL� FGE<48��@BBA�946<8F� �#A�477<G<BA��786E84F87�F8EH@ ��." ?8I8?F�7H8�GB FG8EB<7 HF8
JBH?7�58�GE84G87�5L�F?BJ?L�G4C8E<A: FG8EB<7F��ABG�5L�CE8F6E<5<A: 98AB9<5E4G8

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �6948-:)�<%28,31%7

�1%+)

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

�EHCG<I8�K4AG;B@4F B66HE�7H8�GB�?<C<7�78CBF<G<BA�<A�G;8 78E@<F 4A7�4E8�4FFB6<4G87�J<G;


;LC8EGE<:?L68E<78@<4 �.;<F�C4G<8AG�F 94@<?L�;<FGBEL B9�CE8@4GHE8 '# 9HEG;8E�FHCCBEGF
;LC8EGE<:?L68E<78@<4 4F�G;8�HA78E?L<A:�64HF8�B9�;<F C4A6E84G<G<F �.E84G@8AG�:8A8E4??L�9B6HF8F�BA
7<8G4EL�E8FGE<6G<BAF�4A7�<A<G<4G<BA�B9 9<5E<6�46<7�78E<I4G<I8F� FH6;�4F 98AB9<5E4G8

��� )4%6%8)�(367%0�%2(�:)286%0�4%2'6)%8-'�(9'87

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

-8C4E4G8 7BEF4? 4A7 I8AGE4?�C4A6E84G<6�7H6GF 4E8�6;4E46G8E<FG<6�B9 C4A6E84F�7<I<FH@��4�@BFG?L


4FL@CGB@4G<6�6BA:8A<G4? @4?9BE@4G<BA��<A�J;<6;�G;8 7BEF4? 4A7 I8AGE4? C4A6E84G<6 5H7F�94<?�GB�9HF8
*4A6E84F�7<I<FH@ 64A�B664F<BA4??L�64HF8 C4A6E84G<G<F 5HG�G;8�946G�G;4G�G;<F�C4G<8AG�J4F�GE84G87�J<G;

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
98AB9<5E4G8 FH::8FGF�4�7<998E8AG�64HF8�9BE�G;8�C4G<8AG�F�FL@CGB@F

��� �0):%8)(�7)691��+� �0):)07

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

�?8I4G87�F8EH@�#:!��?8I8?F�B66HE�<A�G;8�F8GG<A:�B9 4HGB<@@HA8�C4A6E84G<G<F��J;<6;�<F�4FFB6<4G87�J<G;
BG;8E�4HGB<@@HA8�7<FBE78EF�FH6;�4F E8GEBC8E<GBA84?�9<5EBF<F� ,<878?�G;LEB<7<G<F��4A7�ABA�<A986G<BHF
4BEG<G<F �.;<F�C4G<8AG�7B8F�ABG�;4I8�4�C8EFBA4?�BE 94@<?L�;<FGBEL B9�4AL�B9�G;8F8�6BA7<G<BAF ��?FB�
4HGB<@@HA8�C4A6E84G<G<F JBH?7�58�GE84G87�J<G; FG8EB<7F��ABG 98AB9<5E4G8

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�9)78-32��� �

� ��J88>�B?7 @4?8�A8J5BEA�<F�5EBH:;G�GB�G;8�C;LF<6<4A�9BE�4 9B??BJ�HC 8K4@<A4G<BA�49G8E�G;8�E8FH?GF�B9


A8J5BEA�F6E88A<A:�F;BJ87�4A�<A6E84F87�F8EH@�6BA68AGE4G<BA�B9�C;8AL?4?4A<A8 �!8A8G<6�4A4?LF<F
6BA9<E@F�4�7<4:ABF<F�B9�C;8AL?>8GBAHE<4 �.;8�C;LF<6<4A�6BHAF8?F�G;8�C4G<8AG�F�94@<?L�BA�G;8
E86B@@8A787�7<8G4EL�E8FGE<6G<BAF��<A6?H7<A:�4IB<74A68�B9�4EG<9<6<4?�FJ88G8A8EF�G;4G�6BAG4<A�4FC4EG4@8
�FC4EG4@8�<F�4�@B?86H?8�6B@CBF87�B9�4FC4EG4G8�4A7�C;8AL?4?4A<A8 4A7�<GF�7<:8FG<BA�64A�?847�GB
;LC8EC;8AL?4?4A<A8@<4�<A�C4G<8AGF�J<G;�C;8AL?>8GBAHE<4 �1;<6;�B9�G;8�9B??BJ<A:�8AML@8F�<F�CE<@4E<?L
E8FCBAF<5?8�9BE�G;8�5E84>7BJA�B9�4FC4EG4@8�

�27;)6 �1%+)

� *8CF<A

� �<C8CG<74F8

� �;L@BGELCF<A

� .ELCF<A

� �4E5BKLC8CG<74F8��

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�-28

�FC4EG4@8�<F�CE<@4E<?L�6?84I87�5L�4�5EHF;�5BE78E�8AML@8�BA�G;8�I<??<�B9�G;8�<AG8FG<A4? @H6BF4

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�366)'8��27;)6

��� �)47-2

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

*8CF<A��4�:4FGE<6 8A7BC8CG<74F8��6?84I8F C8CG<78�5BA7F J<G;<A�CEBG8<A�@B?86H?8F�4A7�G4E:8GF�FC86<9<6


C8CG<78�5BA7F 58GJ88A�;L7EBC;B5<6�4A7 4EB@4G<6�4@<AB�46<7F �8 : � C;8AL?4?4A<A8�GELCGBC;4A�
*8CF<A 7B8F�ABG�G4E:8G C8CG<78�5BA7F <AIB?I<A: ;L7EBC;<?<6�4@<AB�46<7F FH6;�4F 4FC4EG4G8 �'BE8BI8E�
4FC4EG4@8�;4F�GJB�G8E@<A4? 4@<AB�46<7F 4A7�64A�BA?L�58�5EB>8A�7BJA�5L�4A�8AML@8�J<G;
8KBC8CG<74F8 46G<I<GL

��� �-4)48-(%7)

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

�<C8CG<74F8 <F�4�5EHF;�5BE78E�8AML@8�<A�G;8�;H@4A 7HB78AH@� =8=HAH@��4A7 <?8H@ �#G�<F�4�GLC8�B9


8KBC8CG<74F8 G;4G ;L7EB?LM8F 7<C8CG<78F�FH6;�4F�4FC4EG4@8

��� �,=1386=47-2

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

�;L@BGELCF<A��4 C4A6E84G<6 8A7BC8CG<74F8��6?84I8F C8CG<78�5BA7F J<G;<A�CEBG8<A�@B?86H?8F�4A7


G4E:8GF�FC86<9<6 C8CG<78�5BA7F 58GJ88A�;L7EBC;B5<6�4A7 4EB@4G<6�4@<AB�46<7F �8 : �
C;8AL?4?4A<A8�GELCGBC;4A� �;L@BGELCF<A 7B8F�ABG�G4E:8G C8CG<78�5BA7F <AIB?I<A: ;L7EBC;<?<6�4@<AB
46<7F FH6;�4F 4FC4EG4G8 �'BE8BI8E��4FC4EG4@8�;4F�GJB�G8E@<A4? 4@<AB�46<7F 4A7�64A�BA?L�58�5EB>8A
7BJA�5L�4A�8AML@8�J<G; 8KBC8CG<74F8 46G<I<GL

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� !6=47-2

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

.ELCF<A��4 C4A6E84G<6 8A7BC8CG<74F8��6?84I8F C8CG<78�5BA7F J<G;<A�CEBG8<A�@B?86H?8F�4A7�G4E:8GF


FC86<9<6 C8CG<78�5BA7F G;4G�6BAG4<A�G;8�CBF<G<I8?L�6;4E:87 4@<AB�46<7F 4E:<A<A8 BE ?LF<A8 .ELCF<A
7B8F�ABG�G4E:8G C8CG<78�5BA7F <AIB?I<A:�G;8 ;L7EBC;B5<6�4@<AB�46<7 C;8AL?4?4A<A8 BE�G;8�A8:4G<I8?L
6;4E:87 4FC4EG4G8 �'BE8BI8E��4FC4EG4@8�;4F�GJB�G8E@<A4? 4@<AB�46<7F 4A7�64A�BA?L�58�5EB>8A�7BJA
5L�4A�8AML@8�J<G; 8KBC8CG<74F8 46G<I<GL

��� �%6&3<=4)48-(%7)��

�<40%2%8-32�$,=

�4E5BKLC8CG<74F8 ���4 C4A6E84G<6 8KBC8CG<74F8��6?84I8F C8CG<78�5BA7F 4G�G;8�64E5BKLG8E@<A4?�8A7


4A7�CE898E8AG<4??L�G4E:8GF C8CG<78�5BA7F J<G; 4EB@4G<6�4@<AB�46<7F FH6;�4F C;8AL?4?4A<A8
�FC4EG4@8��4�7<C8CG<78��;4F�4�64E5BKLG8E@<A4? C;8AL?4?4A<A8 E8F<7H8 �"BJ8I8E��<A�7<C8CG<78F�G;8�E4G8
B9 C8CG<78�5BA7 ;L7EB?LF<F 5L 64E5BKLC8CG<74F8 ��<F�I8EL�F?BJ��4�7<998E8AG�GLC8�B9 8KBC8CG<74F8 <F
CE<@4E<?L�E8FCBAF<5?8�9BE�G;8<E�5E84>7BJA

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�:*89.43����

� ���O;7H�EB: 8EO�?I�8HEK=>J�JE�J>;�F>OI?9?7D�8O�>?I�CEJ>;H�8;97KI;�E<�7 ��:7O >?IJEHO�E< F7?D<KB�B;I?EDI


?D�J>;�CEKJ> ��KH?D=�J>;�F7IJ�O;7H��>;�>7I JM?9;�>7:�I?C?B7H�B;I?EDI�J>7J�H;IEBL;:�M?J>EKJ�JH;7JC;DJ�7<J;H
7FFHEN?C7J;BO ���:7OI �";�>7I�D;L;H�>7:�7DO�=;D?J7B�EH�7D7B�B;I?EDI �"?I�CEJ>;H�H;FEHJI�J>7J�>;�>7I�8;;D
L;HO�IJH;II;:�EL;H�J>;�F7IJ�CEDJ>�8;97KI;�>;�?I�7FFHE79>?D=�>?I�I;D?EH�O;7H�?D�>?=>�I9>EEB �";�?I
EJ>;HM?I;�>;7BJ>O�7D:�J7A;I�DE�C;:?97J?EDI �";�7FF;7HI�J>?D �"?I�J;CF;H7JKH;�?I �� �T����� �T � ��
F>EJE=H7F>�E<�J>;�EH7B�97L?JO�?I�I>EMD �.>;�H;C7?D:;H�E<�J>;�;N7C?D7J?ED�I>EMI�DE�78DEHC7B?J?;I
1>?9>�E<�J>;�<EBBEM?D=�?I�J>;�CEIJ�B?A;BO�:?7=DEI?I�

�38<*7 �2&,*

� *;CF>?=KI�LKB=7H?I

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�38<*7 �2&,*

� )H7B�J>HKI>

� ";HF7D=?D7

� &78?7B�>;HF;I

� �F>J>EKI�IJEC7J?J?I

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�38<*7 �2&,*

)H7B�B;KAEFB7A?7

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�.39

.>;�?C7=;�I>EMI�JME�ELE?: ;HEI?EDI M?J>�H;=KB7H�C7H=?DI�7D:�IKHHEKD:?D= ;HOJ>;C7 ED�J>;�B78?7B


CK9EI7

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�477*(9��38<*7

��� �*25-.,:8�;:1,&7.8

�2&,*

�=51&3&9.43�%->

��9ECCED�?D?J?7B�C7D?<;IJ7J?ED�E< F;CF>?=KI�LKB=7H?I ?I�F7?D<KB�EH7B 8B?IJ;HI J>7J�;L;DJK7BBO


KB9;H7J; �'EIJ�F7J?;DJI�7BIE�:;L;BEF 8B?IJ;HI ED�EJ>;H�8E:O�F7HJI��8KJ�H;9KHH;DJ�;F?IE:;I�E< F;CF>?=KI
LKB=7H?I 97D�E99KH�M?J>EKJ�7DO�7IIE9?7J;:�9KJ7D;EKI�B;I?EDI��CK9EI7B F;CF>?=KI�LKB=7H?I�
"EM;L;H��J>;�EH7B KB9;HI E< F;CF>?=KI�LKB=7H?I JOF?97BBO�>7L;�?HH;=KB7H�C7H=?DI��KDB?A;�J>;�M;BB�
:;<?D;:�ELE?:�B;I?EDI�I;;D�>;H; �'EH;EL;H� F;CF>?=KI�LKB=7H?I CEIJ�9ECCEDBO�:;L;BEFI�?D�EB:;H
F7J?;DJI����V���O;7HI�E<�7=;���7D:�J>;�B;I?EDI�JOF?97BBO�:E�DEJ�H;IEBL;�M?J>EKJ�JH;7JC;DJ

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �7&1�9-7:8-

�2&,*

�=51&3&9.43�%->

)H7B�J>HKI> �EH7B�97D:?:?7I?I��JOF?97BBO�C7D?<;IJI�7I�F7?DB;II��9H;7C�M>?J;�B;I?EDI�E<�J>; JED=K;�


8K997B CK9EI7��EH F7B7J; 7D:�E99KHI�?D�?D:?L?:K7BI�M?J> H?IA�<79JEHI IK9>�7I ?CCKDEIKFFH;II?ED
�; = � "#0 ?D<;9J?ED�� 7DJ?8?EJ?9�J>;H7FO� 9EHJ?9EIJ;HE?: KI;� N;HEIJEC?7��7D: :?78;J;I�C;BB?JKI �*7?D<KB
;HEI?EDI E<�J>;�B78?7B CK9EI7 ?D�7D�EJ>;HM?I;�>;7BJ>O 7:EB;I9;DJ IK==;IJ�7�:?<<;H;DJ�:?7=DEI?I

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �*75&3,.3&

�2&,*

�=51&3&9.43�%->

";HF7D=?D7 JOF?97BBO�7<<;9JI�9>?B:H;D�7D: 7:EB;I9;DJI 7D:�97D�C7D?<;IJ�7I�F7?D<KB�EH7B ;HEI?EDI


IKHHEKD:;:�8O�7D ;HOJ>;C7JEKI >7BE��M>?9>�?I�I;;D�>;H; �"EM;L;H��J>;�B;I?EDI�JOF?97BBO�E99KH�ED�J>;
F7B7J; 7D: FEIJ;H?EH F>7HOD=;7B M7BB��DEJ�J>;�B78?7B CK9EI7 �'EH;EL;H��F7J?;DJI�M?J> >;HF7D=?D7 7H;
JOF?97BBO�<;8H?B;�7D:�FH;I;DJ�M?J>�J>HE7J F7?D � EBBEM?D=�7D�;F?IE:;�E< >;HF7D=?D7��?D:?L?:K7BI
8;9EC;�?CCKD;�JE�J>;�?D<;9J?D=�=HEKF�� 9ENI79A?;L?HKI IJH7?D�8KJ�97D�:;L;BEF�7�H;9KHH;DJ�7JJ79A�E<
>;HF7D=?D7 7I�7�H;IKBJ�E<�?D<;9J?ED�8O�7�:?<<;H;DJ�L?HKI�IJH7?D

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �&'.&1�-*75*8

�2&,*

�=51&3&9.43�%->

";HF;I�E<�J>; B?FI EH�EH7B CK9EI7 C7D?<;IJI�M?J>�F7?D<KB 8B?IJ;HI J>7J�;L;DJK7BBO�KB9;H7J; � EBBEM?D=


J>;�FH?C7HO�?D<;9J?ED��>;HF;I IJEC7J?J?I 97D�H;9KH�:KH?D=�F;H?E:I�E<�IJH;II��M>?9>�?I�I;;D�>;H;
"EM;L;H��J>;�B;I?EDI�E<�H;9KHH;DJ�>;HF;I IJEC7J?J?I JOF?97BBO�E99KH�ED�A;H7J?D?P;:�F7HJI�E<�J>;�CEKJ>
7D: EH7B�97L?JO��IK9>�7I�7JJ79>;: =?D=?L7��J>; >7H:�F7B7J;��7D:�J>; L;HC?BB?ED�8EH:;H E<�J>;�B?F �.>;
BE97J?ED�E<�J>?I�F7J?;DJ�I�B;I?EDI�ED�DEDA;H7J?D?P;:�7H;7I�IK9>�7I�J>;�B78?7B CK9EI7 IK==;IJI�7
:?<<;H;DJ�:?7=DEI?I

��� �5-9-4:8�8942&9.9.8

�=51&3&9.43��:9

-OIJ;C?9�:?IEH:;HI�7IIE9?7J;:�M?J>�H;9KHH;DJ�EH7B�KB9;H7J?EDI�?D9BK:;��;>Q;J�IOD:HEC;� IOIJ;C?9

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
BKFKI�;HOJ>;C7JEIKI� "#0 ?D<;9J?ED��7D: �HE>D�:?I;7I; �1>?B;�J>;I;�7H;�?CFEHJ7DJ�:?<<;H;DJ?7B
:?7=DEI;I�E<�H;9KHH;DJ 7F>J>EKI�IJEC7J?J?I��J>?I�F7J?;DJ�B79AI�I?=DI�7D:�IOCFJECI�E<�IOIJ;C?9
:?I;7I;

�=51&3&9.43�%->

�F>J>EKI�IJEC7J?J?I ?I�7�9ECCED�9ED:?J?ED�J>7J�C7D?<;IJI�7I�F7?D<KB��EH7B CK9EI7B KB9;HI M?J>


H;=KB7H�C7H=?DI��7�O;BBEM�<?8H?DEKI�87I;��7D:�7�IKHHEKD:?D= ;HOJ>;C7JEKI >7BE �.>;�B;I?EDI�E99KH�?D
F7HJI�E<�J>; EH7B�97L?JO M?J>�DEDA;H7J?D?P;: CK9EI7��IK9>�7I�J>;�8K997B�7D:�B78?7B CK9EI7;��J>;�<BEEH
E<�J>;�CEKJ>��7D:�J>; L;DJH7B IKH<79;�E<�J>; JED=K; �.>;�B;I?EDI�JOF?97BBO�:?I7FF;7H�M?J>EKJ�JH;7JC;DJ
M?J>?D���V���:7OI�8KJ�97D�H;9KH�:KH?D=�F;H?E:I�E<�79KJ;�IJH;II

��� �7&1�1*:0451&0.&

�2&,*

�=51&3&9.43�%->

)H7B B;KAEFB7A?7 C7D?<;IJI�7I�7�M>?J;�7:>;H;DJ FB7GK; ED�J>;�EH7B CK9EI7 �#J�?I�7�IBEMBO�=HEM?D=�


F7?DB;II�FH;C7B?=D7DJ�B;I?ED�7D:�?I�KIK7BBO�I;;D�?D�C?::B;�7=;:�EH�;B:;HBO�F7J?;DJI�M?J>�7�>?IJEHO�E<
JE8799E�KI;�:?IEH:;H

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�:*89.43����

� ���O;7H�EB: MEC7D�9EC;I�JE�J>;�;C;H=;D9O�:;F7HJC;DJ�8;97KI;�E<�9>;IJ�7D: ;F?=7IJH?9�F7?D J>7J


IJ7HJ;:�@KIJ�7<J;H LEC?J?D= ���C?DKJ;I 7=E �->;�:E;I�DEJ�J7A;�7DO�C;:?97J?EDI�7D:�:E;I�DEJ�:H?DA�7B9E>EB
EH�ICEA;�9?=7H;JJ;I �1>?B;�?D�J>;�;C;H=;D9O�:;F7HJC;DJ��J>;�F7J?;DJ�;NF;H?;D9;I�JME�;F?IE:;I�E<
<EH9;<KB��8BEE:O�;C;I?I �";H�J;CF;H7JKH;�?I �� �T ���� �T����FKBI;�?I ����C?DKJ;��7D:�8BEE:�FH;IIKH;�?I
�������CC�"= �*>OI?97B�;N7C?D7J?ED�I>EMI :;DJ7B�;D7C;B�;HEI?ED 7D: 97BBKI;I�ED�J>;�:EHI7B�7IF;9J�E<
>;H�H?=>J�>7D: �.>;H;�?I�J;D:;HD;II�JE�F7BF7J?ED�?D�J>;�;F?=7IJH?KC ��D N�H7O E<�J>;�9>;IJ�?I�DEHC7B
KHJ>;H�;L7BK7J?ED�E<�J>?I�F7J?;DJ�?I�CEIJ�B?A;BO�JE�I>EM�M>?9>�E<�J>;�<EBBEM?D=�<?D:?D=I�

�38<*7 �2&,*

�?B7J;:�L;?DI�?D�J>;�;IEF>7=;7B

IK8CK9EI7

� ,KFJKH;�E<�J>;�:?IJ7B�;IEF>7=KI

� �B;7D�87I;:�=7IJH?9�KB9;H

'K9EI7B�B79;H7J?EDI�7J�J>;

=7IJHE;IEF>7=;7B�@KD9J?ED

� H?78B;�C7II�?D�J>;�:?IJ7B�;IEF>7=KI

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�.39

.>?I�F7J?;DJ�>7I�<?D:?D=I�IK==;IJ?L;�E< 8KB?C?7�D;HLEI7 �FEEH�:;DJ?J?ED� ,KII;BB�I?=D���M>?9>�?I�7


9ECCED�97KI;�E<�J>?I�F7J?;DJ�I�FH;I;DJ?D=�9ED:?J?ED

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�477*(9��38<*7

��� �.1&9*)�;*.38�.3�9-*�*845-&,*&1�8:'2:(48&

�=51&3&9.43�%->

�?B7J;: L;?DI ?D�J>;�;IEF>7=;7B IK8CK9EI7 H;IKBJ�<HEC ;IEF>7=;7B�L7H?9;I I;9ED:7HO�JE 9?HH>EI?I EH


�?;KB7<EO�I�B;I?ED ��EJ>�9ED:?J?EDI�97D�7BIE�97KI;�>;CEHH>7=;� >;C7J;C;I?I��H;JHEIJ;HD7B�EH
;F?=7IJH?9 F7?D��7D: I>E9A��7I�I;;D�?D�J>?I�F7J?;DJ �"EM;L;H��D;?J>;H�9ED:?J?ED�?I�7IIE9?7J;:�M?J>
8KB?C?7�D;HLEI7��7D:�=?L;D�7�B79A�E<�I?=DI�E< 9?HH>EI?I �; = � @7KD:?9;� 7I9?J;I��7D:�J>;�H7H?JO�E<
�?;KB7<EO�I�B;I?EDI��7DEJ>;H�:?7=DEI?I�?I�CEH;�B?A;BO

��� :59:7*�4+�9-*�).89&1�*845-&,:8

�=51&3&9.43�%->

.H7DICKH7B HKFJKH;�E<�J>; :?IJ7B ;IEF>7=KI��EH �E;H>77L;�IOD:HEC;��97D�FH;I;DJ�M?J> >;C7J;C;I?I�


I;L;H;�H;JHEIJ;HD7B�EH�;F?=7IJH?9 F7?D��7D:�97D�B;7:�JE I>E9A��7I�?D�J>?I�F7J?;DJ �"EM;L;H��F7J?;DJI
9B7II?97BBO�>7L; 9H;F?JKI E<�J>;�9>;IJ�:K;�JE IK89KJ7D;EKI�;CF>OI;C7 7D:�7 FD;KCEC;:?7IJ?DKC ED
�2,

��� �1*&3�'&8*)�,&897.(�:1(*7

�=51&3&9.43�%->

��9B;7D�87I;: =7IJH?9�KB9;H��IK==;IJ?L;�E< F;FJ?9�KB9;H�:?I;7I; �*/����97D�7BIE�FH;I;DJ�M?J>


>;C7J;C;I?I 7D:�;F?=7IJH?9 F7?D �"EM;L;H��=?L;D�J>;�79KJ;�D7JKH;�E<�J>?I�F7J?;DJ�I F7?D 7D:�<EH9;<KB
LEC?J?D=��7I�M;BB�7I�7�>?IJEHO�D;=7J?L;�<EH */��H?IA�<79JEHI �; = � (-�#� EH 9EHJ?9EIJ;HE?: KI;�
ICEA?D=��DE�FH;L?EKI >;7HJ8KHD���J>?I�:?7=DEI?I�?I�KDB?A;BO

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �:(48&1�1&(*7&9.438�&9�9-*�,&8974*845-&,*&1�/:3(9.43

�2&,*

�=51&3&9.43�%->

'K9EI7B B79;H7J?EDI�7J�J>; =7IJHE;IEF>7=;7B�@KD9J?ED 7H;�<EKD:�?D '7BBEHO�1;?II�IOD:HEC;��M>?9>�?I


J>;�97KI;�E<�J>?I�F7J?;DJ�I�;F?=7IJH?9 F7?D��<EH9;<KB >;C7J;C;I?I��7D:�KDIJ78B; L?J7BI �?D:?97J?D=
>OFELEB;C?9�I>E9A� ��ED:?J?EDI�7IIE9?7J;:�M?J>�<H;GK;DJ�<EH9;<KB�LEC?J?D=��IK9>�7I�J>?I�F7J?;DJ�I
FH;IKC;: 8KB?C?7�D;HLEI7��FH;:?IFEI;�JE '7BBEHO�1;?II�IOD:HEC; �)J>;H�FH;:?IFEI?D=�9ED:?J?EDI
?D9BK:; 7B9E>EB�78KI; :?IEH:;H� >?7J7B�>;HD?7��7D: !�,�

��� �7.&'1*�2&88�.3�9-*�).89&1�*845-&,:8

�=51&3&9.43�%->

��<H?78B;�C7II�?D�J>; :?IJ7B ;IEF>7=KI ?D:?97J;I�7D 7:;DE97H9?DEC7 ��BJ>EK=>�;IEF>7=;7B


97H9?DEC7I 97D�FH;I;DJ�M?J>�H;JHEIJ;HD7B�EH�;F?=7IJH?9 F7?D��J>?I�F7J?;DJ�I >;C7J;C;I?I ?I�7JOF?97B

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�::?J?ED7BBO��FH;L?EKI :OIF>7=?7� E:ODEF>7=?7��7D:�EH�M;?=>J�BEII�MEKB:�8;�;NF;9J;: �&7IJBO��=?L;D
J>;�F7J?;DJ�I�B79A�E< H?IA�<79JEHI �? ; ��EB:;H�7=;��C7B; =;D:;H��>?IJEHO�E< !�,�� E8;I?JO��ICEA?D=
>?IJEHO�� 7:;DE97H9?DEC7 ?I�KDB?A;BO

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�:*89.43���

� ���O;7H�EB: C7D�9EC;I�JE�J>;�F>OI?9?7D�8;97KI;�E< 78:EC?D7B�F7?D�7D:�8BEE:O��CK9E?:�:?7HH>;7 <EH


��:7OI �";�>7I�8;;D�J7A?D= EL;H�J>;�9EKDJ;H IKFFB;C;DJI�<EH 9EDIJ?F7J?ED EL;H�J>;�F7IJ ��CEDJ>I �";
M7I�:?7=DEI;:�M?J> JOF;���:?78;J;I C;BB?JKI ���O;7HI 7=E �";�>7I�ICEA;:�ED;�F79A�E<�9?=7H;JJ;I�:7?BO
<EH ���O;7HI �"?I�9KHH;DJ�C;:?97J?EDI�?D9BK:;�C;J<EHC?D "?I�J;CF;H7JKH;�?I �� �T������ �T ���FKBI;�?I
���C?D��7D:�8BEE:�FH;IIKH;�?I �������CC�"= ��N7C?D7J?ED�E<�J>;�78:EC;D�I>EMI�DE�C7II;I *7BF7J?ED
E<�J>;�B;<J�BEM;H�78:EC;D�;B?9?JI�J;D:;HD;II �� �.�I97D E<�J>;�78:EC;D�?I�I>EMD �1>?9>�E<�J>;
<EBBEM?D=�?I�J>;�CEIJ�B?A;BO�KD:;HBO?D=�97KI;�E<�J>;�F7J?;DJ�I�9ED:?J?ED�

�38<*7 �2&,*

E97B
M;7AD;II�E<
� J>;�9EBED?9
CKI9KB7H?I
B7O;H

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�38<*7 �2&,*

#D<?BJH7J?L;
=HEMJ>�?D�J>;

:;I9;D:?D=
9EBED

.H7DICKH7B
?D<B7CC7J?ED
� E<�J>;
J;HC?D7B
?B;KC

.M?IJ?D=�E<
J>;�I?=CE?:

9EBED�7HEKD:
?JI�C;I;DJ;HO

�;9H;7I;:
F;H<KI?ED�JE

C;I;DJ;H?9
8BEE:�L;II;B

'K9EI7B
KB9;H7J?EDI
E<�J>;�H;9JKC

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�.39

.>;�F7J?;DJ�I��.�I>EMI�I;=C;DJ7B�J>?9A;D?D=�7D: ;D>7D9;C;DJ E<�J>; 9EBED?9 M7BB�M?J> 7?H�<?BB;:


FEK9>;I�?D�J>;�IKHHEKD:?D=�I;=C;DJI

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�477*(9��38<*7

��� �4(&1�<*&03*88�4+�9-*�(4143.(�2:8(:1&7.8�1&>*7

�2&,*

�=51&3&9.43��:9

.>; FH;L7B;D9; E< :?L;HJ?9KBEI?I ?D9H;7I;I�M?J>�7=;��M>?9>�?I�J>EK=>J�JE�8;�8;97KI;�E<�IJHK9JKH7B


9>7D=;I�?D 9EBB7=;D 7IIE9?7J;:�M?J> 7=?D= �*7J?;DJI�M?J> 9EDD;9J?L;�J?IIK;�:?IEH:;HI IK9>�7I �>B;HI�
�7DBEI� '7H<7D�IOD:HEC;��7D: 7KJEIEC7B�:EC?D7DJ�FEBO9OIJ?9�A?:D;O�:?I;7I; C7O�FH;I;DJ�M?J>
:?L;HJ?9KB7�FH;C7JKH;BO�8;97KI;�J>;O�:;L;BEF�J>;I;�IJHK9JKH7B�9>7D=;I�;7HB?;H�?D�B?<;

�=51&3&9.43�%->

E97B�M;7AD;II�E<�J>; 9EBED?9 CKI9KB7H?I�B7O;H��JOF?97BBO�7J�FE?DJI�M>;H;�J>; L7I7�H;9J7 JH7L;HI;�J>;


?DJ;IJ?D7B�M7BB��7BBEMI�<EH�J>;�<EHC7J?ED�E<�FHEJHKI?EDI�E< CK9EI7B 7D: IK8CK9EI7B B7O;HI�?D�H;IFEDI;
JE�?D9H;7I;:�?DJH7BKC?D7B�FH;IIKH;��; = ��<HEC�9>HED?9 9EDIJ?F7J?ED� �.>;I;�FHEJHKI?EDI��? ; �
:?L;HJ?9KB7��7H;�H;<;HH;:�JE�7I�WFI;K:E:?L;HJ?9KB7X�8;97KI;�DEJ�7BB�B7O;HI�E<�J>;�?DJ;IJ?D7B�M7BB�7H;
7<<;9J;: �?L;HJ?9KBEI?I ?I�J>;�7IOCFJEC7J?9�FH;I;D9;�E<�J>;I;�FHEJHKI?EDI��?:;DJ?<?;:�7I�7?H�<?BB;:
FEK9>;I�ED��.� �?L;HJ?9KB?J?I ?I�7D�79KJ; ?D<B7CC7J?ED E<�:?L;HJ?9KB7�J>7J�JOF?97BBO�C7D?<;IJI�M?J>
8EM;B�M7BB�J>?9A;D?D=�ED��.� <;L;H��B;<J�I?:;:�BEM;H�78:EC?D7B F7?D��7D:�8BEE:O��CK9E?: :?7HH>;7�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
7BB�E<�M>?9>�7H;�I;;D�?D�J>?I�F7J?;DJ ,?IA�<79JEHI <EH :?L;HJ?9KB7H�:?I;7I; ?D9BK:;�:?;J��BEM�?D�<?8;H�
>?=>�?D�H;:�C;7J�7D:�<7J�� �'# U����A=�C���B79A�E<�F>OI?97B�79J?L?JO��7D:�ICEA?D=��U��� F79A�O;7HI�

��� �3+.197&9.;*�,74<9-�.3�9-*�)*8(*3).3,�(4143

�=51&3&9.43�%->

�D�?D<?BJH7J?L;�=HEMJ>�?D�J>; :;I9;D:?D=�9EBED ?I�9EDI?IJ;DJ�M?J>�B;<J�I?:;: 9EBEH;9J7B�97D9;H ��,��


�,� 97D�C7D?<;IJ�M?J>�9>7D=;I�?D�8EM;B�>78?JI��; = � :?7HH>;7���H;9J7B�8B;;:?D=��7D:�78:EC?D7B F7?D
"EM;L;H��7I�EFFEI;:�JE�J>?I�F7J?;DJ�I�79KJ;�FH;I;DJ7J?ED��IOCFJECI�KIK7BBO�:;L;BEF�EL;H�7�BED=
F;H?E:�E<�J?C; �'EH;EL;H��DEDIF;9?<?9�IOCFJECI��; = ��M;?=>J�BEII��D?=>J�IM;7JI��<7J?=K;��MEKB:�8;
;NF;9J;:�7J�J>7J�FE?DJ ��BIE��7 �.�I97D JOF?97BBO�I>EMI�7 IE<J�J?IIK; :;DI?JO�C7II�97KI?D=�D7HHEM?D=
E<�J>;�8EM;B�BKC;D��7:@79;DJ�7?H�<?BB;:�FEK9>;I�7H;�DEJ�<EKD:�?D�J>?I�9ED:?J?ED

��� "7&382:7&1�.3+1&22&9.43�4+�9-*�9*72.3&1�.1*:2

�=51&3&9.43�%->

.H7DICKH7B ?D<B7CC7J?ED E<�J>;�J;HC?D7B ?B;KC ?I�9EDI?IJ;DJ�M?J> �HE>D�:?I;7I; ���� ����C7O


C7D?<;IJ�M?J>�BEM�=H7:; <;L;H��78:EC?D7B F7?D��7D:�8BEE:O :?7HH>;7��7I�I;;D�?D�J>?I�F7J?;DJ
"EM;L;H��>;�B79AI�EJ>;H�JOF?97B�<;7JKH;I�E<����IK9>�7I�I?=DI�E< C7B78IEHFJ?ED �; = ��M;?=>J�BEII�
7D;C?7��7D:�;NJH7?DJ;IJ?D7B�IOCFJECI��; = ��7HJ>H?J?I� ;HOJ>;C7�DE:EIKC� �� �.�I97D E<�7�F7J?;DJ
M?J>����C7O�I>EM�8EM;B�M7BB�J>?9A;D?D=��<7J�IJH7D:?D=��7D:�IJH?9JKH;I�EH <?IJKB7I��7?H�<?BB;:�FEK9>;I
7H;�DEJ�JOF?97BBO�I;;D�?D�J>?I�9ED:?J?ED

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� "<.89.3,�4+�9-*�8.,24.)�(4143�&74:3)�.98�2*8*39*7>

�2&,*

�=51&3&9.43�%->

.M?IJ?D=�E<�J>; I?=CE?:�9EBED 7HEKD:�?JI C;I;DJ;HO ?I�9EDI?IJ;DJ�M?J>�I?=CE?: LEBLKBKI��M>?9>�97D


B;7:�JE 8EM;B�E8IJHK9J?ED� ?D<7H9J?ED��7D:�EH�F;H<EH7J?ED �-?=CE?: LEBLKBKI JOF?97BBO�C7D?<;IJI�M?J>
;F?IE:?9�78:EC?D7B F7?D��7IOCC;JH?9�78:EC?D7B�:?IJ;DJ?ED��7D:�FHE=H;II?L;�I?=DI�E< 8EM;B
E8IJHK9J?ED �#D�I;L;H;�97I;I��H;9J7B�8B;;:?D=� >;C7J;C;I?I��7D: F;H?JED?J?I C7O�7BIE�8;�FH;I;DJ �.
I97D JOF?97BBO�I>EMI�=7I�<?BB;:�BEEFI�E<�8EM;B��JM?IJ?D=�E<�J>; C;I;DJ;HO 7D: C;I;DJ;H?9�L;II;BI
�M>?HB�I?=D���7D:�=H7:K7B�D7HHEM?D=�EH�J7F;H?D=�E<�J>; I?=CE?:�9EBED KF�JE�J>;�B;L;B�E<�E8IJHK9J?ED
�8?H:�8;7A�I?=D���DED;�E<�M>?9>�7H;�I;;D�>;H;

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �*(7*&8*)�5*7+:8.43�94�2*8*39*7.(�'144)�;*88*1

�=51&3&9.43�%->

�;9H;7I;: F;H<KI?ED JE�J>; C;I;DJ;H?9 8BEE:�L;II;BI�97D�B;7:�JE 79KJ;�C;I;DJ;H?9�?I9>;C?7 ��'#�


7D:�97D�8;�97KI;:�8O�7D 7HJ;H?7B�;C8EB?IC �CEIJ�9ECCED�� 7HJ;H?7B�J>HEC8KI��BEM 97H:?79�EKJFKJ�
7D:�EH�L;DEKI J>HEC8EI?I �'# 9>7H79J;H?IJ?97BBO�C7D?<;IJI�M?J>�I;L;H;�79KJ;�F;H?KC8?B?97B F7?D�EKJ
E<�FHEFEHJ?ED�JE�F>OI?97B�;N7C?D7J?ED <?D:?D=I�7D:��?D�B7J;H�IJ7=;I��8BEE:O :?7HH>;7 7D:�H;9J7B
8B;;:?D=��M>?9>�?I�DEJ�9EDI?IJ;DJ�M?J>�J>?I�F7J?;DJ�I�FH;I;DJ7J?ED ��.�<?D:?D=I�?D9BK:;�?DJ;IJ?D7B
FD;KC7JEI?I� C;I;DJ;H?9 IJH7D:?D=��7D:�8EM;B�M7BB�J>?9A;D?D=�7D:�:?IJ;DI?ED��7?H�<?BB;:�FEK9>;I�7H;
DEJ�JOF?97BBO�I;;D�?D�J>?I�9ED:?J?ED

��� �:(48&1�:1(*7&9.438�4+�9-*�7*(9:2

�=51&3&9.43�%->

'K9EI7B �7D: IK8CK9EI7B��KB9;H7J?EDI�E<�J>; H;9JKC 7H;�9EDI?IJ;DJ�M?J> KB9;H7J?L;�9EB?J?I �/�� �/�


9ECCEDBO�C7D?<;IJI�M?J>�BEM�=H7:; <;L;H��78:EC?D7B F7?D��7D:�8BEE:O :?7HH>;7��7I�I;;D�?D�J>?I
F7J?;DJ ��BJ>EK=>�7 �.�I97D E<�7�F7J?;DJ�M?J>�/��KIK7BBO�I>EMI�8EM;B�M7BB�J>?9A;D?D=��M>?9>�?I�7BIE
I;;D�>;H;��7:@79;DJ�7?H�<?BB;:�FEK9>;I�7H;�DEJ�JOF?97B �#D�7::?J?ED��F7J?;DJI�M?J>�/��H;=KB7HBO�>7L;
;NJH7?DJ;IJ?D7B�IOCFJECI��; = � 7DAOBEI?D=�IFED:OB?J?I��C?=H7JEHO�CEDE7HJ?9KB7H�7HJ>H?J?I� ;HOJ>;C7
DE:EIKC���DED;�E<�M>?9>�7H;�FH;I;DJ�?D�J>?I�F7J?;DJ

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�:*89.43����

� ��M;;A�EB: C7B;�?D<7DJ ?I�8HEK=>J�JE�J>;�F>OI?9?7D�8O�>?I�CEJ>;H�8;97KI;�E<�7 ��:7O >?IJEHO�E<


H;9KHH;DJ�DED8?B?EKI�LEC?J?D= 7<J;H�<;;:?D= �";�M7I�8EHD�7J ���M;;AI� =;IJ7J?ED�L?7�IFEDJ7D;EKI�L7=?D7B
:;B?L;HO �0?J7B�I?=DI�7H;�M?J>?D�DEHC7B�B?C?JI �*>OI?97B�;N7C?D7J?ED�I>EMI�7 ��9C ;F?=7IJH?9�C7II
KHJ>;H�:?7=DEIJ?9�;L7BK7J?ED�E<�J>?I�F7J?;DJ�?I�CEIJ�B?A;BO�JE�I>EM�M>?9>�E<�J>;�<EBBEM?D=�

�38<*7 �2&,*

"?=>�I;HKC����>O:HENOFHE=;IJ;HED;

9ED9;DJH7J?ED

�?B7J;:�9EBED�I;=C;DJ�ED�78:EC?D7B�N�

H7O

� �EK8B;�8K88B;�I?=D�ED�78:EC?D7B�N�H7O

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�38<*7 �2&,*

�BED=7J;:�7D:�J>?9A;D;:�FOBEHKI�ED

78:EC?D7B�KBJH7IEKD:

�EHAI9H;M�I?=D�ED�KFF;H

=7IJHE?DJ;IJ?D7B�9EDJH7IJ�I;H?;I

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�.39

.>?I�F7J?;DJ�>7I�7�9ED:?J?ED�7IIE9?7J;:�M?J> C79HEB?:; 7DJ?8?EJ?9 JH;7JC;DJ�J>7J�?I�FH;:EC?D7DJBO�I;;D�?D


C7B; ?D<7DJI

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�477*(9��38<*7

��� �.,-�8*7:2����->)74=>574,*89*743*�(43(*397&9.43

�=51&3&9.43�%->

��>?=>�I;HKC ���>O:HENOFHE=;IJ;HED; 9ED9;DJH7J?ED�?I�I;;D�?D�F7J?;DJI�M?J> 9ED=;D?J7B�7:H;D7B


>OF;HFB7I?7 ���"��:K;�JE ���>O:HENOB7I; :;<?9?;D9O �*7J?;DJI�M?J> ��" C7O�:;L;BEF 7:H;D7B�9H?I?I
7D:�:;L;BEF�H;9KHH;DJ�LEC?J?D= �"EM;L;H��7::?J?ED7B�IOCFJECI�E< ��" ?D9BK:; >OFEJ;DI?ED�
>OFED7JH;C?7� >OF;HA7B;C?7� C;J78EB?9�79?:EI?I��7D:��FEII?8BO��7C8?=KEKI�=;D?J7B?7��DED;�E<�M>?9>
7H;�I;;D�>;H; �.>?I�F7J?;DJ�I�FH;I;DJ7J?ED�M?J>�DED8?B?EKI�LEC?J?D=�7D:�7D�;F?=7IJH?9�C7II���M;;AI
7<J;H 8?HJ> IK==;IJI�7�:?<<;H;DJ�:?7=DEI?I

��� �.1&9*)�(4143�8*,2*39�43�&')42.3&1�=�7&>

�2&,*

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�=51&3&9.43�%->

��:?B7J;: 9EBED I;=C;DJ�ED�78:EC?D7B N�H7O ?I�I;;D�?D�F7J?;DJI�M?J> "?HI9>IFHKD=�:?I;7I;��M>?9>


E<J;D�?D?J?7BBO�C7D?<;IJI�M?J>�<7?BKH;�JE�F7II C;9ED?KC M?J>?D����>EKHI�E< 8?HJ> 7D:�EH�IOCFJECI�E<
=7IJHE?DJ;IJ?D7B�E8IJHK9J?ED��; = � 8?B?EKI LEC?J?D=�7D:�78:EC?D7B�:?IJ;DJ?ED� �.>?I�F7J?;DJ�I
FH;I;DJ7J?ED�M?J>�DED8?B?EKI�LEC?J?D=�7D:�7D�;F?=7IJH?9�C7II���M;;AI�7<J;H 8?HJ> IK==;IJI�7�:?<<;H;DJ
:?7=DEI?I

��� �4:'1*�':''1*�8.,3�43�&')42.3&1�=�7&>

�2&,*

�=51&3&9.43�%->

� :EK8B;�8K88B;�I?=D ED�78:EC?D7B N�H7O ?I�I;;D�?D�F7J?;DJI�M?J> :KE:;D7B�7JH;I?7 EH 7DDKB7H


F7D9H;7I ��BJ>EK=>�8EJ>�9ED:?J?EDI�97D�C7D?<;IJ�M?J>�H;9KHH;DJ�LEC?J?D=��KIK7BBO 8?B?EKI ?D
:KE:;D7B�7JH;I?7 7D:�DED8?B?EKI�?D 7DDKB7H�F7D9H;7I���EJ>;H�I?=DI�E< :KE:;D7B E8IJHK9J?ED��?D9BK:?D=
7�:?IJ;D:;:�KFF;H�78:EC;D�7D:�:;B7O;: C;9ED?KC F7II7=;�MEKB:�7BIE�8;�;NF;9J;: �'EH;EL;H��8EJ>
:KE:;D7B�7JH;I?7 7D: 7DDKB7H�F7D9H;7I 9B7II?97BBO�C7D?<;IJ�M?J>?D�J>;�<?HIJ�:7OI�E<�B?<; �.>?I�F7J?;DJ�I
FH;I;DJ7J?ED�E<�;F?=7IJH?9�C7II���M;;AI�7<J;H 8?HJ> IK==;IJI�7�:?<<;H;DJ�:?7=DEI?I

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �143,&9*)�&3)�9-.(0*3*)�5>147:8�43�&')42.3&1�:197&84:3)

�2&,*

�=51&3&9.43��:9

.H;7JC;DJ�E< >OF;HJHEF>?9�FOBEH?9�IJ;DEI?I 9ED:?J?ED�?D9BK:;I 9EDI;HL7J?L;�C;7IKH;I 7D:�IKH=?97B


?D9?I?ED �,7CIJ;:J�FOBEHECOEJECO�

�=51&3&9.43�%->

*EIJFH7D:?7B DED8?B?EKI�LEC?J?D=�?D�9ED@KD9J?ED�M?J>�7�F7BF78B;�;F?=7IJH?9�C7II��E<J;D�:;I9H?8;:�7I
EB?L;�I>7F;:��?D�7�C7B; ?D<7DJ ?I�>?=>BO�IK==;IJ?L;�E< >OF;HJHEF>?9�FOBEH?9�IJ;DEI?I �#"*-� �#"*-
FH;:EC?D7DJBO�7<<;9JI�<?HIJ8EHD��C7B; ?D<7DJI��7D:�9B7II?97BBO�C7D?<;IJI�M?J>?D�J>;�<?HIJ��V��M;;AI�E<
B?<; �)J>;H�IOCFJECI�?D9BK:;�L?I?8B;�=7IJH?9 F;H?IJ7BI?I��;7HBO�I7J?;JO��M;?=>J�BEII��7D:�EH
>OFEA7B;C?9� >OFE9>BEH;C?9 C;J78EB?9�7BA7BEI?I ��8:EC?D7B KBJH7IEKD: JOF?97BBO�I>EMI�7D
;BED=7J;:�7D:�J>?9A;D;: FOBEHKI��M>?9>�9ED<?HCI�J>;�:?7=DEI?I

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �4708(7*<�8.,3�43�:55*7�,&8974.39*89.3&1�(4397&89�8*7.*8

�=51&3&9.43�%->

� 9EHAI9H;M�I?=D ED�7D�KFF;H�=7IJHE?DJ;IJ?D7B�9EDJH7IJ�I;H?;I�?I�I;;D�?D�F7J?;DJI�M?J> LEBLKBKI :K;�JE


JM?IJ?D=�E<�J>; :?IJ7B :KE:;DKC 7D: FHEN?C7B @;@KDKC 7HEKD:�J>; C;I;DJ;HO 0EBLKBKI KIK7BBO
C7D?<;IJI�:KH?D=�J>;�<?HIJ�JME�CEDJ>I�E<�B?<;�M?J> 8?B?EKI LEC?J?D=�7D:�<;;:?D=�?DJEB;H7D9; �.>?I
F7J?;DJ�I�FH;I;DJ7J?ED�M?J>�DED8?B?EKI�LEC?J?D=�7D:�7D�;F?=7IJH?9�C7II���M;;AI�7<J;H 8?HJ> IK==;IJI�7
:?<<;H;DJ�:?7=DEI?I

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�:*89.43����

�KH?D=�7�IJK:O�ED�=7IJHE?DJ;IJ?D7B�>EHCED;I��7�LEBKDJ;;H�?I�7:C?D?IJ;H;:�J>; >EHCED;�I;9H;J;:�8O
-�9;BBI �1>?9>�E<�J>;�<EBBEM?D=�9>7D=;I�CEIJ�B?A;BO�H;FH;I;DJ�J>;�;<<;9J�E<�J>?I�>EHCED;�ED�=7IJH?9�7D:
:KE:;D7B�I;9H;J?EDI�

�&897.(��� �:4)*3&1���� � �:4)*3&1��1�

� [ [ ]

� ] ] ]

� ] DE�9>7D=; DE�9>7D=;

� ] [ ]

� [ ] DE�9>7D=;

� (E�9>7D=; DE�9>7D=; DE�9>7D=;

�38<*7 �2&,*

� �

� �

� �

� �

� �

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�38<*7 �2&,*

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�.39

-�9;BBI I;9H;J; I;9H;J?D��M>EI;�FH?C7HO�<KD9J?ED�?I�JE�:?BKJ;�EH�D;KJH7B?P;�J>;�;<<;9J�E< =7IJH?9�79?: ?D�J>;


:KE:;DKC

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�477*(9��38<*7

��� �

�=51&3&9.43�%->

.>?I�9EC8?D7J?ED�:;I9H?8;I�J>;�;<<;9JI�E< =7IJH?D !7IJH?D ?I�J>;�FH?C7HO�C;:?7JEH�E< =7IJH?9�79?:


I;9H;J?ED�7D:��J>HEK=>�8?D:?D= 9>EB;9OIJEA?D?D H;9;FJEHI��9EDJH?8KJ;I�JE F7D9H;7J?9 "�)�� I;9H;J?ED
7D:��B� KFJ7A;�7I�M;BB�7I =7BB8B7::;H 9EDJH79J?ED ��BJ>EK=> I;9H;J?D C?HHEHI =7IJH?D�I�;<<;9JI�ED
:KE:;D7B "�)�� 7D:��B���?J�>7I�7�:?<<;H;DJ�;<<;9J�ED =7IJH?9�79?:

��� �

�=51&3&9.43�%->

.>?I�9EC8?D7J?ED�:;I9H?8;I�J>;�;<<;9JI�E< IEC7JEIJ7J?D��7 >EHCED; J>7J�?D>?8?JI�=7IJH?9�7D: F7D9H;7J?9


I;9H;J?EDI��:;9H;7I;I�=7IJH?9�CEJ?B?JO��7D:�H;:K9;I�=7IJHE?DJ;IJ?D7B�8BEE:�<BEM ��BJ>EK=> I;9H;J?D
?D>?8?JI =7IJH?9�79?: I;9H;J?EDI��?J�:E;I�DEJ�?D>?8?J F7D9H;7J?9 I;9H;J?EDI�7D:�J>KI�MEKB:�DEJ�97KI;�7
:;9H;7I;�?D :KE:;D7B "�)��

��� �

�=51&3&9.43�%->

.>?I�9EC8?D7J?ED�:;I9H?8;I�J>;�;<<;9JI�E< =7IJH?9�?D>?8?JEHO�F;FJ?:; �!#*� �1>?B; !#* C7?DBO


<KD9J?EDI�JE�IJ?CKB7J; ?DIKB?D I;9H;J?ED�<HEC F7D9H;7J?9 8;J7�9;BBI��?J�7BIE�?D>?8?JI�=7IJH?9�;CFJO?D=
7D:�>7I�7�C?DEH�?D>?8?JEHO�;<<;9J�ED =7IJH?9�79?: I;9H;J?ED -;9H;J?D 7BIE�?D>?8?JI =7IJH?9�79?:
I;9H;J?ED��8KJ�?J�7BJ;HI�9ED9;DJH7J?EDI�E< :KE:;D7B "�)�� 7D:��B� L?7�CE:KB7J?ED�E< F7D9H;7J?9
I;9H;J?EDI

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �

�=51&3&9.43��:9

)J>;H�=7IJHE?DJ;IJ?D7B >EHCED;I IK9>�7I 9>EB;9OIJEA?D?D 7D: L7IE79J?L;�?DJ;IJ?D7B�F;FJ?:; 79>?;L;


J>;�I7C;�;<<;9J�7I I;9H;J?D ED�?ED�9ED9;DJH7J?EDI�L?7�?D>?8?J?ED�E< =7IJH?9�79?: 7D:�IJ?CKB7J?ED�E<
F7D9H;7J?9 I;9H;J?EDI

�=51&3&9.43�%->

.>?I�9EC8?D7J?ED�:;I9H?8;I�7D�7BA7B?P7J?ED�E<�=7IJHE?DJ;IJ?D7B�I;9H;J?EDI�7BED=�M?J>�7�:HEF�?D
:KE:;D7B �B -;9H;J?D ?D>?8?JI F7H?;J7B�9;BBI E<�J>; IJEC79>��:;9H;7I?D=�J>;?H�I;9H;J?ED�E<�=7IJH?9�"�
-;9H;J?D 7BIE�8?D:I ;F?J>;B?7B 9;BBI�J>7J�B?D; F7D9H;7J?9�:K9JI��H;IKBJ?D=�?D "�)�� ;NFEHJ�?D�;N9>7D=;
<EH��B� ?CFEHJ �.>KI� F7D9H;7J?9 I;9H;J?EDI�J>7J�H;79>�J>; :KE:;DKC 7H;�>?=>�?D "�)�� 8KJ�BEM�?D��B�

��� �

�=51&3&9.43�%->

.>?I�9EC8?D7J?ED�E<�7D�?D9H;7I;�?D�=7IJH?9�"� 7D:�7�:;9H;7I;�?D :KE:;D7B "�)�� :E;I�DEJ�H;FH;I;DJ


J>;�;<<;9J�E<�7DO�=7IJHE?DJ;IJ?D7B >EHCED; -;9H;J?D ?DIJ;7:�:;9H;7I;I�=7IJH?9�"� 7D:�?D9H;7I;I
:KE:;D7B "�)�� 7I�7�9EEH:?D7J;:�H;IFEDI;�JE =7IJH?9�79?: EH <7JJO�79?:I ?D�J>; :KE:;DKC

��� �

�=51&3&9.43�%->

.>?I�9EC8?D7J?ED�:;I9H?8;I�7�P;HE�;<<;9J�ED�J>;�9ED9;DJH7J?ED�E<�7BB�J>H;;�?EDI �.>?I�9EKB:�H;FH;I;DJ
J>;�;<<;9J�E<�7 >EHCED; IK9>�7I CEJ?B?D��M>?9>�9EDJH?8KJ;I�JE�=KJ�CEJ?B?JO�7D: =7BB8B7::;H 9EDJH79J?ED
8KJ�:E;I�DEJ�7BJ;H�I;9H;J?EDI �"EM;L;H��J>?I�:E;I�DEJ�:;I9H?8; I;9H;J?D��M>?9>�?I�?DIJ;7:�>?=>BO
?DLEBL;:�?D�CE:KB7J?D= =7IJH?9�I;9H;J?EDI

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�:*89.43����

� ���O;7H�EB: C7D�9EC;I�JE�J>;�F>OI?9?7D�8;97KI;�E< F7BF?J7J?EDI��I>EHJD;II�E<�8H;7J>��:?7HH>;7��7D:


78:EC?D7B�9H7CFI <EH ��CEDJ>I �*>OI?97B�;N7C?D7J?ED�I>EMI 9KJ7D;EKI�<BKI>?D= E<�J>;�<79;
�KI9KBJ7J?ED�E<�J>;�9>;IJ�I>EMI 8?B7J;H7B�M>;;P?D= �� ���>EKH KH?D;�9EBB;9J?ED�I>EMI�?D9H;7I;:
��>O:HENO?D:EB;79;J?9 79?:����"#����9ED9;DJH7J?ED �� 9EDJH7IJ�;D>7D9;: �.�I97D E<�J>;�78:EC;D
I>EMI�7D ?DJ;IJ?D7B�JKCEH�M?J>�;NJ;DI?L;�C;J7IJ7I?I�JE�J>;�B?L;H ���:?7=DEI?I�E<�7D�?DEF;H78B;�:?I;7I;�?I
C7:;�7D:�J>;�F7J?;DJ�?I IJ7HJ;:�ED�JH;7JC;DJ�M?J>�E9JH;EJ?:; �-?N�M;;AI�B7J;H��J>;�F7J?;DJ�I�IOCFJECI
>7L;�?CFHEL;:�;N9;FJ�<EH�>?I�78:EC?D7B�F7?D�7D:�<H;GK;DJ�BEEI;�IJEEBI �.>;�F>OI?9?7D�IK==;IJI�;DHEBB?D=
J>;�F7J?;DJ�?D�7�JH?7B�JE�J;IJ 7::?J?ED7B�JH;7JC;DJ�M?J>�7�D;M�:HK= J>7J�>7I�8;;D�I>EMD�JE�?CFHEL;
IOCFJECI�?D�EJ>;H�F7J?;DJI�M?J>�J>;�I7C;�9ED:?J?ED �.>;�;NF;9J;:�8;D;<?9?7B�;<<;9J�E<�J>?I�D;M�:HK=�?I
CEIJ�B?A;BO�97KI;:�8O�?D>?8?J?ED�E<�M>?9>�E<�J>;�<EBBEM?D=�

�38<*7 �2&,*

� �EF7C?D;�^�>O:HENOB7I;

07IE79J?L;�?DJ;IJ?D7B

F;FJ?:;

� *B7IC7�A7BB?AH;?D

� "?IJ?:?D;�:;97H8ENOB7I;

� .HOFJEF>7D�>O:HENOB7I;

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�.39

*7BF?J7J?EDI� :OIFD;7 M?J>�M>;;P?D=� <BKI>?D=��7D: :?7HH>;7 ?D�7�F7J?;DJ�M?J>�7 C;J7IJ7J?9 ?DJ;IJ?D7B


JKCEH 7D:�?D9H;7I;:�KH?D7HO ��"#�� ?I�IK==;IJ?L;�E< 97H9?DE?:�IOD:HEC; .;BEJH?IJ7J ?I�KI;:�7I
7:@KD9J?L;�J>;H7FO�?D�F7J?;DJI�M?J> 97H9?DE?:�JKCEHI

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�477*(9��38<*7

��� �45&2.3*�A�->)74=>1&8*

�=51&3&9.43�%->

�EF7C?D;�^�>O:HENOB7I; ?I�7D�;DPOC;�E< 97J;9>EB7C?D;�IODJ>;I?I �:EF7C?D; \ DEH;F?D;F>H?D;�


�N9;II 97J;9>EB7C?D;I 97D�B;7:�JE F7BF?J7J?EDI� <79?7B�<BKI>?D=��7D: I>EHJD;II�E<�8H;7J>��M>?9>�7H;
I;;D�?D�J>?I�F7J?;DJ �"EM;L;H� 97H9?DE?:�JKCEHI 7H;�DEJ�7IIE9?7J;:�M?J>�;B;L7J;: 97J;9>EB7C?D;
B;L;BI��IE�?D>?8?J?ED�E< :EF7C?D;�^�>O:HENOB7I; ?I�KDB?A;BO�JE�?CFHEL;�J>?I�F7J?;DJ�I�IOCFJECI�E<
97H9?DE?:�IOD:HEC; �EF7C?D;�^�>O:HENOB7I; ?D>?8?JEHI�9EKB:�FEJ;DJ?7BBO�8;�KI;:�JE�JH;7J
F>;E9>HECE9OJEC7

��� $&84&(9.;*�.39*89.3&1�5*59.)*

�=51&3&9.43�%->

07IE79J?L;�?DJ;IJ?D7B�F;FJ?:; �0#*��?I�7 >EHCED; J>7J�97D�97KI;�78:EC?D7B F7?D� :?7HH>;7��7D:


<BKI>?D=��7BB�E<�M>?9>�7H;�I;;D�?D�J>?I�F7J?;DJ �"EM;L;H� 97H9?DE?:�JKCEHI 7H;�DEJ�7IIE9?7J;:�M?J>
;B;L7J;: 0#* B;L;BI��IE 0#* ?D>?8?J?ED�?I�KDB?A;BO�JE�?CFHEL;�IOCFJECI�E< 97H9?DE?:�IOD:HEC;
�8DEHC7BBO�?D9H;7I;: 0#* ?I�I;;D�?D�F7J?;DJI�M?J> 0#*EC7I��M>?9>�97D�7BIE�8;�JH;7J;:�M?J>
E9JH;EJ?:;

��� �1&82&�0&11.07*.3

�=51&3&9.43�%->

*B7IC7 A7BB?AH;?D ?I�F7HJ�E<�J>;�A?D?D�97I97:;��M>?9>�H;B;7I;I 8H7:OA?D?D <HEC >?=>�CEB;9KB7H�M;?=>J


A?D?DE=;D �H7:OA?D?D ;N9;II�97D�97KI; :OIFD;7��78:EC?D7B F7?D��7D: :?7HH>;7��M>?9>�7H;�I;;D�?D
J>?I�F7J?;DJ ��BJ>EK=>�7D�?D9H;7I;:�FHE:K9J?ED�E< A7BB?AH;?D ?I�7IIE9?7J;:�M?J> 97H9?DE?:�JKCEHI�
A7BB?AH;?D ?D>?8?JEHI��; = � ;97BB7DJ?:;��7H;�DEJ�7FFHEL;:�<EH�KI;�?D�J>;I;�F7J?;DJI �.>;O�7H;��>EM;L;H�
KI;:�?D�J>;�JH;7JC;DJ�E< 8H7:OA?D?D ;N9;II�:K;�JE >;H;:?J7HO�7D=?E;:;C7

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �.89.).3*�)*(&7'4=>1&8*

�=51&3&9.43�%->

"?IJ?:?D;�:;97H8ENOB7I; 9EDL;HJI >?IJ?:?D; JE >?IJ7C?D;��M>?9>�97D�97KI; 7D7F>OB79J?9 IOCFJECI


IK9>�7I :OIFD;7��M>;;P?D=��9KJ7D;EKI <BKI>?D=��78:EC?D7B�9H7CFI�7D: :?7HH>;7��7BB�E<�M>?9>�7H;
I;;D�?D�J>?I�F7J?;DJ �7H9?DE?:�JKCEHI 7H;�ADEMD�JE�FHE:K9; >?IJ7C?D;��IE�H;:K9?D= >?IJ7C?D; B;L;BI
9EKB:�FEJ;DJ?7BBO�8;�8;D;<?9?7B��8KJ�J>;H;�7H;�DE >?IJ?:?D;�:;97H8ENOB7I; ?D>?8?JEHI�9KHH;DJBO�7FFHEL;:
<EH�9B?D?97B�KI;

��� "7>5945-&3�->)74=>1&8*

�2&,*

�=51&3&9.43�%->

.HOFJEF>7D�>O:HENOB7I; ?I�7D�;DPOC;�J>7J�9EDL;HJI JHOFJEF>7D JE I;HEJED?D �.>;�>7BBC7HA�E<


97H9?DE?:�JKCEHI ?I�J>;�;N9;II�FHE:K9J?ED�E< I;HEJED?D��M>?9>�?I�FH?C7H?BO�H;IFEDI?8B;�<EH�J>;

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
=7IJHE?DJ;IJ?D7B�IOCFJECI��; = � :?7HH>;7��?D 97H9?DE?:�IOD:HEC; .;BEJH?IJ7J��7D�?D>?8?JEH�E<
JHOFJEF>7D�>O:HENOB7I;��>7I�H;9;DJBO�8;;D�7FFHEL;:�7I�7:@KD9J?L;�J>;H7FO�<EH�F7J?;DJI�M?J> 97H9?DE?:
JKCEHI M>EI; :?7HH>;7 ?I�DEJ�9EDJHEBB;:�M?J> IEC7JEIJ7J?D�7D7BE=I �; = � E9JH;EJ?:;�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�:*89.43����

� ���O;7H�EB: MEC7D�9EC;I�JE�J>;�F>OI?9?7D�8;97KI;�E<�7 ��CEDJ> >?IJEHO�E<�CE:;H7J;�78:EC?D7B�F7?D


J>7J�?I�KDH;IFEDI?L;�JE�C;:?97J?ED �->;�>7I�7�>?IJEHO�E<�JME�IFEDJ7D;EKI�78EHJ?EDI 7J��� 7D: ���M;;AI�
=;IJ7J?ED �/BJH7IEKD:�;N7C?D7J?ED�E<�J>;�78:EC;D�I>EMI DEHC7B�B?L;H�F7H;D9>OC7��7 :?B7J;:�FEHJ7B�L;?D�
7D:�IFB;D?9�;DB7H=;C;DJ �/FF;H�;D:EI9EFO�I>EMI :?B7J;:�IK8CK9EI7B�L;?DI�?D�J>;�BEM;H�;IEF>7=KI
KHJ>;H�;L7BK7J?ED�E<�J>?I�F7J?;DJ�?I�CEIJ�B?A;BO�JE�I>EM�M>?9>�E<�J>;�<EBBEM?D=�<?D:?D=I�

�38<*7 �2&,*

� #D9H;7I;:�FHEJ>HEC8?D�J?C;

� *7BC7H�;HOJ>;C7

� ";F7J?9�L;DEKI�9ED=;IJ?ED

� #D9H;7I;:�I;HKC�8?B?HK8?D�B;L;BI

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�38<*7 �2&,*

� �EKD9?BC7D�8E:?;I

.>HEC8E9OJEF;D?7

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�.39

��:?B7J;: FEHJ7B�L;?D��IFB;D?9�;DB7H=;C;DJ��7D:�:?B7J;:�BEM;H�;IEF>7=;7B IK8CK9EI7B L;?DI M?J>�7D


KBJH7IEKD: I>EM?D=�DEHC7B B?L;H F7H;D9>OC7 IK==;IJI FEHJ7B�>OF;HJ;DI?ED :K;�JE FEHJ7B�L;?D
J>HEC8EI?I

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�477*(9��38<*7

��� �3(7*&8*)�5749-742'.3�9.2*

�=51&3&9.43�%->

#D9H;7I;: FHEJ>HEC8?D�J?C; ?I�I;;D�?D 9?HH>EI?I��M>?9>�97D�H;IKBJ�?D FEHJ7B�>OF;HJ;DI?ED �"EM;L;H�


7::?J?ED7B�<?D:?D=I�E< 9?HH>EJ?9 FEHJ7B�>OF;HJ;DI?ED IK9>�7I 7I9?J;I 7D:�<;7JKH;I�E< 9?HH>EI?I �; = �
?D9H;7I;:�IKH<79;�DE:KB7H?JO��9E7HI;�EH�>;J;HE=;D;EKI�;9>EJ;NJKH;��ED�>;F7J?9 KBJH7IEKD: 7H;�78I;DJ
?D�J>?I�F7J?;DJ ��BJ>EK=>�J>;�H;F;7J;:�IFEDJ7D;EKI C?I97HH?7=;I 7D:�9KHH;DJ FEHJ7B�L;?D�J>HEC8EI?I
I;;D�>;H;�IK==;IJ 7DJ?F>EIF>EB?F?:�IOD:HEC; ��*-�� F7HJ?7B�J>HEC8EFB7IJ?D�J?C; ?I�KIK7BBO
FHEBED=;:�M>?B; FHEJ>HEC8?D�J?C; MEKB:�8;�DEHC7B�?D�F7J?;DJI�M?J>��*-

��� �&12&7�*7>9-*2&

�=51&3&9.43�%->

*7BC7H�;HOJ>;C7 97D�E99KH�?D >OF;H;IJHE=;D?9 IJ7J;I��; = ��:K;�JE 9?HH>EI?I��M>?9>�9EKB:�;NFB7?D�J>?I


F7J?;DJ�I FEHJ7B�>OF;HJ;DI?ED �"EM;L;H��7::?J?ED7B�<?D:?D=I�E< 9?HH>EJ?9 FEHJ7B�>OF;HJ;DI?ED �; = �
7I9?J;I��7D:�<;7JKH;I�E< 9?HH>EI?I ED�>;F7J?9 KBJH7IEKD: �; = ��?D9H;7I;:�IKH<79;�DE:KB7H?JO��9E7HI;�EH
>;J;HE=;D;EKI�;9>EJ;NJKH;��7H;�78I;DJ�>;H;

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �*5&9.(�;*34:8�(43,*89.43

�2&,*

�=51&3&9.43�%->

";F7J?9�L;DEKI�9ED=;IJ?ED ?I�I;;D�?D �K::��>?7H?�IOD:HEC;��M>?9>�9EKB:�;NFB7?D�J>?I�F7J?;DJYI


FEHJ7B�>OF;HJ;DI?ED �"EM;L;H��J>;�78I;D9;�E< 7I9?J;I 7D: KBJH7IEDE=H7F>?9 <;7JKH;I�E< �K::��>?7H?
IOD:HEC; �; = � >;F7JEC;=7BO EH�7 >OF;HJHEF>?9 97K:7J;�BE8;��H;L;HI;:�<BEM�?D�J>; >;F7J?9�L;?DI��?D
J>?I�F7J?;DJ�IK==;IJI�7�:?<<;H;DJ�97KI;�<EH�J>;�F7J?;DJ�I�IOCFJECI

��� �3(7*&8*)�8*7:2�'.1.7:'.3�1*;*18

�=51&3&9.43�%->

#D9H;7I;:�I;HKC 8?B?HK8?D B;L;BI�7H;�I;;D�?D 9?HH>EI?I��M>?9>�?I�7�FEII?8B;�;NFB7D7J?ED�<EH�J>?I


F7J?;DJ�I FEHJ7B�>OF;HJ;DI?ED �"EM;L;H��7::?J?ED7B�<?D:?D=I�E< 9?HH>EJ?9 FEHJ7B�>OF;HJ;DI?ED �; = �
7I9?J;I��7D:�<;7JKH;I�E< 9?HH>EI?I ED�>;F7J?9 KBJH7IEKD: �; = ��?D9H;7I;:�IKH<79;�DE:KB7H?JO��9E7HI;�EH

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
>;J;HE=;D;EKI�;9>EJ;NJKH;��7H;�78I;DJ�>;H;

��� �4:3(.12&3�'4).*8

�2&,*

�=51&3&9.43�%->

�EKD9?BC7D�8E:?;I 7H; 7FEFJEJ?9 >;F7JE9OJ;I 97KI;:�8O�79KJ;�L?H7B�>;F7J?9�?D<;9J?EDI KBC?D7DJ


>;F7J?9�<7?BKH; 97D�H;IKBJ�?D�78:EC?D7B F7?D 7D:��H7H;BO��<;7JKH;I�E< FEHJ7B�>OF;HJ;DI?ED �"EM;L;H��?D
F7J?;DJI�M?J> FEHJ7B�>OF;HJ;DI?ED :K;�JE B?L;H :?I;7I;� 7I9?J;I MEKB:�7BIE�8;�FH;I;DJ �#D�7::?J?ED�
>;F7J?9 KBJH7IEKD: MEKB:�I>EM�9>7D=;I�IK9>�7I >;F7JEC;=7BO 7D:�:;9H;7I;:�>;F7J?9�;9>EJ;NJKH;
'EH;EL;H� @7KD:?9; 7D: <;L;H��M>?9>�7H;�9>7H79J;H?IJ?9�E< 79KJ;�L?H7B�>;F7J?J?I��7H;�DEJ�FH;I;DJ�>;H;
�BIE��<KBC?D7DJ�L?H7B >;F7J?J?I >7I�7�H7F?:BO�FHE=H;II?L;�9EKHI;��KDB?A;�J>?I�F7J?;DJ�M>E�>7I�>7:
IOCFJECI�<EH�J>;�F7IJ���CEDJ>I

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� "-742'4(>945*3.&

�2&,*

�=51&3&9.43�%->

.>HEC8E9OJEF;D?7 ?I�7�9ECCED�FH;I;DJ7J?ED�?D�F7J?;DJI�M?J>�7D�;DB7H=;: IFB;;D 8;97KI;


;DB7H=;C;DJ�97D�?D9H;7I;�IFB;D?9�79J?L?JO��>OF;HIFB;D?IC���B;7:?D=�JE�J>;�H7F?:�9B;7H7D9;�E< FB7J;B;JI
<HEC�J>;�8BEE:�IJH;7C �-FB;D?9�;DB7H=;C;DJ�7D: ;IEF>7=;7B�L7H?9;I �9EBB7J;H7B�9?H9KB7J?ED��7H;�I;;D
?D�7BB�<EHCI�E< FEHJ7B�>OF;HJ;DI?ED �"EM;L;H��KDB?A;�FEIJ�>;F7J?9�7D:�>;F7J?9�97KI;I�E< FEHJ7B
>OF;HJ;DI?ED �; = � �K::��>?7H?�IOD:HEC;� 9?HH>EI?I���FH;�>;F7J?9�97KI;I�E< FEHJ7B�>OF;HJ;DI?ED IK9>
7I�IFB;D?9�EH FEHJ7B�L;?D�J>HEC8EI?I 7H;�KIK7BBO�DEJ�7IIE9?7J;:�M?J> 7I9?J;I �,;F;7J;:�IFEDJ7D;EKI
C?I97HH?7=;I ?D�F7J?;DJI�M?J> J>HEC8EF>?B?7��7I�IK==;IJ;:�>;H;�8O�J>;�:?7=DEI?I�E< FEHJ7B�L;?D
J>HEC8EI?I��?I�IKIF?9?EKI�E< 7DJ?F>EIF>EB?F?:�IOD:HEC; ��*-�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�:*89.43����

��FH;L?EKIBO�>;7BJ>O ���O;7H�EB: MEC7D�?I�8HEK=>J�JE�J>;�;C;H=;D9O�:;F7HJC;DJ�7<J;H IKIJ7?D?D=�8KHDI


EL;H�����E<�>;H�8E:O ?D�7�>EKI;�<?H; �)D�7HH?L7B��I>;�?I�?D�79KJ;�:?IJH;II�8KJ�?I�<KBBO�EH?;DJ;: ��==H;II?L;
?DJH7L;DEKI�<BK?:�H;IKI9?J7J?ED�?I�8;=KD�7D:�J>;�F7J?;DJ�?I�JH7DI<;HH;:�JE�J>;�?DJ;DI?L;�97H;�KD?J�E<�7�8KHD
9;DJ;H ���>EKHI B7J;H��I>;�>7I I;L;H7B�B7H=;��J7HHO�8B79A�IJEEBI�7D:�:;L;BEFI�>OFEJ;DI?ED 7D:�J79>O97H:?7
�;IF?J;�7FFHEFH?7J;�B?<;I7L?D=�C;7IKH;I��I>;�:?;I �1>?9>�E<�J>;�<EBBEM?D=�?I�J>;�CEIJ�B?A;BO�KD:;HBO?D=
97KI;�E<�J>;�F7J?;DJ�I�J7HHO�8B79A�IJEEBI�

�38<*7 �2&,*

� �;9H;7I;:�FHEIJ7=B7D:?D�IODJ>;I?I

� �HEI?ED�E<�JEHJKEKI�IK8CK9EI7B�7HJ;H?EB;

� �79J;H?7B�9EBED?P7J?ED�E<�J>;�=7IJH?9�7DJHKC

� �;9H;7I;:�=7IJH?9�8BEE:�<BEM

� #D9H;7I;:�IJEC79>�79?:�FHE:K9J?ED

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�.39

.>?I�F7J?;DJ�I�J7HHO�IJEEBI� >OFEJ;DI?ED��7D: J79>O97H:?7 FH?EH�JE�>;H�:;7J>�IK==;IJ�7D�79KJ; KFF;H�!#


8B;;: J>7J�M7I�FH;9?F?J7J;:�8O�>;H�;NJ;DI?L;�8KHD�?D@KHO

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�477*(9��38<*7

��� �*(7*&8*)�57489&,1&3).3�8>39-*8.8

�=51&3&9.43�%->

�;9H;7I;: FHEIJ7=B7D:?D IODJ>;I?I��M>?9>�E99KHI�M?J> (-�#� KI;��9ECFHEC?I;I�J>;�FHEJ;9J?L;


CK9EI7B 87HH?;H�E<�J>; IJEC79> 7D:�FH;:?IFEI;I�JE =7IJH?9�KB9;H <EHC7J?ED�7D:�IK8I;GK;DJ�KFF;H !#
8B;;:?D= ��BJ>EK=>�J>?I�F7J?;DJ�:?:�>7L;�IOCFJECI�E< KFF;H�!#�8B;;:?D=��I>;�:?:�DEJ�>7L;�7�>?IJEHO
E<�FHEBED=;: (-�#� KI;��C7A?D=�J>?I�;J?EBE=O�KDB?A;BO

��� �748.43�4+�9479:4:8�8:'2:(48&1�&79*7.41*

�=51&3&9.43�%->

�7C7=;�JE�7 JEHJKEKI IK8CK9EI7B 7HJ;H?EB; :;I9H?8;I�J>;�F7J>EF>OI?EBE=O�E<�7 �?;KB7<EO�B;I?ED�


M>?9>�97D�7BIE�97KI;�IK::;D��I;L;H; !#�8B;;:?D= �"EM;L;H� �?;KB7<EO�B;I?ED ?I�7�L;HO�H7H;�97KI;�E<
=7IJHE?DJ;IJ?D7B�8B;;:?D= 7D:�?I�DEJ�7IIE9?7J;:�M?J>�;NJ;DI?L; 8KHDI

��� �&(9*7.&1�(4143.?&9.43�4+�9-*�,&897.(�&397:2

�=51&3&9.43�%->

#D<;9J?ED�M?J> H. pylori ?I�;IJ?C7J;:�JE�7<<;9J�JME�J>?H:I�E<�J>;�MEHB:�I�FEFKB7J?ED�7D:�?I�7 H?IA�<79JEH


<EH�F;FJ?9�KB9;H�:?I;7I;� =7IJH?J?I��7D:�=7IJHE?DJ;IJ?D7B�C7B?=D7D9?;I ��BJ>EK=>�J>;�C;9>7D?IC
KD:;HBO?D=�J>?I�7IIE9?7J?ED�?I�DEJ�;DJ?H;BO�KD:;HIJEE:��9>HED?9�?D<;9J?ED�M?J> H. pylori :?IHKFJI�J>;
F>OI?EBE=O�E<�J>; IJEC79> CK9EI7��B;7:?D=�JE�?D9H;7I;: IJEC79>�79?: I;9H;J?ED�7D:�:;9H;7I;:
;NFH;II?ED�E<�FHEJ;9J?L;�<79JEHI�IK9>�7I CK9?D ��BJ>EK=>�?J�?I�L;HO�FEII?8B;�J>7J�J>?I�F7J?;DJ�I IJEC79>
M7I�9EBED?P;:�8O H. pylori��IK::;D !#�8B;;:?D= E99KHH?D=�7<J;H�;NJ;DI?L; 8KHDI IK==;IJI�7�:?<<;H;DJ
97KI;

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �*(7*&8*)�,&897.(�'144)�+14<

�=51&3&9.43�%->

�KHB?D=�KB9;HI 7H;�7�IK8JOF;�E< IJH;II =7IJH?J?I I;;D�?D�F7J?;DJI�M?J>�;NJ;DI?L; 8KHDI 7D:�E99KH�:K;�JE


>OFELEB;C?7 7D:�IK8I;GK;DJ�>OFEF;H<KI?ED�E<�J>; IJEC79> �.>;�H;IKBJ7DJ ?I9>;C?9 J?IIK;�?D@KHO�JE
J>; IJEC79> ;F?J>;B?KC H;IKBJI�?D�7D�?DJ;HHKFJ?ED�?D�J>;�DEHC7B CK9EI7B 87HH?;H�E<�J>; IJEC79>��7D:
KB9;H <EHC7J?ED **# I>EKB:�8;�7:C?D?IJ;H;:�?D�F7J?;DJI�M?J>�;NJ;DI?L; 8KHDI JE�FH;L;DJ�J>;�<EHC7J?ED
E< �KHB?D=�KB9;HI

��� �3(7*&8*)�8942&(-�&(.)�574):(9.43

�=51&3&9.43�%->

#D9H;7I;: IJEC79>�79?: H;B;7I;�<HEC F7H?;J7B�9;BBI ?I�IJ?CKB7J;:�?D�F7HJ�8O 79;JOB9>EB?D; 7D:�E99KHI�?D


H;IFEDI;�JE�?D9H;7I;: L7=7B IJ?CKB7J?ED �.>?I�97D�E99KH�?D�J>;�I;JJ?D=�E<�I;L;H;�8H7?D�?D@KHO�7D:�?I�J>;
C;9>7D?IC�KD:;HBO?D= �KI>?D=�KB9;HI �.>?I�F7J?;DJ�M7I�<KBBO�EH?;DJ;:�7D:�:?:�DEJ�>7L;�7�>?IJEHO�E<
I;L;H;�8H7?D�?D@KHO��C7A?D=�J>?I�;J?EBE=O�KDB?A;BO

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�:*89.43����

� ���O;7H�EB: C7D�?I�8HEK=>J�JE�J>;�;C;H=;D9O�:;F7HJC;DJ�8O�>?I�M?<;�8;97KI;�E<�?D9H;7I?D=�9ED<KI?ED
7D:�B;J>7H=O�<EH�J>;�F7IJ ���>EKHI �";�?I�EH?;DJ;:�EDBO�JE�F;HIED �"?I�J;CF;H7JKH;�?I �� �T� ��� �T ��
FKBI;�?I�����C?D��H;IF?H7J?EDI�7H;����C?D��7D:�8BEE:�FH;IIKH;�?I �������CC�"= ��N7C?D7J?ED�I>EMI
78:EC?D7B�:?IJ;DJ?ED 7D:�I;L;H7B�;HOJ>;C7JEKI� B79O�B;I?EDI�ED�J>;�9>;IJ�J>7J�8B7D9>�M?J>�FH;IIKH; �"?I
>7D:I�C7A;�7�<B7FF?D=�CEJ?ED M>;D�J>;O�7H;�:EHI?<B;N;: �1>?9>�E<�J>;�<EBBEM?D=�?I�J>;�CEIJ�B?A;BO
FH;9?F?J7J?D=�<79JEH�<EH�J>?I�F7J?;DJ�I�IOCFJECI�

�38<*7 �2&,*

� �B;L7J;:�IOIJ;C?9�L7I9KB7H�H;I?IJ7D9;

� �;IJHK9J?ED�E<�=KJ�7D7;HE8;I

� .>?7C?D;�FOHEF>EIF>7J;�:;<?9?;D9O

�99KCKB7J?ED�E<�>;CE=BE8?D�?D�J>;

?DJ;IJ?D;

� &EM�FHEJ;?D�9EDIKCFJ?ED

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�.39

.>;�79KJ;�C;DJ7B�IJ7JKI�9>7D=;I��I?=DI�E< B?L;H�9?HH>EI?I �; = � 7I9?J;I� IF?:;H�J;B7D=?;9J7I?7I���7D:


7IJ;H?N?I ?D�J>?I�F7J?;DJ�?D:?97J; >;F7J?9�;D9;F>7BEF7J>O

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�477*(9��38<*7

��� �1*;&9*)�8>89*2.(�;&8(:1&7�7*8.89&3(*

�=51&3&9.43�%->

-;L;H;BO�;B;L7J;: IOIJ;C?9�L7I9KB7H�H;I?IJ7D9; 97D�B;7:�JE >OF;HJ;DI?L;�;D9;F>7BEF7J>O <HEC


9;H;8H7B�;:;C7 "OF;HJ;DI?L;�;D9;F>7BEF7J>O C7O�FH;I;DJ�M?J>�9ED<KI?ED�7D: B;J>7H=O��7I�I;;D�?D
J>?I�F7J?;DJ��8KJ�MEKB:�7BIE�C7D?<;IJ�M?J> >?=>�8BEE:�FH;IIKH; H7J>;H�J>7D�J>; BEM�8BEE:�FH;IIKH; I;;D
>;H; �.>?I�F7J?;DJ�I J79>O97H:?7 7D:�IOCFJECI�E<�?CF7?H;: B?L;H <KD9J?ED�<KHJ>;HCEH;�C7A;�7DEJ>;H
97KI;�CEH;�B?A;BO

��� �*897:(9.43�4+�,:9�&3&*74'*8

�=51&3&9.43�%->

�;IJHK9J?ED�E<�=KJ 7D7;HE8;I��M>?9>�H;FH;I;DJ�CEIJ�E<�J>;�<BEH7�E<�J>;�?DJ;IJ?D;��97D�97KI;�IOCFJECI
?D9BK:?D= :?7HH>;7 7D:�=KJ�:?IJ;DJ?ED�<HEC C7B78IEHFJ?ED 8KJ�?I�DEJ�7�ADEMD�JH?==;H�E< >;F7J?9
;D9;F>7BEF7J>O ?D�F7J?;DJI�M?J> 9?HH>EI?I �DJ?8?EJ?9I J>7J�J7H=;J ("��FHE:K9?D=�=KJ�879J;H?7��; = �
H?<7N?C?D� D;ECO9?D��7H;�79JK7BBO�KI;:�<EH�J>;�FH;L;DJ?ED�7D:�JH;7JC;DJ�E< >;F7J?9�;D9;F>7BEF7J>O
�8O�:;9H;7I?D=�J>;�7CEKDJ�E<�IOIJ;C?97BBO�78IEH8;: 7CCED?7�

��� "-.&2.3*�5>745-485-&9*�)*+.(.*3(>

�=51&3&9.43�%->

.>?7C?D;�FOHEF>EIF>7J; ?I�J>;�79J?L;�<EHC�E< J>?7C?D; 7D:�7D�?CFEHJ7DJ 9E<79JEH ?D =BK9EI;


C;J78EB?IC ��B?D?97BBO� J>?7C?D;�:;<?9?;D9O 97D�C7D?<;IJ�M?J> 1;HD?9A;�%EHI7AE<<�IOD:HEC; 7D:�EH
8;H?8;H? �(;KHEBE=?9�IOCFJECI�E< J>?7C?D;�:;<?9?;D9O ?D9BK:;�9ED<KI?ED�7D: B;J>7H=O��8KJ�
9B7II?97BBO� EF>J>7BCEFB;=?7 7D: 7J7N?7 MEKB:�7BIE�8;�FH;I;DJ �';7DM>?B;��J>; 7IJ;H?N?I� BEM�8BEE:
FH;IIKH;��7D:�IOCFJECI�E<�H;:K9;: B?L;H <KD9J?ED�I;;D�?D�J>?I�F7J?;DJ�C7A;�7DEJ>;H�97KI;�<EH�>?I
FH;I;DJ7J?ED�CEH;�B?A;BO

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �((:2:1&9.43�4+�-*24,14'.3�.3�9-*�.39*89.3*

�2&,*

�=51&3&9.43�%->

";CE=BE8?D ?D�J>;�?DJ;IJ?D;��; = ��<HEC�7�=7IJHE?DJ;IJ?D7B�8B;;:��97D�FH;9?F?J7J; >;F7J?9


;D9;F>7BEF7J>O �"����M>?9>�J>?I�F7J?;DJ�>7I �CCED?7 ?I�D;KHEJEN?9�7D:�ED;�E<�J>;�C;J78EB?9�;D:�
FHE:K9JI�E<�J>;�;DPOC7J?9�8H;7A:EMD�E< >;CE=BE8?D 7D:�?I�78IEH8;:�?D�J>;�=KJ�:KH?D=�7�!#�8B;;: ��
9?HH>EJ?9 B?L;H 97DDEJ�H7F?:BO�C;J78EB?P;�B7H=;�GK7DJ?J?;I�E< 7CCED?7��M>?9>�B;7:I�JE�IOIJ;C?9
>OF;H7CCED;C?7 7D:�C7D?<;IJI�M?J>�J>;�<?D:?D=I�E<�7BJ;H;:�C;DJ7B�IJ7JKI�7D: 7IJ;H?N?I I;;D�>;H;
)J>;H�9ECCED�JH?==;HI�E< >;F7J?9�;D9;F>7BEF7J>O ?D9BK:;�?D<;9J?ED��H;9;DJ JH7DI@K=KB7H�?DJH7>;F7J?9
FEHJEIOIJ;C?9�I>KDJ FB79;C;DJ��I;:7J?L;I��7D: C;J78EB?9�7BA7BEI?I

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
USMLE e e r m h nne s
Me est i e s: https://t.me/USMLEMe est

K p n ssr m i e s: https://t.me/USMLEK p n

USMLE i e s Step : https://t.me/USMLE Step

e ker i e s: https://t.me/USMLE e ker

r s e n i e s Step : https://t.me/USMLE r sAn e n

r s e n i e s Step K: https://t.me/USMLE r sAn e n Step K

Ph se i e s: https://t.me/USMLEPh se

Pi ri e i e s: https://t.me/USMLEPi ri e

P th m i e s: https://t.me/USMLEP th m

nA i s i h it : https://t.me/USMLE nA i s

Am ss r p: https://t.me/USMLEAm ss

Le t ri nk: https://t.me/USMLELe t ri

En p int P s: https://t.me/USMLEEn p int

USMLE MEs: https://t.me/USMLE ME

L E Me E : https://t.me/USMLE n ineMe E

USMLE r Step : https://t.me/USMLE r Step

USMLE r Step K: https://t.me/USMLE r Step K

USMLE r Step nk: https://t.me/USMLE r Step

USMLE Anki: https://t.me/USMLEAnki

KissPrep: https://t.me/USMLEKissPrep

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �4<�5749*.3�(438:259.43

�=51&3&9.43�%->

&EM�FHEJ;?D�9EDIKCFJ?ED��; = ��:K;�JE FHEJ;?D�BEI?D= ;DJ;HEF7J>O�EH AM7I>?EHAEH��9EKB:�FH;I;DJ�M?J>


B;J>7H=O 7D: 7I9?J;I��8KJ�MEKB:�7BIE�JOF?97BBO�I>EM�CKI9B;�M7IJ?D=� 7D;C?7��7D:�:;F?=C;DJ7J?ED�E<
>7?H 7D: IA?D �#J�MEKB:�DEJ�97KI;�J>; 7IJ;H?N?I EH B?L;H :?I;7I;�IJ?=C7J7�I;;D�?D�J>?I�F7J?;DJ �"?=>
FHEJ;?D��DEJ�BEM�FHEJ;?D��MEKB:�?D9H;7I; 7CCED?7 FHE:K9J?ED�7D:�?I�7�9ECCED�JH?==;H�E< >;F7J?9
;D9;F>7BEF7J>O

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�:*89.43�����

� ���O;7H�EB: MEC7D�M?J> �HE>D�:?I;7I; 9EC;I�JE�J>;�F>OI?9?7D�8;97KI;�E<�7 ��M;;A >?IJEHO�E<�D7KI;7�


8BE7J?D=��7D:�;F?=7IJH?9�F7?D�J>7J�E99KHI�7<J;H�C;7BI�7D:�H7:?7J;I�JE�J>;�H?=>J�I>EKB:;H � EKH�CEDJ>I�7=E�
I>;�KD:;HM;DJ ?B;E9;97B�H;I;9J?ED <EH�7D�79KJ;�?DJ;IJ?D7B�E8IJHK9J?ED ��D�KBJH7IEKD:�E<�J>;�78:EC;D
I>EMI CKBJ?FB;�;9>E=;D?9�<E9?�M?J>�79EKIJ?9�I>7:EMI�?D�J>;�=7BB8B7::;H �1>?9>�E<�J>;�<EBBEM?D=
C;9>7D?ICI�CEIJ�B?A;BO�9EDJH?8KJ;:�JE�J>?I�F7J?;DJYI�9KHH;DJ�FH;I;DJ7J?ED�

�38<*7 �2&,*

� #D9H;7I;:�8?B?HK8?D�FHE:K9J?ED

#D9H;7I;:�>;F7J?9�9>EB;IJ;HEB

I;9H;J?ED

#D9H;7I;:�79J?L?JO�E<�^�

=BK9KHED?:7I;

� �;9H;7I;:�<7J�78IEHFJ?ED

�;9H;7I;:�CEJ?B?JO�E<�J>;

=7BB8B7::;H

�;9H;7I;:�8?B?7HO�9ED9;DJH7J?ED
E<�8?B;�79?:I

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�.39

#D�J>?I�F7J?;DJ�M>E�>7:�?B;E9;97B�H;I;9J?ED�<EH�9ECFB?97J;: �HE>D�:?I;7I;��J>;�9B?D?97B�<;7JKH;I��D7KI;7�
8BE7J?D=��7D:�;F?=7IJH?9 F7?D��7D: KBJH7IEDE=H7F>?9 <?D:?D=I��=7BB8B7::;H ;9>E=;D?9�<E9?�M?J>�7D 79EKIJ?9
I>7:EM��?D:?97J;�7�:?7=DEI?I�E< 9>EB;B?J>?7I?I �DJ;HE>;F7J?9�9?H9KB7J?ED ?I�?CF7?H;:�?D�F7J?;DJI�M?J>
�HE>D�:?I;7I; 7D:�?B;E9;97B�H;I;9J?ED

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�477*(9��38<*7

��� �3(7*&8*)�'.1.7:'.3�574):(9.43

�=51&3&9.43�%->

#D9H;7I;: 8?B?HK8?D FHE:K9J?ED�97D�8;�97KI;:�8O >;CEBOI?I �.>;�H;IKBJ?D= KD9ED@K=7J;:


>OF;H8?B?HK8?D;C?7 FH;:?IFEI;I�JE�J>;�:;L;BEFC;DJ�E< 8B79A�F?=C;DJ�=7BBIJED;I �"EM;L;H��J>?I
F7J?;DJ�B79AI�9B?D?97B�<;7JKH;I�E< >;CEBOI?I �; = � @7KD:?9;��<7J?=K;��M;7AD;II�

��� �3(7*&8*)�-*5&9.(�(-41*89*741�8*(7*9.43

�=51&3&9.43�%->

#D9H;7I;:�>;F7J?9 9>EB;IJ;HEB I;9H;J?ED�97D�H;IKBJ�?D 9>EB;IJ;HEB IKF;HI7JKH7J?ED�?D�J>; 8?B; 7D:


FH;9?F?J7J?ED�E< 9>EB;IJ;HEB�=7BBIJED;I �#D9H;7I;:�>;F7J?9 9>EB;IJ;HEB I;9H;J?ED�97D�H;IKBJ�<HEC
?D9H;7I;:�9?H9KB7J?D= ;IJHE=;D B;L;BI��; = ��:KH?D= FH;=D7D9O� � EHC7J?ED�E< 9>EB;IJ;HEB�=7BBIJED;I ?D
F7J?;DJI�M?J>�7�>?IJEHO�E< �HE>D�:?I;7I; 7D:�?B;E9;97B�H;I;9J?ED�?I�97KI;:�8O�7�:?<<;H;DJ�C;9>7D?IC

��� �3(7*&8*)�&(9.;.9>�4+�A�,1:(:743.)&8*

�=51&3&9.43�%->

#D9H;7I;: ^�=BK9KHED?:7I; 79J?L?JO�97D�E99KH�:K;�JE ^�=BK9KHED?:7I; FHE:K9J?ED�8O�879J;H?7�?D�J>;


8?B?7HO�JH79J �D:E=;DEKI ^�=BK9KHED?:7I; :;9ED@K=7J;I 8?B?HK8?D ?D�J>;�=KJ�<EH�H;78IEHFJ?ED
#D9H;7I;: ^�=BK9KHED?:7I; 79J?L?JO��J>;H;<EH;��H;IKBJI�?D�;N9;II 8?B?HK8?D 78IEHFJ?ED�7D:�FH;I;D9;�?D
J>; 8?B?7HO�JH79J 7I�M;BB�7I�;L;DJK7B�FH;9?F?J7J?ED�M?J>�97B9?KC�JE�<EHC 8HEMD�F?=C;DJ�=7BBIJED;I
EHC7J?ED�E< =7BBIJED;I ?D�F7J?;DJI�M?J>�7�>?IJEHO�E< �HE>D�:?I;7I; 7D:�?B;E9;97B�H;I;9J?ED�?I�97KI;:
8O�7�:?<<;H;DJ�C;9>7D?IC

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �*(7*&8*)�+&9�&'84759.43

�=51&3&9.43�%->

.>?I�F7J?;DJ�B?A;BO�>7I�:;9H;7I;:�<7J�78IEHFJ?ED�?D�J>;�=KJ�:K;�JE �HE>D�:?I;7I; 7D: ?B;7B H;I;9J?ED


'7B78IEHFJ?ED E< <7JJO�79?:I B;7:I�JE�?D9H;7I;:�9ED9;DJH7J?EDI�E< <7JJO�79?:I ?D�J>;�=KJ�J>7J�J>;D�8?D:
JE�97B9?KC �.>KI��97B9?KC�?I�DEJ�7L7?B78B;�JE�8?D:�7D:�7?:�?D�EN7B7J;�;N9H;J?ED��M>?9>�B;7:I�JE
?D9H;7I;:�78IEHFJ?ED�E<�EN7B7J;�J>7J�H;IKBJI�?D >OF;HEN7BKH?7 �.>?I�FH;:?IFEI;I�JE�J>;�<EHC7J?ED�E<
97B9?KC�EN7B7J; A?:D;O�IJED;I��DEJ =7BBIJED;I

��� �*(7*&8*)�249.1.9>�4+�9-*�,&11'1&))*7

�=51&3&9.43�%->

�;9H;7I;:�CEJ?B?JO�E<�J>; =7BB8B7::;H 97D�H;IKBJ�?D�8?B?7HO�IJ7I?I��M>?9>�FH;:?IFEI;I�JE =7BBIJED;


:;L;BEFC;DJ��7I�I;;D�>;H; �.>?I�F7J?;DJ�I�IOCFJECI�7H;�B?A;BO�97KI;:�8O�9EDJH79J?ED�E<�J>;
=7BB8B7::;H 7=7?DIJ�7D�?CF79J;:�IJED;��; = ��?D�J>;�D;9A�E<�J>; =7BB8B7::;H���H7J>;H�J>7D�8O�:;9H;7I;:
CEJ?B?JO�E<�J>; =7BB8B7::;H

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �*(7*&8*)�'.1.&7>�(43(*397&9.43�4+�'.1*�&(.)8

�2&,*

�=51&3&9.43�%->

��:;9H;7I;:�9ED9;DJH7J?ED�E< 8?B;�79?:I ?D�J>; 8?B; 97D�E99KH�?D�F7J?;DJI�M?J> �HE>D�:?I;7I; �?B;


79?:I 7H;�DEHC7BBO�H;78IEH8;:�?D�J>;�J;HC?D7B ?B;KC 7D:�H;JKHD;:�JE�J>; B?L;H <EH�H;KI;�L?7�J>;
;DJ;HE>;F7J?9�9?H9KB7J?ED �"EM;L;H� 8?B;�79?: C7B78IEHFJ?ED E99KHI�?D�F7J?;DJI�M?J> �HE>D�:?I;7I;
:K;�JE�?B;?J?I�7D:�EH�J;HC?D7B ?B;KC H;I;9J?ED�7I�I;;D�?D�J>?I�97I; ���:;9H;7I;: 8?B;�79?: JE 9>EB;IJ;HEB
H7J?E 97KI;I 9>EB;IJ;HEB IKF;HI7JKH7J?ED�7D:�FH;:?IFEI;I�JE 9>EB;IJ;HEB�=7BBIJED; <EHC7J?ED��M>?9>�97D
B;7:�JE 9>EB;B?J>?7I?I 7D: 9>EB;9OIJ?J?I

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�:*89.43�����

� ���O;7H�EB: MEC7D��=H7L?:7����F7H7����7J ���M;;AI� =;IJ7J?ED�?I�8HEK=>J�JE�J>;�;C;H=;D9O�:;F7HJC;DJ


8O�>;H�>KI87D:�<EH B;J>7H=O��D7KI;7��7D:�LEC?J?D= <EH ��:7OI �->;�H;JKHD;:�<HEC�7 JH?F�JE�-EKJ>��I?7
��M;;AI 7=E �";H�?CCKD?P7J?EDI�7H; KF�JE�:7J; 7D:�I>;�>7I�D;L;H�H;9;?L;:�8BEE:�FHE:K9JI �";H
J;CF;H7JKH;�?I �� �T������T � �->;�?I�DEJ�EH?;DJ;:�JE�F;HIED��FB79;��EH�J?C; ��N7C?D7J?ED�I>EMI
@7KD:?9;�7D:�C?B:�7IJ;H?N?I �";H FHEJ>HEC8?D�J?C;�?I ���I;9 �#(,�� ����I;HKC�7B7D?D;�7C?DEJH7DI<;H7I;
?I �����/�&��7D:�I;HKC�7IF7HJ7J;�7C?DEJH7DI<;H7I;�?I �����/�& �.>?I�F7J?;DJ�I�9KHH;DJ�9ED:?J?ED�?I�CEIJ
B?A;BO�7IIE9?7J;:�M?J>�?D9H;7I;:�J?J;HI�E<�M>?9>�E<�J>;�<EBBEM?D=�I;HKC�IJK:?;I�

�38<*7 �2&,*

� �DJ?�"�9�#='

� "�I�=

� �DJ?�"�0�#='

� �DJ?�"�0�#=!

� �DJ?�"�0�#='

"�0�,(�

! �DJ?�"�0�#=!

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�.39

;L;H��D7KI;7��LEC?J?D=� B;J>7H=O��7D: @7KD:?9; M?J>�;NJH;C;BO�>?=> B?L;H ;DPOC;�B;L;BI�7H;�:?7=DEIJ?9


E< 79KJ;�L?H7B�>;F7J?J?I � ;7JKH;I�E< >;F7J?9�;D9;F>7BEF7J>O �9ED<KI?ED� 7IJ;H?N?I��7D:�?D9H;7I;:
FHEJ>HEC8?D�J?C; ?D:?97J; <KBC?D7DJ�>;F7J?9�<7?BKH; ���F7HJ?9KB7H�>;F7JEJHEF?9�L?HKI�?I�7IIE9?7J;:�M?J>�7D
?D9H;7I;:�H?IA�E< <KBC?D7DJ�>;F7J?J?I :KH?D= FH;=D7D9O

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�477*(9��38<*7

��� �39.���(��,�

�=51&3&9.43�%->

�DJ?�"�9 7DJ?8E:O J?J;HI �8EJ> #=! 7D: #='��MEKB:�8;�?D9H;7I;:�?D >;F7J?J?I�� ?D<;9J?ED ";F7J?J?I��
?D<;9J?ED�C7D?<;IJI�M?J>�<;7JKH;I�E< 79KJ;�L?H7B�>;F7J?J?I ?D�����E<�97I;I�7D: <KBC?D7DJ�>;F7J?9�<7?BKH;
?D�� �V� ���E<�97I;I �"EM;L;H� >;F7J?J?I�� ?I�7 8BEE:8EHD;�F7J>E=;D IFH;7:�8O�:?H;9J�9EDJ79J�M?J>
8E:?BO�<BK?:I�EH�I;NK7B�79J?L?JO �.>;H;�?I�DE�>?IJEHO�E<�:HK=�KI;� 8BEE:�JH7DI<KI?ED� >;CE:?7BOI?I�
H?IAO�I;NK7B�8;>7L?EH JE�IK==;IJ "�0�?D<;9J?ED

��� ��8�,

�=51&3&9.43�%->

"�I�= MEKB:�8;�FH;I;DJ�?D >;F7J?J?I�� ?D<;9J?ED ";F7J?J?I�� ?D<;9J?ED�C7D?<;IJI�M?J>�<;7JKH;I�E<


79KJ;�L?H7B�>;F7J?J?I ?D�����E<�97I;I�7D: <KBC?D7DJ�>;F7J?9�<7?BKH; ?D�� �V� ���E<�97I;I �"EM;L;H�
>;F7J?J?I�� ?I�7 8BEE:8EHD;�F7J>E=;D IFH;7:�8O�:?H;9J�9EDJ79J�M?J>�8E:?BO�<BK?:I�EH�I;NK7B�79J?L?JO
.>;H;�?I�DE�>?IJEHO�E<�:HK=�KI;� 8BEE:�JH7DI<KI?ED� >;CE:?7BOI?I� H?IAO�I;NK7B�8;>7L?EH JE�IK==;IJ
"�0�?D<;9J?ED

��� �39.���$��,�

�=51&3&9.43��:9

�DJ?�"�0 7DJ?8E:?;I 8;=?D�JE�H?I;��#=' <?HIJ�7D: #=! 7<J;H�7�<;M�:7OI����M;;AI�7<J;H >;F7J?J?I��


?D<;9J?ED #=!�7DJ?8E:?;I 97D�F;HI?IJ�<EH�B?<; �.>;H;<EH;� #='�7DJ?8E:?;I��M>?9>�MEKB:�H;JKHD�JE
87I;B?D;�M?J>?D��V��CEDJ>I��7H;�KI;:�JE�:?<<;H;DJ?7J;�8;JM;;D�79KJ;�"�0�?D<;9J?ED�7D:�7�F7IJ
?D<;9J?ED

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�=51&3&9.43�%->

";F7J?J?I���L?HKI ?D<;9J?ED�:KH?D= FH;=D7D9O ?I�7IIE9?7J;:�M?J>�7�>?=> CEHJ7B?JO�H7J; �7I�>?=>�7I


��V����:KH?D=�J>; J>?H:�JH?C;IJ;H��:K;�JE <KBC?D7DJ�>;F7J?9�<7?BKH; �.>;�;N79J�C;9>7D?IC�8;>?D:
J>?I�F>;DEC;DED�?I�DEJ�ADEMD �.>;�>?IJEHO�E<�H;9;DJ�JH7L;B�JE�7D�"�0�;D:;C?9 7H;7��; = ��-EKJ>
�I?7��?I�7 H?IA�<79JEH <EH >;F7J?J?I�� ?D<;9J?ED��M>?9>�?I�JH7DIC?JJ;:�<;9E�EH7BBO

��� �39.���$��,�

�=51&3&9.43�%->

�DJ?�"�0�7DJ?8E:O J?J;HI �8EJ> #=! 7D: #='��MEKB:�8;�?D9H;7I;:�?D >;F7J?J?I�� ?D<;9J?ED �/F�JE����


E<�F7J?;DJI�M?J> >;F7J?J?I�� ?D<;9J?ED�FH;I;DJ�M?J>�<;7JKH;I�E< 79KJ;�L?H7B�>;F7J?J?I IK9>�7I @7KD:?9;�
D7KI;7��LEC?J?D=� B;J>7H=O��7D:�;B;L7J;: B?L;H JH7DI7C?D7I; ;DPOC;I �"EM;L;H� >;F7J?J?I�� ?I�7
8BEE:8EHD;�F7J>E=;D IFH;7:�8O�:?H;9J�9EDJ79J�M?J>�8E:?BO�<BK?:I�EH�I;NK7B�79J?L?JO �.>;H;�?I�DE
>?IJEHO�E<�:HK=�KI;� 8BEE:�JH7DI<KI?ED� >;CE:?7BOI?I� H?IAO�I;NK7B�8;>7L?EH JE�IK==;IJ "�0�?D<;9J?ED
?D7BBO� <KBC?D7DJ�>;F7J?9�<7?BKH; ?I�;NJH;C;BO�H7H;�?D >;F7J?J?I�� ?D<;9J?ED

��� �39.���$��,�

�=51&3&9.43�%->

�DJ?�"�0�#=' J?J;HI MEKB:�8;�?D9H;7I;:�?D >;F7J?J?I�� ?D<;9J?ED ";F7J?J?I�� ?D<;9J?ED��M>?9>�97D


E99KH�<EBBEM?D=�JH7L;B�JE ;D:;C?9 H;=?EDI�IK9>�7I�-EKJ>��I?7��97D�B;7:�JE <KBC?D7DJ�>;F7J?J?I
"EM;L;H� >;F7J?J?I�� L799?D7J?ED ?I�?D:?97J;:�<EH�7BB�?D:?L?:K7BI�JH7L;BB?D=�JE�7D ;D:;C?9 H;=?ED�J>7J
>7L;�DEJ�H;9;?L;: >;F7J?J?I�� L799?D7J?ED 7I�7�F7HJ�E<�J>;�HEKJ?D; ?CCKD?P7J?ED�I9>;:KB; �.>?I
F7J?;DJ�I L799?D7J?EDI 7H;�KF�JE�:7J;� >;F7J?J?I�� ?D<;9J?ED�?I�J>;H;<EH;�KDB?A;BO � KHJ>;HCEH;�
<KBC?D7DJ�>;F7J?9�<7?BKH; ?I�H7H;�?D >;F7J?J?I�� ?D<;9J?ED

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� ��$� ��

�=51&3&9.43�%->

"�0 ,(� 9ED9;DJH7J?ED�MEKB:�8;�?D9H;7I;:�?D "�0�?D<;9J?ED �/F�JE�����E<�F7J?;DJI�M?J> >;F7J?J?I


� ?D<;9J?ED�FH;I;DJ�M?J>�<;7JKH;I�E< 79KJ;�L?H7B�>;F7J?J?I IK9>�7I @7KD:?9;��D7KI;7��LEC?J?D=� B;J>7H=O�
7D:�;B;L7J;: B?L;H JH7DI7C?D7I;I �"EM;L;H� <KBC?D7DJ�>;F7J?9�<7?BKH; ?I�;NJH;C;BO�H7H;�?D >;F7J?J?I��
?D<;9J?ED �'EH;EL;H� >;F7J?J?I�� ?I�7 8BEE:8EHD;�L?HKI J>7J�?I�JH7DIC?JJ;:�I;NK7BBO�EH�L?7�9EDJ79J�M?J>
8E:?BO�<BK?:I �.>;H;�?I�DE�>?IJEHO�E<�:HK=�KI;� 8BEE:�JH7DI<KI?ED� >;CE:?7BOI?I� H?IAO�I;NK7B�8;>7L?EH
JE�IK==;IJ "�0�?D<;9J?ED

��� �39.���$��,�

�=51&3&9.43�%->

�DJ?�"�0�#=! J?J;HI MEKB:�8;�?D9H;7I;:�<EBBEM?D= >;F7J?J?I�� L799?D7J?ED��M>?9>�?I�?D:?97J;:�<EH�7BB


?D:?L?:K7BI�JH7L;B?D=�JE�7D ;D:;C?9 H;=?ED�M>E�>7L;�DEJ�H;9;?L;: >;F7J?J?I�� L799?D7J?ED 7I�7�F7HJ�E<
J>;�HEKJ?D; ?CCKD?P7J?ED�I9>;:KB; �"EM;L;H��J>;�<79J�J>7J�I>;�?I�<KBBO�L799?D7J;:�C7A;I >;F7J?J?I��
?D<;9J?ED�KDB?A;BO � KHJ>;HCEH;� <KBC?D7DJ�>;F7J?9�<7?BKH; ?I�H7H;�?D >;F7J?J?I�� ?D<;9J?ED �DJ?�"�0
#=! J?J;HI 7H;�7BIE�I;;D�<EBBEM?D= L799?D7J?EDI 7D:�MEKB:�J>;H;<EH;�8;�?D9H;7I;:�?D�J>?I�F7J?;DJ
"EM;L;H��J>?I�MEKB:�DEJ�799EKDJ�<EH�J>?I�F7J?;DJ�I�9KHH;DJ�9ED:?J?ED

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�:*89.43�����

� ���O;7H�EB: C7D�9EC;I�JE�J>;�F>OI?9?7D�8;97KI;�E<�7 ��CEDJ> >?IJEHO�E<�87:�8H;7J>�7D:�FHE=H;II?L;


:?<<?9KBJO�IM7BBEM?D= IEB?:�<EE: �*>OI?97B�;N7C?D7J?ED�I>EMI�DE�78DEHC7B?J?;I ��D�KFF;H�;D:EI9EFO�?I
F;H<EHC;:�7D:�7 F>EJEC?9HE=H7F>�E<�7�8?EFIO�IF;9?C;D�E8J7?D;:�<HEC�J>; C?:�;IEF>7=KI ?I�I>EMD
1>?9>�E<�J>;�<EBBEM?D=�8;IJ�;NFB7?DI�J>;�<?D:?D=I�?D�J>?I�F7J?;DJ�

�38<*7 �2&,*

1;BB�:?<<;H;DJ?7J;:�D;EFB7IJ?9

=B7D:KB7H�FHEB?<;H7J?ED

�JHEF>O�7D:�<?8HEI?I�E<�J>;

;IEF>7=;7B�ICEEJ>�CKI9B;

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�38<*7 �2&,*

';J7FB7IJ?9�JH7DI<EHC7J?ED�E<

;IEF>7=;7B�CK9EI7

(;EFB7IJ?9�FHEB?<;H7J?ED�E<

IGK7CEKI�;F?J>;B?KC

�EI?DEF>?B?9�?D<?BJH7J?ED�E<

J>;�;IEF>7=;7B�M7BBI

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�.39

.>;�9ED9;DJH?9�;EI?DEF>?B?9�B;I?EDI�I;;D�?D�J>?I�?C7=;�7H;�ADEMD�7I A;H7J?D�F;7HBI

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�477*(9��38<*7

��� %*11�).++*7*39.&9*)�3*451&89.(�,1&3):1&7�5741.+*7&9.43

�=51&3&9.43�%->

1;BB�:?<<;H;DJ?7J;: D;EFB7IJ?9 =B7D:KB7H FHEB?<;H7J?ED ?I�7IIE9?7J;:�M?J> 7:;DE97H9?DEC7�E<�J>;


;IEF>7=KI��M>?9>�97D�C7D?<;IJ�M?J>�FHE=H;II?L; :OIF>7=?7 7D: >7B?JEI?I �?EFIO MEKB:��>EM;L;H�
DEJ�I>EM�9BKIJ;HI�E< A;H7J?D�F;7HBI 8KJ�H7J>;H�>?=>�=H7:; :OIFB7I?7 E< 9EBKCD7H�;F?J>;B?KC M?J>
7:@79;DJ��7HH;JJ CK9EI7 �#D�7::?J?ED� 7:;DE97H9?DEC7 JOF?97BBO�?DLEBL;I�J>;�BEM;H�J>?H:�H7J>;H�J>7D
J>;�C?::B;�E<�J>; ;IEF>7=KI

��� �9745->�&3)�+.'748.8�4+�9-*�*845-&,*&1�82449-�2:8(1*

�=51&3&9.43�%->

�JHEF>O 7D: <?8HEI?I E<�J>;�;IEF>7=;7B ICEEJ>�CKI9B; 97D�8;�I;;D�?D �,�-.�IOD:HEC; EH IOIJ;C?9


I9B;HEI?I �.>;I;�:?7=DEI;I�C7O�C7D?<;IJ�M?J> :OIF>7=?7 7D: >7B?JEI?I ?D�J>;�I;JJ?D=�E<�I;L;H;
;IEF>7=;7B�:OICEJ?B?JO �"EM;L;H� 8?EFIO <?D:?D=I�MEKB:�DEJ�I>EM A;H7J?D?P7J?ED 8KJ�H7J>;H
<?8HE8B7IJ FHEB?<;H7J?ED 7D: ICEEJ>�CKI9B; 7JHEF>O �'EH;EL;H��F7J?;DJI�M?J>�;?J>;H�9ED:?J?ED
JOF?97BBO�FH;I;DJ�M?J>�EJ>;H�<?D:?D=I�IK9>�7I I9B;HE:79JOBO 7D: ,7OD7K:�F>;DEC;DED

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �*9&51&89.(�97&38+472&9.43�4+�*845-&,*&1�2:(48&

�2&,*

�=51&3&9.43�%->

';J7FB7IJ?9 JH7DI<EHC7J?ED�E<�;IEF>7=;7B CK9EI7 ?I�I;;D�?D �7HH;JJ�;IEF>7=KI��M>?9>�97D�C7D?<;IJ


M?J> >7B?JEI?I��7I�I;;D�?D�J>?I�F7J?;DJ �"EM;L;H� 8?EFIO MEKB:�DEJ�I>EM�J>; A;H7J?D�F;7HBI I;;D�>;H;
#DIJ;7:��?J�MEKB:�JOF?97BBO�I>EM�7D�;NJ;DI?ED�E<�J>;�F>OI?EBE=?9 JH7DI<EHC7J?ED�PED; 7I�;IEF>7=;7B
IGK7CEKI�;F?J>;B?KC ?I�H;FB79;:�M?J>�?DJ;IJ?D7B�JOF; 9EBKCD7H�;F?J>;B?KC M?J> =E8B;J�9;BBI

��� �*451&89.(�5741.+*7&9.43�4+�86:&24:8�*5.9-*1.:2

�=51&3&9.43�%->

(;EFB7IJ?9 FHEB?<;H7J?ED E< IGK7CEKI�;F?J>;B?KC ?I�J>;�>7BBC7HA�E< IGK7CEKI�9;BB�97H9?DEC7 �-���


E<�J>; ;IEF>7=KI��M>?9>�97D�C7D?<;IJ�M?J>�FHE=H;II?L; :OIF>7=?7 7D: >7B?JEI?I :K;�JE�<EE:�F7HJ?9B;I
H;J7?D;:�?D�J>; ;IEF>7=KI �.>; >?IJEF7J>EBE=O ?DLEBL;I�9BKIJ;HI�E< A;H7J?D�F;7HBI :;IJHEO?D=�DEHC7B

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
J?IIK;�IJHK9JKH;�?D�J>;�KFF;H�JME�J>?H:I�E<�J>; ;IEF>7=KI �#J�JOF?97BBO�7<<;9JI�F7J?;DJI�M?J> H?IA�<79JEHI
IK9>�7I�BED=�J;HC�7B9E>EB�KI;��JE8799E�;NFEIKH;� 79>7B7I?7��7D:�:?;JI�BEM�?D�<HK?JI�7D:�L;=;J78B;I

��� �48.345-.1.(�.3+.197&9.43�4+�9-*�*845-&,*&1�<&118

�2&,*

�=51&3&9.43�%->

�EI?DEF>?B?9�?D<?BJH7J?ED�E<�J>;�;IEF>7=;7B�M7BBI�?I�7IIE9?7J;:�M?J> ;EI?DEF>?B?9�;IEF>7=?J?I��M>?9>
97D�C7D?<;IJ�M?J> :OIF>7=?7 7D:��?D�IEC;�97I;I� >7B?JEI?I :K;�JE�<EE:�?CF79J?ED �"EM;L;H� 8?EFIO
MEKB:�DEJ�I>EM�J>; A;H7J?D�F;7HBI I;;D�?D�J>?I�F7J?;DJ �#DIJ;7:��?J�MEKB:�I>EM�9?H9KC<;H;DJ?7B
CK9EI7B B;I?EDI�7D:��FEII?8BO��;EI?DEF>?B?9�?D<?BJH7J?ED �'EH;EL;H��F7J?;DJI�M?J> ;EI?DEF>?B?9
;IEF>7=?J?I JOF?97BBO�FH;I;DJ�M?J>�7�>?IJEHO�E< 7BB;H=?9�:?I;7I; 7I�M;BB�7I�79KJ;�IOCFJECI�7IIE9?7J;:
M?J>�;NFEIKH;�JE�7�F7HJ?9KB7H�<EE:

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�:*89.43����

� ���O;7H�EB: C7D�?I�8HEK=>J�JE�J>;�;C;H=;D9O�:;F7HJC;DJ�8;97KI;�E<�I;L;H;�I>EHJD;II�E<�8H;7J>��<;L;H�
7D:�9EK=>�<EH ��:7OI �";�I7OI�>;�>7I�ICEA;:�ED;�F79A�E<�9?=7H;JJ;I�:7?BO�<EH ���O;7HI 7D:�E997I?ED7BBO
KI;I�9E97?D;�ED�M;;A;D:I ��<J;H�?DJK87J?ED�?D�J>;�;C;H=;D9O�:;F7HJC;DJ�<EH�MEHI;D?D=�J79>OFD;7�7D:
>OFEN?7��>;�?I�7:C?JJ;:�JE�J>;�?DJ;DI?L;�97H;�KD?J�<EH�C7D7=;C;DJ�E<�FD;KCE9E997B�I;FI?I �)D;�M;;A
B7J;H��J>;�F7J?;DJ�:;L;BEFI�>;C7J;C;I?I ��8:EC?D7B�;N7C?D7J?ED�I>EMI�;F?=7IJH?9�J;D:;HD;II��J>;H;�?I�DE
=K7H:?D=�EH�H;8EKD:�J;D:;HD;II �/H=;DJ�;D:EI9EFO�I>EMI CKBJ?FB;�I>7BBEM�>;CEHH>7=?9�B;I?EDI�
FH;:EC?D7DJBO�?D�J>;�=7IJH?9�<KD:KI�7D:�=H;7J;H�9KHL7JKH; ��?EFI?;I�I>EM F7J9>O�;F?J>;B?7B�:;<;9JI�J>7J
:E�DEJ�;NJ;D:�8;OED:�J>;�CKI9KB7H?I�CK9EI7 �1>?9>�E<�J>;�<EBBEM?D=�?I�J>;�CEIJ�B?A;BO�:?7=DEI?I�

�38<*7 �2&,*

� .OF;���=7IJH?J?I

� �?;KB7<EO�B;I?ED

� �KI>?D=�KB9;H

� *;D;JH7J?D=�KB9;H

� �KHB?D=�KB9;H

�HEI?L;�=7IJHEF7J>O

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�.39

.>;�B;I?EDI�:E�DEJ�;NJ;D:�?DJE�J>; IK8CK9EI7��M>?9>�?D:?97J;I�J>7J�J>;O�7H;�L;HO IKF;H<?9?7B

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�477*(9��38<*7

��� ">5*���,&897.9.8

�=51&3&9.43�%->

.OF;���=7IJH?J?I ��'�!��?I�7�IK8JOF;�E< 7JHEF>?9�=7IJH?J?I ?DLEBL?D=�J>; =7IJH?9�7DJHKC 7D:


7IIE9?7J;:�M?J> H. pylori ?D<;9J?ED �#J�C7O�C7D?<;IJ�M?J>�;F?=7IJH?9 F7?D 7D: >;C7J;C;I?I �"EM;L;H�
;D:EI9EFO�7D: 8?EFIO MEKB:�DEJ�I>EM�CKBJ?FB; ;HEI?EDI B?C?J;:�8O�J>; CKI9KB7H?I�CK9EI7��7I�I;;D
>;H;��8KJ�H7J>;H�9>HED?9 CK9EI7B ?D<B7CC7J?ED M?J> 7JHEF>O��=B7D:�BEII��7D: C;J7FB7IJ?9 9>7D=;I

��� �.*:1&+4>�1*8.43

�=51&3&9.43�%->

� �?;KB7<EO�B;I?ED ?I�7D ;HEI?ED E<�J>; FHEN?C7B IJEC79> H;B7J;:�JE�7D�78;HH7DJ IK8CK9EI7B 7HJ;HO


�?;KB7<EO�B;I?ED 97D�C7D?<;IJ�M?J> >;C7J;C;I?I 7D:�;F?=7IJH?9 F7?D��7D: 8?EFIO <?D:?D=I�MEKB:
I>EM�7D�?DJ79J IK8CK9EI7��7BB�E<�M>?9>�?I�I;;D�>;H; �"EM;L;H��7 �?;KB7<EO�B;I?ED ?I�JOF?97BBO
I?D=KB7H�7D:�BE97J;:�7BED=�J>; B;II;H�9KHL7JKH;��D;7H�J>;�;IEF>7=E=7IJH?9�@KD9J?ED��DEJ�7BED=�J>;
=H;7J;H�9KHL7JKH;� ��D:EI9EFO�MEKB:�I>EM�7�:?B7J;: IK8CK9EI7B L;II;B

��� �:8-.3,�:1(*7

�=51&3&9.43�%->

� �KI>?D=�KB9;H C7O�H;IKBJ�<HEC�IJH;II =7IJH?J?I 7D:�C7D?<;IJI�M?J>�;F?=7IJH?9 F7?D 7D: >;C7J;C;I?I


�KI>?D=�KB9;HI��>EM;L;H��E99KH�?D�F7J?;DJI�M?J>�8H7?D�?D@KH?;I��M>;H;7I�J>?I�F7J?;DJ�FH;I;DJI�M?J>
FD;KCE9E997B I;FI?I �'EH;EL;H� �KI>?D=�KB9;HI 7H;�CEH;�B?A;BO�JE�8;�IEB?J7HO�7D:�>7L;�7�J;D:;D9O�JE
F;H<EH7J;��M>?9>�MEKB:�C7D?<;IJ�M?J>�I;L;H; F7?D 7D: F;H?JED;7B�I?=DI �'EH;�?CFEHJ7DJBO� =7IJH?9
KB9;HI ;NJ;D:�8;OED:�J>; CKI9KB7H?I�CK9EI7 B7O;H��M>?9>�?I�?D9EDI?IJ;DJ�M?J>�J>?I�F7J?;DJ�I 8?EFIO
<?D:?D=I

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �*3*97&9.3,�:1(*7

�=51&3&9.43�%->

� F;D;JH7J?D=�KB9;H ?I�7 IJH;II�KB9;H J>7J�;NJ;D:I�J>HEK=>�7BB�B7O;HI�E<�=7IJH?9 CK9EI7 ?DJE�I;HEI7�EH


7:L;DJ?J?7�7D:��J>;H;<EH;��F;D;JH7J;I�J>; IJEC79> �#J�C7O�97KI; >;C7J;C;I?I 7D:�;F?=7IJH?9 F7?D��7I
I;;D�>;H;��8KJ F;H?JED;7B�I?=DI MEKB:�7BIE�8;�;NF;9J;:�7I�7�H;IKBJ�E< =7IJH?9�79?: B;7A?D=�?DJE�J>;
F;H?JED;7B�97L?JO �.>KI��F7J?;DJI�7H;�B?A;BO�JE�FH;I;DJ�M?J>�?DJ;DI;��F;HI?IJ;DJ F7?D 7D:�7D 79KJ;
78:EC;D

��� �:71.3,�:1(*7

�=51&3&9.43�%->

� �KHB?D=�KB9;H ?I�7 IJH;II�KB9;H J>7J�E99KHI�?D�F7J?;DJI�M?J>�H;9;DJ�I;L;H;�8KHD�?D@KH?;I �#J�C7O


C7D?<;IJ�M?J> >;C7J;C;I?I 7D:�;F?=7IJH?9 F7?D��7I�I;;D�>;H; �"EM;L;H� �KHB?D=�KB9;HI >7L;�7
J;D:;D9O�JE�F;H<EH7J;��M>?9>�MEKB:�C7D?<;IJ�M?J>�I;L;H; F7?D 7D: F;H?JED?J?I :K;�JE�F;H<EH7J?ED
'EH;�?CFEHJ7DJBO� 8?EFIO <?D:?D=I�<EH �KHB?D=�KB9;HI I>EM�:7C7=;�;NJ;D:?D=�J>HEK=>�J>; CKI9KB7H?I
CK9EI7��M>?9>�?I�?D9EDI?IJ;DJ�M?J>�J>?I�F7J?;DJ�I 8?EFIO <?D:?D=I

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �748.;*�,&89745&9->

�2&,*

�=51&3&9.43�%->

.>?I�F7J?;DJ�I�>?IJEHO�E<�;F?=7IJH?9 F7?D 7D: >;C7J;C;I?I 7<J;H FD;KCE9E997B I;FI?I ?I�IK==;IJ?L;�E<


79KJ; ;HEI?L;�=7IJHEF7J>O �HEI?EDI 7H;�CEH; IKF;H<?9?7B J>7D KB9;HI��M>?9>�?DLEBL;�:7C7=;�JE�J>;
=7IJH?9 CK9EI7 ;NJ;D:?D=�8;OED:�J>; CKI9KB7H?I�CK9EI7 B7O;H�?DJE�J>; IK8CK9EI7 ��9KJ; ;HEI?L;
=7IJHEF7J>O ?I�9>7H79J;H?P;:�8O ?I9>;C?7 E<�J>; CK9EI7 :K;�JE >OFELEB;C?7 �; = � I;FI?I��7D:
;NFEIKH;�JE�?D@KH?EKI�IK8IJ7D9;I��; = ��ICEA?D=� 9E97?D; KI;� �#D�79KJ; ;HEI?L;�=7IJHEF7J>O�
>;CEHH>7=;�7D:�BEII�E<�J>; IKF;H<?9?7B ;F?J>;B?KC E99KH��<KHJ>;H�9ECFHEC?I?D=�J>;�DEHC7B�FHEJ;9J?L;
87HH?;H�E<�J>; IJEC79> 7D:�7BBEM?D=�79?:�JE�F;D;JH7J;�J>HEK=>�J>; CK9EI7��M>?9>�:?H;9JBO�:7C7=;I
J>;�L7I9KB7JKH; �.>?I�:7C7=;�;N79;H87J;I�J>; CK9EI7B ?I9>;C?7��97KI?D=�J>;�H;B;7I;�E<�?D<B7CC7JEHO
C;:?7JEHI�7D:�B;7:?D=�JE�J>; ;HEI?EDI I;;D�>;H;

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�:*89.43�����

�D�EJ>;HM?I;�>;7BJ>O ���O;7H�EB: C7D�9EC;I�JE�J>;�F>OI?9?7D�8;97KI;�E<�7 ��CEDJ> >?IJEHO�E<


?D9H;7I?D=BO�<H;GK;DJ�;F?IE:;I�E<�KFF;H�78:EC?D7B�F7?D��D7KI;7��LEC?J?D=��7D:�:?7HH>;7 �";�>7I�>7:�7
� ��A= ���B8��M;?=>J�BEII�:KH?D=�J>?I�J?C; �*>OI?97B�;N7C?D7J?ED�I>EMI 8?B7J;H7B�F?JJ?D=�F;:7B�;:;C7 ��D
;D:EI9EFO�I>EMI FHEC?D;DJ�HK=7;�?D�J>;�=7IJH?9�<KD:KI ��?EFIO�I>EMI F7H?;J7B�9;BB�7JHEF>O �1>?9>�E<
J>;�<EBBEM?D=�?I�J>;�CEIJ�B?A;BO�KD:;HBO?D=�97KI;�

�38<*7 �2&,*

� -;HEJED?D�I;9H;J?D=�=7IJH?9�JKCEH

*HEB?<;H7J?ED�E<�=7IJH?9�CK9KI�FHE:K9?D=

9;BBI

� (;EFB7I?7�E<�IK8CK9EI7B�BOCF>E?:�J?IIK;

� �>HED?9�";B?9E879J;H�FOBEH?�?D<;9J?ED

� �N9;II?L;�IEC7JEIJ7J?D�I;9H;J?ED

�9JEF?9�I;9H;J?ED�E<�=7IJH?D

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�.39

.>?I�F7J?;DJ�FH;I;DJI�M?J>�:OIF;FJ?9�IOCFJECI��? ; ��78:EC?D7B F7?D��D7KI;7��LEC?J?D=��7D: :?7HH>;7��


M;?=>J�BEII��7D:�FEII?8B; >OFEFHEJ;?D;C?7 �7I�;L?:;D9;:�8O�8?B7J;H7B�F;:7B ;:;C7� �#D�9EC8?D7J?ED�M?J>
FHEC?D;DJ�=7IJH?9�HK=7;�ED�;D:EI9EFO�7D: 7JHEF>?9 F7H?;J7B�9;BBI ED >?IJEBE=O��J>;I;�<;7JKH;I�7H;
:?7=DEIJ?9�E< 'RDRJH?;H�:?I;7I;

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�477*(9��38<*7

��� !*74943.3�8*(7*9.3,�,&897.(�9:247

�=51&3&9.43�%->

� I;HEJED?D�I;9H;J?D=�=7IJH?9 JKCEH��EH�=7IJH?9 97H9?DE?:�JKCEH��C7O�8;�7IOCFJEC7J?9�EH�C7D?<;IJ


M?J>�IOCFJECI�E< 97H9?DE?:�IOD:HEC;��M>?9>�CEIJ�9ECCEDBO�E99KHI�?<�J>; JKCEH IFH;7:I�JE�J>;
B?L;H ��F?IE:?9 <BKI>?D=� 8HED9>EIF7IC��7D: :?7HH>;7 7H;�JOF?97B�C7D?<;IJ7J?EDI�E< 97H9?DE?:
IOD:HEC; �"EM;L;H��;D:EI9EFO�MEKB:�H;L;7B�7 IK8CK9EI7B C7II��DEJ�J>;�FHEC?D;DJ�=7IJH?9�HK=7;
I;;D�?D�J>?I�F7J?;DJ �?EFIO MEKB:�I>EM�FHEC?D;DJ�HEI;JJ;I

��� �741.+*7&9.43�4+�,&897.(�2:(:8�574):(.3,�(*118

�2&,*

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�=51&3&9.43�%->

.>;�F7J?;DJ�I�<?D:?D=I�7H;�9EDI?IJ;DJ�M?J> 'RDRJH?;H�:?I;7I; �FHEJ;?D�BEI?D= >OF;HJHEF>?9


=7IJHEF7J>O���M>?9>�?I�7�H;IKBJ�E<�J>; FHEB?<;H7J?ED E<�=7IJH?9�CK9KI�FHE:K9?D=�9;BBI �.>;
F7J>E=;D;I?I�?DLEBL;I�?D9H;7I;:�I?=D7B?D=�E< �! ,��M>?9>�H;IKBJI�?D FHEB?<;H7J?ED E< ;F?J>;B?7B 9;BBI
E<�J>;�CK9EKI�9;BB�9ECF7HJC;DJ

��� �*451&8.&�4+�8:'2:(48&1�1>25-4.)�9.88:*

�=51&3&9.43�%->

(;EFB7I?7 E<�J>; IK8CK9EI7B BOCF>E?:�J?IIK;��EH =7IJH?9�BOCF>EC7��97D�7BIE�FH;I;DJ�M?J>�78:EC?D7B


F7?D 7D:�M;?=>J�BEII��7BJ>EK=> ;:;C7 MEKB:�8;�KDB?A;BO ��D:EI9EF?9�<?D:?D=I�C7O�7BIE�?D9BK:;
J>?9A;D;:�HK=7; �"EM;L;H��>?IJEF7J>EBE=?9�;N7C?D7J?ED�MEKB:�I>EM�78DEHC7B�BOCF>E?:�J?IIK;
H7J>;H�J>7D�J>; F7H?;J7B�9;BB 7JHEF>O I;;D�?D�J>?I�F7J?;DJ

��� �-743.(��*1.(4'&(9*7�5>147.�.3+*(9.43

�=51&3&9.43�%->

�>HED?9 H. pylori ?D<;9J?ED�C7O�97KI;�I?C?B7H�IOCFJECI�E< :OIF;FI?7��?D9BK:?D=�78:EC?D7B F7?D�


D7KI;7��7D:�LEC?J?D=��7I�?D�J>?I�F7J?;DJ �"EM;L;H��?J�MEKB:�DEJ�97KI; ;:;C7 �)D�;D:EI9EFO��J>;
<KD:KI�?I�JOF?97BBO�IF7H;:��M?J>�FH;:EC?D7DJBO�7DJH7B�B;I?EDI�I>EM?D= =7IJH?J?I EH F;FJ?9�KB9;H
:?I;7I;

��� �=(*88.;*�842&9489&9.3�8*(7*9.43

�=51&3&9.43�%->

�N9;II?L; IEC7JEIJ7J?D I;9H;J?ED�97D�8;�97KI;:�8O�7 IEC7JEIJ7J?DEC7 �*7J?;DJI�FH;I;DJ�M?J>


78:EC?D7B F7?D 7D:�M;?=>J�BEII��?D�7::?J?ED�JE�J>;�JH?7:�E< =BK9EI;�?DJEB;H7D9;� =7BBIJED;I��7D:
:?7HH>;7�IJ;7JEHH>;7 �:;C7 ?I�DEJ�7�9ECCED�<;7JKH; �#<�BE97B?P;:�JE�J>; IJEC79>��J>; JKCEH 97D�8;
I;;D�7I�7 IK8CK9EI7B C7II�ED�;D:EI9EFO��M>?9>�?I�DEJ�J>;�97I;�?D�J>?I�F7J?;DJ �#D�7::?J?ED�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
>?IJEF7J>EBE=?9�;N7C?D7J?ED�MEKB:�I>EM�:;DI;BO�=H7DKB7H�9;BBI�?D�7�HEI;JJ;�F7JJ;HD��7�9ECCED
<?D:?D=�E< D;KHE;D:E9H?D;�JKCEHI

��� �(945.(�8*(7*9.43�4+�,&897.3

�=51&3&9.43�%->

�9JEF?9 I;9H;J?ED�E< =7IJH?D ?I�H;IFEDI?8B;�<EH 4EBB?D=;H��BB?IED�IOD:HEC; �4�-� �*7J?;DJI�M?J> 4�-


9ECCEDBO�FH;I;DJ�M?J>�J>;H7FO�H;I?IJ7DJ F;FJ?9�KB9;H�:?I;7I; 7D: :?7HH>;7��7I�?D�J>?I�F7J?;DJ
�8:EC?D7B F7?D 7D:�M;?=>J�BEII�97D�7BIE�E99KH ��BJ>EK=>�EL;H�����E<�F7J?;DJI�M?J> 4�- >7L;
FHEC?D;DJ�=7IJH?9�<EB:I�ED�;D:EI9EFO��7 8?EFIO MEKB:�I>EM F7H?;J7B�9;BB >OF;HFB7I?7 H7J>;H�J>7D
7JHEF>O �#D�7::?J?ED� F;FJ?9�KB9;HI 7H;�7BIE�7�9ECCED�C7D?<;IJ7J?ED��F7HJ?9KB7HBO�?D�J>; :KE:;DKC

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�:*89.43�����

� �����=����B8� <;C7B;�D;M8EHD�?I�:;B?L;H;:�7J�J;HC �#D?J?7B�;N7C?D7J?ED�I>EMI�7�:?IJ;D:;:�78:EC;D


7D:�7 <B7J�F;H?D;7B�H;=?ED�M?J>EKJ�7D�EF;D?D= �� :7HA�=H;;D�:?I9>7H=;�?I�9EC?D=�EKJ�E<�J>;�LKBL7 �1>?9>
E<�J>;�<EBBEM?D=�?I�J>;�CEIJ�B?A;BO�:?7=DEI?I�

�38<*7 �2&,*

� ';9ED?KC�?B;KI

� "?HI9>IFHKD=�:?I;7I;

� #CF;H<EH7J;�7DKI

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�38<*7 �2&,*

� �EBED?9�7JH;I?7

� ';9ED?KC�FBK=�IOD:HEC;

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�.39

.>?I D;M8EHD�I�<?D:?D=I�?D:?97J;�7�:?7=DEI?I�J>7J�?I�9ECCEDBO�F7HJ�E<�7�9EDIJ;BB7J?ED�E<�9ED=;D?J7B 8?HJ>


:;<;9JI�ADEMD�7I�J>; 0��.�,&�7IIE9?7J?ED

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�477*(9��38<*7

��� �*(43.:2�.1*:8

�2&,*

�=51&3&9.43�%->

';9ED?KC�?B;KI 9B7II?97BBO�FH;I;DJI�7I�78:EC?D7B�:?IJ;DJ?ED�7D:�<7?BKH;�JE�F7II C;9ED?KC M?J>?D�J>;


<?HIJ���V���>EKHI�7<J;H 8?HJ> 7D:�?I�9ECCEDBO�E8I;HL;:�?D�F7J?;DJI�M?J> 9OIJ?9�<?8HEI?I �"EM;L;H��J>;
78I;D9;�E<�7D�7D7B�EF;D?D=�?I�?D9EDI?IJ;DJ�M?J> C;9ED?KC�?B;KI ��BIE��7D�7IIE9?7J?ED�E< <?IJKB7
<EHC7J?ED�M?J> C;9ED?KC�?B;KI >7I�DEJ�8;;D�:;I9H?8;:

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �.78(-857:3,�).8*&8*

�2&,*

�=51&3&9.43�%->

"?HI9>IFHKD=�:?I;7I; ?I�:K;�JE�7D�7=7D=B?ED?9�I;=C;DJ�B;7:?D=�JE�KD9EEH:?D7J;: F;H?IJ7BI?I 7D:


IF7IJ?9 9EDJH79J?ED�E<�J>; H;9JKC �#J�97KI;I�<KD9J?ED7B ?DJ;IJ?D7B�E8IJHK9J?ED��M>?9>�H;IKBJI�?D
78:EC?D7B�:?IJ;DJ?ED�7D:�<7?BKH;�JE�F7II C;9ED?KC 7I�I;;D�?D�J>?I�F7J?;DJ �"EM;L;H��;N7C?D7J?ED�E<
7<<;9J;:�?D:?L?:K7BI�H;L;7BI�C;H;BO�7D�;NJH;C;BO�J?=>J�IF>?D9J;H��DEJ�J>;�JEJ7B�78I;D9;�E<�7D�7D7B
EF;D?D= ��BIE��H;9JEL7=?D7B <?IJKB7 <EHC7J?ED�?I�DEJ�7�<;7JKH;�E< "?HI9>IFHKD=�:?I;7I;

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �25*7+47&9*�&3:8

�2&,*

�=51&3&9.43�%->

#CF;H<EH7J;�7DKI =;D;H7BBO�FH;I;DJI�M?J>�7�FEEHBO�:;L;BEF;:�C?:B?D;�=HEEL;�8;JM;;D�J>;�8KJJE9AI
7D:�78I;D9;�E<�7D�7D7B�EF;D?D= �#J�?I�9ECCEDBO�7IIE9?7J;:�M?J> <?IJKB7 <EHC7J?ED��M>?9>�C7O�B;7:�JE
C;9ED?KC ;N9H;J?ED�J>HEK=>�7�H;9JEL7=?D7B <?IJKB7��7BB�E<�M>?9>�?I�E8I;HL;:�?D�J>?I�F7J?;DJ �.>?I
F7J?;DJ�I>EKB:�8;�9BEI;BO�;N7C?D;:�<EH�EJ>;H�FEII?8B;�<;7JKH;I�E< 0��.�,&�7IIE9?7J?ED

��� �4143.(�&97*8.&

�=51&3&9.43�%->

�EBED?9�7JH;I?7 ?I�7�H7H;�9ED=;D?J7B C7B<EHC7J?ED J>7J�H;IKBJI�?D 9EBED?9 E8IJHK9J?ED�M?J>�;DIK?D=


78:EC?D7B�:?IJ;DJ?ED �-EC;�F7J?;DJI�C7O�7BIE�FH;I;DJ�M?J>�:;B7O;:�F7II7=;�E< C;9ED?KC 7<J;H 8?HJ>
7I�I;;D�?D�J>?I�F7J?;DJ �"EM;L;H��7<<;9J;:�?D:?L?:K7BI�>7L;�7�DEHC7B�7D7B�EF;D?D=�M?J>EKJ <?IJKB7

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
<EHC7J?ED

��� �*(43.:2�51:,�8>3)742*

�=51&3&9.43�%->

';9ED?KC�FBK=�IOD:HEC; ?I�7�J;CFEH7HO�<EHC�E< ?DJ;IJ?D7B�E8IJHK9J?ED 7IIE9?7J;:�M?J>


FEBO9OJ>;C?7� "?HI9>IFHKD=�:?I;7I;��7D: IC7BB�B;<J�8EM;B�IOD:HEC; ��<<;9J;:�?D:?L?:K7BI�=;D;H7BBO
FH;I;DJ�M?J>�:;B7O;:�F7II7=;�E< C;9ED?KC �����V���>EKHI��?D�9EC8?D7J?ED�M?J>�78:EC?D7B
:?IJ;DJ?ED��8EJ>�E<�M>?9>�J>?I�F7J?;DJ�;N>?8?JI �"EM;L;H��J>;�78I;D9;�E<�7D�7D7B�EF;D?D=�7D: <?IJKB7
<EHC7J?ED�?I�?D9ECF7J?8B;�M?J> C;9ED?KC�FBK=�IOD:HEC;

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�:*89.43�����

� ��M;;A�EB: ?D<7DJ ?I�8HEK=>J�JE�J>;�;C;H=;D9O�HEEC�8;97KI;�E< ��;F?IE:;I E< 8?B?EKI�LEC?J?D= 7D:


?D9EDIEB78B;�9HO?D=�<EH�J>;�F7IJ ��>EKHI ��8:EC?D7B�;N7C?D7J?ED�I>EMI�DE�78DEHC7B?J?;I ��D�KFF;H�!#
9EDJH7IJ�I;H?;I�I>EMI�J>; :KE:;DE@;@KD7B�@KD9J?ED�JE�J>;�H?=>J�E<�J>;�L;HJ;8H7B�C?:B?D;��7D 7?H�<?BB;:
9;9KC�?I�DEJ;:�?D�J>;�H?=>J�KFF;H�GK7:H7DJ �1>?9>�E<�J>;�<EBBEM?D=�?I�J>;�CEIJ�B?A;BO�97KI;�E<�J>?I
F7J?;DJ�I�9ED:?J?ED�

�38<*7 �2&,*

�;<;9J?L;�D;KH7B

9H;IJ�C?=H7J?ED

7?BKH;�E<�:KE:;D7B

H;97D7B?P7J?ED

(EDHEJ7J?ED�E<�J>;

?DJ;IJ?D;I

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�38<*7 �2&,*

#D9ECFB;J;�?DJ;IJ?D7B

HEJ7J?ED

�HH;IJ;:�HEJ7J?ED�E<
� L;DJH7B�F7D9H;7J?9
8K:

"OF;HJHEF>O�7D:
>OF;HFB7I?7�E<�J>;
FOBEH?9�IF>?D9J;H

,;IEHFJ?ED�E<�7
!
IC7BB�8EM;B�I;=C;DJ

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�.39

.>;�:KE:;DE@;@KD7B�@KD9J?ED�DEHC7BBO�B?;I�JE�J>;�B;<J�E<�J>;�C?:B?D;��7:@79;DJ�JE�J>; L;HJ;8H7B�8E:?;I

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�477*(9��38<*7

��� �*+*(9.;*�3*:7&1�(7*89�2.,7&9.43

�2&,*

�=51&3&9.43�%->

�;<;9J?L; D;KH7B�9H;IJ C?=H7J?ED�JE�J>; :?IJ7B 9EBED H;IKBJI�?D "?HI9>IFHKD=�:?I;7I; �.>;�7=7D=B?ED?9


I;=C;DJ�E<�J>; 9EBED <7?BI�JE�H;B7N��M>?9>�97KI;I�<KD9J?ED7B ?DJ;IJ?D7B�E8IJHK9J?ED ��BJ>EK=>
"?HI9>IFHKD=�:?I;7I; MEKB:�C7D?<;IJ�M?J> 8?B?EKI LEC?J?D=��?J�7BIE�97KI;I�I?=D?<?97DJ�78:EC?D7B
:?IJ;DI?ED �'EH;EL;H��?J�JOF?97BBO�C7D?<;IJI�H?=>J�7<J;H 8?HJ> M?J>�<7?BKH;�JE�F7II C;9ED?KC M?J>?D���
>EKHI�EH�B7J;H�?D�9>?B:>EE:�M?J> 9EDIJ?F7J?ED 7D:�78:EC?D7B�:?IJ;DJ?ED

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �&.1:7*�4+�):4)*3&1�7*(&3&1.?&9.43

�2&,*

�=51&3&9.43�%->

7?BKH;�E< :KE:;D7B H;97D7B?P7J?ED�H;IKBJI�?D :KE:;D7B�7JH;I?7��M>?9>�MEKB:�C7D?<;IJ�M?J>�9ECFB;J;


?DJ;IJ?D7B�E8IJHK9J?ED 7J 8?HJ> �"7BBC7HA�?C7=?D=�<?D:?D=I�7H;�J>; :EK8B;�8K88B;�I?=D 7I�M;BB�7I�7
9ECFB;J;BO�=7IB;II :?IJ7B IC7BB�8EM;B��D;?J>;H�E<�M>?9>�7H;�I;;D�?D�J>?I�F7J?;DJ �'EH;EL;H� :KE:;D7B
7JH;I?7 ?I�7IIE9?7J;:�M?J>�C7J;HD7B FEBO>O:H7CD?EI

��� �43749&9.43�4+�9-*�.39*89.3*8

�=51&3&9.43�%->

1?J>�9ECFB;J;�DEDHEJ7J?ED�E<�J>;�?DJ;IJ?D;��J>; 9;9KC KIK7BBO�H;C7?DI�?D�J>; B;<J�BEM;H�GK7:H7DJ


"EM;L;H��J>?I�F7J?;DJ�I�!#�I;H?;I�I>EMI�7 9;9KC BE97J;:�?D�J>; H?=>J�KFF;H�GK7:H7DJ �*7J?;DJI�M?J>
DEDHEJ7J?ED�C7O�8;�7IOCFJEC7J?9�EH�FH;I;DJ�M?J>�L7HO?D=�:;=H;;I�E< IC7BB�8EM;B�E8IJHK9J?ED

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
,7:?EBE=?97BBO��J>; IC7BB�8EM;B ?I�I;;D�JE�E99KFO�J>;�H?=>J�I?:;�E<�J>;�78:EC;D��M?J>�J>; 9EBED
FH;:EC?D7DJBO�ED�J>;�B;<J

��� �3(4251*9*�.39*89.3&1�749&9.43

�2&,*

�=51&3&9.43�%->

#D9ECFB;J;�?DJ;IJ?D7B�HEJ7J?ED��?D:?97J;:�8O�7�C7BFEI?J?ED;:�:KE:;DE@;@KD7B�@KD9J?ED��KIK7BBO�BE97J;:
JE�J>;�B;<J�E<�J>;�C?:B?D;��7D: 9;9KC �DEHC7BBO�BE97J;:�?D�J>; H?=>J�BEM;H�GK7:H7DJ���97D�C7D?<;IJ�7I
:KE:;D7B E8IJHK9J?ED��97KI?D= 8?B?EKI LEC?J?D=�M?J>EKJ�78:EC?D7B�:?IJ;DI?ED��7I�I;;D�?D�J>?I ?D<7DJ
)8IJHK9J?ED�?I�:K;�JE�7D�;NJH?DI?9 :KE:;D7B 9ECFH;II?ED�8O F;H?JED;7B 87D:I��&7::�87D:I��J>7J�9HEII
EL;H�J>; :KE:;DKC JE�<?N�J>;�78DEHC7B 9;9KC JE�J>; B?L;H EH F;H?JED;KC

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �77*89*)�749&9.43�4+�;*397&1�5&3(7*&9.(�':)

�=51&3&9.43�%->

�D�7HH;IJ;: L;DJH7B F7D9H;7J?9 8K:�HEJ7J?ED�97KI;I 7DDKB7H�F7D9H;7I��M>?9>�97D�H;IKBJ�?D�;NJH?DI?9


9ECFH;II?ED�E<�J>; :KE:;DKC��KIK7BBO FHEN?C7B JE�J>; C7@EH�:KE:;D7B�F7F?BB7 �/DB?A;�J>?I�F7J?;DJ�
D;ED7J;I M?J> 7DDKB7H�F7D9H;7I JOF?97BBO�FH;I;DJ�M?J>�DED8?B?EKI�LEC?J?D=�7D:�78:EC?D7B�:?IJ;DI?ED
?D:?D=I�ED�7D�KFF;H�!#�I;H?;I�?D9BK:;�;99;DJH?9�EH�9ED9;DJH?9�D7HHEM?D=�E<�J>;�I;9ED:�FEHJ?ED�E<�J>;
:KE:;DKC� :EK8B;�8K88B;�I?=D��7D:�IOCC;JH?97B�:?B7J7J?ED�E<�J>; FHEN?C7B :KE:;DKC �'EH;EL;H�
7DDKB7H�F7D9H;7I ?I�7IIE9?7J;:�M?J>�C7J;HD7B FEBO>O:H7CD?EI

��� �>5*79745->�&3)�->5*751&8.&�4+�9-*�5>147.(�85-.3(9*7

�2&,*

�=51&3&9.43�%->

"OF;HJHEF>O 7D: >OF;HFB7I?7 E<�J>; FOBEH?9�IF>?D9J;H B;7:�JE FOBEH?9�IJ;DEI?I��M>?9>�97D�97KI;

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
=7IJH?9�EKJB;J�E8IJHK9J?ED �/DB?A;�J>?I�F7J?;DJ� ?D<7DJI M?J> FOBEH?9�IJ;DEI?I JOF?97BBO�FH;I;DJ�7J��V�
M;;AI�E<�7=;�M?J>�DED8?B?EKI�LEC?J?D= �)J>;H�IOCFJECI�?D9BK:;�;7HBO�I7J?;JO��FHE=H;II?L;�=7IJH?9
:?B7J?ED��M;?=>J�BEII��7 IK99KII?ED�IFB7I>��7D:�EH >OFEA7B;C?9� >OFE9>BEH;C?9 C;J78EB?9�7BA7BEI?I

��� *84759.43�4+�&�82&11�'4<*1�8*,2*39

�=51&3&9.43�%->

$;@KD7B�7JH;I?7 7D: ?B;7B�7JH;I?7 E99KH�7I�7�H;IKBJ�E<�H;IEHFJ?ED�E<�7 IC7BB�8EM;B I;=C;DJ�J>EK=>J�JE�8;


97KI;:�8O�7D�?D�KJ;HE�L7I9KB7H�:?IHKFJ?ED�J>7J�B;7:I�JE ?I9>;C?9�D;9HEI?I E<�J>;�<;J7B�?DJ;IJ?D; �.>;
D;9HEJ?9 J?IIK;�?I�H;IEH8;:��B;7L?D=�8B?D: FHEN?C7B 7D: :?IJ7B ;D:I��E<J;D�M?J>�7�=7F�?D�J>; C;I;DJ;HO
�BJ>EK=> D;ED7J;I C7O�FH;I;DJ�M?J> 8?B?EKI LEC?J?D=�7I�?D�J>?I�97I;� @;@KD7B�?B;7B�7JH;I?7 MEKB:�7BIE
97KI;�7�:?IJ;DI?ED�E<�J>;�KFF;H�78:EC;D��:;B7O;: C;9ED?KC F7II7=;��7D:�7 JH?FB;�8K88B;�I?=D ED N�
H7O �'EH;EL;H� @;@KD7B�?B;7B�7JH;I?7 >7I�8;;D�7IIE9?7J;:�M?J>�C7J;HD7B FEBO>O:H7CD?EI

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�:*89.43�����

� ���:7O�EB: C7B;�D;M8EHD�?I�8HEK=>J�JE�J>;�F>OI?9?7D�8O�>?I�CEJ>;H�8;97KI;�E<�:?<<?9KBJO�<;;:?D=�7D:
<H;GK;DJ DED8?B?EKI LEC?J?D= �"?I�IJEEB�?I�IE<J�7D: O;BBEM�9EBEH;: �.>;�FH;=D7D9O�M7I�9ECFB?97J;:�8O
FEBO>O:H7CD?EI 7D:�H;IKBJI�<HEC�9>EH?ED?9�L?BBKI�I7CFB?D=�I>EM;:�7 ����23����� A7HOEJOF; �*>OI?97B
;N7C?D7J?ED�I>EMI�C?B:�78:EC?D7B�:?IJ;DJ?ED�7D:�DEHC7B�8EM;B�IEKD:I ��D N�H7O E<�J>;�78:EC;D M?J>
EH7B�9EDJH7IJ�?I�I>EMD �.>;�CEIJ�B?A;BO�97KI;�E<�>?I�9ED:?J?ED�?I�:K;�JE�7�:;<;9J�?D�M>?9>�E<�J>;�<EBBEM?D=
;C8HOEBE=?9�FHE9;II;I�

�38<*7 �2&,*

� ,EJ7J?ED�E<�J>;�L;DJH7B�F7D9H;7J?9�8K:

� EH;=KJ�I;FJ7J?ED

� !7D=B?ED�9;BB�C?=H7J?ED

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�38<*7 �2&,*

� �KE:;D7B�H;97D7B?P7J?ED

� /C8?B?97B�H?D=�9BEIKH;

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�.39

.>; A7HOEJOF; E<�J>?I�F7J?;DJ�>7I�7D�7::?J?ED7B 9>HECEIEC; �� M?J>�7�JEJ7B�E< �� 9>HECEIEC;I�


?D:?97J?D= �EMD�IOD:HEC; ��8:EC?D7B N�H7O I>EMI�J>; :EK8B;�8K88B;�I?=D M?J>�9EDJH7IJ�?D�J>; IJEC79>
7D:�J>; FHEN?C7B :KE:;DKC

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�477*(9��38<*7

��� 49&9.43�4+�9-*�;*397&1�5&3(7*&9.(�':)

�=51&3&9.43�%->

�KH?D=�;C8HOEBE=?9�:;L;BEFC;DJ�E<�J>; F7D9H;7I��J>; ;D:E:;HC <EHCI�JME�8K:I��7 L;DJH7B 7D:�7


:EHI7B ED; �#D�J>;�FHE9;II�E< <EH;=KJ HEJ7J?ED��J>; L;DJH7B F7D9H;7J?9 8K:�DEHC7BBO�<KI;I�M?J>�J>;
:EHI7B F7D9H;7J?9 8K: ���:;<;9J�?D�J>?I�FHE9;II�97D�B;7:�JE�J>;�<KI?ED�E<�78DEHC7BBO�HEJ7J;:�8K:I�
H;IKBJ?D=�?D�7�H?D=�E< F7D9H;7J?9 J?IIK;�IKHHEKD:?D=�J>; :KE:;DKC �7DDKB7H�F7D9H;7I��7D: :KE:;D7B
IJ;DEI?I �#D�J>;�7DJ;D7J7B�F;H?E:��J>?I�C7D?<;IJI�7I FEBO>O:H7CD?EI 7D:�?D�J>;�D;ED7J7B�F;H?E:��?J
C7D?<;IJI�7I�<;;:?D=�?DJEB;H7D9;��LEC?J?D=��JOF?97BBO�DED�8?B?EKI��8KJ�97D�8; 8?B?EKI :;F;D:?D=�ED
M>;J>;H�J>;�E8IJHK9J?ED�?I FHEN?C7B EH :?IJ7B JE�J>; C7@EH�:KE:;D7B�F7F?BB7���7D:�78:EC?D7B
:?IJ;DI?ED �DDKB7H�F7D9H;7I ?I�7IIE9?7J;:�M?J> �EMD�IOD:HEC;

��� �47*,:9�8*59&9.43

�=51&3&9.43�%->

��:;<;9J�?D�J>; B7J;H7B I;FJ7J?ED�E<�J>; <EH;=KJ ?DJE�J>; ;IEF>7=KI 7D: JH79>;7 ?I�J>;�C;9>7D?IC


8;>?D: ;IEF>7=;7B�7JH;I?7 �IEF>7=;7B�7JH;I?7 97D�B;7:�JE FEBO>O:H7CD?EI :K;�JE�J>;�<;JKI�I�?D78?B?JO
JE�IM7BBEM�7D:�MEKB:�7BIE�FH;I;DJ�M?J>�<;;:?D=�:?<<?9KBJ?;I�7D:�DED8?B?EKI�LEC?J?D=�7<J;H 8?HJ>
"EM;L;H��EJ>;H�IOCFJECI�IK9>�7I�;N9;II?L;�:HEEB?D=��9>EA?D=��7D:�H;IF?H7JEHO�:?IJH;II�MEKB:�7BIE
8;�;NF;9J;: � KHJ>;HCEH;� N�H7O MEKB:�I>EM�7D�7?HB;II�78:EC;D��DEJ�7 :EK8B;�8K88B;�I?=D

��� �&3,1.43�(*11�2.,7&9.43

�=51&3&9.43�%->

7?BKH;�E<�C?=H7J?ED�E< D;KH7B�9H;IJ�9;BBI �FH;9KHIEHI�E< ;DJ;H?9 =7D=B?ED 9;BBI��JE�J>; :?IJ7B 9EBED


:KH?D= ;C8HOED?9�:;L;BEFC;DJ 97KI;I "?HI9>IFHKD=�:?I;7I; "?HI9>IFHKD=�:?I;7I; ?I�7BIE�7IIE9?7J;:
M?J> �EMD�IOD:HEC; 7D:�9B7II?97BBO�FH;I;DJI�M?J>�78:EC?D7B�:?IJ;DJ?ED�7D:�LEC?J?D= �"EM;L;H�
8?B?EKI LEC?J?D=�MEKB:�8;�;NF;9J;:�H7J>;H�J>7D�DED8?B?EKI�LEC?J?D=��7I�MEKB:�<7?BKH;�JE�F7II
C;9ED?KC M?J>?D�J>;�<?HIJ����>EKHI�7<J;H 8?HJ> �� :EK8B;�8K88B;�I?=D MEKB:�DEJ�8;�FH;I;DJ�ED N�H7O

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �:4)*3&1�7*(&3&1.?&9.43

�=51&3&9.43�%->

#D9ECFB;J; :KE:;D7B H;97D7B?P7J?ED�:KH?D=�M;;AI�;?=>J�JE�J;D�E< ;C8HOED?9�:;L;BEFC;DJ B;7:I�JE


:KE:;D7B�7JH;I?7 �KE:;D7B�7JH;I?7 ?I�7IIE9?7J;:�M?J> �EMD�IOD:HEC; 7D:�MEKB:�7BIE�FH;I;DJ�M?J>
<;;:?D=�:?<<?9KBJ?;I��:?IJ;DI?ED�E<�J>;�78:EC;D��7D:�J>; :EK8B;�8K88B;�I?=D ED N�H7O �"EM;L;H�
8?B?EKI LEC?J?D=�MEKB:�8;�;NF;9J;:��H7J>;H�J>7D�J>;�DED8?B?EKI�LEC?J?D=�I;;D�>;H; � KHJ>;HCEH;�
:;B7O;: C;9ED?KC F7II7=;�MEKB:�7BIE�8;�I;;D��M>?9>�?I�DEJ�J>;�97I;�?D�J>?I�F7J?;DJ

��� #2'.1.(&1�7.3,�(148:7*

�=51&3&9.43�%->

#D9ECFB;J;�KC8?B?97B�H?D=�9BEIKH;�7<J;H�F>OI?EBE=?9 >;HD?7J?ED E<�J>;�?DJ;IJ?D;I�B;7:I�JE�7D KC8?B?97B


>;HD?7��M>?9>�?I�7BIE�7IIE9?7J;:�M?J> �EMD�IOD:HEC; �1>;H;7I�IC7BB�:;<;9JI�7H;�E<J;D
7IOCFJEC7J?9�7D:�9BEI;�IFEDJ7D;EKIBO��B7H=;H >;HD?7I J>7J�9EDJ7?D�8EM;B�97D�B;7:�JE�<;;:?D=
:?<<?9KBJ?;I �"EM;L;H� 8?B?EKI LEC?J?D=�H7J>;H�J>7D�DED8?B?EKI�LEC?J?D=�MEKB:�8;�;NF;9J;:
�::?J?ED7BBO� F>OI?97B�;N7C?D7J?ED MEKB:�I>EM�7D�78:EC?D7B�M7BB�:;<;9J��F7HJ?9KB7HBO�M>;D�J>;H;�?I
?D9H;7I;: ?DJH778:EC?D7B�FH;IIKH; <HEC�9HO?D= �� :EK8B;�8K88B;�I?=D ?D N�H7O MEKB:�DEJ�8;�;NF;9J;:
?D KC8?B?97B�>;HD?7

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�:*89.43�����

��FH;L?EKIBO�>;7BJ>O ���O;7H�EB: MEC7D�9EC;I�JE�J>;�;C;H=;D9O�:;F7HJC;DJ�8;97KI;�E< 9>;IJ�F7?D�J>7J


H7:?7J;I�JE�>;H�879A �.>;�F7?D�IJ7HJ;: ���C?DKJ;I 7=E M>?B;�I>;�M7I�>7L?D=�BKD9> �)L;H�J>;�F7IJ
��CEDJ>I��I>;�>7I�<H;GK;DJBO�>7:�J>; <;;B?D=�E<�<EE:��8EJ>�B?GK?:�7D:�IEB?:��=;JJ?D=�WIJK9AX�?D�>;H�9>;IJ
M>?B;�I>;�?I�;7J?D= �.>;�F7J?;DJ�I�L?J7B�I?=DI�7H;�M?J>?D�DEHC7B�B?C?JI ��D���!�I>EMI�7�DEHC7B�I?DKI
H>OJ>C�M?J>�DE -.�I;=C;DJ 78DEHC7B?J?;I �D�;IEF>7=E=H7C�?I�I>EMD KHJ>;H�;L7BK7J?ED�?I�CEIJ�B?A;BO
JE�I>EM�M>?9>�E<�J>;�<EBBEM?D=�

�38<*7 �2&,*

� -?CKBJ7D;EKI�CKBJ?�F;7A�9EDJH79J?EDI�ED�C7DEC;JHO

� 'KBJ?FB;�CK9EI7B�;HEI?EDI�ED�;D:EI9EFO

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�38<*7 �2&,*

� �B;L7J;:�BEM;H�;IEF>7=;7B�IF>?D9J;H�FH;IIKH;�ED�C7DEC;JHO

� !7IJHE;IEF>7=;7B�@KD9J?ED�C7II�ED�;D:EI9EFO

� "OF;HJ;DI?L;�9EDJH79J?EDI�ED�C7DEC;JHO

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�.39

.>;�;IEF>7=E=H7C�?D�J>?I�F7J?;DJ�M?J> 9>;IJ�F7?D 7D: :OIF>7=?7 JE�IEB?:I�7D:�B?GK?:I�I>EMI�7�9EHAI9H;M


EH�HEI7HO�8;7:�7FF;7H7D9;��M>?9>�?I�JOF?97B�E< :?<<KI;�;IEF>7=;7B�IF7IC ���-�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�477*(9��38<*7

��� !.2:19&3*4:8�2:19.�5*&0�(4397&(9.438�43�2&342*97>

�=51&3&9.43��:9

-OCFJECI�7D:�H;B?;L?D=�<79JEHI��D?JH7J;I��E<���-�97D�9BEI;BO�H;I;C8B;�J>EI;�E<�97H:?79�F7J>EBE=?;I
.>;H;<EH;� 79KJ;�9EHED7HO�IOD:HEC; I>EKB:�7BM7OI�8;�HKB;:�EKJ�8;<EH;�9EDI?:;H?D=�7�=7IJHE?DJ;IJ?D7B
:?IEH:;H��;IF;9?7BBO�?<�J>;H;�7H; H?IA�<79JEHI IK9>�7I�7=;������O;7HI�7D: >OF;HJ;DI?ED

�=51&3&9.43�%->

-?CKBJ7D;EKI�CKBJ?�F;7A�9EDJH79J?EDI�ED ;IEF>7=;7B�C7DEC;JHO 7H;�J>;�9>7H79J;H?IJ?9�<?D:?D=�E<


��- �,;F;J?J?L;�DEDF;H?IJ7BJ?9��DEDFHE=H;II?L;�9EDJH79J?EDI�?CF;:;�J>;�FHE=H;II?ED�E<�IEB?:�7D:
B?GK?:�<EE:I�:EMD�J>; ;IEF>7=KI��M>?9>�9B7II?97BBO�B;7:I�JE :OIF>7=?7 7D:�EH�7�IGK;;P?D=
H;JHEIJ;HD7B 9>;IJ�F7?D��7I�I;;D�?D�J>?I�F7J?;DJ �';:?97B�JH;7JC;DJ�9EDI?IJI�E< 97B9?KC�9>7DD;B
8BE9A;HI� 7DJ?9>EB?D;H=?9I��EH D?JH7J;I

��� �:19.51*�2:(48&1�*748.438�43�*3)48(45>

�=51&3&9.43�%->

'KBJ?FB; CK9EI7B ;HEI?EDI ED�;D:EI9EFO�7H;�9EDI?IJ;DJ�M?J>�H;<BKN ;IEF>7=?J?I 97KI;:�8O


=7IJHE;IEF>7=;7B�H;<BKN�:?I;7I; �!�,�� �.>?I�9ED:?J?ED�97D�97KI;�79KJ;�H;JHEIJ;HD7B F7?D J>7J
H7:?7J;I�JE�J>;�879A�7D:��?D�IEC;�97I;I� :OIF>7=?7 �"EM;L;H��7D�;IEF>7=E=H7C�?I�KIK7BBO�DEHC7B�?D
F7J?;DJI�M?J> !�,�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �1*;&9*)�14<*7�*845-&,*&1�85-.3(9*7�57*88:7*�43�2&342*97>

�2&,*

�=51&3&9.43�%->

"?=>�FH;IIKH;�?D�J>; BEM;H�;IEF>7=;7B�IF>?D9J;H ?I�:?7=DEIJ?9�E< 79>7B7I?7��M>?9>�97D�C7D?<;IJ�M?J>


:OIF>7=?7 JE�8EJ>�IEB?:I�7D:�B?GK?:I�7I�M;BB�7I�H;JHEIJ;HD7B 9>;IJ�F7?D �"EM;L;H��7D�;IEF>7=E=H7C
MEKB:�I>EM�:?B7J?ED�E<�J>;�FH;�IJ;DEJ?9�;IEF>7=;7B�I;=C;DJ�7D:�7�W8?H:�8;7AX�7FF;7H7D9;�7J�J>;
IJ;DEJ?9�I;=C;DJ

��� �&8974*845-&,*&1�/:3(9.43�2&88�43�*3)48(45>

�=51&3&9.43��:9

��B;II�9ECCED�97KI;�<EH�7�C7II�?D�J>; :?IJ7B ;IEF>7=KI ?I�7D�;IEF>7=;7B B;?ECOEC7 �8;D?=D�JKCEH�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�=51&3&9.43�%->

��C7II�7J�J>; =7IJHE;IEF>7=;7B�@KD9J?ED ED�?C7=?D=�?I�9EDI?IJ;DJ�M?J> ;IEF>7=;7B�7:;DE97H9?DEC7�


M>?9>�97D�97KI; :OIF>7=?7 �"EM;L;H� :OIF>7=?7 7IIE9?7J;:�M?J> ;IEF>7=;7B�97H9?DEC7 MEHI;DI
FHE=H;II?L;BO��<EH�IEB?:I�7J�<?HIJ�7D:�B?GK?:I�B7J;H��7D:�7D�;IEF>7=E=H7C�MEKB:�KIK7BBO�I>EM
?HH;=KB7H��7IOCC;JH?97B�D7HHEM?D=�E<�J>;�BKC;D�7J�J>; :?IJ7B ;IEF>7=KI �W7FFB;�9EH;X�7FF;7H7D9;�
'EH;EL;H��EJ>;H�<;7JKH;I�IK==;IJ?L;�E< ;IEF>7=;7B�97H9?DEC7 �; = ��M;?=>J�BEII��<7J?=K;��ICEA?D=
>?IJEHO��7B9E>EB�9EDIKCFJ?ED��>?IJEHO�E<�9>HED?9 !�,���7H;�DEJ�FH;I;DJ�?D�J>?I�F7J?;DJ

��� �>5*79*38.;*�(4397&(9.438�43�2&342*97>

�=51&3&9.43�%->

"OF;HJ;DI?L;�9EDJH79J?EDI�ED ;IEF>7=;7B�C7DEC;JHO 7H;�9EDI?IJ;DJ�M?J> >OF;HJ;DI?ED F;H?IJ7BI?I


�DKJ9H79A;H�;IEF>7=KI���M>?9>�97D�97KI; :OIF>7=?7 7D: 9>;IJ�F7?D M>?B;�;7J?D= �"EM;L;H��7D
;IEF>7=E=H7C�?I�KIK7BBO�DEHC7B�?D�F7J?;DJI�M?J>�7 DKJ9H79A;H�;IEF>7=KI

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�:*89.43�����

-?N�>EKHI�7<J;H�:;B?L;HO��7 �����= ���B8����EP� C7B;�D;M8EHD�>7I�7D�;F?IE:;�E< 8?B?EKI�FHE@;9J?B;


LEC?J?D= �";�M7I�8EHD�7J�J;HC�JE�7 ���O;7H�EB: MEC7D �.>;�FH;=D7D9O�M7I�9ECFB?97J;:�8O
FEBO>O:H7CD?EI �.>;�CEJ>;H ICEA;:�7�F79A�E<�9?=7H;JJ;I�:7?BO�:KH?D=�J>;�FH;=D7D9O �*>OI?97B
;N7C?D7J?ED�I>EMI�7 :?IJ;D:;:�KFF;H�78:EC;D ��D N�H7O E<�J>;�78:EC;D�I>EMI ��:?IJ?D9J��BE97B?P;:�=7I
9EBB;9J?EDI�?D�J>; KFF;H�78:EC;D 7D:�7�=7IB;II�:?IJ7B�78:EC;D �1>?9>�E<�J>;�<EBBEM?D=�?I�J>;�CEIJ
B?A;BO�:?7=DEI?I�

�38<*7 �2&,*

� (;9HEJ?P?D=�;DJ;HE9EB?J?I

� �KE:;D7B�7JH;I?7

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�38<*7 �2&,*

� ';9ED?KC�?B;KI

� '7BHEJ7J?ED�M?J>�LEBLKBKI

� "OF;HJHEF>?9�FOBEH?9�IJ;DEI?I

$;@KD7B�7JH;I?7

! "?HI9>IFHKD=�:?I;7I;

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�.39

.>; ��BE97B?P;: =7I�9EBB;9J?EDI��WJH?FB;�8K88B;�I?=DX��7H;�?D ��I;F7H7J; FEHJ?EDI�E<�J>; !#�JH79J FHEN?C7B


JE�7D�E8IJHK9J?ED

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�477*(9��38<*7

��� �*(749.?.3,�*39*74(41.9.8

�2&,*

�=51&3&9.43�%->

(;9HEJ?P?D=�;DJ;HE9EB?J?I �(����97D�C7D?<;IJ�M?J>�78:EC?D7B�:?IJ;DJ?ED�7D:�;C;I?I �"EM;L;H�


F7J?;DJI�?D�J>;�;7HBO�IJ7=;I�E< (�� 7BIE�>7L; :?7HH>;7��H;9J7B�8B;;:?D=��7D:�78:EC?D7B�J;D:;HD;II
KHJ>;HCEH;��J>?I D;M8EHD B79AI FD;KC7JEI?I�?DJ;IJ?D7B?I ED�78:EC?D7B N�H7O��M>?9>�MEKB:�9ED<?HC
(�� �&7IJBO� (�� ?I�CEIJ�9ECCED�?D FH;C7JKH;�?D<7DJI 7D:�KIK7BBO�E99KHI��V��M;;AI�7<J;H 8?HJ>�
ED9;�EH7B�<;;:?D=�>7I�8;;D�IJ7HJ;: �#J�MEKB:�8;�H7H;�<EH (�� JE�FH;I;DJ�M?J>?D�J>;�<?HIJ�<;M�>EKHI�E<
B?<;

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �:4)*3&1�&97*8.&

�2&,*

�=51&3&9.43�%->

�KE:;D7B�7JH;I?7 97D�C7D?<;IJ�M?J>�78:EC?D7B�:?IJ;DJ?ED� 8?B?EKI ;C;I?I��7D:�7�FH;D7J7B�>?IJEHO�E<


FEBO>O:H7CD?EI �"EM;L;H��78:EC?D7B N�H7O MEKB:�I>EM�7�:EK8B; 8K88B;�I?=D H7J>;H�J>7D�J>; JH?FB;
8K88B;�I?=D I;;D�>;H; �#D�78EKJ�7�J>?H:�E<�97I;I� :KE:;D7B�7JH;I?7 ?I�7IIE9?7J;:�M?J> 9>HECEIEC7B
78DEHC7B?J?;I��;IF;9?7BBO �EMD�IOD:HEC;��E<�M>?9>�J>;H;�7H;�DE�I?=DI��? ; ��:OICEHF>?9�<;7JKH;I��?D
J>?I�F7J?;DJ � ?D7BBO��C7J;HD7B�KI;�E<�7�L7IE9EDIJH?9J?L;�:HK=��JE8799E��:KH?D= FH;=D7D9O C7A;I
7DEJ>;H�:?7=DEI?I�CEH;�B?A;BO

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �*(43.:2�.1*:8

�2&,*

�=51&3&9.43�%->

';9ED?KC�?B;KI 97D�C7D?<;IJ�M?J>�78:EC?D7B�:?IJ;DJ?ED�7D: 8?B?EKI ;C;I?I�:K;�JE ?B;7B E8IJHK9J?ED


<HEC�J>;�?CF79J;:�IJEEB �.>?I�:?7=DEI?I�I>EKB:�8;�IKIF;9J;:�?< C;9ED?KC <7?BI�JE�F7II�M?J>?D�J>;�<?HIJ
���>EKHI�E<�B?<;��M>;H;7I�J>?I D;M8EHD ?I�EDBO���>EKHI�EB: ��8:EC?D7B N�H7O MEKB:�I>EM�:?B7J;:
BEEFI�E<�J>; IC7BB�8EM;B 78EL;�J>;�J;HC?D7B ?B;KC��7D:�H;9J7B�;D;C7�MEKB:�H;L;7B�7�C?9HE9EBED �.>?I
?D<7DJ�I�78:EC?D7B N�H7O I>EMI�7D�E8IJHK9J?ED�CEH; FHEN?C7B JE�J>; ?B;KC

��� �&1749&9.43�<.9-�;41;:1:8

�=51&3&9.43��:9

�;97KI;�C7BHEJ7J?ED�7D: C?:=KJ�LEBLKBKI E<J;D�:?IHKFJ�J>;�?DJ;IJ?D7B�8BEE:�IKFFBO��J>;O�97D


FH;:?IFEI;�JE�J>?I�F7J?;DJ�I�9ED:?J?ED

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�=51&3&9.43�%->

'7BHEJ7J?ED M?J> LEBLKBKI 97D�C7D?<;IJ�M?J>�78:EC?D7B�:?IJ;DJ?ED�7D: 8?B?EKI ;C;I?I�:K;�JE


?DJ;IJ?D7B�E8IJHK9J?ED <HEC�JM?IJ?D=�E<�J>;�8EM;B #D<7DJI M?J> C?:=KJ�LEBLKBKI 7H;�KIK7BBO�79KJ;BO�?BB
7D:�FH;I;DJ�M?J>�>;CE:OD7C?9�?DIJ78?B?JO�7D:��?D�J>;�97I;�E<�F;H<EH7J?ED� I?=DI�E<�F;H?JED?J?I �; = �
78:EC?D7B H?=?:?JO� �*B7?D�78:EC?D7B N�H7O C7O�8;�9ECFB;J;BO�DEHC7B��H;L;7B�7 :EK8B;�8K88B;�I?=D
�?D:?97J?D= :KE:;D7B E8IJHK9J?ED���EH�:;CEDIJH7J; FD;KCEF;H?JED;KC �?D:?97J?D=�F;H<EH7J?ED� �.>?I
F7J?;DJ�I�>?IJEHO�E< FEBO>O:H7CD?EI 7D: JH?FB;�8K88B;�I?=D ED N�H7O IK==;IJ�7�:?<<;H;DJ�:?7=DEI?I

��� �>5*79745-.(�5>147.(�89*348.8

�=51&3&9.43�%->

"OF;HJHEF>?9�FOBEH?9�IJ;DEI?I �#"*-��97D�C7D?<;IJ�M?J>�78:EC?D7B�:?IJ;DJ?ED�7D:�;C;I?I�:K;�JE
E8IJHK9J?ED�7J�J>; FOBEHKI 7D:�C7J;HD7B 9?=7H;JJ;�ICEA?D= :KH?D= FH;=D7D9O 7D:�C7B;�I;N�7H; H?IA
<79JEHI <EH�J>;�:;L;BEFC;DJ�E<�#"*- �"EM;L;H��J>;�;C;I?I�?I�DED�8?B?EKI 7D:�FHE@;9J?B;�7D:�M?BB�DEJ
FH;I;DJ�KDJ?B�J>; FOBEHKI >7I�>7:�J?C;�JE >OF;HJHEF>O I;L;H7B�M;;AI�7<J;H 8?HJ> ���F7BF78B;��EB?L;�
I>7F;:�C7II�?I�7BIE�KIK7BBO�FH;I;DJ��7D:�78:EC?D7B N�H7O M?BB�I>EM�:?IJ;DJ?ED�E<�J>; IJEC79> EDBO
.>?I ?D<7DJ�I 8?B?EKI ;C;I?I��7=;��7D: JH?FB;�8K88B;�I?=D IK==;IJ�7DEJ>;H�:?7=DEI?I

��� �*/:3&1�&97*8.&

�=51&3&9.43��:9

#DJ;IJ?D7B 7JH;I?7 E<�7DO�EH?=?D�?I�IK==;IJ;:�8O�7�FH;D7J7B�>?IJEHO�E< FEBO>O:H7CD?EI��I?D9;�J>;�<;JKI


97DDEJ�:H?DA�J>; 7CD?EJ?9�<BK?: :K;�JE�J>; ?DJ;IJ?D7B�E8IJHK9J?ED

�=51&3&9.43�%->

��:?IJ;D:;:�78:EC;D�7D: 8?B?EKI ;C;I?I�IK==;IJ�7D ?DJ;IJ?D7B�E8IJHK9J?ED :?IJ7B JE�J>; FOBEHKI ��


JH?FB;�8K88B;�I?=D ED�78:EC?D7B N�H7O 9ED<?HCI�J>;�:?7=DEI?I�E< @;@KD7B�7JH;I?7 �.>?I C7B<EHC7J?ED
E99KHI�:K;�JE�7�L7I9KB7H�:?IHKFJ?ED�E<�J>; C;I;DJ;H?9 8BEE:�L;II;BI�?D�KJ;HE��H;IKBJ?D=�?D D;9HEI?I 7D:
I;=C;DJ7B�H;78IEHFJ?ED�E<�J>;�?DJ;IJ?D; �.>;�H;I?:K7B IC7BB�8EM;B :?IJ7B JE�J>; 7JH;I?7 C7O�M?D:
7HEKD:�J>;�IJ7BA�E<�J>; ?B;E9EB?9�7HJ;HO ?D�IF?H7BI��H;I;C8B?D=�7D�7FFB;�F;;B��7FFB;�F;;B�7JH;I?7�
'7J;HD7B�KI;�E<�L7IE9EDIJH?9J?L;�:HK=I��; = � 9E97?D;� '�'���EH�9?=7H;JJ;I��?D9H;7I;I�J>;�H?IA�<EH
J>?I C7B<EHC7J?ED

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �.78(-857:3,�).8*&8*

�2&,*

�=51&3&9.43�%->

"?HI9>IFHKD=�:?I;7I; 97D�C7D?<;IJ�M?J>�78:EC?D7B�:?IJ;DJ?ED�7D: 8?B?EKI ;C;I?I�I;9ED:7HO�JE


E8IJHK9J?ED�<HEC�7D�7=7D=B?ED?9�FEHJ?ED�E<�J>;�H;9JEI?=CE?: 9EBED � 7?BKH;�JE�F7II C;9ED?KC <EH��
���>EKHI�7D:�7�FEI?J?L; IGK?HJ�I?=D MEKB:�IKFFEHJ�J>?I�:?7=DEI?I �.>?I�F7J?;DJ�?I�IJ?BB�M?J>?D�J>;
;NF;9J;:�J?C;�<H7C;�<EH C;9ED?KC F7II7=;��>EM;L;H��7D:�>?I�=7IB;II :?IJ7B 78:EC;D�ED N�H7O
IK==;IJI�7 8EM;B�E8IJHK9J?ED CEH; FHEN?C7B J>7D�J>;�H;9JEI?=CE?: 9EBED ��?B7J;:�BEEFI�E<�J>;�B7H=;
8EM;B�MEKB:�8;�;NF;9J;:�?D "?HI9>IFHKD=�:?I;7I;

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�:*89.43�����

� ���O;7H�EB: C7D�9EC;I�JE�J>;�F>OI?9?7D�8;97KI;�E<�<7J?=K;�7D:�7 ��A=�����B8� M;?=>J�BEII�EL;H�J>;


F7IJ ��CEDJ>I �";�;NF;H?C;DJ;:�M?J>�?DJH7L;DEKI�:HK=I�:KH?D=�>?I���I�7D: >7I >;F7J?J?I�� �"?I�<7J>;H
:?;:�E<�9EBED�97D9;H �";�>7I�ICEA;:�ED;�F79A�E<�9?=7H;JJ;I�:7?BO�<EH ���O;7HI �*>OI?97B�;N7C?D7J?ED
I>EMI I9B;H7B�?9J;HKI�7D:�I;L;H7B�J;B7D=?;9J7I?7I�ED�J>;�78:EC;D �.>;�B?L;H�?I�<?HC�7D:�DE:KB7H
&78EH7JEHO�IJK:?;I�I>EM�

";CE=BE8?D �� ��=�:&

';7D�9EHFKI9KB7H�LEBKC; ���_C�

&;KAE9OJ;�9EKDJ �������CC�

*B7J;B;J�9EKDJ ��������CC�

/BJH7IEDE=H7F>O�E<�J>;�B?L;H�?I�I>EMD �1>?9>�E<�J>;�<EBBEM?D=�7::?J?ED7B�<?D:?D=I�?I�CEIJ�B?A;BO�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�38<*7 �2&,*

� �79J;H;C?7

� �?B;�:K9J�IJH?9JKH;I�7BJ;HD7J?D=�M?J>�:?B7J?ED

� �B;L7J;:�7DJ?C?JE9>ED:H?7B�7DJ?8E:?;I

� �B;L7J;:�Z�<;JEFHEJ;?D

� &;I?ED�M?J>�;99;DJH?9�97B9?<?97J?ED�ED�9>;IJ��.

�B;L7J;:�97H9?DE;C8HOED?9�7DJ?=;D

! �DDKB7H�9EBED?9�B;I?ED�ED�9EBEDEI9EFO

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�.39

.>?I�F7J?;DJ�FH;I;DJI�M?J>�I?=DI�E< B?L;H�9?HH>EI?I �I9B;H7B�?9J;HKI� J;B7D=?;9J7I?7I��DE:KB7H B?L;H IKH<79;��


KBJH7IEDE=H7F>O I>EMI�7�IEB?J7HO��IEB?:��?IE;9>E?9�>;F7J?9�B;I?ED ���>?IJEHO�E< >;F7J?J?I�� ?I�7 H?IA�<79JEH
<EH�J>?I�F7J?;DJ�I�9ED:?J?ED

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�477*(9��38<*7

��� �&(9*7*2.&

�=51&3&9.43�%->

#D�7�F7J?;DJ�M?J>�7�IEB?J7HO B?L;H B;I?ED�ED KBJH7IEDE=H7F>O� 879J;H;C?7��7I�?D:?97J;:�8O�FEI?J?L; 8BEE:


9KBJKH;I��?I�?D:?97J?L;�E<�7 FOE=;D?9�B?L;H�78I9;II *OE=;D?9�B?L;H�78I9;II;I CEIJ�9ECCEDBO�:;L;BEF
I;9ED:7HO�JE 8?B?7HO�JH79J E8IJHK9J?EDI�8KJ�C7O�7BIE�8;�97KI;:�8O 879J;H;C?7 �; = ��?D�#0�:HK=�KI;HI�
"EM;L;H��I?D9;�J>?I�F7J?;DJ�DE�BED=;H�79J?L;BO�KI;I�#0�:HK=I��>;�?I�DEJ�7J�?D9H;7I;:�H?IA�E<
879J;H;C?7 �1>?B;�7D 78I9;II 97D�8;�8EJ>�J>;�<?HIJ�C7D?<;IJ7J?ED�EH�7�9ECFB?97J?ED�E<�J>?I�F7J?;DJ�I
9ED:?J?ED��?D�J>;�78I;D9;�E< <;L;H� C7B7?I;� ,/+ F7?D��7D: B;KAE9OJEI?I��J>?I�:?7=DEI?I�?I�B;II�B?A;BO
/BJH7IEKD: <?D:?D=I�MEKB:�9EDI?IJ�E<�7�<BK?:�<?BB;:��>OFE;9>E?9�B;I?ED��KDB?A;�J>;�IEB?:��?IE;9>E?9
B;I?ED�I;;D�?D�J>?I�F7J?;DJ

��� �.1*�):(9�897.(9:7*8�&19*73&9.3,�<.9-�).1&9.43

�=51&3&9.43�%->

'KBJ?<E97B�IJH?9JKH;I�7BJ;HD7J?D=�M?J>�:?B7J?ED�ED 9>EB7D=?E=H7F>O ?I�I;;D�?D�F7J?;DJI�M?J> FH?C7HO


I9B;HEI?D=�9>EB7D=?J?I �*-�� ��BJ>EK=>�B7J;H�:?I;7I;�IJ7=;I�97D�97KI; 9?HH>EI?I 7D:�>;F7J?9�JKCEHI
�; = � "��� 9>EB7D=?E9;BBKB7H�97H9?DEC7 5���6��J>7J�97DDEJ�8;�:?<<;H;DJ?7J;:�ED KBJH7IEKD:�������
E<�F7J?;DJI�7BIE�>7L; ?D<B7CC7JEHO�8EM;B�:?I;7I; �#��� ��EDI?:;H?D=�J>?I�F7J?;DJ�I�>?IJEHO�E<
>;F7J?J?I�� ?D<;9J?ED�7D:�J>;�78I;D9;�E<�IOCFJECI�E< #����7DEJ>;H�:?7=DEI?I�?I�CEH;�B?A;BO

��� �1*;&9*)�&39.2.94(-43)7.&1�&39.'4).*8

�=51&3&9.43�%->

#D�7�F7J?;DJ�M?J>�IOCFJECI�E< B?L;H 9?HH>EI?I��;B;L7J;: 7DJ?C?JE9>ED:H?7B�7DJ?8E:?;I 7H;�?D:?97J?L;�E<


FH?C7HO�8?B?7HO�9>EB7D=?J?I �*��� ��BJ>EK=> *�� ?I�DEJ�:?H;9JBO�7IIE9?7J;:�M?J>�J>;�<EHC7J?ED�E<
IEB?J7HO B?L;H B;I?EDI��?J�9EKB:�8;�J>;�97KI;�E<�J>?I�F7J?;DJ�I�9ED:?J?ED �"EM;L;H� *�� ?I�CK9>�CEH;
9ECCED�?D�MEC;D�J>7D�?D�C;D ��::?J?ED7BBO��J>;�F7J?;DJ�I�>?IJEHO�E< >;F7J?J?I�� C7A;I�7DEJ>;H

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
:?7=DEI?I�CEH;�B?A;BO

��� �1*;&9*)�@�+*945749*.3

�=51&3&9.43�%->

�EJ> >;F7J?J?I ?D<;9J?EDI�7D: B?L;H�9?HH>EI?I 7H; H?IA�<79JEHI <EH�J>;�:;L;BEFC;DJ�E< >;F7JE9;BBKB7H


97H9?DEC7��M>?9>�?I�KIK7BBO�7IOCFJEC7J?9�;N9;FJ�<EH�<;7JKH;I�E<�J>;�KD:;HBO?D=�:?I;7I; ��?7=DEIJ?9
<;7JKH;I�?D9BK:;�:;J;9J?ED�E<�7�I?D=B;�>;F7J?9�B;I?ED�ED KBJH7IEKD: EH��.�7D:�;B;L7J;:�B;L;BI�E<�I;HKC
7BF>7�<;JEFHEJ;?D �� *� � KHJ>;H�IOCFJECI�C7O�E99KH�?D�7:L7D9;:�:?I;7I;�IJ7=;I��?D9BK:?D=�M;?=>J
BEII� 979>;N?7� 7I9?J;I��7D: @7KD:?9;

��� �*8.43�<.9-�*((*397.(�(&1(.+.(&9.43�43�(-*89��"

�=51&3&9.43�%->

�;J;9J?ED�E<�7�B;I?ED�M?J>�;99;DJH?9�97B9?<?97J?ED�ED�9>;IJ��.�?I�7�<?D:?D=�>?=>BO�IK==;IJ?L;�E< BKD=
97D9;H �.>?I�F7J?;DJ�?I�7J�?D9H;7I;:�H?IA�<EH�:;L;BEF?D= BKD=�97D9;H 8;97KI;�>;�>7I�7�>?IJEHO�E<
ICEA?D=�7D:�?I�EL;H����O;7HI�EB: �"EM;L;H��I?D9;�>;�>7I�DE�IOCFJECI�E< BKD=�97D9;H �; = � 9EK=>�
>;CEFJOI?I� :OIFD;7���J>?I�:?7=DEI?I�?I�B;II�B?A;BO ��::?J?ED7BBO��M>?B; BKD=�97D9;H 97D C;J7IJ7I?P; JE
J>; B?L;H��?J�MEKB:�CEH;�B?A;BO�C7D?<;IJ�7I�CKBJ?FB; B?L;H JKCEHI�H7J>;H�J>7D�7�IEB?J7HO�ED; �.>;
F7J?;DJ�I�>?IJEHO�E< >;F7J?J?I�� 7D:�I?=DI�E< 9?HH>EI?I IK==;IJ�7DEJ>;H�:?7=DEI?I

��� �1*;&9*)�(&7(.34*2'7>43.(�&39.,*3

�=51&3&9.43�%->

�B;L7J;: 97H9?DE;C8HOED?9�7DJ?=;D ������?I�7 JKCEH�C7HA;H J>7J�?I�FH?C7H?BO�;B;L7J;:�?D�F7J?;DJI


M?J>�9EBEH;9J7B�7D: F7D9H;7J?9�97D9;H ��BJ>EK=>�8EJ>�JOF;I�E<�97D9;H�97D C;J7IJ7I?P; JE�J>; B?L;H�
IOCFJEC7J?9 C;J7IJ7J?9 :?I;7I;�?I�KDB?A;BO�M?J>EKJ�7DO�FH?EH�IOCFJECI�E<�J>;�KD:;HBO?D=
C7B?=D7D9O �; = � C;B;D7� >;C7JE9>;P?7��;F?=7IJH?9 F7?D�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �33:1&7�(4143.(�1*8.43�43�(414348(45>

�=51&3&9.43�%->

�D�7DDKB7H 9EBED?9 B;I?ED�ED 9EBEDEI9EFO ?I�>?=>BO�IK==;IJ?L;�E< 9EBEH;9J7B�97D9;H �.>; B?L;H ?I�J>;


CEIJ�9ECCED�I?J;�E< C;J7IJ7I?I��M>?9>�IFH;7:I�L?7�J>; FEHJ7B�L;?D �.>;�F7J?;DJ�>7I�7 <7C?BO�>?IJEHO
E< 9EBEH;9J7B�97D9;H 7D:�MEKB:�H;GK?H;�<KHJ>;H�MEHAKF�JE�<KBBO�;N9BK:;�J>?I C7B?=D7D9O �"EM;L;H��>;
B79AI�JOF?97B�IOCFJECI�E< 9EBEH;9J7B�97D9;H �; = � >;C7JE9>;P?7��9>7D=;I�?D�8EM;B�>78?JI� ?HED
:;<?9?;D9O�7D;C?7� ��::?J?ED7BBO��J>;�FH;I;D9;�E< >;F7J?J?I�� 7D: 9?HH>EI?I IK==;IJI�7DEJ>;H
:?7=DEI?I

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�:*89.43�����

.ME�:7OI�7<J;H�:;B?L;HO��7 �����= ���B8����EP� D;M8EHD�>7I�7D�;F?IE:;�E< 8?B?EKI�LEC?J?D= �";�>7I�DEJ


O;J�F7II;:�C;9ED?KC �";�M7I�8EHD�7J�J;HC�JE�7 ���O;7H�EB: MEC7D��FH;=D7D9O�7D:�:;B?L;HO�M;H;
KD9ECFB?97J;: �"?I�L?J7B�I?=DI�7H;�M?J>?D�DEHC7B�B?C?JI ��N7C?D7J?ED�I>EMI�7�:?IJ;D:;:�78:EC;D �.>;H;
?I�JOCF7DO�JE�F;H9KII?ED ��?=?J7B�H;9J7B�;N7C?D7J?ED�I>EMI ;B;L7J;:�IF>?D9J;H�JED;� M>;D�J>;�<?D=;H�?I
H;CEL;:��J>;H;�?I�7D�;NFBEI?L;�H;B;7I;�E<�IJEEB�7D:�7?H ��D N�H7O E<�J>;�78:EC;D�I>EMI�7 C7II?L;BO
:?B7J;:�9EBED�FHEN?C7B�JE�7�D7HHEM;:�I;=C;DJ�E<�9EBED �1>?9>�E<�J>;�<EBBEM?D=�?I�J>;�KD:;HBO?D=�97KI;
E<�J>;I;�<?D:?D=I�

�38<*7 �2&,*

� &EM�I;HKC�.��9ED9;DJH7J?ED

#I9>;C?9�D;9HEI?I�E<�J>;�?DJ;IJ?D7B

CK9EI7

� $;@KD7B�L7I9KB7H�799?:;DJ�?D�KJ;HE

.;B;I9EF?D=�E<�?DJ;IJ?D7B�I;=C;DJ�?DJE

?JI;B<

� #D9ECFB;J;�9E?B?D=�E<�J>;�?DJ;IJ?D;

"OF;HJHEF>O�E<�J>;�FOBEH?9�IF>?D9J;H

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�38<*7 �2&,*

#CF7?H;:�C?=H7J?ED�E<�D;KH7B�9H;IJ
!
9;BBI

7?BKH;�JE�H;IJEH;�F7J;D9O�JE�<;J7B
"
:KE:;DKC

# 'KJ7J?ED�?D�J>;�� .,�=;D;

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�.39

.>;�F7J?;DJ�FH;I;DJI�M?J>�I?=DI�E< :?IJ7B ?DJ;IJ?D7B�E8IJHK9J?ED �:;B7O;:�F7II7=;�E< C;9ED?KC��78:EC?D7B


:?IJ;DJ?ED� 8?B?EKI LEC?J?D=���7D:�7 �,� I>EMI�7D7B�IF>?D9J;H�>OF;HJED?9?JO�M?J>�7D�;NFBEI?L;�H;B;7I;�E<
IJEEB�7D:�7?H��?D:?97J?D=�;B;L7J;:�?DJH7BKC?D7B�FH;IIKH;�?D�J>; 9EBED 2�H7O E<�J>;�78:EC;D�I>EMI
C;=79EBED M?J>�7D�7H;7�E< :?IJ7B D7HHEM?D= �.>;I;�<?D:?D=I�7H;�>?=>BO�IK==;IJ?L;�E< "?HI9>IFHKD=
:?I;7I;

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�477*(9��38<*7

��� �4<�8*7:2�"��(43(*397&9.43

�=51&3&9.43�%->

&EM�<H;;�.��7D:�>?=> .-" 9ED9;DJH7J?EDI�?D:?97J; 9ED=;D?J7B�>OFEJ>OHE?:?IC��M>?9>�C7O�?D�H7H;


97I;I�H;IKBJ�?D�78:EC?D7B�:?IJ;DJ?ED��7�:;B7O�?D�F7II?D= C;9ED?KC� 8?B?EKI LEC?J?D=��7D:�:?B7J;:
8EM;B�BEEFI�:K;�JE�7D�7:OD7C?9 ?B;KI �FI;K:E�E8IJHK9J?ED� �"EM;L;H��8EJ>�J>;�IC7BB�7D:�B7H=;
?DJ;IJ?D7B�BEEFI�MEKB:�8;�:?B7J;: � ;7JKH;I�IK9>�7I C79HE=BEII?7� KC8?B?97B�>;HD?7� >OFEJED?7�
:;B7O;:�H;<B;N;I��9EEB�CEJJB;: IA?D��7D:�EH�FHEBED=;: D;ED7J7B�@7KD:?9; MEKB:�7BIE�8;�;NF;9J;:

��� �8(-*2.(�3*(748.8�4+�9-*�.39*89.3&1�2:(48&

�2&,*

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�=51&3&9.43��:9

*HEBED=;: ?DJ;IJ?D7B�E8IJHK9J?ED ?D "?HI9>IFHKD=�:?I;7I; 97D�7BIE�H;IKBJ�?D�;DJ;HE9EB?J?I�7D:


F;H<EH7J?ED�E<�J>;�8EM;B�M7BB

�=51&3&9.43�%->

#I9>;C?9�D;9HEI?I E<�J>;�?DJ;IJ?D7B CK9EI7 ?I�I;;D�?D D;9HEJ?P?D=�;DJ;HE9EB?J?I��M>?9>�97D�C7D?<;IJ


M?J>�78:EC?D7B�:?IJ;DJ?ED�7D: 8?B?EKI LEC?J?D=�I>EHJBO�7<J;H 8?HJ>��"EM;L;H��7D N�H7O MEKB:
JOF?97BBO�I>EM�8EM;B�M7BB ;:;C7� FD;KC7JEI?I�?DJ;IJ?D7B?I��7D:�EH�<H;;�7?H�M?J>?D�J>;�78:EC;D��:K;
JE ?DJ;IJ?D7B�F;H<EH7J?ED� ��BIE��F7J?;DJI�JOF?97BBO�>7L;�7�>?IJEHO�E<�8BEE:O :?7HH>;7 �KDB?A;�J>?I
D;ED7J;��M>E�>7I�:;B7O;:�F7II7=;�E< C;9ED?KC���7D:�J>;�9>?B:�MEKB:�7FF;7H�I;H?EKIBO�?BB�M?J>
J79>OFD;7 7D: J79>O97H:?7 �'EH;EL;H��J>?I�F7J?;DJ�B79AI�J>; H?IA�<79JEHI 9ECCEDBO�7IIE9?7J;:�M?J>
D;9HEJ?P?D=�;DJ;HE9EB?J?I��IK9>�7I FH;J;HC�8?HJ> 7D:�D;ED7J7B 7IF>ON?7

��� �*/:3&1�;&8(:1&7�&((.)*39�.3�:9*74

�=51&3&9.43�%->

�?IHKFJ?ED�E<�8BEE:�<BEM�JE�J>;�<;J7B @;@KDKC ?I�H;IFEDI?8B;�<EH @;@KD7B�7JH;I?7��M>?9>�97D�7BIE�FH;I;DJ


M?J> 8?B?EKI LEC?J?D=��78:EC?D7B�:?IJ;DJ?ED��7D:�:;B7O;:�F7II7=;�E< C;9ED?KC �"EM;L;H��IOCFJECI
KIK7BBO�7FF;7H�?D�<;;:?D= ?D<7DJI M?J>?D����>EKHI�E< 8?HJ>��7D: N�H7O E<�J>;�78:EC;D�MEKB:�I>EM�7
JH?FB;�8K88B;�I?=D

��� "*1*8(45.3,�4+�.39*89.3&1�8*,2*39�.394�.98*1+

�=51&3&9.43�%->

#DJKIIKI9;FJ?ED��EH�J;B;I9EF?D=�E<�J>; FHEN?C7B ?DJ;IJ?D7B�I;=C;DJ�?DJE�J>; :?IJ7B I;=C;DJ��?I�CEH;


9ECCED�?D�C7B;I�7D:�C7O�H;IKBJ�?D�78:EC?D7B�:?IJ;DJ?ED� 8?B?EKI LEC?J?D=��7D:�:?B7J;:�8EM;B�BEEFI
ED N�H7O :K;�JE ?DJ;IJ?D7B�E8IJHK9J?ED �"EM;L;H��J>; IC7BB�8EM;B MEKB:�8;�:?IJ;D:;:��DEJ�J>;�B7H=;
8EM;B���I?D9; ?DJKIIKI9;FJ?ED JOF?97BBO�E99KHI�7J�J>;�?B;E9EB?9�@KD9J?ED �'EH;EL;H� ?DJKIIKI9;FJ?ED
KIK7BBO�E99KHI�8;JM;;D���CEDJ>I�7D:���O;7HI�E<�7=;��?J�?I�;NJH;C;BO�H7H;�?D�J>;�D;ED7J7B�F;H?E:
?D7BBO��8BEE:�?D�J>; H;9JKC ?I�E<J;D�<EKD:�ED :?=?J7B�H;9J7B�;N7C?D7J?ED��M>?9>�M7I�DEJ�J>;�97I;�>;H;

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �3(4251*9*�(4.1.3,�4+�9-*�.39*89.3*

�=51&3&9.43�%->

#DJ;IJ?D7B�C7BHEJ7J?ED 97D�C7D?<;IJ�M?J>?D�J>;�<?HIJ�CEDJ>�E<�B?<;�M?J> 8?B?EKI LEC?J?D=�7D:�78:EC?D7B


:?IJ;DJ?ED�:K;�JE ?DJ;IJ?D7B�E8IJHK9J?ED 97KI;:�8O &7::�87D:I EH�7 C?:=KJ�LEBLKBKI �"EM;L;H� N�H7O
MEKB:�I>EM�7 :EK8B;�8K88B;�I?=D EH�CKBJ?FB;�7?H�<BK?:�B;L;BI FHEN?C7B JE�J>;�I?J;�E<�E8IJHK9J?ED��?D
9EDJH7IJ�JE�J>;�:?IJ;D:;: :;I9;D:?D=�9EBED I;;D�?D�J>?I�F7J?;DJ

��� �>5*79745->�4+�9-*�5>147.(�85-.3(9*7

�=51&3&9.43�%->

"OF;HJHEF>?9�FOBEH?9�IJ;DEI?I��M>?9>�?I�CEH;�9ECCED�?D�C7B;I��C7O�H;IKBJ�?D�LEC?J?D=�?D�J>;
D;ED7J7B�F;H?E: �"EM;L;H��J>;�LEC?J?D=�?I�DED8?B?EKI��FHE@;9J?B;��E99KHI�<EBBEM?D=�<;;:I��7D:�KIK7BBO
8;=?DI��V��M;;AI�7<J;H 8?HJ> ��D N�H7O E<�J>;�78:EC;D�MEKB:�I>EM�7�:?IJ;D:;: IJEC79> M?J>
C?D?C7B�:?IJ;DJ?ED�E<�J>;�8EM;BI �)J>;H�9B?D?97B�<;7JKH;I�?D9BK:;�:;9H;7I;:�IE?B?D=�E<�:?7F;HI��:K;�JE
:;9H;7I;: KH?D; EKJFKJ���7I�M;BB�7I�7 >OF;HJHEF>?9 WEB?L;X�?D�J>;�;F?=7IJH?9�H;=?ED�7D:�EH�7�=7IJH?9
F;H?IJ7BJ?9 M7L;�ED�;N7C?D7J?ED

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �25&.7*)�2.,7&9.43�4+�3*:7&1�(7*89�(*118

�2&,*

�=51&3&9.43�%->

#CF7?H;:�C?=H7J?ED�E< D;KH7B�9H;IJ�9;BBI ?I�J>;�KD:;HBO?D=�97KI;�E< "?HI9>IFHKD=�:?I;7I;


*7H7IOCF7J>;J?9 D;KH7B�9H;IJ�9;BBI C?=H7J;�?D�7 HEIJH7B JE 97K:7B :?H;9J?ED��<HEC�J>; <EH;=KJ JE�J>;
C?:=KJ JE�J>; >?D:=KJ � 7?BKH;�E<�J>; D;KH7B�9H;IJ�9;BBI JE�9ECFB;J;�J>?I�C?=H7J?ED�JOF?97BBO�H;IKBJI�?D
7D�7=7D=B?ED?9 :?IJ7B I?=CE?:�7D: H;9JKC �? ; ��M?J>EKJ�J>;�CO;DJ;H?9�7D: IK8CK9EI7B�FB;NKI� ��I�7
H;IKBJ��J>;H;�?I�>OF;HJED?9?JO�?D�J>;�M7BBI�E<�J>; H;9JKC 7D:�I?=CE?:��7D:�J>; ?DJ;HD7B�7D7B�IF>?D9J;H
<7?BI�JE�H;B7N�?D�H;IFEDI;�JE�H;9J7B�:?IJ;DJ?ED �.>;�D;J�;<<;9J�?I ?DJ;IJ?D7B�E8IJHK9J?ED 7D:�:?B7J?ED�E<
J>; 9EBED �C;=79EBED� �.>;�:?7=DEI?I�?I�9ED<?HC;:�L?7�H;9J7B 8?EFIO��M>?9>�MEKB:�I>EM
7=7D=B?EDEI?I��?D9H;7I;: 79;JOB9>EB?D;IJ;H7I; 79J?L?JO��7D:�EH >OF;HFB7I?7 E< F7H7IOCF7J>;J?9 <?8;HI

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �&.1:7*�94�7*8947*�5&9*3(>�94�+*9&1�):4)*3:2

�2&,*

�=51&3&9.43�%->

7?BKH;�JE�H;IJEH;�F7J;D9O�JE�<;J7B :KE:;DKC H;IKBJI�?D :KE:;D7B�7JH;I?7��M>?9>�MEKB:�7BIE�FH;I;DJ


M?J> 8?B?EKI LEC?J?D=�7D:�:;B7O;:�F7II7=;�E< C;9ED?KC �"EM;L;H��78:EC?D7B�:?IJ;DJ?ED�?I�JOF?97BBO
DEJ�7I�FHEC?D;DJ��7D:�IOCFJECI�7H;�KIK7BBO�;L?:;DJ�ED�J>;�<?HIJ�:7O�7<J;H 8?HJ> M?J>�J>;�?D?J?7J?ED�E<
<;;:I ��::?J?ED7BBO��J>;�FH;D7J7B�F;H?E:�?I�E<J;D�9ECFB?97J;:�8O FEBO>O:H7CD?EI��7D:�7D N�H7O E<�J>;
78:EC;D�MEKB:�I>EM�7 :EK8B;�8K88B;�I?=D 7D:�78I;D9;�E<�=7I�?D�J>;�IC7BB�7D: B7H=;�?DJ;IJ?D;

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �:9&9.43�.3�9-*���" �,*3*

�2&,*

�=51&3&9.43�%->

��CKJ7J?ED�?D�J>; � .,�=;D; ?I�J>;�KD:;HBO?D=�97KI;�E< 9OIJ?9�<?8HEI?I��M>?9>�C7O�H;IKBJ�?D


78:EC?D7B�:?IJ;DJ?ED�7D: 8?B?EKI LEC?J?D=�:K;�JE ?DJ;IJ?D7B�E8IJHK9J?ED 97KI;:�8O�J>?9A;D;:�
?DIF?II7J;: C;9ED?KC M?J>?D�J>; :?IJ7B ?B;KC �C;9ED?KC�?B;KI� �"EM;L;H� N�H7O ?D C;9ED?KC�?B;KI
MEKB:�JOF?97BBO�I>EM IC7BB�8EM;B :?IJ;DJ?ED�EH�7�IE7F�8K88B;�7FF;7H7D9;��(;K>7KI;H�I?=D��H7J>;H
J>7D�J>;�:?IJ;DJ?ED�E<�J>; :;I9;D:?D=�9EBED I;;D�>;H; �� C;9ED?KC FBK=�?D�J>; H;9JKC �C;9ED?KC
FBK=�IOD:HEC;���M>?9>�?I�I;;D�M?J>�?D9H;7I;:�<H;GK;D9O�?D�F7J?;DJI�M?J> 9OIJ?9�<?8HEI?I��C7O
C7D?<;IJ�M?J>�:?IJ;DJ?ED�E<�J>; :;I9;D:?D=�9EBED 7D:�IOCFJECI�E<�<KD9J?ED7B ?DJ;IJ?D7B�E8IJHK9J?ED
"EM;L;H��J>; I?=CE?:�9EBED MEKB:�KIK7BBO�8;�:?IJ;D:;:��KDB?A;�J>;�D7HHEM�97B?8;H I?=CE?:�9EBED
I;;D�>;H;��7D:�?DIF?II7J;: C;9ED?KC MEKB:�8;�F7BF78B;�?D�J>;�H;9J7B�97L?JO�ED�:?=?J7B�;N7C?D7J?ED

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�:*89.43�����

� ���O;7H�EB: MEC7D�9EC;I�JE�J>;�;C;H=;D9O�:;F7HJC;DJ�8;97KI;�E<�7 ��:7O >?IJEHO�E< <;L;H��LEC?J?D=�


7D:�78:EC?D7B�F7?D �.ME�M;;AI�7=E��M>?B;�L?I?J?D=�!K7J;C7B7��I>;�>7:�7D�;C;H=;D9O�7FF;D:;9JECO
KD:;H =;D;H7B�?D>7B7J?ED7B�7D;IJ>;I?7 ��KH?D=�J>;�IKH=;HO��I>;�H;9;?L;:�7�JH7DI<KI?ED�E< ��KD?J E<�F79A;:
H;:�8BEE:�9;BBI �";H�J;CF;H7JKH;�?I �� �T� ���� �T ��7D:�8BEE:�FH;IIKH;�?I �������CC�"= ��N7C?D7J?ED
I>EMI @7KD:?9; 7D: J;D:;H�>;F7JEC;=7BO �-;HKC�IJK:?;I�I>EM�

�BA7B?D;�F>EIF>7J7I; ����/�&

�IF7HJ7J;�7C?DEJH7DI<;H7I; ����/�&

�?B?HK8?D

.EJ7B � ��C=�:&

�?H;9J � ��C=�:&

�DJ?�"�0�#=! FEI?J?L;

�DJ?�"�0�#=' D;=7J?L;

�DJ?�"�I FEI?J?L;

"�I�= D;=7J?L;

�DJ?�"�0�7DJ?8E:?;I D;=7J?L;

�8:EC?D7B�KBJH7IEDE=H7F>O�I>EMI�7D ;DB7H=;:�B?L;H ���8?EFIO�E<�J>;�B?L;H�I>EMI C7II?L;�9;DJH?BE8KB7H


D;9HEI?I �1>?9>�E<�J>;�<EBBEM?D=�?I�J>;�CEIJ�B?A;BO�KD:;HBO?D=�97KI;�E<�J>?I�F7J?;DJ�I�9ED:?J?ED�

�38<*7 �2&,*

� �N9;II?L;�BOI?I�E<�H;:�8BEE:�9;BBI

� �97B9KBEKI�?D<B7CC7J?ED�E<�J>;�=7BB8B7::;H

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�38<*7 �2&,*

� 0?HKI�C;:?7J;:�>;F7JE9;BBKB7H�?D@KHO

� .H7KC7�JE�J>;�8?B;�:K9J

� �:L;HI;�;<<;9J�E<�7D;IJ>;J?9

!H7C�D;=7J?L;�879J;H?7�?D�J>;�8BEE:IJH;7C

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�.39

�<J;H�KD:;H=E?D=�IKH=;HO��J>?I�F7J?;DJ�:;L;BEF;: @7KD:?9;� <;L;H��LEC?J?D=��7D:�J;D:;H >;F7JEC;=7BO�


M?J>�>?=>BO�;B;L7J;:�I;HKC JH7DI7C?D7I;I��M>?9>�?D:?97J;I�79KJ;�FEIJEF;H7J?L; >;F7J?J?I

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�477*(9��38<*7

��� �=(*88.;*�1>8.8�4+�7*)�'144)�(*118

�=51&3&9.43�%->

�N9;II?L;�BOI?I�E< H;:�8BEE:�9;BBI 97D�E99KH�FEIJEF;H7J?L;BO�:K;�JE >;CEBOJ?9 JH7DI<KI?ED�H;79J?EDI


.>?I�F7J?;DJ�I JH7DI<KI?ED E<���KD?J�E< F79A;:�H;:�8BEE:�9;BBI :KH?D=�IKH=;HO�C7O�>7L;�97KI;:�7
>;CEBOJ?9 JH7DI<KI?ED�H;79J?ED �"EM;L;H��9B?D?97B�<;7JKH;I��; = � <;L;H��9>?BBI��D7KI;7��<B7DA F7?D�
7BB;H=?9�IOCFJECI��MEKB:�>7L;�7FF;7H;:�I>EHJBO�7<J;H JH7DI<KI?ED 7D:�B78EH7JEHO�<?D:?D=I�MEKB:
CEIJ�B?A;BO�I>EM ?D:?H;9J�>OF;H8?B?HK8?D;C?7 � KHJ>;HCEH;��J>;�<?D:?D=I�ED�J>?I�F7J?;DJ�I B?L;H�8?EFIO
7H;�DEJ�9EDI?IJ;DJ�M?J>�7 >;CEBOJ?9 JH7DI<KI?ED�H;79J?ED

��� �(&1(:14:8�.3+1&22&9.43�4+�9-*�,&11'1&))*7

�=51&3&9.43�%->

1>?B; 797B9KBEKI�9>EB;9OIJ?J?I 97D�C7D?<;IJ�M?J>�FEIJEF;H7J?L; @7KD:?9; 7D:�?D9H;7I;: �&* B;L;BI�


J>?I�:?7=DEI?I�?I�KDB?A;BO�?D�J>;�78I;D9;�E<�7�FEI?J?L; 'KHF>O�I?=D 7D:�;L?:;D9;�E< =7BB8B7::;H
?D<B7CC7J?ED ED KBJH7IEKD: �; = � =7BB8B7::;H M7BB�J>?9A;D?D=�7D:�F;H?9>EB;9OIJ?9�<BK?:� �'EH;EL;H�
L;HO�>?=> �-. B;L;BI�7D:�J>;�<?D:?D=�ED�J>?I�F7J?;DJ�I B?L;H�8?EFIO 7H;�DEJ�9EDI?IJ;DJ�M?J> 797B9KBEKI
9>EB;9OIJ?J?I

��� $.7:8�2*).&9*)�-*5&94(*11:1&7�.3/:7>

�=51&3&9.43�%->

1>?B;�L?H7B >;F7J?J?I ?I�7D�KD9ECCED�97KI;�E<�FEIJEF;H7J?L; >;F7J?J?I��?J�C7O�H;IKBJ�<HEC�7�>EIF?J7B


EKJ8H;7A�EH�7D�;N79;H87J?ED�E<�9>HED?9 >;F7J?J?I �"EM;L;H��=?L;D�J>?I�F7J?;DJ�I >;F7J?J?I 7DJ?8E:O
F7D;B��L?H7B >;F7J?J?I ?I�KDB?A;BO �.>?I�F7J?;DJ�?I�FEI?J?L;�<EH 7DJ?�"�0�#=! 8KJ�D;=7J?L;�<EH�7DJ?�"�0
#='��?D:?97J?D=�7�FH;L?EKI >;F7J?J?I�� ?D<;9J?ED�J>7J�>7I�H;IEBL;: �->;�?I�7BIE�D;=7J?L;�<EH >;F7J?J?I��
7DJ?8E:?;I �#D�7::?J?ED��J>?I�F7J?;DJ�?I 7DJ?�"�I FEI?J?L;��8KJ "�I�=�D;=7J?L;��?D:?97J?D=�;?J>;H�7
H;IEBL;:�FH?EH�?D<;9J?ED�EH�7 L799?D7J?ED �'EH;EL;H��L?H7B >;F7J?J?I FH;:EC?D7DJBO�7<<;9JI�J>;
F;H?FEHJ7B�H;=?ED�KDB?A;�J>?I�F7J?;DJ�M?J> 9;DJH?BE8KB7H�D;9HEI?I

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� "7&:2&�94�9-*�'.1*�):(9

�=51&3&9.43�%->

.H7KC7�JE�J>; 8?B; :K9J�?I�7�9ECCED�9ECFB?97J?ED�E<�KFF;H�78:EC?D7B�IKH=;HO��;IF;9?7BBO


9>EB;9OIJ;9JECO��7D:�97D�C7D?<;IJ�M?J>�79KJ; >;F7J?J?I��M>?9>�?I�I;;D�?D�J>?I�F7J?;DJ �-K8I;GK;DJ
I97HH?D=�E<�J>; 8?B; :K9J�C7O�B;7:�JE�IJH?9JKH;�<EHC7J?ED��M>?9>�?D�JKHD�97KI;I 9>EB;IJ7I?I "EM;L;H�
J>?I�9ECFB?97J?ED�?I�H7H;�7<J;H 7FF;D:;9JECO �'EH;EL;H� B?L;H�8?EFIO MEKB:�I>EM�?DJH7F7H;D9>OC7B
9>EB;IJ7I?I �DEJ 9;DJH?BE8KB7H�D;9HEI?I���C7D?<;IJ?D=�7I 8?B; F?=C;DJ�799KCKB7J?ED

��� �);*78*�*++*(9�4+�&3*89-*9.(

�=51&3&9.43��:9

"7BEJ>7D; ?I�DEJ�9ECCEDBO�KI;:�7I�7D 7D;IJ>;J?9 ?D�J>;�/D?J;:�-J7J;I��7D:�CEIJ�EJ>;H�?D:KIJH?7B?P;:


9EKDJH?;I��8;97KI;�E<�?JI�I?:;�;<<;9JI �#DIJ;7:��?J�>7I�8;;D�H;FB79;:�M?J>�EJ>;H ?D>7B7J?ED7B�7D;IJ>;J?9I�
IK9>�7I :;I<BKH7D;� I;LE<BKH7D;��EH ?IE<BKH7D; �"EM;L;H� >7BEJ>7D; ?I�IJ?BB�<H;GK;DJBO�KI;:�?D
:;L;BEF?D=�9EKDJH?;I�8;97KI;�?J�?I�B;II�;NF;DI?L;�J>7D�EJ>;H�IK8IJ7D9;I

�=51&3&9.43�%->

.>?I�F7J?;DJ�I�79KJ;�FEIJEF;H7J?L; >;F7J?J?I ?I�>?=>BO�IK==;IJ?L;�E< >7BEJ>7D;�>;F7J?J?I "7BEJ>7D;


>;F7J?J?I 9ECCEDBO�B;7:I�JE�;B;L7J;:�I;HKC 7C?DEJH7DI<;H7I;I��;B;L7J;: 8?B?HK8?D� ;EI?DEF>?B?7��7D:
IB?=>JBO�;B;L7J;: 7BA7B?D;�F>EIF>7J7I;��7I�I;;D�?D�J>?I�F7J?;DJ �.>?I�F7J?;DJ�I�IOCFJECI�8;=7D����:7OI
<EBBEM?D=�IKH=;HO��M>?9>�?I�9EDI?IJ;DJ�M?J>�J>;�J?C;<H7C;�<EH�FEIJEF;H7J?L;�EDI;J�E< >7BEJ>7D;
>;F7J?J?I ���:7OI�JE���M;;AI� &?L;H�8?EFIO ?I�DEJ�D;9;II7HO�<EH�:?7=DEI?I�8KJ�JOF?97BBO�I>EMI�C7II?L;
9;DJH?BE8KB7H�>;F7J?9 D;9HEI?I

��� �7&2�3*,&9.;*�'&(9*7.&�.3�9-*�'144)897*&2

�=51&3&9.43�%->

!H7C�D;=7J?L; I;FI?I ?I�7�9ECFB?97J?ED�E<�IKH=;HO�J>7J�97D�C7D?<;IJ�M?J>�79KJ; >;F7J?J?I 7I�7�H;IKBJ�E<

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
B?L;H :7C7=;�I;9ED:7HO�JE ;D:EJEN?D H;B;7I; �"EM;L;H��?D�J>;�97I;�E< I;FI?I��J>;�F7J?;DJ�MEKB:�7BIE
B?A;BO�FH;I;DJ�M?J> >OFEJ;DI?ED 7D:�>?=>�IF?A?D= <;L;HI

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�:*89.43����

��FH;L?EKIBO�>;7BJ>O ���O;7H�EB: C7D�9EC;I�JE�J>;�F>OI?9?7D�8;97KI;�E<�7�>?IJEHO�E<�H;9KHH;DJ�H?=>J


BEM;H�78:EC?D7B�F7?D�<EH�J>;�F7IJ ��O;7HI ����.�I97D�I>EMI�7 � ��9C �� ���?D� C7II�BE97J;:�?D�J>;
J;HC?D7B�?B;KC �";�KD:;H=E;I�IKH=?97B�H;CEL7B�E<�J>;�C7II ���F>EJEC?9HE=H7F>�E<�J>;�H;I;9J;:
IF;9?C;D�?I�I>EMD ��;BBI�<HEC�J>?I�J?IIK;�7H;�CEIJ�B?A;BO�JE�IJ7?D�FEI?J?L;�<EH�M>?9>�E<�J>;�<EBBEM?D=�

�38<*7 �2&,*

� �;IC?D

� �>HECE=H7D?D��

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�38<*7 �2&,*

� 0?C;DJ?D

� *�=BO9EFHEJ;?D

� �OJEA;H7J?D

!B?7B�<?8H?BB7HO�79?:�FHEJ;?D

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�.39

.>;�F>EJEC?9HE=H7F>�I>EMI�7�J?IIK;�IF;9?C;D�E<�7�D;KHE;D:E9H?D;�EH?=?D�9EDI?IJ;DJ�M?J>�7 97H9?DE?:
JKCEH

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�477*(9��38<*7

��� �*82.3

�=51&3&9.43�%->

�;IC?D ?I�7�FHEJ;?D�J>7J�?I�<EKD:�?D�7BB�JOF;I�E<�CKI9B;��? ;��IA;B;J7B��ICEEJ>��7D: 97H:?79�CKI9B;�


.>;H;<EH;� ?CCKDEIJ7?D?D= M?J> :;IC?D MEKB:�8;�FEI?J?L;�<EH�7 I7H9EC7 7H?I?D=�<HEC�CKI9B;��? ; �
H>78:ECOEI7H9EC7� ��I I7H9EC7I C?C?9�J>;�9;BB�E<�EH?=?D�ED >?IJEBE=O��CKI9KB7H I7H9EC7I M?BB
I>EM�IA;B;J7B�ICEEJ>�97H:?79�CKI9B;�9;BBI ?D�L7H?EKI�IJ7=;I�E<�:?<<;H;DJ?7J?ED �.>?I�?C7=;�I>EMI
CEDECEHF>?9�9;BBI�7HH7D=;:�?D�7�HEI;JJ;�F7JJ;HD�9>7H79J;H?IJ?9�E<�7 97H9?DE?:�JKCEH �-?D9;�?J�:E;I�DEJ
EH?=?D7J;�<HEC�CKI9KB7H�9;BBI��?J�MEKB:�DEJ�IJ7?D�M?J> :;IC?D

��� �-7424,7&3.3��

�=51&3&9.43�%->

�>HECE=H7D?D�� ?I�7�FHEJ;?D�J>7J�?I�<EKD:�?D D;KHE;D:E9H?D;�9;BBI��M>?9>�7H;�C7?DBO�FH;I;DJ�?D�J>;


F7D9H;7I �? ; � ?IB;J�9;BBI�� =7IJHE?DJ;IJ?D7B�JH79J� BKD=I��7D: 7:H;D7B�=B7D:I �.>; 8?EFIO E<�J>?I�F7J?;DJ�I
?B;7B C7II�I>EMI�DKC;HEKI�IC7BB�9;BBI�E<�I?C?B7H�I>7F;�7D:�I?P;��CEDECEHF>?9�9;BBI��7HH7D=;:�?D�7
HEI;JJ;�F7JJ;HD�J>7J�?I�JOF?97B�E<�7 97H9?DE?:�JKCEH �>HECE=H7D?D��� IOD7FJEF>OI?D��7D: D;KHED�
IF;9?<?9�;DEB7I; 97D�8;�KI;:�7I�7D ?CCKDEIJ7?D JE�9ED<?HC�J>;�D;KHE;D:E9H?D;�EH?=?D�E<�J>?I JKCEH

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� $.2*39.3

�2&,*

�=51&3&9.43�%->

0?C;DJ?D ?I�7 9OJEIA;B;J7B FHEJ;?D�J>7J�?I�FH;:EC?D7DJBO�<EKD:�?D�9;BBI�E<�C;I;D9>OC7B�EH?=?D�


?D9BK:?D=�9;BBI�E<�J>; CKI9KBEIA;B;J7B�IOIJ;C �? ; � EIJ;E8B7IJI� 9>ED:HE8B7IJI� <?8HE8B7IJI�
7:?FE9OJ;I� ;D:EJ>;B?7B 9;BBI��7D:�9;BBI�E<�BOCF>7J?9�7D:�9?H9KB7JEHO�IOIJ;CI �.>;H;<EH;�
?CCKDEIJ7?D?D= M?J> L?C;DJ?D MEKB:�8;�FEI?J?L;�<EH C;I;D9>OC7B�JKCEHI IK9>�7I I7H9EC7I
-7H9EC7I JOF?97BBO�H;I;C8B;�J>;�J?IIK;�E<�EH?=?D�ED >?IJEBE=O �; = � 7:?FE9OJ;I ?D B?FEI7H9EC7� �.>?I
?C7=;�I>EMI�CEDECEHF>?9�9;BBI�7HH7D=;:�?D�7�HEI;JJ;�F7JJ;HD�9>7H79J;H?IJ?9�E<�7 97H9?DE?:�JKCEH
-?D9;�?J�?I�DEJ�E<�C;I;D9>OC7B�EH?=?D��?J�MEKB:�DEJ�IJ7?D�M?J> L?C;DJ?D

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� ��,1>(45749*.3

�=51&3&9.43�%->

*�=BO9EFHEJ;?D �*=F��?I�7�JH7DIFEHJ;H�FHEJ;?D�<EKD:�?D�CEIJ�9;BBI�E<�J>;�8E:O�7D:�<KD9J?EDI�JE�H;CEL;
9;HJ7?D�C;J78EB?J;I��JEN?DI��7D:�:HK=I�<HEC�M?J>?D�J>;�9;BB��? ; ��?J�?I�7D�;<<BKN�JH7DIFEHJ;H� �*=F�?I
EL;H;NFH;II;:�8O�I;L;H7B�JKCEHI��; = � "��� 9EBED?9 97D9;H��7:H;DE9EHJ?97B JKCEH���8KJ�DEJ 97H9?DE?:
JKCEH��M>?9>�J>?I�F7J?;DJ�FH;I;DJI�M?J>

��� �>940*7&9.3

�=51&3&9.43�%->

�OJEA;H7J?D ?I�7D�?DJH79OJEFB7IC?9�FHEJ;?D�<EKD:�?D�9;BBI�E< ;F?J>;B?7B EH?=?D��? ; ��B?D?D=�9;BBI�E<�J>;


=7IJHE?DJ;IJ?D7B��H;IF?H7JEHO��KH?D7HO��7D:�H;FHE:K9J?L;�JH79JI� �.>;H;<EH;� ?CCKDEIJ7?D?D= M?J>
9OJEA;H7J?D MEKB:�8;�FEI?J?L;�?D ;F?J>;B?7B�JKCEHI �; = � IGK7CEKI�9;BB�97H9?DEC7 �-����
7:;DE97H9?DEC7� �)D >?IJEBE=O��M;BB�:?<<;H;DJ?7J;:�-���MEKB:�I>EM�;L?:;D9;�E< A;H7J?D?P7J?ED�
M>?B; 7:;DE97H9?DEC7I MEKB:�I>EM�=B7D:KB7H�7H9>?J;9JKH; �.>?I�?C7=;�I>EMI�CEDECEHF>?9�9;BBI
7HH7D=;:�?D�7�HEI;JJ;�F7JJ;HD�9>7H79J;H?IJ?9�E<�7 97H9?DE?:�JKCEH �-?D9;�?J�:E;I�DEJ�EH?=?D7J;�<HEC
;F?J>;B?7B 9;BBI��?J�MEKB:�DEJ�IJ7?D�M?J> 9OJEA;H7J?D

��� �1.&1�+.'7.11&7>�&(.)�5749*.3

�=51&3&9.43�%->

!B?7B�<?8H?BB7HO�79?:�FHEJ;?D �! �*��?I�7 9OJEIA;B;J7B FHEJ;?D�<EKD:�;N9BKI?L;BO�?D�IEC;�9;BBI�E<�J>;


�(- �? ; � 7IJHE9OJ;I� -9>M7DD�9;BBI��7D: EB?=E:;D:HE9OJ;I���IE ?CCKDEIJ7?D?D= M?J> ! �* MEKB:
8;�FEI?J?L;�?D�9;HJ7?D �(- JKCEHI��; = � 7IJHE9OJEC7� =B?E8B7IJEC7� ��I�J>?I�F7J?;DJ�>7I�7 JKCEH E<
D;KHE;D:E9H?D;�EH?=?D��9;BBI�<HEC�J>?I�C7II�MEKB:�DEJ�IJ7?D�M?J> ! �*

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�:*89.43�����

� ���O;7H�EB: MEC7D�9EC;I�JE�J>;�F>OI?9?7D�8;97KI;�E<�7 ��CEDJ> >?IJEHO�E<�FHE=H;II?L;�<7J?=K;


�N7C?D7J?ED�I>EMI�F7BBEH �";H�>;CE=BE8?D�9ED9;DJH7J?ED�?I � ��=�:&��C;7D�9EHFKI9KB7H�LEBKC;�?I
���_C���7D:�I;HKC�<;HH?J?D�?I ��D=�C& �.;IJ�E<�J>;�IJEEB�<EH�E99KBJ�8BEE:�?I�FEI?J?L; �EBEDEI9EFO�I>EMI
7D�?HH;=KB7H��8B;;:?D= ��9C ;NEF>OJ?9�KB9;H�?D�J>;�H?=>J�9EBED 1>?9>�E<�J>;�<EBBEM?D=�B;I?EDI�?I�J>;
=H;7J;IJ�H?IA�<79JEH�<EH�J>?I�F7J?;DJ�I�9ED:?J?ED�

�38<*7 �2&,*

-K8CK9EI7B
� B?FEC7JEKI
FEBOF

-;II?B;
� >7C7HJEC7JEKI
FEBOF

-;HH7J;:
� >OF;HFB7IJ?9
FEBOF

0?BBEKI
� 7:;DEC7JEKI
FEBOF

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�38<*7 �2&,*

.K8KB7H
� 7:;DEC7JEKI
FEBOF

-K8CK9EI7B
B;?ECOEC7JEKI
FEBOF

*;:KD9KB7J;:
! ?D<B7CC7JEHO
FEBOF

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�.39

.>?I�F7J?;DJ�FH;I;DJI�M?J>�IOCFJEC7J?9 ?HED�:;<?9?;D9O�7D;C?7 7D:�?I�<EKD:�JE�>7L;�7D�?HH;=KB7H�


KB9;H7J?L;�=HEMJ>�?D�J>;�H?=>J 9EBED �.>;I;�<?D:?D=I�7H;�>?=>BO�IK==;IJ?L;�E< 9EBEH;9J7B�97D9;H

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�477*(9��38<*7

��� !:'2:(48&1�1.542&94:8�541>5

�=51&3&9.43�%->

� IK8CK9EI7B B?FEC7JEKI�FEBOF�97HH?;I�7�L;HO�BEM�H?IA�E<�C7B?=D7DJ�JH7DI<EHC7J?ED &?FEC7I 7H;


CEIJ�9ECCEDBO�<EKD:�IK89KJ7D;EKIBO �1>;D�<EKD:�?D�J>; 9EBED��J>;O�97D�8;9EC;�B7H=;��<KD=7J?D=�
7D:�KB9;H7J;:��M>?9>�97D�C?C?9�J>;�7FF;7H7D9;�E<�FH?C7HO 9EBEH;9J7B�97D9;H �#<�KB9;H7J;:��J>;O�C7O
7BIE�H7H;BO�B;7:�JE��E99KBJ� =7IJHE?DJ;IJ?D7B�8B;;:?D= �"EM;L;H� B?FEC7I :E�DEJ�97KI; 9EDIJ?JKJ?ED7B
IOCFJECI��M>?9>�J>?I�F7J?;DJ�>7I

��� !*88.1*�-&2&7942&94:8�541>5

�=51&3&9.43�%->

-;II?B; >7C7HJEC7JEKI�FEBOFI 7H;�=;D;H7BBO�7�8;D?=D�<?D:?D=�7D:�KDB?A;BO�JE�H;IKBJ�?D�C7B?=D7DJ


JH7DI<EHC7J?ED��7BJ>EK=>�?D�J>;�9EDJ;NJ�E<�9;HJ7?D�9ED:?J?EDI��? ; � *;KJP�$;=>;HI�IOD:HEC;��$KL;D?B;
FEBOFI��7D: �EM:;D�IOD:HEC;���J>;O�>7L;�7D�?D9H;7I;:�H?IA�E<�C7B?=D7DJ�JH7DI<EHC7J?ED

��� !*77&9*)�->5*751&89.(�541>5

�=51&3&9.43�%->

-;HH7J;:�FEBOFI 97HHO�7�CE:;H7J;�H?IA�E<�C7B?=D7DJ�JH7DI<EHC7J?ED �)<�J>;�J>H;;�C7?D�JOF;I�E<


I;HH7J;:�FEBOFI �>OF;HFB7IJ?9� I;II?B; I;HH7J;:��7D:�JH7:?J?ED7B�I;HH7J;:�� >OF;HFB7IJ?9�FEBOFI 97HHO�J>;
BEM;IJ�H?IA�E< C7B?=D7D9O 8;97KI;�J>;H;�?I�DE :OIFB7I?7 FH;I;DJ

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� $.114:8�&)*342&94:8�541>5

�2&,*

�=51&3&9.43�%->

�:;DEC7JEKI FEBOFI��? ; � JK8KB7H�7:;DEC7� JK8KBEL?BBEKI�7:;DEC7��EH L?BBEKI�7:;DEC7��97HHO�J>;


>?=>;IJ�H?IA�E<�C7B?=D7DJ�JH7DI<EHC7J?ED�E<�7BB�JOF;I�E< 9EBED?9�FEBOFI ���L?BBEKI�7:;DEC7JEKI�FEBOF
>7I�J>;�>?=>;IJ�H?IA���������E<�C7B?=D7DJ�JH7DI<EHC7J?ED�E<�J>;�J>H;;�JOF;I�E<�7:;DEC7JEKI�FEBOFI

��� ":':1&7�&)*342&94:8�541>5

�=51&3&9.43�%->

.K8KB7H�7:;DEC7 ?I�J>;�CEIJ�9ECCED�>?IJEBE=?97B�L7H?;JO�E< 9EBED?9 7:;DEC7��9ECFH?I?D=�������E<


7BB 7:;DEC7JEKI FEBOFI �.>;I;�9ECCED�FEBOFI�97HHO�7�H;B7J?L;BO�IC7BB�H?IA�E<�C7B?=D7DJ
JH7DI<EHC7J?ED������� �#D9H;7I?D=�I?P;�?I�7IIE9?7J;:�M?J>�7�>?=>;H�H?IA�E< C7B?=D7D9O �"EM;L;H�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
7DEJ>;H�JOF;�E<�FEBOF�?I�7�=H;7J;H�FH;:?IFEI?D=�<79JEH�<EH�J>?I�F7J?;DJ�I�9ED:?J?ED

��� !:'2:(48&1�1*.42>42&94:8�541>5

�=51&3&9.43�%->

��B;?ECOEC7JEKI�FEBOF�?I�CEIJ�E<J;D�7�8;D?=D�B;I?ED�E<�J>;�CKI9KB7H?I�FHEFH?7�EH CKI9KB7H?I
CK9EI7 �ICEEJ>�CKI9B; E<�J>; =7IJHE?DJ;IJ?D7B�JH79J��M?J>�7�L;HO�BEM�FEJ;DJ?7B�<EH C7B?=D7D9O
�BJ>EK=>�J>;O�97D�FH;I;DJ�M?J> F7?D� 9EDIJ?F7J?ED��M;?=>J�BEII��7D:�8BEE:�?D�IJEEB��8B;;:?D=��7I�I;;D
?D�J>?I�F7J?;DJ��?J�?I�KDB?A;BO�JE�>7L;�8;;D�7�FH;:?IFEI?D=�<79JEH�7I�J>?I�JOF;�E<�FEBOF�9>?;<BO�7<<;9JI
OEKD=�MEC;D�7D:�=?HBI

��� �*):3(:1&9*)�.3+1&22&947>�541>5

�=51&3&9.43�%->

� F;:KD9KB7J;: ?D<B7CC7JEHO�FEBOF��M>?9>�?I�I;;D�EDBO�?D�7:L7D9;: #����:E;I�DEJ�97HHO�7DO�H?IA�E<


D;EFB7IJ?9 JH7DI<EHC7J?ED �.>;�J?IIK;�IKHHEKD:?D=�7 F;:KD9KB7J;: ?D<B7CC7JEHO�FEBOF��7I�EFFEI;:�JE
J>;�?D<B7CC7JEHO�FEBOF�?JI;B<��?I FHED; JE :OIFB7I?7 7D:�J>;H;<EH;�7J�>?=>;H�H?IA�E< D;EFB7IJ?9
JH7DI<EHC7J?ED

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�:*89.43�����

� ���O;7H�EB: =?HB�?I�8HEK=>J�JE�J>;�F>OI?9?7D�8;97KI;�E<�7 ��CEDJ> >?IJEHO�E<�<7J?=K;��?DJ;HC?JJ;DJ


FEIJFH7D:?7B�78:EC?D7B�8BE7J?D=�7D:�:?I9EC<EHJ� <EKB�IC;BB?D=��M7J;HO�:?7HH>;7��7D:�7 ��A=�����B8�
M;?=>J�BEII �->;�:;L;BEF;:�7�FHKH?J?9�H7I>�ED�>;H�AD;;I ��:7OI 7=E �*>OI?97B�;N7C?D7J?ED�I>EMI�I;L;H7B
J;DI;��;N9EH?7J;:�L;I?9B;I�ED�J>;�AD;;I�8?B7J;H7BBO �.>;�78:EC;D�?I�IE<J�7D:�DEDJ;D:;H �";H >;CE=BE8?D
9ED9;DJH7J?ED�?I � ��=�:& 7D:�C;7D�9EHFKI9KB7H�LEBKC;�?I ���_C� � KHJ>;H�;L7BK7J?ED�E<�J>?I�F7J?;DJ�?I
CEIJ�B?A;BO�JE�I>EM�M>?9>�E<�J>;�<EBBEM?D=�<?D:?D=I�

�38<*7 �2&,*

� #=��J?IIK;�JH7DI=BKJ7C?D7I;�7DJ?8E:?;I

� #DJH7BKC?D7B�;IEF>7=;7B�C;C8H7D;

� )E9OIJI�ED�79?:�<7IJ�IJ7?D

� !H7DKBEC7JEKI�?D<B7CC7J?ED�E<�J>;�J;HC?D7B�?B;KC

� *;H?E:?9�79?:�-9>?<<�FEI?J?L;�C79HEF>7=;I

�B;L7J;:�I;HKC�7COB7I;�9ED9;DJH7J?ED

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�38<*7 �2&,*

! .HEF>EPE?J;I�?D�IJEEB

" *EI?J?L;�>O:HE=;D�8H;7J>�J;IJ

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�.39

*EIJFH7D:?7B 78:EC?D7B�:?I9EC<EHJ�7D: 8BE7J?D=� 9>HED?9�:?7HH>;7��7D:�I;L;H; C?9HE9OJ?9�7D;C?7 �B?A;BO


I;9ED:7HO�JE ?HED�:;<?9?;D9O��FE?DJ�JE�7�C7B78IEHFJ?L;�IOD:HEC; �.>;�7::?J?ED7B�FH;I;D9;�E< :;HC7J?J?I
>;HF;J?<EHC?I �I;L;H7B�J;DI;��=HEKF;:�IK8;F?:;HC7B 8B?IJ;HI��?I�IJHED=BO�IK==;IJ?L;�E< 9;B?79�:?I;7I;

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�477*(9��38<*7

��� �,��9.88:*�97&38,1:9&2.3&8*�&39.'4).*8

�2&,*

�=51&3&9.43�%->

.;IJ?D=�<EH #=� J?IIK;�JH7DI=BKJ7C?D7I;�7DJ?8E:?;I ?I�J>;�=EB:�IJ7D:7H:�<EH�:?7=DEI?D= 9;B?79�:?I;7I;


7D:�?I�7BIE�KI;<KB�?D�CED?JEH?D=�7�F7J?;DJ�I�H;IFEDI;�JE�JH;7JC;DJ��7I 7DJ?8E:O B;L;BI�IJ7HJ�JE�:;9B?D;
7D:�KIK7BBO�DEHC7B?P;��V���CEDJ>I�<EBBEM?D=�J>;�?DJHE:K9J?ED�E<�7 =BKJ;D�<H;;�:?;J ��BJ>EK=> 9;B?79
:?I;7I; 97D�E99KH�7J�7DO�7=;��?J�CEIJ�9ECCEDBO�C7D?<;IJI�;?J>;H�?D�;7HBO�9>?B:>EE:�EH�8;JM;;D
��V���O;7HI�E<�7=;

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �397&1:2.3&1�*845-&,*&1�2*2'7&3*

�=51&3&9.43�%->

�IEF>7=;7B�M;8I 7H;�J>?D�C;C8H7D;I�E<�DEHC7B�;IEF>7=;7B�J?IIK;�FHEJHK:?D=�?DJE�J>; ;IEF>7=KI


.>;O�E99KH�?D *BKCC;H�0?DIED�IOD:HEC;��M>?9>�?I�7IIE9?7J;:�M?J> ?HED�:;<?9?;D9O�7D;C?7
"EM;L;H��F7J?;DJI�M?J>�*BKCC;H�0?DIED�IOD:HEC;�KIK7BBO�FH;I;DJ�M?J> :OIF>7=?7 7D:�7�8KHD?D=
I;DI7J?ED�E<�J>; JED=K;��J>;O�97D�>7L;�7D 7JHEF>?9� ICEEJ>�JED=K; ED�;N7C �*BKCC;H�0?DIED
IOD:HEC;�?I�DEJ�7IIE9?7J;:�M?J>�78:EC?D7B F7?D� :?7HH>;7��EH :;HC7J?J?I�>;HF;J?<EHC?I

��� �4(>898�43�&(.)�+&89�89&.3

�=51&3&9.43�%->

)E9OIJI�ED 79?:�<7IJ IJ7?D�7H;�I;;D�?D�?D<;9J?ED�M?J> Cryptosporidium��M>?9>�97D�97KI;�M7J;HO


:?7HH>;7 �"EM;L;H��J>;�?D<;9J?ED�?I�KIK7BBO�I;B<�B?C?J;:�?D�?CCKDE9ECF;J;DJ�>EIJI�7D:�H;IEBL;I
M?J>?D��V��M;;AI �#J�?I�DEJ�7IIE9?7J;:�M?J> C7B78IEHFJ?ED EH :;HC7J?J?I�>;HF;J?<EHC?I

��� �7&3:142&94:8�.3+1&22&9.43�4+�9-*�9*72.3&1�.1*:2

�=51&3&9.43�%->

!H7DKBEC7JEKI�?DJ;IJ?D7B ?D<B7CC7J?ED��;IF;9?7BBO�?D�J>;�J;HC?D7B ?B;KC��?I�9>7H79J;H?IJ?9�E< �HE>D


:?I;7I;��M>?9>�97D�FH;I;DJ�M?J>�78:EC?D7B F7?D��IOCFJECI�E< C7B78IEHFJ?ED IK9>�7I ?HED�:;<?9?;D9O
7D;C?7��7D:�:;HC7JEBE=?9�:?I;7I;I��; = � ;HOJ>;C7�DE:EIKC� 79HE:;HC7J?J?I�;DJ;HEF7J>?97� �"EM;L;H�
?J�?I�DEJ�7IIE9?7J;:�M?J> :;HC7J?J?I�>;HF;J?<EHC?I

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �*7.4).(�&(.)�!(-.++�548.9.;*�2&(745-&,*8

�=51&3&9.43�%->

.>;�<?D:?D=�E< *;H?E:?9�79?:�-9>?<<�FEI?J?L; �*�-�FEI?J?L;� C79HEF>7=;I M?J>?D�J>; CK9EI7 E<�J>;


IC7BB�?DJ;IJ?D; ?I�J>;�:?7=DEIJ?9�>7BBC7HA�E< 1>?FFB;�:?I;7I; ��BJ>EK=>�F7J?;DJI�M?J> 1>?FFB;
:?I;7I; C7O�7BIE�;NF;H?;D9;�78:EC?D7B F7?D 7D: C7B78IEHFJ?ED��J>?I�9ED:?J?ED�?I�FH?C7H?BO�<EKD:�?D
C?::B;�7=;:�C;D�<EBBEM?D=�?D<;9J?ED�M?J> Tropheryma whipplei��7D:�?J�?I�DEJ�7IIE9?7J;:�M?J>
:;HC7J?J?I�>;HF;J?<EHC?I

��� �1*;&9*)�8*7:2�&2>1&8*�(43(*397&9.43

�=51&3&9.43�%->

�B;L7J;:�I;HKC 7COB7I; 9ED9;DJH7J?ED�?I�7�DEDIF;9?<?9�I?=D�E< 79KJ;�F7D9H;7J?J?I��M>?9>�97D�FH;I;DJ


M?J>�78:EC?D7B F7?D �.>;�9B7II?9�FH;I;DJ7J?ED�?I�I;L;H;�;F?=7IJH?9 F7?D J>7J�H7:?7J;I�JEM7H:�J>;�879A�
MEHI;D?D=�7<J;H�C;7BI��9EB?9AO�;F?IE:;I�7H;�FH;I;DJ�?D =7BBIJED;�F7D9H;7J?J?I �"EM;L;H� :?7HH>;7 ?I
DEJ�KIK7BBO�I;;D�?D 79KJ;�F7D9H;7J?J?I #B;KI �:K;�JE ?D<B7CC7J?ED�� <;L;H��7D:�7�:?IJ;D:;:�EH�;B7IJ?9
78:EC;D�ED�F7BF7J?ED�7H;�9ECCED�<;7JKH;I�E< 79KJ;�F7D9H;7J?J?I DEJ�I;;D�?D�J>?I�F7J?;DJ � ?D7BBO��J>?I
F7J?;DJ�>7I�DE H?IA�<79JEHI <EH 79KJ;�F7D9H;7J?J?I IK9>�7I�7�>?IJEHO�E< =7BBIJED;I� 7B9E>EB�78KI;�
C;:?97J?ED�KI;��L?H7B�?D<;9J?EDI��EH�9ED=;D?J7B�:?I;7I;

��� "745-4?4.9*8�.3�89441

�=51&3&9.43�%->

'KBJ?DK9B;7J;: JHEF>EPE?J;I ?D�IJEEB�7H;�9>7H79J;H?IJ?9�E<�?D<;9J?ED�M?J> Giardia��M>?9>�97D�7BIE


97KI;�78:EC?D7B F7?D� :?7HH>;7��7D: C7B78IEHFJ?ED �"EM;L;H��J>;�?D<;9J?ED�J;D:I�JE�I;B<�H;IEBL;
M?J>?D�7�<;M�M;;AI��7D:�J>?I�F7J?;DJ�>7I�DE�>?IJEHO�J>7J�?D:?97J;I�;NFEIKH;�JE�J>;�M7J;H8EHD;�F7H7I?J;
�; = ��:H?DA?D=�H?L;H�M7J;H�M>?B;�97CF?D=� �#D<;9J?ED�M?J> Giardia ?I�DEJ�7IIE9?7J;:�M?J> :;HC7J?J?I
>;HF;J?<EHC?I

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �48.9.;*�->)74,*3�'7*&9-�9*89

�=51&3&9.43�%->

.>; >O:HE=;D�8H;7J>�J;IJ ?I�FEI?J?L;�?D�F7J?;DJI�M?J> B79JEI;�?DJEB;H7D9;��M>?9>�97D�97KI;


FEIJFH7D:?7B 78:EC?D7B F7?D 7D: :?7HH>;7 �"EM;L;H� B79JEI;�?DJEB;H7D9; :E;I�DEJ�JOF?97BBO�97KI;
C7B78IEHFJ?ED��DEH�?J�?I�7IIE9?7J;:�M?J> :;HC7J?J?I�>;HF;J?<EHC?I

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�:*89.43�����

.ME�M;;AI�7<J;H�H;JKHD?D=�<HEC�L797J?ED�?D ';N?9E��7 ���O;7H�EB: C7D�9EC;I�JE�J>;�;C;H=;D9O


:;F7HJC;DJ�8;97KI;�E<�C7B7?I;� D7KI;7��LEC?J?D=��<;L;H��7D:�78:EC?D7B�F7?D �";�>7I�DE�>?IJEHO�E<
I;H?EKI�?BBD;II�7D:�J7A;I�DE�C;:?97J?EDI �*>OI?97B�;N7C?D7J?ED�I>EMI I9B;H7B�?9J;HKI 7D: H?=>J�KFF;H
GK7:H7DJ�J;D:;HD;II �.>; B?L;H�?I�F7BF7J;: � ��9C 8;BEM�J>;�H?=>J�9EIJ7B�C7H=?D ���8?EFIO�IF;9?C;D�E<
J>?I�F7J?;DJ�I�B?L;H�MEKB:�CEIJ�B?A;BO�I>EM�M>?9>�E<�J>;�<EBBEM?D=�<?D:?D=I�

�38<*7 �2&,*

� �ED9;DJH?9�F;H?:K9J7B�<?8HEI?I

!HEKD:�=B7II�>;F7JE9OJ;I�7D:�F;H?FEHJ7B

?D<B7CC7J?ED

";F7JE9OJ;�IM;BB?D=�7D:�8H?:=?D=

D;9HEI?I

(;9HEI?I�M?J>�D;KJHEF>?B?9�?D<?BJH7J;�7D:

'7BBEHO�8E:?;I

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�38<*7 �2&,*

&OCF>E9OJ?9�?D<?BJH7J?ED�7D:�FHE=H;II?L;

:K9JEF;D?7

*?;9;C;7B�D;9HEI?I�7D:�<7JJO�9>7D=;I

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�.39

�9KJ;�EDI;J�E<�D7KI;7��LEC?J?D=� <;L;H� I9B;H7B�?9J;HKI� H?=>J�KFF;H�GK7:H7DJ 78:EC?D7B F7?D��7D:


>;F7JEC;=7BO <EBBEM?D=�H;9;DJ�JH7L;B�JE�';N?9E�7H;�IK==;IJ?L;�E<�79KJ; >;F7J?J?I�� ?D<;9J?ED

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�477*(9��38<*7

��� �43(*397.(�5*7.):(9&1�+.'748.8

�=51&3&9.43�%->

.>;�ED?ED�IA?D 7FF;7H7D9;�E<�9ED9;DJH?9�F;H?:K9J7B <?8HEI?I E<�IC7BB 8?B; :K9JI�?I�7�>?IJEF7J>EBE=?97B


<?D:?D=�IF;9?<?9�JE FH?C7HO�I9B;HEI?D=�9>EB7D=?J?I �*-�� *-� C7D?<;IJI�M?J> @7KD:?9;�
>;F7JEC;=7BO��7D: H?=>J�KFF;H�GK7:H7DJ F7?D��I?C?B7H�JE�M>7J�?I�I;;D�?D�J>?I�F7J?;DJ��>EM;L;H� *-� ?I
7�9>HED?9��FHE=H;II?L;�:?IEH:;H�M>;H;7I�J>?I�F7J?;DJ�I�IOCFJECI�:;L;BEF;:�EL;H�JME�M;;AI

��� �74:3)�,1&88�-*5&94(>9*8�&3)�5*7.5479&1�.3+1&22&9.43

�2&,*

�=51&3&9.43�%->

!HEKD:�=B7II�>;F7JE9OJ;I 7H; F7J>E=DECED?9 <EH�9>HED?9 >;F7J?J?I�� ?D<;9J?ED��M>?B;�F;H?FEHJ7B

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
?D<B7CC7J?ED M?J>�7 BOCF>E9OJ?9 ?D<?BJH7J;�?I�7�DEDIF;9?<?9�>?IJEF7J>EBE=?97B�<?D:?D=�9EDI?IJ;DJ�M?J>
9>HED?9�>;F7J?J?:;I ��9KJ; >;F7J?J?I�� ?D<;9J?ED�97D�C7D?<;IJ�M?J> <BK�B?A; IOCFJECI� I9B;H7B�?9J;HKI�
7D: H?=>J�KFF;H�GK7:H7DJ F7?D��7BB�E<�M>?9>�7H;�I;;D�>;H; �"EM;L;H� >;F7J?J?I�� ?I�JH7DIC?JJ;:
I;NK7BBO�7D:�F7H;DJ;H7BBO��7D:�J>?I�F7J?;DJ�:E;I�DEJ�>7L;�7DO H?IA�<79JEHI <EH�79GK?H?D=�IK9>�7D
?D<;9J?ED��; = ��#0�:HK=�KI;�EH�>?=>�H?IA�I;NK7B�8;>7L?EH

��� �*5&94(>9*�8<*11.3,�&3)�'7.),.3,�3*(748.8

�=51&3&9.43�%->

�7BBEED?D=�:;=;D;H7J?ED��IM;BB?D=�E< >;F7JE9OJ;I :K;�JE�:;FB;J?ED�E< �.*��7D: 8H?:=?D=�D;9HEI?I


�9ED<BK;DJ�D;9HEI?I IF7DD?D=�7:@79;DJ�BE8KB;I��7H;�>?IJEF7J>EBE=?97B�<?D:?D=I�I;;D�?D 79KJ;�L?H7B
>;F7J?J?I �)J>;H�JOF?97B�<?D:?D=I�?D9BK:; �EKD9?BC7D�8E:?;I �H;<B;9J?D=�I>HKDA;D >;F7JE9OJ;I J>7J
KD:;HM;DJ 7FEFJEI?I��7D:�F;H?FEHJ7B�?D<?BJH7J?ED�M?J>�>;BF;H .�9;BBI� ��9;BBI��7D: FB7IC7�9;BBI �1>?B;
J>;�L?HKI�>7I�7�C?D?C7BBO�9OJEJEN?9�;<<;9J�KFED�9;BBI��J>;�?CCKDEBE=?97B�H;IFEDI;�?I�J>;�FH?C7HO
C;J>E:�E< >;F7JE9OJ; ?D@KHO ";F7J?J?I�� ?D<;9J?ED�97D�C7D?<;IJ�M?J>�79KJ;�IOCFJECI�EH�8;
7IOCFJEC7J?9��8KJ�?J�:E;I�DEJ�8;9EC;�9>HED?9��KDB?A; >;F7J?J?I�� 7D: >;F7J?J?I�� ?D<;9J?EDI

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �*(748.8�<.9-�3*:9745-.1.(�.3+.197&9*�&3)��&1147>�'4).*8

�2&,*

�=51&3&9.43�%->

(;9HEI?I M?J> D;KJHEF>?B?9 ?D<?BJH7J;�7D: '7BBEHO�8E:?;I ?I�7�>?IJEF7J>EBE=?97B�<?D:?D=�J>7J�?D:?97J;I


7B9E>EB?9�>;F7J?J?I �*7J?;DJI�M?J> 7B9E>EB?9�>;F7J?J?I C7O�FH;I;DJ�M?J>�D7KI;7� ?9J;HKI��<7J?=K;��7D:
>;F7JEC;=7BO��7BB�E<�M>?9>�7H;�I;;D�>;H; �"EM;L;H� 7B9E>EB?9�>;F7J?J?I JOF?97BBO�C7D?<;IJI�8;JM;;D
��V���O;7HI�E<�7=;�?D�?D:?L?:K7BI�M?J>�7�>?IJEHO�E<�:7?BO� >;7LO�7B9E>EB�KI; <EH�CEH;�J>7D����O;7HI�
M>?9>�?I�?D9EDI?IJ;DJ�M?J>�J>?I�F7J?;DJ�I�>?IJEHO

��� �>25-4(>9.(�.3+.197&9.43�&3)�574,7*88.;*�):(945*3.&

�=51&3&9.43�%->

&OCF>E9OJ?9 ?D<?BJH7J?ED�7D:�FHE=H;II?L;�:K9JEF;D?7�7H;�9>7H79J;H?IJ?9�E< FH?C7HO�8?B?7HO�9>EB7D=?J?I


�*��� �*7J?;DJI�FH;I;DJ�M?J> C7B7?I;� @7KD:?9;� >;F7JEC;=7BO��7D: H?=>J�KFF;H�GK7:H7DJ F7?D��7I�I;;D

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
>;H; �"EM;L;H� *�� ?I�7�9>HED?9��FHE=H;II?L;�:?IEH:;H�M>;H;7I�J>?I�F7J?;DJ�I�IOCFJECI�:;L;BEF;:
EL;H�JME�M;;AI �'EH;EL;H��7::?J?ED7B�IOCFJECI�IK9>�7I FHKH?JKI� C7B:?=;IJ?ED��7D: N7DJ>EC7I
MEKB:�8;�;NF;9J;:

��� �.*(*2*&1�3*(748.8�&3)�+&99>�(-&3,*8

�=51&3&9.43�%->

*?;9;C;7B�D;9HEI?I ?I�9>7H79J;H?IJ?9�E<�J>;�:;=;D;H7J?ED�E< >;F7JE9OJ;I J>7J�E99KHI�?D�9>HED?9


>;F7J?J?:;I�IK9>�7I >;F7J?J?I�� 7D: >;F7J?J?I�� �*7J?;DJI�FH;I;DJ�M?J> C7B7?I;� @7KD:?9;�
>;F7JEC;=7BO��7D: H?=>J�KFF;H�GK7:H7DJ F7?D��I?C?B7H�JE�M>7J�?I�I;;D�>;H; �"EM;L;H��J>?I�F7J?;DJ�I
IOCFJECI�:;L;BEF;:�EL;H�JME�M;;AI��7D:�7::?J?ED7B�IOCFJECI�E<�9>HED?9 B?L;H :?I;7I;��; = � IF?:;H
7D=?EC7J7� =OD;9EC7IJ?7��;7IO 8HK?I?D=��MEKB:�8;�;NF;9J;: �'EH;EL;H��J>?I�F7J?;DJ�:E;I�DEJ�>7L;
7DO H?IA�<79JEHI <EH�79GK?H?D=�J>;I;�JOF;I�E< >;F7J?J?I ?D<;9J?ED��; = ��#0�:HK=�KI;�EH�>?=>�H?IA�I;NK7B
8;>7L?EH

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�:*89.43�����

� ���O;7H�EB: C7D�9EC;I�JE�J>;�F>OI?9?7D�8;97KI;�E<�=;D;H7B?P;:�C7B7?I;��O;BBEM?I>�:?I9EBEH7J?ED�E<
J>;�;O;I��7D: FHKH?JKI�ED�J>;�879A�E<�>?I�>7D:I�J>7J�MEHI;DI�M>;D�;NFEI;:�JE�IKDB?=>J <EH�J>;�F7IJ
I;L;H7B�CEDJ>I �";�>7I�DEJ�I;;D�7�F>OI?9?7D�?D ���O;7HI �*>OI?97B�;N7C?D7J?ED�I>EMI I9B;H7B�?9J;HKI�7D:
C?B:�@7KD:?9; �.>;H;�?I�7 FKHFKH?9�H7I>�M?J>�I;L;H7B�IC7BB�L;I?9B;I�7D:�>OF;HF?=C;DJ;:�B;I?EDI ED�J>;
:EHIKC�E<�8EJ>�>7D:I �.>;�97KI7B�F7J>E=;D�E<�J>?I�F7J?;DJ�I�KD:;HBO?D=�9ED:?J?ED�M7I�CEIJ�B?A;BO
79GK?H;:�?D�M>?9>�E<�J>;�<EBBEM?D=�M7OI�

�38<*7 �2&,*

� �7J>?D=�?D�<H;I>M7J;H

� #D=;IJ?ED�E<�H7M�I>;BB<?I>

� (;;:B;IJ?9A�?D@KHO

� #D>7B7J?ED�E<�IFEH;I

� -;NK7B�9EDJ79J

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�.39

.>?I�F7J?;DJ�I I9B;H7B�?9J;HKI 7D: @7KD:?9; I>EKB:�H7?I;�IKIF?9?ED�<EH B?L;H :?I;7I; �"?I FHKH?J?9 H7I>�J>7J
MEHI;DI�KFED�;NFEIKH;�JE�IKDB?=>J�?I�IK==;IJ?L;�E< FEHF>OH?7�9KJ7D;7�J7H:7��7�9ED:?J?ED�J>7J�?I
7IIE9?7J;:�M?J> >;F7J?J?I���L?HKI ?D<;9J?ED

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�477*(9��38<*7

��� �&9-.3,�.3�+7*8-<&9*7

�=51&3&9.43�%->

�7J>?D=�?D�<H;I>M7J;H�?I�7 H?IA�<79JEH <EH I9>?IJEIEC?7I?I��7 >;BC?DJ>?9�?D<;9J?ED J>7J�97D�C7D?<;IJ


M?J>�L7H?EKI�:?<<;H;DJ�9B?D?97B�C7D?<;IJ7J?EDI�:;F;D:?D=�ED�J>;�;N79J�IF;9?;I�?DLEBL;: ";F7JEIFB;D?9
I9>?IJEIEC?7I?I 9EKB:�7BIE�97KI;�I?=DI�E< B?L;H :7C7=;�8KJ�?J�?I�DEJ�7IIE9?7J;:�M?J> FEHF>OH?7�9KJ7D;7
J7H:7��7I�I;;D�?D�J>?I�F7J?;DJ

��� �3,*89.43�4+�7&<�8-*11+.8-

�=51&3&9.43�%->

#D=;IJ?ED�E<�H7M�I>;BB<?I>�?I�ED;�E<�J>;�C7@EH�JH7DIC?II?ED�CE:;I�<EH >;F7J?J?I����;IF;9?7BBO�?D
H;=?EDI�M?J>�FEEH�I7D?J7J?ED ";F7J?J?I����M>?9>�J>?I�F7J?;DJ�CEIJ�B?A;BO�>7I��?I�DEJ�JH7DIC?JJ;:�L?7
<EE:

��� �**)1*89.(0�.3/:7>

�=51&3&9.43�%->

(;;:B;IJ?9A�?D@KHO ?I�7�B?A;BO�97KI;�E<�J>?I�F7J?;DJ�I >;F7J?J?I�� ?D<;9J?ED�7I�?J�?I�C7?DBO�JH7DIC?JJ;:


F7H;DJ;H7BBO �.>;H;<EH;��9;HJ7?D�FEFKB7J?EDI�IK9>�7I�>;7BJ>�97H;�MEHA;HI�7D:�?DJH7L;DEKI�:HK=�KI;HI
7H;�7J�?D9H;7I;:�H?IA�E<�9EDJH79J?D=�J>;�L?HKI �*7J?;DJI�M>E�H;9;?L;: 8BEE:�JH7DI<KI?EDI 8;<EH;�����
7H;�7BIE�7J�?D9H;7I;:�H?IA�<EH >;F7J?J?I����7I�:EDEH�8BEE:�M7I�DEJ�I9H;;D;:�<EH�J>;�L?HKI�8;<EH;�����
)J>;H�HEKJ;I�E<�JH7DIC?II?ED�?D9BK:;�L;HJ?97B��<HEC�CEJ>;H�JE�<;JKI��7D:��H7H;BO��I;NK7B

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �3-&1&9.43�4+�8547*8

�=51&3&9.43�%->

.>;�?D>7B7J?ED�E<�IFEH;I�?I�J>;�CE:;�E<�JH7DIC?II?ED�<EH�I;L;H7B�:?<<;H;DJ�?D<;9J?EDI��?D9BK:?D=
CK9EHCO9EI?I� +�<;L;H��7D: FKBCED7HO�7DJ>H7N �-FEH;�?D>7B7J?ED�?I�DEJ�J>;�C;9>7D?IC�E<
JH7DIC?II?ED�<EH >;F7J?J?I����M>?9>�J>?I�F7J?;DJ�>7I

��� !*=:&1�(439&(9

�=51&3&9.43�%->

-;NK7B�9EDJ79J�?I�J>;�HEKJ;�E<�JH7DIC?II?ED�<EH�C7DO�?D<;9J?EKI�:?I;7I;I��?D9BK:?D= IOF>?B?I� >;F7J?J?I


���7D: "#0 ";F7J?J?I�� C7O�8;�JH7DIC?JJ;:�I;NK7BBO��;IF;9?7BBO�?D�97I;I�E< "#0 9E?D<;9J?ED��
>EM;L;H��J>?I�?I�L;HO�H7H;�7D:�7DEJ>;H�HEKJ;�E<�JH7DIC?II?ED�?I�CEH;�B?A;BO

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�:*89.43�����

� ���O;7H�EB: MEC7D�9EC;I�JE�J>;�F>OI?9?7D�8;97KI;�E<�7 ��O;7H >?IJEHO�E<�I;L;H;�78:EC?D7B�F7?D�


8BE7J?D=��7D:�;F?IE:?9�:?7HH>;7 �->;�>7I�7BIE�>7:�7 ���A=�����B8� M;?=>J�BEII�EL;H�J>;�F7IJ ���CEDJ>I
*>OI?97B�;N7C?D7J?ED�I>EMI�7�C?B:BO�:?IJ;D:;:�78:EC;D� :?<<KI;�78:EC?D7B�J;D:;HD;II��7D: CKBJ?FB;
;HOJ>;C7JEKI��J;D:;H�DE:KB;I ED�J>;�7DJ;H?EH�7IF;9J�E<�8EJ>�B;=I �.>;H;�?I�7�IC7BB :H7?D?D=�B;I?ED�?D�J>;
F;H?7D7B�H;=?ED � KHJ>;H�;L7BK7J?ED�E<�J>?I�F7J?;DJ�I�=7IJHE?DJ;IJ?D7B�JH79J�?I�CEIJ�B?A;BO�JE�I>EM�M>?9>�E<
J>;�<EBBEM?D=�<?D:?D=I�

�38<*7 �2&,*

� 0?BBEKI�7JHEF>O

� �HOFJ�78I9;II;I

� (E�IJHK9JKH7B�78DEHC7B?J?;I

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�38<*7 �2&,*

� ';B7DEI?I�9EB?

� (;KHE;D:E9H?D;�JKCEH�9;BBI

.H7DICKH7B�?D<B7CC7J?ED

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�.39

,;9KHH;DJ�;F?IE:;I�E<�I;L;H;�78:EC?D7B F7?D� :?7HH>;7��7D:�7�F;H?7D7B <?IJKB7 M?J>�:H7?D7=;�?D


9EC8?D7J?ED�M?J> ;HOJ>;C7�DE:EIKC �CKBJ?FB; ;HOJ>;C7JEKI��J;D:;H�DE:KB;I�ED�J>;�B;=I��7H;�IK==;IJ?L;
E<�7�:?7=DEI?I�E< �HE>D�:?I;7I;

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�477*(9��38<*7

��� $.114:8�&9745->

�2&,*

�=51&3&9.43�%->

0?BBEKI 7JHEF>O ?I�7�JOF?97B�>?IJEF7J>EBE=?9�<?D:?D=�?D 9;B?79�:?I;7I; �.>?I�9ED:?J?ED�97D�C7D?<;IJ


M?J>�78:EC?D7B F7?D� 8BE7J?D=� :?7HH>;7��7D:�M;?=>J�BEII�?D�IEC;�F7J?;DJI �"EM;L;H��;NJH7?DJ;IJ?D7B
IOCFJECI�7H;�CEH;�9ECCED��; = � L?J7C?D�:;<?9?;D9?;I� :;HC7J?J?I�>;HF;J?<EHC?I��:;FH;II?ED�
EIJ;EFEHEI?I� �.>?I�F7J?;DJ�I ;HOJ>;C7�DE:EIKC 7D: <?IJKB7I 7H;�DEJ�7IIE9?7J;:�M?J> 9;B?79�:?I;7I;

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �7>59�&'8(*88*8

�2&,*

�=51&3&9.43�%->

�HOFJ�78I9;II;I 7H;�7�JOF?97B�>?IJEF7J>EBE=?9�<?D:?D=�?D KB9;H7J?L;�9EB?J?I �/�� �/��97D�C7D?<;IJ�M?J>


;HOJ>;C7�DE:EIKC��I;L;H;�78:EC?D7B F7?D� 8BE7J?D=��7D:�;F?IE:?9 :?7HH>;7��M>?9>�7H;�I;;D�?D�J>?I
F7J?;DJ �"EM;L;H��?J�?I�GK?J;�H7H;�JE�I;; <?IJKB7 <EHC7J?ED�?D�/��8;97KI; ?D<B7CC7J?ED ?I�BE97B?P;:�?D
J>; CK9EI7B 7D: IK8CK9EI7B B7O;HI

��� �4�897:(9:7&1�&'3472&1.9.*8

�=51&3&9.43�%->

(E�IJHK9JKH7B�78DEHC7B?J?;I�E<�J>; =7IJHE?DJ;IJ?D7B�JH79J ?D�7�F7J?;DJ�M?J>�78:EC?D7B F7?D� 8BE7J?D=�


7D:�;F?IE:?9 :?7HH>;7 MEKB:�8;�9ED9;HD?D=�<EH ?HH?J78B;�8EM;B�IOD:HEC; �#�-� �.>EK=> #�- 9EKB:
97KI;�IEC;�E<�J>?I�F7J?;DJ�I�IOCFJECI��?J�?I�DEJ�7IIE9?7J;:�M?J>�<?D:?D=I�B?A; ;HOJ>;C7�DE:EIKC EH

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
<?IJKB7I �#D�7::?J?ED��F7J?;DJI�M?J> #�- =;D;H7BBO�7FF;7H�>;7BJ>O�7D:�:E�DEJ�JOF?97BBO�C7D?<;IJ�M?J>
M;?=>J�BEII

��� �*1&348.8�(41.

�2&,*

�=51&3&9.43�%->

';B7DEI?I�9EB? ?I�7�8;D?=D >OF;HF?=C;DJ7J?ED E<�J>; 9EBED?9 ;F?J>;B?KC I;;D�?D�F7J?;DJI�M>E�78KI;


B7N7J?L;I &7N7J?L;�78KI; MEKB:�97KI;�78:EC?D7B F7?D� :?7HH>;7��7D:�M;?=>J�BEII��M>?9>�7H;�I;;D�?D
J>?I�F7J?;DJ��>EM;L;H��?J�MEKB:�DEJ�;NFB7?D�J>;�FH;I;D9;�E< ;HOJ>;C7�DE:EIKC EH <?IJKB7I

��� �*:74*3)4(7.3*�9:247�(*118

�=51&3&9.43�%->

(;KHE;D:E9H?D;�JKCEH 9;BBI�7H;�<EKD:�?D 97H9?DE?:�JKCEHI �?7HH>;7 7D:�78:EC?D7B�9H7CFI�C7O

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
E99KH�7I�F7HJ�E< 97H9?DE?:�IOD:HEC;��8KJ�J>;O�7H;�KIK7BBO�799ECF7D?;:�8O�EJ>;H�<?D:?D=I�IK9>�7I
9KJ7D;EKI <BKI>?D= 7D: 8HED9>EIF7IC �; = ��M>;;P?D=� :OIFD;7� �'EH;EL;H� 97H9?DE?:�JKCEHI 7H;�DEJ
7IIE9?7J;:�M?J> ;HOJ>;C7�DE:EIKC EH <?IJKB7I

��� "7&382:7&1�.3+1&22&9.43

�2&,*

�=51&3&9.43�%->

.H7DICKH7B ?DJ;IJ?D7B ?D<B7CC7J?ED ?I�7�9>7H79J;H?IJ?9�<?D:?D=�E< �HE>D�:?I;7I; �#J�9ECCEDBO�H;IKBJI


?D 78I9;II 7D: <?IJKB7 <EHC7J?ED��7I�I;;D�?D�J>?I�F7J?;DJ ��D:EI9EFO�9ED<?HCI�J>;�:?7=DEI?I��I>EM?D=�7
:?I9EDJ?DKEKI�F7JJ;HD�E<�?DLEBL;C;DJ�M?J>�B?D;7H KB9;HI �WID7?B�JH7?BIX��7D:�7 9E88B;IJED;�7FF;7H7D9;
E<�J>;�7<<;9J;:�!#�7H;7I��JOF?97BBO�J;HC?D7B ?B;KC 7D: 9EBED� �?EFIO H;L;7BI ?D<B7CC7J?ED E<�7BB
?DJ;IJ?D7B�B7O;HI�7D: DED97I;7J?D=�=H7DKBEC7I

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�:*89.43�����

� ���:7O�EB: ?D<7DJ�=?HB�?I�8HEK=>J�JE�J>;�;C;H=;D9O�:;F7HJC;DJ�8;97KI;�E<�7 ��>EKH >?IJEHO�E<�<;L;H�


LEC?J?D=��7D:�:?7HH>;7 �->;�>7I�<;:�B;II�7D:�>7I�>7:�:;9H;7I;:�KH?D;�EKJFKJ�<EH ��:7O �->;�M7I 8EHD�7J
���M;;AI� =;IJ7J?ED 7D:�M;?=>;: �����= ���B8���EP� �";H�:?;J�9EDI?IJI�E<�8H;7IJ�C?BA�7D:�9EM�C?BA
FHEJ;?D�87I;: <EHCKB7 ��N7C?D7J?ED�I>EMI�78:EC?D7B�H?=?:?JO��:?IJ;DJ?ED��7D:�78I;DJ�8EM;B�IEKD:I �.;IJ
E<�J>;�IJEEB�<EH�E99KBJ�8BEE:�?I�FEI?J?L; ��D N�H7O E<�J>;�78:EC;D�I>EMI =7I�M?J>?D�J>;�?DJ;IJ?D7B�M7BB
7D:�J>;�F;H?JED;7B�97L?JO �1>?9>�E<�J>;�<EBBEM?D=�?I�J>;�CEIJ�B?A;BO�:?7=DEI?I�

�38<*7 �2&,*

� �KE:;D7B�7JH;I?7

� ';9A;B�:?L;HJ?9KBKC

� ';9ED?KC�?B;KI

�EM�C?BA�FHEJ;?D

7BB;H=O

� "?HI9>IFHKD=�:?I;7I;

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�38<*7 �2&,*

#DJKIIKI9;FJ?ED

"OF;HJHEF>?9�FOBEH?9
!
IJ;DEI?I

(;9HEJ?P?D=
"
;DJ;HE9EB?J?I

'7BHEJ7J?ED�M?J>
#
LEBLKBKI

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�.39

�?H�?D�J>;�?DJ;IJ?D7B�M7BB��EH FD;KC7JEI?I�?DJ;IJ?D7B?I��?I�?D:?97J?L;�E<�I;L;H; ?D<B7CC7J?ED��7?H�?D�J>;


F;H?JED;7B�97L?JO��EH FD;KCEF;H?JED;KC��?I�IK==;IJ?L;�E<�8EM;B�HKFJKH;

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�477*(9��38<*7

��� �:4)*3&1�&97*8.&

�2&,*

�=51&3&9.43�%->

�KE:;D7B�7JH;I?7 FH;I;DJI�M?J>�78:EC?D7B�:?IJ;DJ?ED� 8?B?EKI ;C;I?I��7D:�7�FH;D7J7B�>?IJEHO�E<


FEBO>O:H7CD?EI �I?D9;�J>;�<;JKI�97DDEJ�:H?DA�J>; 7CD?EJ?9�<BK?: :K;�JE�J>; ?DJ;IJ?D7B�E8IJHK9J?ED��8KJ
:E;I�DEJ�97KI;�8BEE:O :?7HH>;7 EH F;H?JED?J?I �? ; ��78:EC?D7B H?=?:?JO 7D:�=K7H:?D=� ��8:EC?D7B N�
H7O MEKB:�7BIE�I>EM�7 :EK8B;�8K88B;�I?=D H7J>;H�J>7D FD;KC7JEI?I�?DJ;IJ?D7B?I �#D�7::?J?ED� :KE:;D7B
7JH;I?7 ?I�JOF?97BBO�7IIE9?7J;:�M?J> 9>HECEIEC7B�78DEHC7B?J?;I��;IF;9?7BBO �EMD�IOD:HEC; �.>?I
F7J?;DJ�B79AI�7DO�:OICEHF>?9�<;7JKH;I�JE�IK==;IJ�7 9>HECEIEC7B 78DEHC7B?JO

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �*(0*1�).;*79.(:1:2

�=51&3&9.43��:9

,;C;C8;H�J>;�HKB;�E<���I� ';9A;B�I�:?L;HJ?9KBKC E99KHI�?D����E<�J>;�FEFKB7J?ED��KIK7BBO�C7D?<;IJI�?D


J>;�<?HIJ���O;7HI�E<�B?<;��>7I�7�B;D=J>�E<���?D9>;I��?I�BE97J;:���<;;J�<HEC�J>; ?B;E9;97B�L7BL;��7D:�E<J;D
9EDI?IJI�E<���JOF;I�E<�J?IIK;��CEIJBO�=7IJH?9�7D: F7D9H;7J?9 J?IIK;�

�=51&3&9.43�%->

';9A;B�:?L;HJ?9KBKC ?I�J>;�CEIJ�B?A;BO�97KI;�E<�F7?DB;II >;C7JE9>;P?7 ?D�9>?B:H;D�����O;7HI�EB:


*7J?;DJI�7H;�E<J;D�7IOCFJEC7J?9�8KJ�C7O�FH;I;DJ�M?J>�78:EC?D7B F7?D 7D: >;C7JE9>;P?7 ?D�97I;�E<
?D<;9J?ED��I;9ED:7HO LEBLKBKI��EH 8EM;B�E8IJHK9J?ED :K;�JE�I;9ED:7HO ?DJKIIKI9;FJ?ED ';9A;B
:?L;HJ?9KBKC H;GK?H;I�7�J;9>D;J?KC���C�F;HJ;9>D;J7J;�I97D�<EH�L?IK7B?P7J?ED��?J�97DDEJ�8;�I;;D�ED�7
FB7?D�78:EC?D7B N�H7O � KHJ>;HCEH;��?J�?I�DEJ�7IIE9?7J;:�M?J> FD;KC7JEI?I�?DJ;IJ?D7B?I

��� �*(43.:2�.1*:8

�=51&3&9.43�%->

';9ED?KC�?B;KI 97D�FH;I;DJ�M?J>�78:EC?D7B�:?IJ;DJ?ED�7D: 8?B?EKI ;C;I?I�:K;�JE ?B;7B E8IJHK9J?ED


<HEC�?CF79J;:�IJEEB �.>?I�:?7=DEI?I�?I�IKIF;9J;:�M>;D C;9ED?KC <7?BI�JE�F7II�M?J>?D�J>;�<?HIJ���
>EKHI�E<�B?<;��?J�?I�IJHED=BO�7IIE9?7J;:�M?J> 9OIJ?9�<?8HEI?I �������E<�97I;I� ��8:EC?D7B N�H7O E<
C;9ED?KC�?B;KI I>EMI�:?B7J;:�BEEFI�E< IC7BB�8EM;B 78EL;�J>;�J;HC?D7B ?B;KC ��BJ>EK=>�J>?I�F7J?;DJ
FH;I;DJI�M?J>�78I;DJ�8EM;B�IEKD:I�7D:�LEC?J?D=��7�:?7=DEI?I�E< C;9ED?KC�?B;KI ?I�?D9EDI?IJ;DJ�M?J>
>?I :?7HH>;7��J>; N�H7O <?D:?D=I��7D:�J>;�EDI;J�E<�IOCFJECI�����M;;AI�7<J;H�:;B?L;HO

��� �4<�2.10�5749*.3�&11*7,>

�=51&3&9.43��:9

-OCFJECI�E<�9EM�C?BA�FHEJ;?D 7BB;H=O ��'���JOF?97BBO�H;IEBL;�<EBBEM?D=�M?J>:H7M7B�E<�J>;


E<<;D:?D=�7=;DJ

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�=51&3&9.43�%->

�EM�C?BA�FHEJ;?D 7BB;H=O ��'���?I�J>;�CEIJ�9ECCED <EE:�7BB;H=O ?D�9>?B:H;D�7D:�;?J>;H�FH;I;DJI


M?J>�IOD:HEC;I�E99KHH?D=�?CC;:?7J;BO�7<J;H�?D=;IJ?ED�E<�9EM�C?BA�FHEJ;?D��#=��C;:?7J;:��IK9>�7I
7D7F>OB7N?I� KHJ?97H?7� 7D: 7D=?E;:;C7� EH�?D�IOD:HEC;I�M?J>�7�:;B7O;:�EDI;J��DED�#=��C;:?7J;:�
IK9>�7I FHEJ;?D�?D:K9;:�FHE9JE9EB?J?I 7D:�EH�;DJ;HE9EB?J?I #D<7DJI M?J>�FHEJ;?D�?D:K9;:�FHE9JE9EB?J?I
C7O�FH;I;DJ�M?J>�H;9J7B�8B;;:?D=�8KJ�EJ>;HM?I;�7FF;7H�M;BB �*7J?;DJI�M?J>�<EE:�FHEJ;?D�?D:K9;:
;DJ;HE9EB?J?I�FH;I;DJ�M?J> :?7HH>;7��I;L;H;�LEC?J?D=��V��>EKHI�<EBBEM?D= 7DJ?=;D ?D=;IJ?ED�
:;>O:H7J?ED��7D: B;J>7H=O��8KJ�IOCFJECI�J>7J�IK==;IJ F;H?JED?J?I��IK9>�7I�78:EC?D7B H?=?:?JO��7H;
KD9ECCED ��D�78:EC?D7B N�H7O ?D�FHEJ;?D�?D:K9;: 9EB?J?I MEKB:�I>EM�7?H�<BK?:�B;L;BI�H7J>;H�J>7D
FD;KC7JEI?I�?DJ;IJ?D7B?I

��� �.78(-857:3,�).8*&8*

�=51&3&9.43�%->

"?HI9>IFHKD=�:?I;7I; 97D�FH;I;DJ�M?J>�78:EC?D7B�:?IJ;DJ?ED� 8?B?EKI ;C;I?I��7D:�7D�?D78?B?JO�JE�F7II


IJEEB�I;9ED:7HO�JE�E8IJHK9J?ED�<HEC�7D�7=7D=B?ED?9�FEHJ?ED�E<�J>;�H;9JEI?=CE?: 9EBED � 7?BKH;�JE�F7II
C;9ED?KC <EH������>EKHI�7D:�7�FEI?J?L; IGK?HJ�I?=D MEKB:�<KHJ>;H�IKFFEHJ�J>?I�:?7=DEI?I �#<�J>;
:?I;7I;�?I�9ECFB?97J;:�8O�;DJ;HE9EB?J?I��;NFBEI?L;�8BEE:O :?7HH>;7 ?I�9ECCED �"EM;L;H��?D
"?HI9>IFHKD=�:?I;7I;��78:EC?D7B N�H7O MEKB:�I>EM�7D�78I;D9;�E<�=7I�?D�J>; :?IJ7B 9EBED M?J>�7
:?B7J;:�8EM;B�FHEN?C7BBO�H7J>;H�J>7D�J>; FD;KC7JEI?I�?DJ;IJ?D7B?I I;;D�>;H;

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �39:88:8(*59.43

�2&,*

�=51&3&9.43��:9

/BJH7IEKD: ?I�J>;�?C7=?D=�J;IJ�E<�9>E?9;�<EH�J>;�:?7=DEI?I�E< ?DJKIIKI9;FJ?ED �.OF?97B�<?D:?D=I�7H;�J>;


J7H=;J�I?=D 7D:�J>; FI;K:EA?:D;O�I?=D

�=51&3&9.43�%->

*7J?;DJI�M?J> ?DJKIIKI9;FJ?ED JOF?97BBO�FH;I;DJ�M?J>�J>;�9B7II?9�JH?7:�E<�;F?IE:?9�78:EC?D7B F7?D�


LEC?J?D=��7D:�9KHH7DJ�@;BBO�IJEEB��9ECFEI;:�E<�8BEE:�7D:�CK9KI� �1>?B;�J>?I�F7J?;DJ�FH;I;DJI�M?J>
78:EC?D7B�J;D:;HD;II��LEC?J?D=��7D: BEM;H�=7IJHE?DJ;IJ?D7B�8B;;:?D= �7B8;?J�E99KBJ��DEJ�=HEII���I>;�?I
OEKD=;H�J>7D�MEKB:�8;�;NF;9J;:�<EH�J>?I�:?7=DEI?I��? ; ��9>?B:H;D���CEDJ>I�JE���O;7HI�E<�7=;��7D:�7BIE
:E;I�DEJ�>7L;�7�9>7H79J;H?IJ?9�I7KI7=;�I>7F;:�78:EC?D7B�C7II �#D ?DJKIIKI9;FJ?ED��7D�78:EC?D7B N�
H7O MEKB:�DEJ�I>EM FD;KC7JEI?I�?DJ;IJ?D7B?I��?DIJ;7:��?J�C7O�H;L;7B�7 IE<J�J?IIK; C7II��JOF?97BBO�?D
J>;�KFF;H�H?=>J�GK7:H7DJ�?D�9>?B:H;D��M?J> FHEN?C7B 8EM;B�E8IJHK9J?ED �; = ��7?H�<BK?:�B;L;BI�7D:�8EM;B
:?B7J?ED�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �>5*79745-.(�5>147.(�89*348.8

�=51&3&9.43��:9

/BJH7IEKD: ?I�J>;�:?7=DEIJ?9�J;IJ�E<�9>E?9;�?D >OF;HJHEF>?9�FOBEH?9�IJ;DEI?I 7D:�JOF?97BBO�H;L;7BI�7D


;BED=7J;:�7D:�J>?9A;D;: FOBEHKI

�=51&3&9.43�%->

"OF;HJHEF>?9�FOBEH?9�IJ;DEI?I �"*-��97D�FH;I;DJ�M?J>�78:EC?D7B�:?IJ;DJ?ED��I;L;H; FEIJFH7D:?7B�


DED8?B?EKI� FHE@;9J?B;�LEC?J?D=��7D: <7?BKH;�JE�J>H?L; IJ7HJ?D=��V��M;;AI�7<J;H 8?HJ>��8KJ�?J�?I�DEJ
JOF?97BBO�7IIE9?7J;:�M?J> :?7HH>;7 EH >;C7JE9>;P?7 ��BIE��7�F7BF78B;��EB?L;�I>7F;:�C7II�?I�E<J;D
FH;I;DJ�ED�;N7C?D7J?ED�E<�J>;�;F?=7IJH?KC��>OF;HJHEF>?9 FOBEHKI� ��8:EC?D7B N�H7O ?D "*- C7O
I>EM IJEC79> :?IJ;DJ?ED��?J�MEKB:�DEJ�I>EM FD;KC7JEI?I�?DJ;IJ?D7B?I

��� �*(749.?.3,�*39*74(41.9.8

�=51&3&9.43��:9

#<�KD9ECFB?97J;: (�� �? ; ��M?J>EKJ�F;H<EH7J?ED�F;H?JED?J?I��?I�:?7=DEI;:��#0�8HE7:�IF;9JHKC


7DJ?C?9HE8?7B�H;=?C;D�M?J>�IKFFEHJ?L;�97H;��? ; ��8EM;B�H;IJ� JEJ7B�F7H;DJ;H7B�DKJH?J?ED� <BK?:
H;FB79;C;DJ��7D:�97H:?EL7I9KB7H�H;IF?H7JEHO�IKFFEHJ��7H;�J>;�C7D7=;C;DJ�E<�9>E?9; �-;H?7B
78:EC?D7B N�H7OI I>EKB:�8;�9ED:K9J;:�;L;HO���>EKHI�JE�;N9BK:;�F;H<EH7J?ED

�=51&3&9.43�%->

(;9HEJ?P?D=�;DJ;HE9EB?J?I �(����?I�J>;�CEIJ�9ECCED�97KI;�E<�7D 79KJ;�78:EC;D ?D FH;C7JKH;�?D<7DJI


M?J> BEM�8?HJ>�M;?=>J �#J�JOF?97BBO�E99KHI��V��M;;AI�7<J;H 8?HJ>��ED9;�EH7B�<;;:?D=�>7I�8;=KD #D<7DJI
FH;I;DJ�M?J>�FEEH�<;;:?D=� B;J>7H=O��LEC?J?D=� :?7HH>;7� >;C7JE9>;P?7��7D:�EH�7�:?IJ;D:;:�78:EC;D
M?J>�:;9H;7I;:�8EM;B�IEKD:I��7BB�E<�M>?9>�7H;�FH;I;DJ�?D�J>?I ?D<7DJ 2�H7O E<�J>;�78:EC;D�I>EM?D=
FD;KC7JEI?I�?DJ;IJ?D7B?I 9ED<?HCI�J>;�:?7=DEI?I�E< (�� �)J>;H�JOF?97B N�H7O <?D:?D=I�?D9BK:;�:?B7J;:
8EM;B�BEEFI� FEHJ7B�L;DEKI =7I��7D:�78:EC?D7B�<H;;�7?H�?D�J>;�97I;�E< 8EM;B�F;H<EH7J?ED �I;;D�?D�J>?I
97I;� �EM;B�F;H<EH7J?ED H;GK?H;I�;C;H=;DJ B7F7HEJECO 7D:�B?A;BO�H;I;9J?ED�E<�J>;�7<<;9J;:�8EM;B�JE
FH;L;DJ�FHE=H;II?ED�E<�8EM;B D;9HEI?I� �#���7D: I>E9A

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �&1749&9.43�<.9-�;41;:1:8

�2&,*

�=51&3&9.43�%->

'7BHEJ7J?ED M?J> LEBLKBKI 97D�FH;I;DJ�M?J>�78:EC?D7B�:?IJ;DJ?ED�7D: 8?B?EKI ;C;I?I�:K;�JE ?DJ;IJ?D7B


E8IJHK9J?ED <HEC�JM?IJ?D=��? ; � LEBLKBKI��E<�J>;�8EM;B �H?=>J�H;:�8BEE:�F;H�H;9JKC C7O�7BIE�8;
FH;I;DJ�:K;�JE�?DJ;IJ?D7B D;9HEI?I ��8:EC?D7B N�H7O C7O�I>EM�7�9E<<;;�8;7D�I?=D�?D�I?=CE?: LEBLKBKI
7D:�7 A?:D;O 8;7D�I?=D�?D�9;97B LEBLKBKI��?J�MEKB:�DEJ�I>EM FD;KC7JEI?I�?DJ;IJ?D7B?I

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�:*89.43��� �

� ���O;7H�EB: MEC7D�9EC;I�JE�J>;�F>OI?9?7D�8;97KI;�E<�7 ��CEDJ> >?IJEHO�E<�<7J?=K;��?DJ;HC?JJ;DJ


78:EC?D7B�F7?D��7D:�8KBAO� <EKB�IC;BB?D= :?7HH>;7 �->;�>7I�>7:�7 ��A=����B8����EP� M;?=>J�BEII�:KH?D=
J>?I�F;H?E:�:;IF?J;�DE�9>7D=;I�?D�7FF;J?J; ��N7C?D7J?ED�E<�J>;�78:EC;D�I>EMI�DE�78DEHC7B?J?;I
-J7?D?D=�E<�J>;�IJEEB�M?J> -K:7D�### IJ7?D�I>EMI�7�B7H=;�DKC8;H�E<�H;:�:HEFB;JI 1>?9>�E<�J>;�<EBBEM?D=
?I�J>;�CEIJ�B?A;BO�KD:;HBO?D=�97KI;�E<�J>?I�F7J?;DJYI�IOCFJECI�

�38<*7 �2&,*

� /B9;H7J?L;�9EB?J?I

� �7H9?DE?:�IOD:HEC;

� �C;8?7I?I

� #HH?J78B;�8EM;B�IOD:HEC;

� &79JEI;�?DJEB;H7D9;

�;B?79�:?I;7I;

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�.39

-K:7D�###�IJ7?D?D= ?I�KI;:�JE�?:;DJ?<O�B?F?:I�?D�7�I7CFB; � EKB�IC;BB?D= :?7HH>;7 M?J>�<7J�?D�J>;�IJEEB


�IJ;7JEHH>;7��?D:?97J;I�<7J C7B78IEHFJ?ED

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�477*(9��38<*7

��� #1(*7&9.;*�(41.9.8

�=51&3&9.43��:9

7J C7B78IEHFJ?ED 7D: IJ;7JEHH>;7 7H;�CEH;�9ECCED�M?J> �HE>D�:?I;7I;��M>?9>�E<J;D�7<<;9JI�J>;


IC7BB�?DJ;IJ?D; �,7H;BO� ?B;7B ?DLEBL;C;DJ�97D�E99KH�?D�/��:K;�JE�W879AM7I>�?B;?J?IX

�=51&3&9.43�%->

/B9;H7J?L;�9EB?J?I �/���97D�C7D?<;IJ�M?J>�H;9KHH?D=�;F?IE:;I�E< :?7HH>;7��?DJ;HC?JJ;DJ�78:EC?D7B F7?D�


<7J?=K;��:K;�JE 7D;C?7���7D:�M;?=>J�BEII��:K;�JE�H;9KHH;DJ ?D<B7CC7J?ED 7D: 7DEH;N?7� �"EM;L;H�
F7J?;DJI�M?J>�/��MEKB:�7BIE�>7L;�IOCFJECI�IK9>�7I J;D;ICKI 7D:�CK9E?:�EH�8BEE:O�IJEEBI
�>;C7JE9>;P?7���M>?9>�7H;�DEJ�H;FEHJ;:�?D�J>?I�F7J?;DJ � 7J C7B78IEHFJ?ED 7D: IJ;7JEHH>;7 7H;�KDKIK7B
?D�/��8;97KI;�J>; IC7BB�?DJ;IJ?D;��M>?9>�?I�J>;�I?J;�E<�<7J�78IEHFJ?ED��?I�KIK7BBO�IF7H;:

��� �&7(.34.)�8>3)742*

�=51&3&9.43�%->

�7H9?DE?:�IOD:HEC; 97D�97KI; :?7HH>;7��78:EC?D7B F7?D��7D:�M;?=>J�BEII �"EM;L;H� 97H9?DE?:


IOD:HEC; MEKB:�DEJ�97KI;�<7J C7B78IEHFJ?ED 7D: IJ;7JEHH>;7��7D:�7<<;9J;:�?D:?L?:K7BI�9ECCEDBO
FH;I;DJ�M?J>�7::?J?ED7B�IOCFJECI��IK9>�7I�9KJ7D;EKI <BKI>?D=� M>;;P?D=��7D: :OIFD;7��DED;�E<
M>?9>�7H;�FH;I;DJ�>;H;

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �2*'.&8.8

�2&,*

�=51&3&9.43�%->

-OCFJEC7J?9�?DJ;IJ?D7B 7C;8?7I?I MEKB:�H;IKBJ�?D�78:EC?D7B F7?D 8KJ <;L;H 7D:�8BEE:O :?7HH>;7


H7J>;H�J>7D IJ;7JEHH>;7 MEKB:�8;�;NF;9J;:��7D:�IJEEB�;N7C?D7J?ED�MEKB:�I>EM JHEF>EPE?J;I M?J>
;D=KB<;: ;HOJ>HE9OJ;I EH�9OIJI�M?J>��V� DK9B;? �'EH;EL;H��J>;�EH=7D?IC�J>7J�97KI;I 7C;8?7I?I� E.
histolytica��?I�CEIJ�9ECCEDBO�<EKD:�?D�JHEF?97B�7D:�IK8JHEF?97B�H;=?EDI��7D:�J>?I�F7J?;DJ�:E;I�DEJ
H;FEHJ�7DO�H;9;DJ�JH7L;B�>?IJEHO

��� �77.9&'1*�'4<*1�8>3)742*

�=51&3&9.43�%->

#HH?J78B;�8EM;B�IOD:HEC; �#�-��97D�C7D?<;IJ�M?J>�7BJ;H;:�8EM;B�CEL;C;DJI��:?7HH>;7 EH
9EDIJ?F7J?ED��7D:�78:EC?D7B�9H7CF?D=�8KJ�M;?=>J�BEII� IJ;7JEHH>;7��7D:�<7J?=K;�MEKB:�DEJ�E99KH�M?J>

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
?HH?J78B;�8EM;B�IOD:HEC;

��� �&(948*�.3941*7&3(*

�=51&3&9.43�%->

&79JEI;�?DJEB;H7D9; 97D�C7D?<;IJ�M?J>�?DJ;HC?JJ;DJ�78:EC?D7B F7?D 7D: :?7HH>;7 �"EM;L;H�


?D:?L?:K7BI�M?J> B79JEI;�?DJEB;H7D9; KIK7BBO�:;I9H?8;�7�:?H;9J�9EDD;9J?ED�8;JM;;D�9EDIKCFJ?ED�E<
:7?HO�FHE:K9JI�7D:�EDI;J�E<�IOCFJECI�7D:�9ECFB7?D�E<�I?=D?<?97DJ�<B7JKB;D9; �'EH;EL;H� B79JEI;
?DJEB;H7D9; 7BED;�MEKB:�DEJ�97KI;�<7J C7B78IEHFJ?ED 7D: IJ;7JEHH>;7

��� �*1.&(�).8*&8*

�=51&3&9.43��:9

)J>;H�?CFEHJ7DJ�97KI;I�E<�<7J C7B78IEHFJ?ED 7D: IJ;7JEHH>;7 7H; F7D9H;7J?9 ?DIK<<?9?;D9O �; = � 9OIJ?9


<?8HEI?I�� �HE>D�:?I;7I;� 8?B?7HO 9?HH>EI?I� 1>?FFB;�:?I;7I;� 78;J7B?FEFHEJ;?D;C?7� IEC7JEIJ7J?DEC7
7D:�9;HJ7?D�:HK=I��; = � E9JH;EJ?:;� ;P;J?C?8;� 8?B;�79?:�H;I?DI�

�=51&3&9.43�%->

�;B?79�:?I;7I; �����?I�7D�?D<B7CC7JEHO�7KJE?CCKD;�9ED:?J?ED�97KI;:�8O�>OF;HI;DI?J?L?JO�JE =B?7:?D


#J�FH;:EC?D7DJBO�7<<;9JI�J>; :KE:;DKC 7D: @;@KDKC 7D:�?I�9>7H79J;H?P;:�8O�L?BBEKI 7JHEF>O��9HOFJ
>OF;HFB7I?7��7D:�?DJH7;F?J>;B?7B BOCF>E9OJEI?I �*7J?;DJI�7H;�E<J;D�7IOCFJEC7J?9�8KJ�97D�FH;I;DJ�7J
7DO�7=;�M?J>�=7IJHE?DJ;IJ?D7B�IOCFJECI�IK9>�7I�9H7CFO�78:EC?D7B F7?D��<7J C7B78IEHFJ?ED��7D:
IJ;7JEHH>;7 7I�M;BB�7I�;NJH7?DJ;IJ?D7B�C7D?<;IJ7J?EDI��; = ��IOCFJECI�E<�<7J�IEBK8B; L?J7C?D
:;<?9?;D9O� 7D;C?7��:;FH;II?ED� :;HC7J?J?I�>;HF;J?<EHC?I� �*7J?;DJI�M?J> 9;B?79�:?I;7I; 7H;�E<J;D
FEI?J?L;�<EH #=� 7DJ?�J?IIK; JH7DI=BKJ7C?D7I;��7DJ?�;D:ECOI?7B��7D:�7DJ?�:;7C?:7J;: =B?7:?D F;FJ?:;
7DJ?8E:?;I �;B?79�:?I;7I; ?I�CEIJ�9ECCED�7CED=�?D:?L?:K7BI�E<�DEHJ>;HD��KHEF;7D�:;I9;DJ�7D:�?I
7IIE9?7J;:�M?J> "&���+� 7D: "&���+� >7FBEJOF;I

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�:*89.43��� �

� ���O;7H�EB: MEC7D�M>E�H;9;DJBO�;C?=H7J;:�<HEC��H7P?B�9EC;I�JE�J>;�F>OI?9?7D�8;97KI;�E<�<;L;H�
<7J?=K;��:;9H;7I;:�7FF;J?J;��7D:�C?B:�78:EC?D7B�:?I9EC<EHJ �->;�>7I�DEJ�I;;D�7�F>OI?9?7D�?D�I;L;H7B
O;7HI�7D:�>;H�?CCKD?P7J?ED�IJ7JKI�?I�KDADEMD �->;�:H?DAI ��7B9E>EB?9 8;L;H7=;I�ED�J>;�M;;A;D:I�7D:
:E;I�DEJ�KI;�?BB?9?J�:HK=I �->;�?I�I;NK7BBO�79J?L;�M?J>�I;L;H7B�C7B;�F7HJD;HI�7D:�KI;I�9ED:ECI
?D9EDI?IJ;DJBO �";H�J;CF;H7JKH;�?I���T����� �T � �*>OI?97B�;N7C?D7J?ED�I>EMI�H?=>J�KFF;H�GK7:H7DJ
J;D:;HD;II�7D:�I9B;H7B�?9J;HKI �-;HEBE=O�9ED<?HCI�79KJ;�?D<;9J?ED�M?J>�7 L?HKI�J>7J�>7I�F7HJ?7BBO
:EK8B;�IJH7D:;:��9?H9KB7H��(� �1>?9>�E<�J>;�<EBBEM?D=�?I�CEIJ�B?A;BO�?DLEBL;:�?D�J>;�H;FB?97J?ED�9O9B;
E<�J>?I�L?HKI�

�38<*7 �2&,*

� �79J;H?7B�JH7DIB7J?ED�E<�L?H7B��(�

� �B;7L7=;�E<�=F����JE�<EHC�;DL;BEF;�=BO9EFHEJ;?D

� .H7DI9H?FJ?ED�E<�L?H7B��(��JE�,(��?D�J>;�9OJEFB7IC

� ,;L;HI;�JH7DI9H?FJ?ED�E<�L?H7B�,(��JE��(�

� �:>;I?ED�E<�L?HKI�JE�>EIJ�#��'���H;9;FJEH

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�.39

.>?I�F7J?;DJ�>7I�8;;D�?D<;9J;:�M?J> >;F7J?J?I���L?HKI �"�0���7D�;DL;BEF;: >;F7:D7L?HKI M?J>�EDBO


F7HJ?7BBO :EK8B;�IJH7D:;: �(�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�477*(9��38<*7

��� �&(9*7.&1�97&381&9.43�4+�;.7&1����

�=51&3&9.43�%->

�79J;H?7B JH7DIB7J?ED E<�L?H7B �(� ?I�<EKD:�?D�J>;�H;FB?97J?ED�9O9B;�E< 879J;H?EF>7=;I��7�JOF;�E<�L?HKI


J>7J�?D<;9JI�7D:�H;FB?97J;I�M?J>?D�879J;H?7 "�0��>EM;L;H��J7H=;JI >;F7JE9OJ;I��DEJ�879J;H?7

��� �1*&;&,*�4+�,5����94�+472�*3;*145*�,1>(45749*.3

�=51&3&9.43�%->

�B;7L7=;�E< =F��� ?DJE =F��� 7D: =F�� IK8KD?JI�E99KHI�?D�J>;�H;FB?97J?ED�9O9B;�E< "#0 !F��� 7D:
=F�� IK8KD?JI�7H;�;II;DJ?7B�<EH�J>;�?DL7I?ED�E<�J>; "#0 L?HKI�?DJE �����.�9;BBI �"EM;L;H� "�0 ?I�7
�(��L?HKI J>7J�J7H=;JI >;F7JE9OJ;I��DEJ �����.�9;BBI

��� "7&38(7.59.43�4+�;.7&1�����94� ���.3�9-*�(>9451&82

�=51&3&9.43�%->

'EIJ�L?HKI;I�M?J>�:EK8B;�IJH7D:;: �(� H;GK?H;�J>;�>EIJ�9;BB ,(��FEBOC;H7I; <EH JH7DI9H?FJ?ED


-?D9;�J>?I�;DPOC;�?I�BE97J;:�?D�J>;�>EIJ 9;BB�DK9B;KI��J>?I�F7HJ�E< L?H7B�H;FB?97J?ED�9O9B; 7BIE�JOF?97BBO
J7A;I�FB79;�J>;H; *ENL?HKI;I 7H;�J>;�EDBO�JOF;�E< �(��L?HKI J>7J�9E:;�<EH�J>;?H�EMD ,(�
FEBOC;H7I; 7D:�97D��J>;H;<EH;��;N;9KJ; JH7DI9H?FJ?ED ?D�J>; 9OJEFB7IC "�0��M>?9>�J>?I�F7J?;DJ�>7I�
?I�DEJ�97F78B;�E<�J>?I

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� *;*78*�97&38(7.59.43�4+�;.7&1� ���94����

�=51&3&9.43�%->

�<J;H "�0 ;DJ;HI�J>;�>EIJ >;F7JE9OJ;��?JI�F7HJ?7BBO�:EK8B;�IJH7D:;: H;B7N;:�9?H9KB7H��(� �H9�(���?I


JH7DIFEHJ;:�?DJE�J>; 9;BB�DK9B;KI��M>;H;�J>;�L?H7B�FEBOC;H7I;�9ECFB;J;I�J>;�F7HJ?7B�IJH7D:�E<�J>;�L?H7B
�(� ?D�J>;�>EIJ DK9B;KI �.>; H9�(� ?I�9EDL;HJ;:�JE 9EL7B;DJBO�9BEI;:�9?H9KB7H��(� �999�(��
FH?C7H?BO�8O�>EIJ�;DPOC;I�?D�7�FHE9;II�J>7J�?I�DEJ�;DJ?H;BO�KD:;HIJEE: �.>;�L?H7B 999�(� ?I�J>;D
JH7DI9H?8;:�JE C,(� 8O�>EIJ ,(��FEBOC;H7I;�##��7<J;H�M>?9>�?J�;DJ;HI�J>; 9OJEFB7IC 7D:�7<J;H
<EHC?D=�7 97FI?:��?I�H;L;HI;�JH7DI9H?8;:�?DJE�D;M�HI�(��=;DEC;I �.>;I;�=;DEC;I�7H;�;?J>;H
;DL;BEF;:�7D:�F79A7=;:�7I�D;M L?H?EDI JE�8;�H;B;7I;:�<HEC�J>;�9;BB��EH�KI;:�<EH�<KHJ>;H �(�
7CFB?<?97J?ED�E<�J>;�L?HKI "�0 :?<<;HI�<HEC H;JHEL?HKI;I �; = � "#0���?D�J>7J�J>;�H;L;HI; JH7DI9H?FJ?ED
?I�7 97FI?:�C;:?7J;:�FHE9;II

��� �)-*8.43�4+�;.7:8�94�-489��������7*(*5947

�=51&3&9.43�%->

#��'�� H;9;FJEHI�7H;�7:>;I?ED�CEB;9KB;I�;NFH;II;:�ED�J>;�9;BB�IKH<79;�E< ;F?J>;B?7B 9;BBI�7D: M>?J;


8BEE:�9;BBI �.>;O�7H;�J>;�I?J;�E<�7JJ79>C;DJ�<EH�I;L;H7B�EH=7D?ICI��?D9BK:?D= H>?DEL?HKI 7D:
Haemophilus influenzae��ED�H;IF?H7JEHO ;F?J>;B?7B 9;BBI "�0��M>?9>�J>?I�F7J?;DJ�>7I��J7H=;JI
>;F7JE9OJ;I H7J>;H�J>7D ;F?J>;B?7B 9;BBI�7D:�:E;I�DEJ�H;BO�ED #��'�� H;9;FJEH�7:>;I?ED

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�:*89.43��� �

� ���O;7H�EB: C7D�9EC;I�JE�J>;�F>OI?9?7D�8;97KI;�E<�7 ��M;;A >?IJEHO�E<�?DJ;HC?JJ;DJ�<;L;H��78:EC?D7B


F7?D� 8BEE:O�:?7HH>;7��7D:�I;DI7J?ED�E<�?D9ECFB;J;�H;9J7B�;CFJO?D= �";�7BIE�>7I�>7:�7 � ��A=�����B8�
M;?=>J�BEII�EL;H�J>;�F7IJ ��CEDJ>I ��8:EC?D7B�;N7C?D7J?ED�I>EMI�:?<<KI;�J;D:;HD;II ��EBEDEI9EFO
I>EMI�9?H9KC<;H;DJ?7B�;HOJ>;C7JEKI�B;I?EDI�J>7J�;NJ;D: M?J>EKJ�?DJ;HHKFJ?ED�<HEC�J>;�7D7B�L;H=;�JE�J>;
9;9KC ���8?EFIO�IF;9?C;D�J7A;D�<HEC�J>;�H;9JKC�I>EMI CK9EI7B�7D:�IK8CK9EI7B�?D<B7CC7J?ED�M?J>
9HOFJ�78I9;II;I �.>?I�F7J?;DJ�?I�CEIJ�B?A;BO�7J�H?IA�E<�:;L;BEF?D=�9EBED�97D9;H�M?J>�M>?9>�E<�J>;
<EBBEM?D=�9>7H79J;H?IJ?9I�

�38<*7 �2&,*

� /D?<E97B�B;I?ED

� &7J;�F���CKJ7J?ED

� (ED�FEBOFE?:�:OIFB7I?7

� &EM�=H7:;�B;I?ED

� �7HBO��*��CKJ7J?ED

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�.39

.>;�F7J?;DJ�I�IOCFJECI�7D: 9EBEDEI9EFO <?D:?D=I�IK==;IJ KB9;H7J?L;�9EB?J?I �/��

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�477*(9��38<*7

��� #3.+4(&1�1*8.43

�=51&3&9.43�%->

-FEH7:?9 9EBEH;9J7B�97H9?DEC7I 7H;�9ECCEDBO�KD?<E97B /B9;H7J?L;�9EB?J?I��>EM;L;H��?I�CEH;�B?A;BO�JE


8;�7IIE9?7J;:�M?J>�CKBJ?<E97B�B;I?EDI��:K;�JE�J>;�KD:;HBO?D=�:?<<KI;�F7JJ;HD�E<�9>HED?9 CK9EI7B 7D:
IK8CK9EI7B ?D<B7CC7J?ED �.>;I;�CKBJ?<E97B�B;I?EDI�7H;�B?A;BO�JE�?D:K9;�7�M?:;IFH;7: <?;B:�9>7D=;
;<<;9J M?J>?D�J>; 9EBED J>7J�?D9H;7I;I�J>;�9>7D9;�E< D;EFB7I?7 ?D�CEH;�J>7D�ED;�<E9KI

��� �&9*�5� �2:9&9.43

�=51&3&9.43�%->

&EII�E<�>;J;HEPO=EI?JO E<�J>; F�� JKCEH�IKFFH;IIEH ?I�7IIE9?7J;:�M?J>�J>;�:;L;BEFC;DJ�E<�I;L;H7B


:?<<;H;DJ�JOF;I�E< D;EFB7IJ?9 B;I?EDI��?D9BK:?D=�IFEH7:?9 9EBEH;9J7B�97H9?DEC7I ��,�� �#D�IFEH7:?9
�,�� F�� CKJ7J?ED�E99KHI�B7J;�?D�J>;�9EKHI;�E<�J>;�:?I;7I;��B;7:?D=�JE�J>; 7:;DEC7�JE�97H9?DEC7
I;GK;D9; �"EM;L;H��?D�F7J?;DJI�M?J> ?D<B7CC7JEHO�8EM;B�:?I;7I;��J>;�:;L;BEFC;DJ�E< 9EBEH;9J7B
97H9?DEC7 ?I�9>7H79J;H?P;:�8O�;7HBO F�� CKJ7J?ED

��� �43�541>54.)�)>851&8.&

�=51&3&9.43�%->

,;9KHH;DJ�9O9B;I�E< ?D<B7CC7J?ED��M>?9>�7H;�7�9ECCED�<;7JKH;�E<�/���H;IKBJ�?D�J>;�H;B;7I;�E<
?D<B7CC7JEHO�C7HA;HI J>7J�?D?J?7BBO�FHECEJ;�9;BBKB7H >OF;HFB7I?7 7D:��KBJ?C7J;BO��DED�FEBOFE?:
:OIFB7I?7 ��BJ>EK=>�H;L;HI?8B;� :OIFB7I?7 97D�FHE=H;II�JE D;EFB7I?7 7D:�?I�J>;�CEIJ�B?A;BO�97KI;�E<
:;L;BEFC;DJ�E< 9EBEH;9J7B�97H9?DEC7 ?D�F7J?;DJI�M?J> 9>HED?9�?D<B7CC7JEHO�8EM;B�:?I;7I;I

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �4<�,7&)*�1*8.43

�=51&3&9.43�%->

&EM�=H7:;�B;I?EDI�E<�J>; 9EBED 7H;�JOF?97BBO�M;BB�9?H9KCI9H?8;:�7D:�>7L;�7D�?DJ79J�97FIKB;��;N7CFB;I


?D9BK:;�>7C7HJEC7JEKI� CK9EI7B��7D: IK8CK9EI7B 9EBED?9�FEBOFI ��7D9;H�J>7J�7H?I;I�I;9ED:7HO�JE
KB9;H7J?L;�9EB?J?I ?I�CEH;�B?A;BO�JE�H;IKBJ�<HEC�9>HED?9�7D:�;NJ;DI?L; ?D<B7CC7J?ED 7D:�?I�CEH;
JOF?97BBO�9>7H79J;H?P;:�8O�7�>?=>�=H7:;�H7J>;H�J>7D�BEM�=H7:;�B;I?ED

��� �&71>�����2:9&9.43

�=51&3&9.43�%->

�7HBO �*� JKCEH�IKFFH;IIEH�=;D; CKJ7J?ED�?I�J>EK=>J�JE�8;�J>;�?D9?J?D=�;L;DJ�?D�J>;�F7J>E=;D;I?I�E<


<7C?B?7B�7:;DEC7JEKI�FEBOFEI?I � �*��7D:�IFEH7:?9 9EBEH;9J7B�97H9?DEC7I �"EM;L;H��?D�F7J?;DJI�M?J>
#����J>?I�CKJ7J?ED�?I�KD9ECCED�7D:�M>;D�FH;I;DJ��KIK7BBO�E99KHI�B7J;�?D�J>;�9EKHI;�E<�J>;�:?I;7I;
FHE9;II

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�:*89.43���

� ���O;7H�EB: MEC7D�9EC;I�JE�J>;�;C;H=;D9O�:;F7HJC;DJ�M?J>�<;L;H��78:EC?D7B�F7?D��7D:�D7KI;7�<EH
J>;�F7IJ ��>EKHI �.>;�F7?D�IJ7HJ;:�?D�J>;�H?=>J�BEM;H�78:EC;D�8KJ�>7I�DEM�FHE=H;II;:�JE�:?<<KI;
78:EC?D7B�F7?D �";H�J;CF;H7JKH;�?I��� �T������ �T � �*>OI?97B�;N7C?D7J?ED�I>EMI�=;D;H7B?P;:
78:EC?D7B�J;D:;HD;II�M?J>�H;8EKD:��=K7H:?D=��7D:�:;9H;7I;:�8EM;B�IEKD:I �->;�?I�J7A;D�<EH�7D
;C;H=;D9O�;NFBEH7JEHO�B7F7HEI9EFO��M>?9>�I>EMI�7�F;H<EH7J;:�7FF;D:?N�M?J>�7D�7:@79;DJ 78I9;II 7D:
F;H?JED;7B�?D<B7CC7J?ED ��KBJKH;I�<HEC�J>; 78I9;II <BK?:�=HEM 97J7B7I;�FHE:K9?D=��7D7;HE8?9�
=H7C�D;=7J?L; HE:I J>7J�>7L;�J>;�78?B?JO�JE�=HEM�?D�8?B; �1>?9>�E<�J>;�<EBBEM?D=�?I�J>;�CEIJ�7FFHEFH?7J;
F>7HC79EJ>;H7FO�<EH�J>?I�F7J?;DJ�

�38<*7 �2&,*

� 07D9ECO9?D�7D:�7P?J>HECO9?D

� !;DJ7C?9?D

� *?F;H79?BB?D

� �;<7PEB?D�7D:�:ENO9O9B?D;

� �CF?9?BB?D�7D:�IKB879J7C

�PJH;ED7C

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�.39

.>;�879J;H?7B�9KBJKH;I�IK==;IJ Bacteroides fragilis ?D<;9J?ED Bacteroides fragilis ?I�7�DEHC7B�F7HJ�E<�J>;


?DJ;IJ?D7B�<BEH7�8KJ�97D�97KI; F;H?JED?J?I 7D: 78I9;II <EHC7J?ED

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�477*(9��38<*7

��� $&3(42>(.3�&3)�&?.9-742>(.3

�=51&3&9.43�%->

07D9ECO9?D 7D: 7P?J>HECO9?D MEKB:�FHEL?:;�8HE7:�IF;9JHKC�9EL;H7=;�<EH�7JOF?97B�7D:�=H7C�


FEI?J?L;�879J;H?7 �"EM;L;H��J>?I�9EC8?D7J?ED�MEKB:�DEJ�FHEL?:;�7:;GK7J; 7D7;HE8?9 EH�=H7C�D;=7J?L;
9EL;H7=;�<EH�J>;�JH;7JC;DJ�E< B. fragilis ?D<;9J?ED

��� �*39&2.(.3

�=51&3&9.43�%->

!;DJ7C?9?D ?I�=;D;H7BBO�;<<;9J?L;�<EH�J>;�JH;7JC;DJ�E<�I;H?EKI�7;HE8?9��=H7C�D;=7J?L;�?D<;9J?EDI
1>?B;�J>?I�F7J?;DJ�?I�?D<;9J;:�M?J>�7�=H7C�D;=7J?L; 879?BBKI� B. fragilis ?I�7BIE�7D 7D7;HE8?9 EH=7D?IC
&?A;�7BB 7C?DE=BO9EI?:;I� =;DJ7C?9?D ?I�?D;<<;9J?L;�7=7?DIJ 7D7;HE8?9 IF;9?;I

��� �.5*7&(.11.3

�=51&3&9.43�%->

*?F;H79?BB?D FHEL?:;I�8HE7:�IF;9JHKC�9EL;H7=;�<EH�C7DO�=H7C�D;=7J?L;��=H7C�FEI?J?L;��7D:
7D7;HE8?9 IF;9?;I �"EM;L;H��?J�?I�IKI9;FJ?8B;�JE�:;=H7:7J?ED�8O�879J;H?7B 8;J7�B79J7C7I;I
�:C?D?IJH7J?ED�E<�J>?I�7=;DJ�7BED;�MEKB:�8;�?D7:;GK7J;�?D�J>?I�F7J?;DJ�8;97KI;�CEIJ�IJH7?DI�E< B.
fragilis FHE:K9; 8;J7�B79J7C7I;

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �*+&?41.3�&3)�)4=>(>(1.3*

�=51&3&9.43�%->

�EC8?D7J?ED�JH;7JC;DJ�M?J> 9;<7PEB?D 7D: :ENO9O9B?D; FHEL?:;I�=EE:�9EL;H7=;�<EH�=H7C�FEI?J?L;


9E99? 7D:�7JOF?97B�879J;H?7B�IF;9?;I�IK9>�7I Borrelia� Mycoplasma��7D: Rickettsia �#J�MEKB:�DEJ�8;�7D
7FFHEFH?7J;�H;=?C;D�<EH�7�=H7C�D;=7J?L; 879?BBKI IK9>�7I B. fragilis��M>?9>�<H;GK;DJBO�FHE:K9;I 8;J7�
B79J7C7I; 7D:�?I�E<J;D�H;I?IJ7DJ�JE J;JH79O9B?D;I �;<7PEB?D ?I�9ECCEDBO�KI;:�7I�FHEF>OB7N?I�7=7?DIJ
IKH=?97B�I?J;�?D<;9J?ED� :ENO9O9B?D; ?I�E<J;D�FH;I9H?8;:�<EH 79D;�LKB=7H?I

��� �25.(.11.3�&3)�8:1'&(9&2

�=51&3&9.43��:9

)J>;H�JH;7JC;DJ�EFJ?EDI�?D�F7J?;DJI�M?J> Bacteroides ?D<;9J?ED�?D9BK:; C;JHED?:7PEB;� 9B?D:7CO9?D�


EH�7DEJ>;H ;NJ;D:;:�IF;9JHKC�F;D?9?BB?D M?J>�7 F;D?9?BB?D7I; ?D>?8?JEH��; = � F?F;H79?BB?D�J7PE879J7C EH
J?97H9?BB?D�9B7LKB7D7J;

�=51&3&9.43�%->

��F7J?;DJ�M?J> F;H<EH7J;:�7FF;D:?9?J?I 7D: 78I9;II <EHC7J?ED�H;GK?H;I 7DJ?8?EJ?9I M?J> 7D7;HE8?9 7D:


=H7C�D;=7J?L;�9EL;H7=; ��;97KI;�CEH;�J>7D�����E< B. fragilis IJH7?DI�FHE:K9; 8;J7�B79J7C7I;�
7CF?9?BB?D I>EKB:�8;�9EC8?D;:�M?J>�J>; 8;J7�B79J7C7I;�?D>?8?JEH IKB879J7C �)J>;H�?D:?97J?EDI�<EH
7CF?9?BB?D�IKB879J7C J>;H7FO�?D9BK:; IA?D�IE<J�J?IIK;�?D<;9J?EDI 97KI;:�8O�=H7C�FEI?J?L;�EH=7D?ICI�
?D9BK:?D= Staphylococcus aureus �8KJ�DEJ ',-���7D:�9ECFB?97J;:�F;BL?9�=OD;9EBE=?97B�?D<;9J?EDI

��� �?97*43&2

�=51&3&9.43�%->

�PJH;ED7C FHEL?:;I�8HE7:�IF;9JHKC�9EL;H7=;�<EH�=H7C�D;=7J?L;�EH=7D?ICI�7D:�?JI�9>;C?97B
IJHK9JKH;�7BIE�9ED<;HI�?J�IEC;�H;I?IJ7D9;�JE�879J;H?7B 8;J7�B79J7C7I;I �#J�?I�J>;H;<EH;�;IF;9?7BBO�KI;<KB
?D�F7J?;DJI�M?J>�I;L;H; F;D?9?BB?D EH 9;F>7BEIFEH?D 7BB;H=?;I �"EM;L;H��?J�:E;I�DEJ�9EL;H 7D7;HE8?9

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
IF;9?;I��C;7D?D=�?J�MEKB:�DEJ�;<<;9J?L;BO�JH;7J�7D�?D<;9J?ED�M?J> B. fragilis

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�:*89.43��� �

� ���O;7H�EB: MEC7D 9EC;I�JE�J>;�F>OI?9?7D�8;97KI;�E<�7 ��CEDJ> >?IJEHO�E<�;N9;II?L; <7J?=K; 7D:�7


��CEDJ> >?IJEHO�E<�FHE=H;II?L;BO�?D9H;7I?D= =;D;H7B?P;:�FHKH?JKI �->;�>7I�>OFEJ>OHE?:?IC��<EH�M>?9>�I>;
H;9;?L;I�J>OHE?:�H;FB79;C;DJ�J>;H7FO �*>OI?97B�;N7C?D7J?ED�I>EMI @7KD:?9; �.>;�B?L;H�?I�F7BF7J;: ��9C
8;BEM�J>;�H?=>J�9EIJ7B�C7H=?D �-;HKC�IJK:?;I�I>EM�7�:?H;9J�8?B?HK8?D�9ED9;DJH7J?ED�E<�� � C=�:&��7BA7B?D;
F>EIF>7J7I;�79J?L?JO�E< ����/�&��7D:�?D9H;7I;:�J?J;HI�E< 7DJ?C?JE9>ED:H?7B�7DJ?8E:?;I 7D:�7DJ?�J>OHE?:
F;HEN?:7I;�7DJ?8E:?;I �1>?9>�E<�J>;�<EBBEM?D=�?I�J>;�CEIJ�B?A;BO�97KI;�E<�J>?I�F7J?;DJ�I�9ED:?J?ED�

�38<*7 �2&,*

� ";F7JE9;BBKB7H�799KCKB7J?ED�E<�9EFF;H

� #:?EF7J>?9�>;F7JE9;BBKB7H�799KCKB7J?ED�E<�<7J

� (;EFB7I?7�E<�J>;�7CFKBB7�E<�07J;H

� �;IJHK9J?ED�E<�?DJH7>;F7J?9�8?B;�:K9JI

� �KJE?CCKD;�C;:?7J;:�:;IJHK9J?ED�E<�>;F7JE9OJ;I

#D<B7CC7J?ED�7D:�<?8HEI?I�E<�J>;�8?B?7HO�JH;;

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�.39

�B;L7J;: 7DJ?C?JE9>ED:H?7B�7DJ?8E:?;I 7D:�I?=DI�E< 9>EB;IJ7I?I �FHKH?JKI� @7KD:?9;��7D:�?D9H;7I;: �&*


7D: 8?B?HK8?D 9ED9;DJH7J?ED��?D�7 C?::B;�7=;: MEC7D�IK==;IJ FH?C7HO�8?B?7HO�9>EB7D=?J?I

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�477*(9��38<*7

��� �*5&94(*11:1&7�&((:2:1&9.43�4+�(455*7

�=51&3&9.43�%->

�EFF;H 799KCKB7J?ED�?D�J>;�8E:O��?D9BK:?D=�>;F7JE9;BBKB7H 9EFF;H 799KCKB7J?ED��?I�J>;�KD:;HBO?D=


C;9>7D?IC�E< 1?BIED�:?I;7I; ��BJ>EK=> 1?BIED�:?I;7I; B;7:I�JE�>;F7J?9�:7C7=;��M>?9>�97D�FH;I;DJ
M?J> >;F7JEC;=7BO 7D: 9>EB;IJ7I?I��7<<;9J;:�?D:?L?:K7BI�=;D;H7BBO�FH;I;DJ�7J�7�OEKD=;H�7=;�M?J>�7
8HE7:�IF;9JHKC�E<�D;KHEBE=?9�C7D?<;IJ7J?EDI��; = � ;NJH7FOH7C?:7B�IOCFJECI��7D: %7OI;H� B;?I9>;H
H?D=I �'EH;EL;H� 1?BIED�:?I;7I; MEKB:�DEJ�;NFB7?D�J>?I�F7J?;DJ�I�FEI?J?L;�J;IJ?D=�<EH
7DJ?C?JE9>ED:H?7B�7DJ?8E:?;I

��� �).45&9-.(�-*5&94(*11:1&7�&((:2:1&9.43�4+�+&9

�=51&3&9.43�%->

#:?EF7J>?9 >;F7JE9;BBKB7H�799KCKB7J?ED�E<�<7J�?I�J>;�KD:;HBO?D=�C;9>7D?IC�E< DED�7B9E>EB?9


IJ;7JE>;F7J?J?I �(�-"� �#D:?L?:K7BI�M?J> (�-" =;D;H7BBO�:E�DEJ�;N>?8?J�I?=DI�E<�>;F7J?9�:?I;7I;�?D
;7HBO�IJ7=;I�E< (�-"��8KJ�FHE=H;II?ED�JE 9?HH>EI?I 97D�E99KH��M>?9>�97D�FH;I;DJ�M?J> >;F7JEC;=7BO
7D: 9>EB;IJ7I?I �"EM;L;H��J>?I�F7J?;DJ�:E;I�DEJ�>7L; H?IA�<79JEHI <EH (�-"��IK9>�7I E8;I?JO 7D:
:?78;J;I�C;BB?JKI �'EH;EL;H� (�-" MEKB:�DEJ�;NFB7?D�J>?I�F7J?;DJ�I�FEI?J?L;�J;IJ?D=�<EH
7DJ?C?JE9>ED:H?7B�7DJ?8E:?;I

��� �*451&8.&�4+�9-*�&25:11&�4+�$&9*7

�=51&3&9.43�%->

(;EFB7I?7 E<�J>; 7CFKBB7�E<�07J;H 97D�C7D?<;IJ�M?J>�<7J?=K;��F7?DB;II @7KD:?9;��7D: FHKH?JKI


I;9ED:7HO�JE 9>EB;IJ7I?I �"EM;L;H��J>?I�F7J?;DJ�B79AI�EJ>;H�JOF?97B�<;7JKH;I�E<�7D�KD:;HBO?D=
C7B?=D7D9O��IK9>�7I�7�>?IJEHO�E<�M;?=>J�BEII�7D:�EH 7DEH;N?7 �'EH;EL;H� F;H?7CFKBB7HO�97H9?DEC7
MEKB:�DEJ�;NFB7?D�J>?I�F7J?;DJ�I�FEI?J?L;�J;IJ?D=�<EH 7DJ?C?JE9>ED:H?7B�7DJ?8E:?;I

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �*897:(9.43�4+�.397&-*5&9.(�'.1*�):(98

�=51&3&9.43��:9

)J>;H�7KJE?CCKD;�9ED:?J?EDI�7IIE9?7J;:�M?J> *�� ?D9BK:; -@S=H;D�IOD:HEC;� �,�-.�IOD:HEC;�


7D: H>;KC7JE?:�7HJ>H?J?I

�=51&3&9.43�%->

�;IJHK9J?ED�E<�?DJH7>;F7J?9 8?B; :K9JI�?I�J>;�KD:;HBO?D=�C;9>7D?IC�E< FH?C7HO�8?B?7HO�9>EB7D=?J?I


�*��� ��I�7�H;IKBJ��9>HED?9 9>EB;IJ7I?I M?J>�;DIK?D=�I;9ED:7HO�>;F7J?9�:7C7=;�7D: B?L;H�9?HH>EI?I
97D�:;L;BEF �1>?B;�CEIJ�F7J?;DJI�7H;�7IOCFJEC7J?9�?D�J>;�;7HBO�IJ7=;I�E<�J>;�:?I;7I;��7<<;9J;:
?D:?L?:K7BI�97D�:;L;BEF 9>EB;IJ7J?9 FHKH?JKI��7I�I;;D�>;H; �DJ?C?JE9>ED:H?7B�7DJ?8E:?;I 7H;�<EKD:�?D
����E<�F7J?;DJI�M?J> *�� �.>?I�F7J?;DJ�I >OFEJ>OHE?:?IC ?I�CEIJ�B?A;BO�:K;�JE "7I>?CEJE�J>OHE?:?J?I
�;B;L7J;: 7DJ?�J>OHE?:�F;HEN?:7I;�7DJ?8E:?;I���M>?9>�?I�9ECCEDBO�7IIE9?7J;:�M?J> *��

��� �:94.22:3*�2*).&9*)�)*897:(9.43�4+�-*5&94(>9*8

�=51&3&9.43�%->

�KJE?CCKD;�C;:?7J;:�:;IJHK9J?ED�E< >;F7JE9OJ;I ?I�J>;�KD:;HBO?D=�C;9>7D?IC�E< 7KJE?CCKD;


>;F7J?J?I �1>?B;�F7J?;DJI�M?J> 7KJE?CCKD;�>;F7J?J?I 97D�7BIE�FH;I;DJ�M?J> @7KD:?9;� FHKH?JKI�
>;F7JEC;=7BO��7D:�7�>?IJEHO�E<�7KJE?CCKD; J>OHE?: :?I;7I;��J>?I�F7J?;DJ�B79AI�EJ>;H�JOF?97B�<;7JKH;I
E<�J>;�:?I;7I;��IK9>�7I�M;?=>J�BEII��78:EC?D7B F7?D� 7DJ?�ICEEJ>�CKI9B;�7DJ?8E:?;I��7D:
>OF;H=7CC7=BE8KB?D;C?7 �'EH;EL;H� 7KJE?CCKD;�>;F7J?J?I ?I�DEJ�KIK7BBO�7IIE9?7J;:�M?J>�FEI?J?L;
J;IJ?D=�<EH 7DJ?C?JE9>ED:H?7B�7DJ?8E:?;I

��� �3+1&22&9.43�&3)�+.'748.8�4+�9-*�'.1.&7>�97**

�=51&3&9.43�%->

#D<B7CC7J?ED 7D: <?8HEI?I E<�J>;�8?B?7HO�JH;;�?I�J>;�KD:;HBO?D=�C;9>7D?IC�E< FH?C7HO�I9B;HEI?D=


9>EB7D=?J?I �1>?B;�F7J?;DJI�M?J> FH?C7HO�I9B;HEI?D=�9>EB7D=?J?I 97D�FH;I;DJ�M?J>�<7J?=K;� 9>EB;IJ7I?I�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
7D: >;F7JEC;=7BO��J>?I�9ED:?J?ED�CEH;�9ECCEDBO�E99KHI�?D�C;D�7D:�?I�7IIE9?7J;:�M?J>
?D<B7CC7JEHO�8EM;B�:?I;7I; �'EH;EL;H� FH?C7HO�I9B;HEI?D=�9>EB7D=?J?I MEKB:�8;�7IIE9?7J;:�M?J>�J>;
:;L;BEFC;DJ�E< F�(����DEJ 7DJ?C?JE9>ED:H?7B�7DJ?8E:?;I

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�:*89.43��� �

� ���O;7H�EB: MEC7D�9EC;I�JE�J>;�;C;H=;D9O�:;F7HJC;DJ�8;97KI;�E<�:;9H;7I;:�7FF;J?J;��D7KI;7�
LEC?J?D=��7D:�;F?IE:?9�78:EC?D7B�F7?D�<EH�J>;�F7IJ�JME�CEDJ>I �.>;�F7?D�?I�I>7HF��9EB?9AO��7D:�B7IJI
78EKJ�7D�>EKH�7<J;H�C;7BI �";H IJEEBI�7H;�B?=>J�?D�7FF;7H7D9;�7D:�:?<<?9KBJ�JE�<BKI> �*>OI?97B�;N7C?D7J?ED
I>EMI�J;D:;HD;II�?D�J>;�H?=>J�KFF;H�GK7:H7DJ �1?J>EKJ�JH;7JC;DJ��J>?I�F7J?;DJ�?I�7J�=H;7J;IJ�H?IA�<EH
:;L;BEF?D=�M>?9>�E<�J>;�<EBBEM?D=�

�38<*7 �2&,*

� !BEII?J?I

� ';=7BE8B7IJ?9�7D;C?7

� &EM�8ED;�C?D;H7B�:;DI?JO

� �;B7O;:�MEKD:�>;7B?D=

� -J;7JE>;F7J?J?I

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�.39

.>?I�F7J?;DJ�I�FH;I;DJ?D=�IOCFJECI�IK==;IJ 9>EB;B?J>?7I?I �.>;�<BE7J?D=��B?=>J�9EBEH;:�IJEEB�B?A;BO�H;IKBJI


<HEC�<7J C7B78IEHFJ?ED :K;�JE 8?B;�79?: :;<?9?;D9O �.>;H;<EH;��J>?I�F7J?;DJ�?I FHED; JE�:;L;BEF?D= <7J�
IEBK8B;�L?J7C?D�:;<?9?;D9?;I

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
USMLE e e r m h nne s
Me est i e s: https://t.me/USMLEMe est

K p n ssr m i e s: https://t.me/USMLEK p n

USMLE i e s Step : https://t.me/USMLE Step

e ker i e s: https://t.me/USMLE e ker

r s e n i e s Step : https://t.me/USMLE r sAn e n

r s e n i e s Step K: https://t.me/USMLE r sAn e n Step K

Ph se i e s: https://t.me/USMLEPh se

Pi ri e i e s: https://t.me/USMLEPi ri e

P th m i e s: https://t.me/USMLEP th m

nA i s i h it : https://t.me/USMLE nA i s

Am ss r p: https://t.me/USMLEAm ss

Le t ri nk: https://t.me/USMLELe t ri

En p int P s: https://t.me/USMLEEn p int

USMLE MEs: https://t.me/USMLE ME

L E Me E : https://t.me/USMLE n ineMe E

USMLE r Step : https://t.me/USMLE r Step

USMLE r Step K: https://t.me/USMLE r Step K

USMLE r Step nk: https://t.me/USMLE r Step

USMLE Anki: https://t.me/USMLEAnki

KissPrep: https://t.me/USMLEKissPrep

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�477*(9��38<*7

��� �1488.9.8

�=51&3&9.43�%->

�;<?9?;D9O�E<�L7H?EKI�M7J;H�IEBK8B; L?J7C?DI C7O�97KI; =BEII?J?I �#J�MEKB:�DEJ�8;�97KI;:�8O


C7B78IEHFJ?ED E<�<7J�IEBK8B; L?J7C?DI �J>EK=>�7�H7D=;�E<�:;<?9?;D9?;I�97D�9E�E99KH�?D�IEC;
C7B78IEHFJ?ED 9ED:?J?EDI� �.>; 9>EB;B?J>?7I?I 7D: 8?B;�79?: :;<?9?;D9O�I;;D�?D�J>?I�F7J?;DJ�MEKB:�DEJ
97KI; =BEII?J?I

��� �*,&14'1&89.(�&3*2.&

�=51&3&9.43�%->

';=7BE8B7IJ?9�7D;C?7 97D�8;�97KI;:�8O L?J7C?D��� �J>?7C?D;�� L?J7C?D��� �<EB?9�79?:���EH L?J7C?D


��� �9E87B7C?D��:;<?9?;D9?;I��7BB�E<�M>?9>�7H;�M7J;H�IEBK8B; L?J7C?DI � 7J C7B78IEHFJ?ED ?JI;B<
I>EKB:�DEJ�7<<;9J�M7J;H�IEBK8B; L?J7C?DI��J>EK=>�IEC;�9ED:?J?EDI�?D9BK:;�:;<?9?;D9O�?D�8EJ>��; = �
9ED9EC?J7DJ�������7D: ?HED�:;<?9?;D9O ?D 9;B?79�:?I;7I;� EB?9�79?:�:;<?9?;D9O��<EH�?DIJ7D9;��97D
E99KH�M?J>�7�:;9H;7I;:�?DJ;IJ?D7B�IKH<79;�7H;7�JE�78IEH8�DKJH?;DJI��?D9H;7I;:�F>OI?97B�:;C7D:
�FH;=D7D9O���EH�:;9H;7I;:�:?;J7HO�?DJ7A; *;HD?9?EKI�7D;C?7 �L?J7C?D�����:;<?9?;D9O��97D�8;�:K;�JE
?DJ;IJ?D7B C7B78IEHFJ?ED EH�B79A�E< ?DJH?DI?9�<79JEH .>?7C?D;�:;<?9?;D9O ?I�9ECCEDBO�E8I;HL;:�?D
?D:?L?:K7BI�M?J> 7B9E>EB�KI;�:?IEH:;H EH�:?;JI�H;B?7DJ�ED�FEB?I>;:�H?9;�7D:�C?BB;:�M>?J;�9;H;7BI ��>;9A
<EH�EJ>;H C7B78IEHFJ?ED�IOD:HEC;I 7I�7�:?<<;H;DJ?7B�:?7=DEI?I

��� �4<�'43*�2.3*7&1�)*38.9>

�=51&3&9.43�%->

&EM�8ED;�C?D;H7B�:;DI?JO�?I�E8I;HL;:�?D�F7J?;DJI�M?J> L?J7C?D���:;<?9?;D9O��M>?9>�97D�E99KH
I;9ED:7HO�JE�<7J C7B78IEHFJ?ED �7I�?D�J>?I�F7J?;DJ���:;9H;7I;:�?DJ7A;��H;:K9;:�IKD�;NFEIKH;��:;9H;7I;:
;D:E=;DEKI IODJ>;I?I��EH�;D:�EH=7D�H;I?IJ7D9;�JE L?J7C?D�� �.>?I�F7J?;DJ�?I FHED; JE�:;L;BEF?D=�EJ>;H
<7J�IEBK8B;�L?J7C?D�:;<?9?;D9?;I �������%���7I�M;BB

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �*1&>*)�<4:3)�-*&1.3,

�=51&3&9.43�%->

#CF7?H;: MEKD:�>;7B?D= ?I�E8I;HL;:�?D L?J7C?D���:;<?9?;D9O 7D: P?D9�:;<?9?;D9O��M>?9>�H;IKBJ�<HEC


?D7:;GK7J;�:?;J7HO�?DJ7A;�H7J>;H�J>7D�<7J C7B78IEHFJ?ED 1EKD:�>;7B?D= ?I�7BIE�:;B7O;:�?D
C;=7BE8B7IJ?9�7D;C?7 7D: C?9HE9OJ?9�7D;C?7 �.>;I;�97D�E99KH�JE=;J>;H�M?J> L?J7C?D���:;<?9?;D9O ?D
?DJ;IJ?D7B�C7B78IEHFJ?L;�9ED:?J?EDI �"EM;L;H��?D�7�F7J?;DJ�M?J>�<7J C7B78IEHFJ?ED H;IKBJ?D=�<HEC 8?B;
79?: :;<?9?;D9O� :;B7O;:�MEKD:�>;7B?D= ?I�DEJ�;NF;9J;:

��� !9*&94-*5&9.9.8

�=51&3&9.43�%->

";F7J?9�IJ;7JEI?I 97D�8;�7B9E>EB�EH�DED�7B9E>EB�H;B7J;: �#J�C7O�8;�E8I;HL;:�?D�F7J?;DJI�M?J>�IKHFBKI


DKJH?J?ED7B�?DJ7A;��FHEJ;?D C7BDKJH?J?ED��JEN?D�?D:K9;: B?L;H :7C7=;��EH�EJ>;H�KD:;HBO?D=�:?I;7I;I ��
:OI87B7D9;�?D <7JJO�79?:�C;J78EB?IC EH�F;H?F>;H7B�<7J�78IEHFJ?ED�JH7FI JH?=BO9;H?:;I 7D:�EJ>;H <7JJO
79?:I ?D�J>; B?L;H ��;9H;7I;: 7FEB?FEFHEJ;?D 7D: L;HO�BEM�:;DI?JO�B?FEFHEJ;?D �0&�&��IODJ>;I?I�97D
FB7O�7�HEB; �#J�?I�DEJ�;NF;9J;:�?D�F7J?;DJI�M?J>�<7J C7B78IEHFJ?ED :K;�JE 8?B;�79?: :;<?9?;D9O

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�:*89.43��� �

� ���O;7H�EB: C7D�9EC;I�JE�J>;�F>OI?9?7D�8;97KI;�E<�7 ��:7O >?IJEHO�E< D7KI;7��78:EC?D7B�:?I9EC<EHJ�


7D:�O;BBEM�:?I9EBEH7J?ED�E<�J>;�;O;I -?N�M;;AI�7=E��>;�>7:�7D�;F?IE:;�E< <;L;H��@E?DJ�F7?D��IMEBB;D
BOCF>�DE:;I��7D:�7D�?J9>O�H7I>�ED�>?I�JHKDA�7D:�;NJH;C?J?;I J>7J F;HI?IJ;:�<EH ��JE���:7OI �";�H;JKHD;:
<HEC�7�879AF79A?D=�JH?F�JE��EBEC8?7�JME�CEDJ>I�7=E �"?I�J;CF;H7JKH;�?I ��T������ �T � �*>OI?97B
;N7C?D7J?ED�I>EMI I9B;H7B�?9J;HKI �#D<;9J?ED�M?J>�M>?9>�E<�J>;�<EBBEM?D=�7=;DJI�?I�J>;�CEIJ�B?A;BO�97KI;
E<�J>?I�F7J?;DJ�I�<?D:?D=I�

�38<*7 �2&,*

� ";F7J?J?I��

� �DJ;HEJEN?=;D?9�� �9EB?

� �EHH;B?7�8KH=:EH<;H?

� ";F7J?J?I��

� �7CFOBE879J;H�@;@KD?

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�.39

.>?I�F7J?;DJ�I�9KHH;DJ�9ED:?J?ED��@7KD:?9;��D7KI;7��IK==;IJ B?L;H F7J>EBE=O�7D:�>?I C;:?97B�>?IJEHO


IK==;IJI�7 I;HKC�I?9AD;II�B?A; H;79J?ED��<;L;H��7HJ>H?J?I��?J9>O�H7I>�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�477*(9��38<*7

��� �*5&9.9.8��

�=51&3&9.43�%->

";F7J?J?I�� ?I�7IIE9?7J;:�M?J>�7 I;HKC�I?9AD;II�B?A;�H;79J?ED��M>?9>�JOF?97BBO�E99KHI�:KH?D=�J>;


FHE:HEC7B F;H?E:�E<�J>;�?D<;9J?ED�����M;;AI�7<J;H 7DJ?=;D ;NFEIKH;�7D:�?I�J>EK=>J�JE�8;�C;:?7J;:�8O
?CCKD;�9ECFB;N <EHC7J?ED �-OCFJECI�E< I;HKC�I?9AD;II�B?A;�H;79J?ED KIK7BBO�H;IEBL;�M?J>?D�7�<;M
M;;AI��8KJ�IOCFJECI�<HEC 79KJ;�"�0�?D<;9J?ED C7O�F;HI?IJ�<EH�BED=;H��7I�I;;D�?D�J>?I�F7J?;DJ �)J>;H
97KI;I�E< I;HKC�I?9AD;II�B?A;�H;79J?ED ?D9BK:; 7DJ?8?EJ?9I �9;<79BEH� F;D?9?BB?D�� IJH;FJE9E997B
?D<;9J?ED��7D: L799?D;I

��� �39*7494=.,*3.(����(41.

�=51&3&9.43�%->

�DJ;HEJEN?=;D?9 E. coli ��.����?D<;9J?ED�?I�7�9ECCED�97KI;�E< JH7L;B;H�I�:?7HH>;7 J>7J�97D�97KI;


D7KI;7��78:EC?D7B�9H7CF?D=��7D: <;L;H��I?C?B7H�JE�J>;�IOCFJECI�I;;D�?D�J>?I�F7J?;DJ �"EM;L;H��J>?I
F7J?;DJ�I�>?IJEHO�E<�H7I>�7D:�9KHH;DJ @7KD:?9; MEKB:�DEJ�8;�;NFB7?D;:�8O �.�� � KHJ>;HCEH;��>;�?I
B79A?D=�J>;�79KJ;��M7J;HO :?7HH>;7 J>7J�?I�9>7H79J;H?IJ?9�E< �.�� ?D<;9J?ED

��� �477*1.&�':7,)47+*7.

�=51&3&9.43�%->

�EHH;B?7�8KH=:EH<;H? ?I�7�J?9A�8EHD;�F7J>E=;D�J>7J�97KI;I &OC;�:?I;7I; �*7J?;DJI�M?J> &OC;�:?I;7I;


C7O�FH;I;DJ�M?J> <;L;H� BOCF>7:;DEF7J>O��JH7DI?;DJ�7HJ>H?J?I��7D: @7KD:?9; �"EM;L;H� &OC;�:?I;7I;
MEKB:�JOF?97BBO�FH;I;DJ�M?J> ;HOJ>;C7�C?=H7DI��DEJ�7D�?J9>O�H7I>�?DLEBL?D=�J>;�JHKDA�7D:�;NJH;C?J?;I

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �*5&9.9.8��

�=51&3&9.43�%->

";F7J?J?I�� ?I�7�9ECCED�97KI;�E<�79KJ; >;F7J?J?I ?D�J>;�/-�7D:�KF�JE�����E<�97I;I�7H;�79GK?H;:


M>?B;�JH7L;B?D=�78HE7: �"EM;L;H� >;F7J?J?I�� ?I�DEJ�7�ADEMD�97KI;�E< I;HKC�I?9AD;II�B?A;�H;79J?EDI�
7D:�MEKB:�J>;H;<EH;�DEJ�FH;I;DJ�M?J> <;L;H��7HJ>H?J?I��7D:�7D�?J9>O�H7I>�?D�J>; FHE:HEC7B F>7I;

��� �&25>14'&(9*7�/*/:3.

�=51&3&9.43�%->

Campylobacter jejuni ?I�7�=H7C�D;=7J?L;� EN?:7I;�FEI?J?L; 879J;H?KC�J>7J�9B7II?97BBO�97KI;I�8BEE:O


:?7HH>;7 8KJ�97D�7BIE�97KI; H;79J?L;�7HJ>H?J?I��M>?9>�C7O�FH;I;DJ�I?C?B7HBO�JE�J>?I�F7J?;DJ �"EM;L;H��?J
?I�DEJ�ADEMD�JE�97KI; B?L;H F7J>EBE=O�7D:�J>?I�F7J?;DJ�?I�C?II?D=�J>;�9B7II?9�IOCFJECI�E<
9ED@KD9J?L?J?I 7D: KH;J>H?J?I JOF?97BBO�I;;D�?D H;79J?L;�7HJ>H?J?I

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�:*89.43��� �

� ���CEDJ>�EB: =?HB�?I�8HEK=>J�JE�J>;�F>OI?9?7D�8O�>;H�CEJ>;H�<EH =HEIIBO�8BEE:O�:?7HH>;7 <EH ��:7OI


.>;�=?HB�>7I�>7:�7 <;M�;F?IE:;I�E< 8BEE:�J?D=;: IJEEBI EL;H�J>;�F7IJ ��M;;AI �->; >7I�DEJ�>7:�F7?D�
D7KI;7��EH�LEC?J?D= �->;�?I�7J�J>; ��J>�F;H9;DJ?B; <EH�>;?=>J�7D: ��J>�F;H9;DJ?B; <EH�M;?=>J ��N7C?D7J?ED
I>EMI�9ED@KD9J?L7B�F7BBEH �.>;�78:EC;D�?I�IE<J�7D:�DEDJ;D:;H �.>;H;�?I�7�IC7BB�7CEKDJ�E<�:7HA�H;:
8BEE:�?D�J>;�:?7F;H �";H >;CE=BE8?D�9ED9;DJH7J?ED�?I � ��=�:&� C;7D�9EHFKI9KB7H�LEBKC;�?I ���_C���7D:
FB7J;B;J�9EKDJ�?I���������CC� KHJ>;H�;L7BK7J?ED�?I�CEIJ�B?A;BO�JE�I>EM�M>?9>�E<�J>;�<EBBEM?D=
<?D:?D=I�

�38<*7 �2&,*

�EK8B;�8K88B;�I?=D�ED

78:EC?D7B�N�H7O

�E88B;IJED;�CK9EI7�ED

9EBEDEI9EFO

(;KJHEF>?B�?D<?BJH7J;:

9HOFJI�ED�9EBED?9�8?EFIO

�8I;DJ�=7D=B?ED?9�9;BBI

ED�H;9J7B�IK9J?ED�8?EFIO

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�38<*7 �2&,*

.7H=;J�I?=D�ED�78:EC?D7B

KBJH7IEKD:

�9JEF?9�=7IJH?9�CK9EI7
ED�.;9>D;J?KC���C
F;HJ;9>D;J7J;�I97D

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�.39

.>?I�OEKD=�=?HB�FH;I;DJI�M?J>�F7?DB;II BEM;H�=7IJHE?DJ;IJ?D7B�8B;;:?D= 7D:�H;IKBJ7DJ C?9HE9OJ?9�7D;C?7


�B?A;BO�:K;�JE ?HED�:;<?9?;D9O <HEC�9>HED?9�8BEE:�BEII���M>?9>�?I�J>;�9>7H79J;H?IJ?9�FH;I;DJ7J?ED�E<
';9A;B�:?L;HJ?9KBKC

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�477*(9��38<*7

��� �4:'1*�':''1*�8.,3�43�&')42.3&1�=�7&>

�2&,*

�=51&3&9.43�%->

*B7?D�78:EC?D7B N�H7O I>EM?D= :EK8B;�8K88B;�I?=D ?I�IK==;IJ?L;�E< :KE:;D7B�7JH;I?7 �.>?I�=?HB�:E;I


DEJ�FH;I;DJ�M?J> 8?B?EKI LEC?J?D=�EH�78:EC?D7B�:?IJ;DJ?ED��M>?9>�MEKB:�8;�;NF;9J;:�?D�J>?I
9ED:?J?ED ��::?J?ED7BBO��I>;�?I����CEDJ>I�EB:�7D:�J>;H;<EH;�F7IJ�J>;�M?D:EM�?D�M>?9> :KE:;D7B
7JH;I?7 MEKB:�C7D?<;IJ����V���>EKHI�7<J;H 8?HJ>�

��� �4''1*8943*�2:(48&�43�(414348(45>

�=51&3&9.43�%->

�E88B;IJED; CK9EI7 �:K;�JE�B?D;7H�KB9;H7J?EDI�E<�J>; CK9EI7��?I�7�9B7II?97B�9EBEDEI9EF?9�<?D:?D=�E<

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�HE>D�:?I;7I; ���� ��BJ>EK=>�?DJ;IJ?D7B�8BEE:�BEII�?D����97D�97KI; ?HED�:;<?9?;D9O�7D;C?7 7D:�7
BEM '�0��7I�I;;D�?D�J>?I�F7J?;DJ��J>?I�9ED:?J?ED�?I�7IIE9?7J;:�M?J>�<KHJ>;H�IOCFJECI�IK9>�7I
DED8BEE:O 9>HED?9�:?7HH>;7��78:EC?D7B F7?D��7D: <7?BKH;�JE�J>H?L; �'EH;EL;H��I?D9;�J>;�F;7A
?D9?:;D9; E<����?I���V���O;7HI��?J�?I�KDB?A;BO�?D�J>?I����CEDJ>�EB:�F7J?;DJ

��� �*:9745-.1�.3+.197&9*)�(7>598�43�(4143.(�'.458>

�=51&3&9.43�%->

� 9EBED?9 8?EFIO I>EM?D= D;KJHEF>?B ?D<?BJH7J;:�9HOFJI�97D�8;�I;;D�?D KB9;H7J?L;�9EB?J?I �/�� �.>?I


:?I;7I;�97D�C7D?<;IJ�M?J> BEM;H�=7IJHE?DJ;IJ?D7B�8B;;:?D= 7D:�IK8I;GK;DJ C?9HE9OJ?9�7D;C?7��7I�I;;D
?D�J>?I�F7J?;DJ �"EM;L;H��/��?I�7BIE�7IIE9?7J;:�M?J>�78:EC?D7B F7?D� J;D;ICKI� <7?BKH;�JE�J>H?L;��7D:
;NJH7?DJ;IJ?D7B�C7D?<;IJ7J?EDI��; = � KL;?J?I��7HJ>H?J?I� ;HOJ>;C7�DE:EIKC� � KHJ>;HCEH;��J>;�F;7A
?D9?:;D9; E<�/��?I���V���O;7HI��7D:�J>;H;<EH;��?J�?I�KDB?A;BO�?D�J>?I����CEDJ>�EB:�F7J?;DJ

��� �'8*39�,&3,1.43.(�(*118�43�7*(9&1�8:(9.43�'.458>

�=51&3&9.43�%->

,;9J7B IK9J?ED 8?EFIO I>EM?D=�78I;DJ�=7D=B?ED?9�9;BBI�?I�:?7=DEIJ?9�E< "?HI9>IFHKD=�I�:?I;7I; �.>?I


:?I;7I;�97D�C7D?<;IJ�?D D;ED7J;I M?J> 8?B?EKI LEC?J?D=��78:EC?D7B�:?IJ;DJ?ED��7D:�:;B7O;: C;9ED?KC
F7II7=;��EH�7J�7�B7J;H�IJ7=;�E<�9>?B:>EE:�M?J>�9>HED?9�EH�H;9KHH;DJ 9EDIJ?F7J?ED �"EM;L;H��?J�?I�DEJ
7IIE9?7J;:�M?J>�J>;�F7?DB;II BEM;H�=7IJHE?DJ;IJ?D7B�8B;;:?D= I;;D�?D�J>?I�=?HB

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� "&7,*9�8.,3�43�&')42.3&1�:197&84:3)

�2&,*

�=51&3&9.43��:9

';9A;B�:?L;HJ?9KBKC 97D�79J�7I�7 F7J>EBE=?97B�B;7:�FE?DJ 7D:�J>;H;<EH;�FH;:?IFEI;I�JE


?DJKIIKI9;FJ?ED

�=51&3&9.43�%->

#D�OEKD=�9>?B:H;D��78:EC?D7B KBJH7IEKD: I>EM?D=�7 J7H=;J�I?=D ?I�IK==;IJ?L;�E< ?DJKIIKI9;FJ?ED


1>?B; ?DJKIIKI9;FJ?ED 97D�97KI; BEM;H�=7IJHE?DJ;IJ?D7B�8B;;:?D=��?J�KIK7BBO�FH;I;DJI�M?J>�79KJ;
9O9B?97B�9EB?9AO�78:EC?D7B F7?D��LEC?J?D=��7D:�78:EC?D7B�J;D:;HD;II �.>?I�F7J?;DJ�>7I�7�8;D?=D
78:EC?D7B�;N7C 7D:�DE�9ED9EC?J7DJ�IOCFJECI��C7A?D= ?DJKIIKI9;FJ?ED KDB?A;BO

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �(945.(�,&897.(�2:(48&�43�"*(-3*9.:2���2�5*79*(-3*9&9*�8(&3

�2&,*

�=51&3&9.43��:9

.>;�I;DI?J?L?JO�E< J;9>D;J?KC���C�F;HJ;9>D;J7J;�I97D ?I�BEM;H�?D�7:KBJI�8;97KI;�J>;�7:KBJ�FEFKB7J?ED


J;D:I�JE�>7L;�7�>?=>;H�F;H9;DJ7=;�E< ';9A;B�:?L;HJ?9KBKC J>7J�B79AI ;9JEF?9 =7IJH?9 CK9EI7 7BI;
FEI?J?L;I C7O�8;�I;;D�?D ?DJKIIKI9;FJ?ED 7D: ?D<B7CC7JEHO�8EM;B�:?I;7I;

�=51&3&9.43�%->

.;9>D;J?KC���C�F;HJ;9>D;J7J; I97D�I>EM?D= ;9JEF?9 =7IJH?9 CK9EI7 ?D�J>; IC7BB�8EM;B ?I�:?7=DEIJ?9


E< ';9A;B�:?L;HJ?9KBKC ?D�9>?B:H;D ';9A;B�:?L;HJ?9KBKC ?I�7 JHK;�:?L;HJ?9KBKC J>7J�C7O�9EDJ7?D
;9JEF?9 =7IJH?9 CK9EI7 7D:�EH F7D9H;7J?9 J?IIK; ��9?:�I;9H;J?ED�8O�=7IJH?9 CK9EI7 M?J>?D�J>;
:?L;HJ?9KBKC�H;IKBJI�?D ?B;7B KB9;H7J?ED�7D:�IK8I;GK;DJ�8B;;:?D= ��EDI;GK;DJBO��9>HED?9�8BEE:�BEII
97D�B;7:�JE ?HED�:;<?9?;D9O�7D;C?7��7D:�J>KI�7�BEM '�0��7I�I;;D�?D�J>?I�F7J?;DJ

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�:*89.43��� �

� ���O;7H�EB: MEC7D�9EC;I�JE�J>;�;C;H=;D9O�:;F7HJC;DJ�8;97KI;�E<�7 ��>EKH >?IJEHO�E<�78:EC?D7B


F7?D��D7KI;7��7D:�LEC?J?D=�J>7J�8;=7D�7D�>EKH�7<J;H�I>;�<?D?I>;:�BKD9> ��N7C?D7J?ED�I>EMI�78:EC?D7B
=K7H:?D=�7D:�H?=?:?JO��8EM;B�IEKD:I�7H;�H;:K9;: �'7=D;J?9�H;IED7D9;�9>EB7D=?EF7D9H;7JE=H7F>O�I>EMI
J>; :EHI7B�F7D9H;7J?9�:K9J�:H7?D?D=�?DJE�J>;�C?DEH�F7F?BB7�7D:�7�I;F7H7J;�IC7BB;H�:K9J�:H7?D?D=�?DJE�J>;
C7@EH�F7F?BB7 �.>;�IFB;;D�?I�BE97J;:�7DJ;H?EH�JE�J>;�B;<J�A?:D;O ���:?IHKFJ?ED�E<�M>?9>�E<�J>;�<EBBEM?D=
;C8HOEBE=?97B�FHE9;II;I�?I�J>;�CEIJ�B?A;BO�97KI;�E<�J>?I�F7J?;DJ�I�?C7=?D=�<?D:?D=I�

�38<*7 �2&,*

KI?ED�E<�J>;

F7D9H;7J?9�8K:I

KI?ED�E<�L?I9;H7B
� 7D:�F7H?;J7B
F;H?JED;KC

,EJ7J?ED�E<�J>;

C?:=KJ

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�38<*7 �2&,*

*HEB?<;H7J?ED�E<
� C;I;D9>OC;�?D�J>;
:EHI7B�C;I;DJ;HO

�?<<;H;DJ?7J?ED�E<
J>;�FHEN?C7B

>;F7J?9
:?L;HJ?9KBKC

,EJ7J?ED�E<�J>;
L;DJH7B�IFB;D?9�8K:

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�.39

.>; :EHI7B�F7D9H;7J?9�:K9J DEHC7BBO�:H7?DI�?DJE�J>; C7@EH�:KE:;D7B�F7F?BB7

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�477*(9��38<*7

��� �:8.43�4+�9-*�5&3(7*&9.(�':)8

�2&,*

�=51&3&9.43�%->

KI?ED�E<�J>; :EHI7B 7D: L;DJH7B F7D9H;7J?9 8K:I�DEHC7BBO�E99KHI�:KH?D=�J>;��J> M;;A�E<


;C8HOEBE=?97B�:;L;BEFC;DJ �-K8I;GK;DJBO��J>; :?IJ7B FEHJ?ED�E<�J>; :EHI7B�F7D9H;7J?9�:K9J <KI;I�M?J>
J>; L;DJH7B�F7D9H;7J?9�:K9J��M>?9>�:H7?DI�?DJE�J>; C7@EH�:KE:;D7B�F7F?BB7 L?7�J>; �CFKBB7�E<�07J;H
.>; FHEN?C7B FEHJ?ED�E<�J>; :EHI7B�F7D9H;7J?9�:K9J MEKB:�:;=;D;H7J;�EH�F;HI?IJ�7I�7D 799;IIEHO
F7D9H;7J?9�:K9J J>7J�:H7?DI�?DJE�J>; C?DEH�:KE:;D7B�F7F?BB7 �#<�J>; F7D9H;7J?9 8K:I�<7?B�JE�<KI;
�F7D9H;7I�:?L?IKC���J>; :EHI7B 7D: L;DJH7B�F7D9H;7J?9�:K9J MEKB:�:H7?D�I;F7H7J;BO�?DJE�J>; :KE:;DKC
M?J>�J>; :EHI7B�F7D9H;7J?9�:K9J :H7?D?D=�L?7�J>; C?DEH�:KE:;D7B�F7F?BB7��7I�I;;D�ED�J>?I�F7J?;DJ�I
',�* �'EIJ�?D:?L?:K7BI�M?J> F7D9H;7I�:?L?IKC 7H;�7IOCFJEC7J?9��8KJ�7�IC7BB�F;H9;DJ7=;�M?BB
FH;I;DJ�M?J>�9>HED?9�78:EC?D7B F7?D EH F7D9H;7J?J?I��7I�?I�J>;�97I;�>;H;

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �:8.43�4+�;.8(*7&1�&3)�5&7.*9&1�5*7.943*:2

�=51&3&9.43�%->

KI?ED�E<�J>; L?I9;H7B 7D: F7H?;J7B�F;H?JED;KC ;DIKH;I�J>7J�J>; F7D9H;7I 8;9EC;I�7 H;JHEF;H?JED;7B


IJHK9JKH;��I;9ED:7HO�H;JHEF;H?JED;7B?P7J?ED� �#D�J>;�;L;DJ�J>7J�J>?I�<KI?ED�:E;I�DEJ�E99KH��J>; F7D9H;7I
C7O�H;C7?D ?DJH7F;H?JED;7B �.>?I�7DEC7BO�?I�DEJ�ADEMD�JE�97KI;�7DO�9B?D?97B�I?=DI�EH�IOCFJECI

��� 49&9.43�4+�9-*�2.),:9

�2&,*

�=51&3&9.43�%->

,EJ7J?ED�E<�J>;�C?:=KJ ?I�?CFEHJ7DJ�<EH�FHEF;H�FEI?J?ED?D=�E<�J>;�?DJ;IJ?D;I �#D�97I;I�E<�C7BHEJ7J?ED�


J>;�<EHC7J?ED�E<�<?8HEKI�87D:I��&7::�87D:I��C7O�B;7:�JE LEBLKBKI EH�79KJ; ?DJ;IJ?D7B�E8IJHK9J?ED
#C7=?D=�JOF?97BBO�I>EMI IC7BB�8EM;B I;GK;IJ;H;:�ED�J>;�H?=>J�I?:;�E<�J>;�78:EC;D�7D:�B7H=;�8EM;B
ED�J>;�B;<J ��DEC7B?;I�E<�J>; F7D9H;7J?9�:K9J MEKB:�DEJ�8;�;NFB7?D;:�8O�J>?I�:?7=DEI?I

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �741.+*7&9.43�4+�2*8*3(->2*�.3�9-*�)478&1�2*8*39*7>

�=51&3&9.43�%->

*HEB?<;H7J?ED E<�C;I;D9>OC;�?D�J>; :EHI7B C;I;DJ;HO ?I�J>;�FHE9;II�8O�M>?9>�J>; IFB;;D :;L;BEFI


.>?I�F7J?;DJ�I IFB;;D ?I�I?JK7J;:�?D�J>;�DEHC7B 7D7JEC?97B�FEI?J?ED �7DJ;H?EH JE�J>;�B;<J A?:D;O��7D:
:E;I�DEJ�>7L;�9ED=;D?J7B�78DEHC7B?J?;I�J>7J�7H;�;L?:;DJ�ED�?C7=?D=

��� �.++*7*39.&9.43�4+�9-*�574=.2&1�-*5&9.(�).;*79.(:1:2

�=51&3&9.43�%->

�?<<;H;DJ?7J?ED�E<�J>; FHEN?C7B H;=?ED�E<�J>; >;F7J?9�:?L;HJ?9KBKC ?I�J>;�FHE9;II�8O�M>?9>�J>;�8?B?7HO


IOIJ;C�:;L;BEFI �#D�J>?I�F7J?;DJ��J>; F7D9H;7J?9�:K9JI 7H;�78DEHC7B�8KJ�J>;�8?B?7HO�IOIJ;C�?JI;B<�I>EMI
DE�;L?:;D9;�E<�9ED=;D?J7B�78DEHC7B?J?;I

��� 49&9.43�4+�9-*�;*397&1�851*3.(�':)

�=51&3&9.43��:9

�8DEHC7B�HEJ7J?ED�E<�J>; L;DJH7B F7D9H;7J?9 8K:�97D�H;IKBJ�?D�7D 7DDKB7H�F7D9H;7I��M>?9>�97D�97KI;


D7KI;7�7D:�LEC?J?D= :K;�JE�D7HHEM?D=�E<�J>; :KE:;DKC �"EM;L;H� 78:EC?D7B�=K7H:?D= 7D: H?=?:?JO
MEKB:�DEJ�8;�;NF;9J;:�M?J> :KE:;D7B E8IJHK9J?ED�7D: ',�* MEKB:�I>EM�7D�7DDKB7H�:K9J�:H7?D?D=
?DJE�J>; C7@EH�:KE:;D7B�F7F?BB7

�=51&3&9.43�%->

.>;�IFB;D?9�8K:�?I�BE97J;:�?D�J>; :EHI7B C;I;DJ;HO��7 L;DJH7B IFB;D?9�8K:�:E;I�DEJ�;N?IJ � 7?BKH;�E<


<KI?ED�E<�J>; :EHI7B FH?CEH:?7B�IFB;D?9�8K:I�97D�B;7:�JE�IKF;HDKC;H7HO��799;IIEHO� IFB;;D <EHC7J?ED�
M>?9>�E99KHI�?D�KF�JE�����E<�J>;�FEFKB7J?ED �"EM;L;H��?J�?I�CEIJ�E<J;D�:?7=DEI;:�?D9?:;DJ7BBO�ED
78:EC?D7B�?C7=?D=�7D:�?I�H7H;BO�IOCFJEC7J?9

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�:*89.43��� �

� ���O;7H�EB: C7D�9EC;I�JE�J>;�F>OI?9?7D�8;97KI;�E<�7 ��M;;A >?IJEHO�E< 9EB?9AO�78:EC?D7B�F7?D�7D:


:?7HH>;7 �";�>7I�8EM;B�CEL;C;DJI ��V�� J?C;I�:7?BO� J>;�IJEEB�9EDJ7?DI�8BEE:�7D:�CK9KI �";
9EDIJ7DJBO�>7I�J>;�KH=;�JE�:;<;97J; �"?I�L?J7B�I?=DI�7H;�M?J>?D�DEHC7B�B?C?JI ��N7C?D7J?ED�E<�J>;�78:EC;D
I>EMI�:?<<KI;�J;D:;HD;II�JE�F7BF7J?ED �-;HKC�9ED9;DJH7J?ED�E< ��H;79J?L; FHEJ;?D�?I ���C=�&��(����
�EBEDEI9EFO�I>EMI�7 8B;;:?D=��KB9;H7J;:�H;9J7B�CK9EI7�M?J>�I;L;H7B�FI;K:EFEBOFI �1>?9>�E<�J>;
<EBBEM?D=�?I�J>?I�F7J?;DJ�7J�=H;7J;IJ�H?IA�E<�:;L;BEF?D=�

�38<*7 �2&,*

� ";CEBOJ?9�KH;C?9�IOD:HEC;

� )H7B�KB9;HI

� �EBEH;9J7B�97D9;H

� �EBED?9�=H7DKBEC7I

� !7IJH?9�97D9;H

*7D9H;7J?9�97D9;H

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�.39

.>;�F7J?;DJ�FH;I;DJI�M?J>�9EB?9AO�78:EC?D7B F7?D 7D:�8BEE:O��CK9E?: :?7HH>;7 �-;HKC�IJK:?;I�I>EM�7D


;B;L7J;: ?D<B7CC7JEHO�C7HA;H��7D: 9EBEDEI9EFO I>EMI�7�8B;;:?D=��KB9;H7J;:�H;9J7B CK9EI7 M?J>�I;L;H7B
FI;K:EFEBOFI �.>;I;�IOCFJECI�7D:�<?D:?D=I�7H;�9EDI?IJ;DJ�M?J>�7�:?7=DEI?I�E< KB9;H7J?L;�9EB?J?I��7D
?D<B7CC7JEHO�8EM;B�:?I;7I;

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�477*(9��38<*7

��� �*241>9.(�:7*2.(�8>3)742*

�=51&3&9.43�%->

";CEBOJ?9�KH;C?9�IOD:HEC; �"/-��?I�7 J>HEC8EJ?9�C?9HE7D=?EF7J>O 97KI;:�8O 879J;H?7B�JEN?DI�


CEIJ�9ECCEDBO�J>;�->?=7�B?A;�JEN?D�E<�;DJ;HE>;CEHH>7=?9 Escherichia coli �E. coli� )����"� "/-
C7?DBO�E99KHI�?D�9>?B:H;D�����O;7HI�E<�7=;�M?J>�7�9B7II?9�JH?7:�E< J>HEC8E9OJEF;D?7�
C?9HE7D=?EF7J>?9�>;CEBOJ?9�7D;C?7��7D:�?CF7?H;:�H;D7B�<KD9J?ED�7BB�E99KHH?D=��V���:7OI�7<J;H�J>;
EDI;J�E<�7 :?7HH>;7B ?BBD;II �#J�?I�DEJ�7�9ECFB?97J?ED�E< KB9;H7J?L;�9EB?J?I

��� �7&1�:1(*78

�=51&3&9.43�%->

)H7B KB9;HI 7H;�7D�;NJH7?DJ;IJ?D7B�IOCFJEC�E< �HE>D�:?I;7I;��7D ?D<B7CC7JEHO�8EM;B�:?I;7I; J>7J�7BIE


97KI;I�78:EC?D7B�9H7CF?D=�7D: :?7HH>;7 �/DB?A; KB9;H7J?L;�9EB?J?I��M>?9>�EDBO�7<<;9JI�J>; 9EBED 7D:
H;9JKC� �HE>D�:?I;7I; 97D�?DLEBL;�7DO�F7HJ�E<�J>; =7IJHE?DJ;IJ?D7B�JH79J <HEC�CEKJ>�JE 7DKI �CEIJ
9ECCEDBO�?DLEBL;:�I?J;�?I�J>;�J;HC?D7B ?B;KC� �"EM;L;H� �HE>D�:?I;7I; KIK7BBO�IF7H;I�J>; H;9JKC
7D:�JOF?97BBO�<;7JKH;I�=HEIIBO�DED8BEE:O :?7HH>;7 �7BJ>EK=>�IJEEB�?I�E<J;D�FEI?J?L;�<EH�E99KBJ�8BEE:�
#D�7::?J?ED� ?B;E9EBEDEI9EFO ?D�7�F7J?;DJ�M?J>�79J?L; �HE>D�:?I;7I; MEKB:�CEH;�B?A;BO�I>EM�B?D;7H
KB9;HI��F?DFE?DJ�B;I?EDI��7�9>7H79J;H?IJ?9 9E88B;IJED;�7FF;7H7D9; E<�J>; CK9EI7��7D:�F;H?7D7B�<?IIKH;I
EH <?IJKB7I

��� �4147*(9&1�(&3(*7

�=51&3&9.43��:9

�EBEH;9J7B�97D9;H ?D KB9;H7J?L;�9EB?J?I F7J?;DJI�?I�CEH;�B?A;BO�JE�7H?I;�<HEC�DED�FEBOFE?:�B;I?EDI�7D:


JE�8;�CKBJ?<E97B

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�=51&3&9.43�%->

*7J?;DJI�M?J> KB9;H7J?L;�9EB?J?I >7L;�7D�?D9H;7I;:�H?IA�E< 9EBEH;9J7B�97D9;H��M?J>�J>;�;NJ;DJ��:KH7J?ED�


7D:�>?IJEBE=?9�I;L;H?JO�E<�J>;�:?I;7I;�9EHH;B7J?D=�M?J>�J>;�:;=H;;�E<�H?IA ��?=>J�JE�J;D�O;7HI�7<J;H�J>;
?D?J?7B�:?7=DEI?I�E< KB9;H7J?L;�9EB?J?I��F7J?;DJI�I>EKB:�H;9;?L; 9EBEDEI9EF?;I M?J> 8?EFI?;I ;L;HO��V�
O;7HI�JE�I9H;;D�<EH 9EBEH;9J7B�97D9;H

��� �4143.(�,7&3:142&8

�=51&3&9.43�%->

�EBED?9 =H7DKBEC7I 7H;�E<J;D�I;;D�?D �HE>D�:?I;7I;��7D ?D<B7CC7JEHO�8EM;B�:?I;7I; J>7J�7BIE�97KI;I


78:EC?D7B�9H7CF?D=�7D: :?7HH>;7 �/DB?A; KB9;H7J?L;�9EB?J?I��M>?9>�EDBO�7<<;9JI�J>; 9EBED 7D: H;9JKC�
�HE>D�:?I;7I; 97D�?DLEBL;�7DO�F7HJ�E<�J>; =7IJHE?DJ;IJ?D7B�JH79J <HEC�CEKJ>�JE 7DKI �CEIJ�9ECCEDBO
?DLEBL;:�I?J;�?I�J>;�J;HC?D7B ?B;KC� �"EM;L;H� �HE>D�:?I;7I; KIK7BBO�IF7H;I�J>; H;9JKC 7D:�JOF?97BBO
<;7JKH;I�=HEIIBO�DED8BEE:O :?7HH>;7 �7BJ>EK=>�IJEEB�?I�E<J;D�FEI?J?L;�<EH�E99KBJ�8BEE:� �#D�7::?J?ED�
?B;E9EBEDEI9EFO ?D�7�F7J?;DJ�M?J>�79J?L; �HE>D�:?I;7I; MEKB:�CEH;�B?A;BO�I>EM�B?D;7H KB9;HI�
F?DFE?DJ�B;I?EDI��7�9>7H79J;H?IJ?9 9E88B;IJED;�7FF;7H7D9; E<�J>; CK9EI7��7D:�F;H?7D7B�<?IIKH;I�EH
<?IJKB7I

��� �&897.(�(&3(*7

�=51&3&9.43�%->

!7IJH?9�97D9;H >7I�CKBJ?FB; H?IA�<79JEHI��8KJ KB9;H7J?L;�9EB?J?I ?I�DEJ�7CED=�J>;C ,?IA�<79JEHI <EH


=7IJH?9�97D9;H ?D9BK:;�7�:?;J�H?9>�?D D?JH7J;I 7D:�I7BJ��7B9E>EB�KI;� H. pylori ?D<;9J?ED��7D:
=7IJHE;IEF>7=;7B�H;<BKN�:?I;7I; �!�,��

��� �&3(7*&9.(�(&3(*7

�=51&3&9.43�%->

*7D9H;7J?9�97D9;H >7I�CKBJ?FB; H?IA�<79JEHI��8KJ KB9;H7J?L;�9EB?J?I ?I�DEJ�7CED=�J>;C ,?IA�<79JEHI <EH

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
F7D9H;7J?9�97D9;H ?D9BK:;�ICEA?D=� 9>HED?9�F7D9H;7J?J?I��>?=>�7B9E>EB�9EDIKCFJ?ED� JOF;���:?78;J;I
C;BB?JKI��7D:�?D>;H?J;:�=;D;J?9�IOD:HEC;I

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�:*89.43�����

� ���O;7H�EB: MEC7D�9EC;I�JE�J>;�F>OI?9?7D�8;97KI;�E<�7 ��M;;A >?IJEHO�E<�F7?D<KB�IM;BB?D=�ED�J>;


H?=>J�I?:;�E<�>;H�<79; �.>;�F7?D�MEHI;DI�M>;D�I>;�;7JI ��N7C?D7J?ED�E<�J>;�<79;�I>EMI�7 H?=>J�I?:;:��<?HC
IM;BB?D=�J>7J�?I�J;D:;H�JE�F7BF7J?ED �)H7B�;N7C?D7J?ED�I>EMI�DE�78DEHC7B?J?;I �/BJH7IEDE=H7F>O�I>EMI�7
IJED;�BE97J;:�?D�7�:K9J�J>7J�HKDI�7DJ;H?EH�JE�J>;�C7II;J;H�CKI9B;�7D:�F7II;I�J>HEK=>�J>;�8K99?D7JEH
CKI9B; �-?7BE;D:EI9EFO�?I�F;H<EHC;:�JE�H;CEL;�J>;�IJED; ��J�M>?9>�E<�J>;�<EBBEM?D=�I?J;I�?I�J>;
;D:EI9EF;�CEIJ�B?A;BO�JE�8;�?DI;HJ;:�:KH?D=�J>;�FHE9;:KH;�

�38<*7 �2&,*

&7J;H7B�JE�J>;�IKF;H?EH

B78?7B�<H;DKBKC

&7J;H7B�JE�J>;�B?D=K7B

<H;DKBKC

� #DJE�J>;�<EH7C;D�9;9KC

&7J;H7B�JE�J>;�I;9ED:�KFF;H

CEB7H�JEEJ>

� #DJE�J>;�<BEEH�E<�J>;�CEKJ>

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�38<*7 �2&,*

#DJE�J>;�C7D:?8KB7H
<EH7C;D

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�.39

/BJH7IEDE=H7F>O I>EMI�J>7J�J>;�IJED;�?I�BE97J;:�?D�J>; F7HEJ?:�:K9J

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�477*(9��38<*7

��� �&9*7&1�94�9-*�8:5*7.47�1&'.&1�+7*3:1:2

�=51&3&9.43�%->

.>;H;�?I�DE�I7B?L7HO�:K9J�J>7J�EF;DI�?DJE�J>; EH7B�97L?JO B7J;H7B JE�J>;�IKF;H?EH�B78?7B�<H;DKBKC

��� �&9*7&1�94�9-*�1.3,:&1�+7*3:1:2

�=51&3&9.43�%->

.>; IK8C7D:?8KB7H�:K9J 7H?I;I�<HEC�J>;�:;;F�F7HJ�E<�J>; IK8C7D:?8KB7H�=B7D: 7D:�EF;DI�?DJE�J>; EH7B


97L?JO B7J;H7B JE�J>;�B?D=K7B�<H;DKBKC ��BJ>EK=>�������E< I7B?L7HO�IJED;I 7H;�BE97J;:�?D�J>;
IK8C7D:?8KB7H�=B7D: EH�:K9J��J>?I�F7J?;DJ�I KBJH7IEDE=H7F>O <?D:?D=I�IK==;IJ�J>7J�J>;�IJED;�?I�BE97J;:
?D�J>; F7HEJ?:�:K9J

��� �394�9-*�+47&2*3�(*(:2

�=51&3&9.43�%->

.>; <EH7C;D�9;9KC ?I�7�IC7BB��C?:B?D;�?D:;DJ7J?ED�?D�J>; FEIJ;H?EH 7IF;9J�E<�J>; JED=K;��7D:�?J�?I�J>;


;C8HOEBE=?9�H;CD7DJ�E<�J>; J>OHE=BEII7B�:K9J �#<�J>;�:K9J�<7?BI�JE�E8B?J;H7J;��C?:B?D;�D;9A�9OIJI�EH
<?IJKB7I 97D�:;L;BEF �.>;H;�?I�DE�I7B?L7HO�=B7D:�J>7J�:H7?DI�?DJE�J>; <EH7C;D�9;9KC

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �&9*7&1�94�9-*�8*(43)�:55*7�241&7�9449-

�2&,*

�=51&3&9.43�%->

.>; F7HEJ?:�:K9J ;C;H=;I�<HEC�J>; 7DJ;H?EH ;:=;�E<�J>; F7HEJ?:�=B7D:��JKHDI�C;:?7BBO�7J�J>; 7DJ;H?EH


;:=;�E<�J>; C7II;J;H�CKI9B;��7D:��7<J;H�F?;H9?D=�J>HEK=>�J>; 8K99?D7JEH�CKI9B;��;DJ;HI�J>; EH7B�97L?JO
B7J;H7B JE�J>;�I;9ED:�KFF;H�CEB7H -?7BEB?J>?7I?I��M>?9>�7<<;9JI�J>; F7HEJ?:�=B7D: EH�:K9J�?D�7FFHEN
����E<�97I;I��JOF?97BBO�C7D?<;IJI�M?J>�79KJ; F7?D M>?B;�;7J?D=�7D:�J;D:;H�IM;BB?D=�E<�J>;�7<<;9J;:
=B7D:��8EJ>�E<�M>?9>�7H;�I;;D�>;H; ,?IA�<79JEHI ?D9BK:; :;>O:H7J?ED��9;HJ7?D�C;:?97J?EDI��; = �
7DJ?9>EB?D;H=?9I���7D:�JH7KC7 -?7BEB?J>?7I?I ?I�KIK7BBO�JH;7J;:�9EDI;HL7J?L;BO��; = ��M?J> (-�#�I 7D:
IJ?CKB7J?ED�E<�I7B?L7HO�<BEM�8O�=B7D:�C7II7=;�EH�M7HC�9ECFH;II;I �#D�I;L;H;�97I;I�EH�?<
9EDI;HL7J?L;�JH;7JC;DJ <7?BI� I7B?L7HO�IJED;I 97D�8;�H;CEL;:�L?7 I?7BE;D:EI9EFO EH�EF;D�IKH=?97B
FHE9;:KH;I

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �394�9-*�+1447�4+�9-*�24:9-

�=51&3&9.43�%->

.>; IK8B?D=K7B�=B7D: ?I�:H7?D;:�8O�DKC;HEKI�:K9JI��J>;�B7H=;IJ�E<�M>?9>�@E?DI�J>; IK8C7D:?8KB7H


:K9J M>?B;�J>;�H;C7?D?D=�IC7BB�:K9JI�:H7?D�?DJE�J>;�<BEEH�E<�J>;�CEKJ> ��BJ>EK=> I7B?L7HO�IJED;I 7H;
IEC;J?C;I�BE97J;:�?D�J>; IK8B?D=K7B�=B7D: EH�:K9JI��J>?I�F7J?;DJ�I KBJH7IEDE=H7F>O <?D:?D=I�IK==;IJ
J>7J�J>;�IJED;�?I�BE97J;:�?D�J>; F7HEJ?:�:K9J

��� �394�9-*�2&3).':1&7�+47&2*3

�=51&3&9.43�%->

.>;�C7D:?8KB7H�<EH7C;D�?I�7D�EF;D?D=�ED�J>;�?DJ;HD7B�IKH<79;�E<�J>;�H7CKI�E<�J>; C7D:?8B; �0;II;BI


7D:�D;HL;I�F7II�J>HEK=>�J>?I�EF;D?D=��>EM;L;H��J>;H;�?I�DE�I7B?L7HO�=B7D:�J>7J�:H7?DI�?DJE�J>;
C7D:?8KB7H�<EH7C;D

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
!=-;<176����

� ���M95F�C@8 KCA5B�7CA9G�HC�H<9�D<MG=7=5B�6975IG9�C: DFC;F9GG=J9�8=::=7I@HM�GK5@@CK=B;�GC@=8G�5B8


@=EI=8G CJ9F�H<9�D5GH ��ACBH<G��.<9�<5G�@CGH ��?; ���@6� 8IF=B;�H<=G�D9F=C8��/<9F9�=G�BC�<=GHCFM�C:�G9F=CIG
=@@B9GG��.<9�9A=;F5H98�HC�H<9�0.�:FCA +5B5A5 ��M95FG 5;C��.<9�8C9G�BCH�GAC?9�7=;5F9HH9G�CF�8F=B?
5@7C<C@���5F8=CDI@ACB5FM�9L5A=B5H=CB�G<CKG�5 GMGHC@=7�AIFAIF 5B8�5B .��;5@@CD����65F=IA�F58=C;F5D<
C:�H<9�7<9GH�=G�G<CKB�� B8CG7CD=7�6=CDGM�C:�H<9�8=GH5@�9GCD<5;IG�=G�ACGH�@=?9@M�HC�G<CK�K<=7<�C:�H<9
:C@@CK=B;�

�6;?-: �5)/-

� �HFCD<M�C:�9GCD<5;95@�GACCH<�AIG7@9�79@@G

� +F9G9B79�C:�=BHF5BI7@95F�65GCD<=@=7�=B7@IG=CBG

� $B:=@HF5H=CB�C:�9CG=BCD<=@G�=B�H<9�9D=H<9@=IA

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�6;?-: �5)/-

� �6G9B79�C:�AM9BH9F=7�D@9LIG�B9IFCBG

+F9G9B79�C:�A9H5D@5GH=7�7C@IAB5F�9D=H<9@=IA

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�16<

�@=B=75@�:95HIF9G�C: 8=@5H98�75F8=CAMCD5H<M �9�;� GMGHC@=7 AIFAIF 8I9�HC A=HF5@�F9;IF;=H5H=CB .��;5@@CD�


=B�5�D5H=9BH�:FCA��9BHF5@��A9F=75�=G�GI;;9GH=J9�C: �<5;5G�8=G95G9�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�7::-+<��6;?-:

��� �<:780A�7.�-;780)/-)4�;577<0�5=;+4-�+-44;

�@84)6)<176�'0A

'CGG�C:�9GCD<5;95@ GACCH<�AIG7@9 =G�7CAACB@M�G99B�=B�D5H=9BHG�K=H<�8=::IG9�CF�@=A=H98 GMGH9A=7


G7@9FCG=G��'CGG�C:�AIG7@9�F9GI@HG�=B 9GCD<5;95@�<MDCACH=@=HM 5B8 @CK9F�9GCD<5;95@�GD<=B7H9F
=B7CAD9H9B79 �K<=7<�75B�A5B=:9GH�5G�DFC;F9GG=J9 8MGD<5;=5 5B8�8=@5H=CB�C:�H<9 9GCD<5;IG CB�5
65F=IA�9GCD<5;F5A��#CK9J9F �H<9�;5GHFC�9GCD<5;95@�>IB7H=CB�KCI@8�69�CD9B�F5H<9F�H<5B�B5FFCK98�
(CF9CJ9F �H<=G�D5H=9BH�8C9G�BCH�<5J9�:95HIF9G�C: GMGH9A=7�G7@9FCG=G �9�;� �H<=7?9B98 G?=B
G7@9FC857HM@M �A5G?�@=?9�:57=9G��

��� :-;-6+-�7.�16<:)6=+4-):�*);780141+�16+4=;176;

�@84)6)<176�'0A

$BHF5BI7@95F 65GCD<=@=7 =B7@IG=CBG�5F9�5;;F9;5H9G�C:�J=F5@�F9D@=75H=CB�5GGC7=5H98 DFCH9=BG 7CAACB@M


G99B�=B �(1�=B:97H=CBG� �(1�9GCD<5;=H=G 75B�75IG9 8MGD<5;=5 �K<=7<�=G�G99B�=B�H<=G�D5H=9BH�
#CK9J9F �(1 KCI@8�BCH�75IG9 57<5@5G=5 5B8�CB@M�F5F9@M�@958G�HC 75F8=CAMCD5H<M��!IFH<9FACF9
ACGH�D5H=9BHG�DF9G9BH=B;�K=H< �(1�9GCD<5;=H=G 5F9 =AAIBC7CADFCA=G98 �K=H< ��� 7CIBHG�R����
/<=G�D5H=9BH�G�F9@5H=J9@M�IBF9A5F?56@9 A98=75@�<=GHCFM GI;;9GHG�H<5H�G<9�=G�=AAIBC7CAD9H9BH�

��� �6.14<:)<176�7.�-7;1678014;�16�<0-�-81<0-41=5

�@84)6)<176�'0A

$B:=@HF5H=CB�C: 9CG=BCD<=@G =B�H<9 9D=H<9@=IA =G�H<9�<5@@A5F?�C: 9CG=BCD<=@=7�9GCD<5;=H=G �K<=7<�=G�C:H9B


G99B�=B�D5H=9BHG�K=H< 5HCD=7 H9B89B7M��$H�=G�7<5F57H9F=N98�6M AI7CG5@ :F5;=@=HM�5B8 =B:@5AA5H=CB
K<=7<�75B�A5B=:9GH�K=H< 8MGD<5;=5��� 65F=IA�9GCD<5;F5A CF�9B8CG7CDM�A5M�F9J95@�:CFA98�F=B;G�CF
GA5@@�GHF=7HIF9G�5FF5B;98�=B�7CBG9EI9BH�F=8;9G�:IFFCKG���7CFFI;5H98 9GCD<5;IG�� �6IH�BCH�9GCD<5;95@
8=@5H=CB��!IFH<9FACF9 9CG=BCD<=@=7�9GCD<5;=H=G =G�BCH�5GGC7=5H98�K=H< 8=@5H98�75F8=CAMCD5H<M�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �*;-6+-�7.�5A-6<-:1+�84-@=;�6-=:76;

�@84)6)<176�'0A

�<5;5G�8=G95G9 =G�75IG98�6M Trypanosoma cruzi =B:97H=CB �5�D5F5G=H9 9B89A=7 HC�F9;=CBG�C:��9BHF5@


5B8�.CIH<��A9F=75��$B�588=H=CB�HC 8=@5H98�75F8=CAMCD5H<M T. cruzi =B:97H=CB�75B�@958�HC�89B9FJ5H=CB
5B8�89GHFI7H=CB�C: AM9BH9F=7�D@9LIG B9IFCBG 5BMK<9F9�5@CB;�H<9 ;5GHFC=BH9GH=B5@�HF57H��/<=G�F9GI@HG�=B
5B�=B56=@=HM�HC�F9@5L�H<9 @CK9F�9GCD<5;95@�GD<=B7H9F �57<5@5G=5� �K<=7<�A5B=:9GHG�5G�DFC;F9GG=J9
8MGD<5;=5 �K9=;<H�@CGG �5B8�5 6=F8�695?�G=;B CB 65F=IA�GK5@@CK�

��� :-;-6+-�7.�5-<)84);<1+�+74=56):�-81<0-41=5

�@84)6)<176�'0A

/<9�DF9G9B79�C: A9H5D@5GH=7 7C@IAB5F�9D=H<9@=IA =B�H<9 8=GH5@ 9GCD<5;IG =G�5�<5@@A5F?�C: �5FF9HH


9GCD<5;IG��/<=G�7CB8=H=CB�=G�7<5F57H9F=N98�6M�H<9�HF5BG:CFA5H=CB�C: GHF5H=:=98 GEI5ACIG�9D=H<9@=IA HC
A9H5D@5GH=7 7C@IAB5F�9D=H<9@=IA 5:H9F�H<9�9GCD<5;95@ AI7CG5 =G�7<FCB=75@@M�9LDCG98�HC GHCA57<�57=8
=B " -���/<=G�D5H=9BH�<5G�BC�<=GHCFM�C:�F9HFCGH9FB5@ D5=B �<95FH6IFB� �K<=7<�KCI@8�DCH9BH=5@@M
=B8=75H9 " -���!IFH<9FACF9 �5FF9HH�9GCD<5;IG =G�BCH�HMD=75@@M�5GGC7=5H98�K=H< 75F8=CAMCD5H<M�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
!=-;<176���

� ���M95F�C@8 A5B�7CA9G�HC�H<9�D<MG=7=5B�:CF�H<9�9J5@I5H=CB�C:�5�DFC;F9GG=J9@M�KCFG9B=B;�HF9ACF�=B�<=G
<5B8G�5B8 AI@H=D@9�:5@@G CJ9F�H<9�D5GH ��ACBH<G��/<9�HF9ACF�C77IFG�6CH<�5H�F9GH�5B8�K=H<�ACJ9A9BH��#9
5@GC�F9DCFHG�897F95G98�7CB79BHF5H=CB�5B8�5 @CGG�C:�=BH9F9GH =B�<=G�BCFA5@�57H=J=H=9G�CJ9F�H<=G�H=A9�D9F=C8�
#9�<5G�BC�<=GHCFM�C:�G9F=CIG�A98=75@�=@@B9GG�5B8�H5?9G�BC�A98=75H=CBG��#9�8F=B?G�HKC�5@7C<C@=7
69J9F5;9G�85=@M�5B8�8C9G�BCH�IG9�=@@=7=H�8FI;G��1=H5@�G=;BG�5F9�K=H<=B�BCFA5@�@=A=HG��+<MG=75@�9L5A�G<CKG
A=@8�>5IB8=79 �5 :@5DD=B; HF9ACF �5B8�5 6FC58�65G98 ;5=H��.9FIA�GHI8=9G�G<CK�

�GD5FH5H9�5A=BCHF5BG:9F5G9 ����0�'

#9D5H=H=G���GIF:579�5BH=6C8M DCG=H=J9

#9D5H=H=G���GIF:579�5BH=;9B B9;5H=J9

�9FI@CD@5GA=B ����A;�8' �BCFA5@� ����������A;�8'�

2<=7<�C:�H<9�:C@@CK=B;�=G�H<9�ACGH�5DDFCDF=5H9�D<5FA57CH<9F5DM�:CF�H<=G�D5H=9BH�

�6;?-: �5)/-

� /9BC:CJ=F

� +F98B=GC@CB9

� '9JC8CD5

� �9:9FCL5A=B9

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�6;?-: �5)/-

+9B=7=@@5A=B9

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�16<

/<=G�MCIB;�D5H=9BH�DF9G9BHG�K=H< 9LHF5DMF5A=85@�GMADHCAG >5IB8=79 �5B8�5�@CK 79FI@CD@5GA=B @9J9@


K<=7<�=G�7CBG=GH9BH�K=H< 2=@GCB�8=G95G9�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�7::-+<��6;?-:

��� $-67.7>1:

�@84)6)<176�'0A

/9BC:CJ=F =G�H<9�:=FGH�@=B9�H<9F5DM�:CF <9D5H=H=G�� =B:97H=CB��/<=G�D5H=9BH�<5G�5�DCG=H=J9 <9D5H=H=G��


GIF:579 5BH=6C8M 5B8�5�B9;5H=J9 <9D5H=H=G���GIF:579�5BH=;9B �K<=7<�=G�=B8=75H=J9�C:�9=H<9F�DF=CF
J577=B5H=CB CF�5�F9GC@J98�DF=CF�=B:97H=CB �B9=H<9F�C:�K<=7<�KCI@8�F9EI=F9�HF95HA9BH�

��� :-,61;7476-

�@84)6)<176�'0A

+F98B=GC@CB9 75B�69�IG98�:CF�H<9�A5B5;9A9BH�C:�G9J9F9 5@7C<C@=7�<9D5H=H=G �K<=7<�75B�5@GC�DF9G9BH


K=H< >5IB8=79 5B8�9@9J5H98 �./����D5H=9BH�56IG=B;�5@7C<C@�7CI@8�DF9G9BH�K=H<�5B 5H5L=7�;5=H �8I9�HC
29FB=7?9�9B79D<5@CD5H<M��5B8�CF 5GH9F=L=G �G97CB85FM�HC 5@7C<C@�K=H<8F5K5@ CF <9D5H=7
9B79D<5@CD5H<M� �:=B8=B;G�K<=7<�5F9�G=A=@5F�HC�H<9 HF9ACF 5B8�;5=H�8=GHIF65B79G�G99B�=B�H<=G�D5H=9BH�
#CK9J9F �H<=G�D5H=9BH�G�5@7C<C@�7CBGIADH=CB�=G�K=H<=B�H<9 ��� ;I=89@=B9G�:CF AC89F5H9�5@7C<C@
7CBGIADH=CB ����8F=B?G�K99?�:CF�A9B����88=H=CB5@@M 5@7C<C@=7�<9D5H=H=G KCI@8�BCH�9LD@5=B�5�@CK
79FI@CD@5GA=B @9J9@�

��� �->7,78)

�@84)6)<176�'0A

'9JC8CD5 =G�IG98�:CF�H<9�HF95HA9BH�C: +5F?=BGCB�8=G95G9 �K<=7<�75B�5@GC�DF9G9BH�K=H< 9LHF5DMF5A=85@


GMADHCAG �:@5DD=B; HF9ACF �6FC58�65G98�;5=H���#CK9J9F �+5F?=BGCB�8C9G�BCH�5::97H�H<9 @=J9F 5B8
KCI@8�BCH�75IG9 >5IB8=79 �=B7F95G98 �./ �CF�897F95G98 79FI@CD@5GA=B�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �-.-:7@)516-

�@84)6)<176�'0A

�9:9FCL5A=B9 =G�IG98�HC�HF95H <9AC7<FCA5HCG=G �5�8=G95G9�7<5F57H9F=N98�6M�7<FCB=7 =FCB�CJ9F@C58


@958=B;�HC =FCB 577IAI@5H9G �9GD97=5@@M�=B�H<9 @=J9F �=B7F95G98�F=G?�C: #��� D5B7F95G G?=B �T6FCBN9
8=569H9GU� <95FH D=HI=H5FM �5B8 >C=BHG���@H<CI;< <9AC7<FCA5HCG=G 75B�5@GC�75IG9 @=J9F 8=G95G9�K=H<
5B�9@9J5H98 �./ 5B8 >5IB8=79 �=H�8C9G�BCH�F9GI@H�=B 9LHF5DMF5A=85@�GMADHCAG CF�5�@CK 79FI@CD@5GA=B
@9J9@���@GC �=H�ACGH�7CAACB@M�DF9G9BHG�5:H9F�5;9����

��� -61+144)516-

�5)/-

�@84)6)<176�'0A

+9B=7=@@5A=B9 :57=@=H5H9G F9B5@�9L7F9H=CB C: 7CDD9F 5B8�=G�7CBG=89F98�5�:=FGH�@=B9�HF95HA9BH�:CF 2=@GCB


8=G95G9� /F=9BH=B9�<M8FC7<@CF=89 5B8 N=B7�G5@HG 75B�69�IG98�5G�5@H9FB5H=J9�H<9F5D=9G��/F95HA9BH�K=H<�5

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
7<9@5H=B;�5;9BH G<CI@8�69�58A=B=GH9F98�;F58I5@@M�CJ9F�H<9�7CIFG9�C:��S��ACBH<G �5G�AC6=@=N=B;�H<9
7CDD9F GHCF98�=B�H=GGI9G�HCC�F5D=8@M�A5M�9L579F65H9�B9IFC@C;=75@�GMADHCAG�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
!=-;<176����

� ���M95F�C@8 A5B�7CA9G�HC�H<9�D<MG=7=5B�K=H<�5 ��K99? <=GHCFM�C: :5H=;I9 �7F5ADM�568CA=B5@�D5=B


K5H9FM�8=5FF<95 �5B8�D5=B�=B�<=G�ACIH<�5B8�;IAG��#9�F9HIFB98�:FCA�5 ��K99? HF=D�HC�H<9��CA=B=75B
-9DI6@=7 ��ACBH<G 5;C��#9�<5G GAC?98�CB9�D57?�C:�7=;5F9HH9G�85=@M�:CF ���M95FG�� L5A=B5H=CB�G<CKG
H<F99 ����7A D5=B:I@�I@79FG�=B�H<9�ACIH<���68CA=B5@�9L5A=B5H=CB�G<CKG�A=@8�H9B89FB9GG�HC�D5@D5H=CB�=B
H<9�F=;<H�@CK9F�EI58F5BH�K=H<CIH�;I5F8=B;�CF�F96CIB8��#=G <9AC;@C6=B�7CB79BHF5H=CB�=G �����;�8' �A95B
7CFDIG7I@5F�JC@IA9�=G����:' �5B8�@9I?C7MH9�7CIBH�=G �� ����AA����C@CBCG7CDM�G<CKG�5 7C66@9GHCB9
AI7CG5����D<CHCA=7FC;F5D<�C:�5�6=CDGM�GD97=A9B�=G�G<CKB��2<=7<�C:�H<9�:C@@CK=B;�=G�H<9�ACGH�@=?9@M
8=5;BCG=G�

�6;?-: �5)/-

� /FCD=75@�GDFI9

� �9<79H�8=G95G9

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�6;?-: �5)/-

� �FC<B�8=G95G9

� 2<=DD@9�8=G95G9

0@79F5H=J9�7C@=H=G

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�16<

�C@CBCG7CDM :=B8=B;G�=B�D5H=9BHG�K=H<�H<=G�7CB8=H=CB�75B�5@GC�G<CK HF5BGAIF5@ =B:@5AA5H=CB �@=B95F


I@79FG :=GHI@5G �5B8�5D<H<CIG�<9ACFF<5;=7 AI7CG5�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�7::-+<��6;?-:

��� $:781+)4�;8:=-

�@84)6)<176�'0A

/FCD=75@�GDFI9 =G�ACF9�7CAACB@M�G99B�=B�H<9�HFCD=7G�CF�=B�HF5J9@9FG�F9HIFB=B;�:FCA�HFCD=75@
89GH=B5H=CBG���@H<CI;<�H<=G�D5H=9BH�F979BH@M�HF5J9@98�HC�H<9��CA=B=75B�-9DI6@=7 �K<9F9 HFCD=75@�GDFI9
=G 9B89A=7 �=H�=G�IGI5@@M�CB@M�G99B�=B�D5H=9BHG�K<C�<5J9�@=J98�=B�5B 9B89A=7 5F95�:CF�ACF9�H<5B�CB9
ACBH<��(CF9CJ9F HFCD=75@�GDFI9 DF9G9BHG�K=H< A5@56GCFDH=CB GH95HCFF<95 �5B8 A9;5@C6@5GH=7�5B9A=5
�8I9�HC 89:=7=9B7M�C:�J=H5A=B���� 5B8 :C@5H9� �K<=7<�=G�BCH�7CBG=GH9BH�K=H<�H<=G�D5H=9BH�G�DF9G9BH5H=CB�
�=CDGM C:�H<9 GA5@@�6CK9@ HMD=75@@M�G<CKG�J=@@CIG 5HFCD<M 5B8�9@CB;5H98�7FMDHG �=B�7CBHF5GH�HC�H<=G
D5H=9BH�G�:=B8=B;G�

��� �-0+-<�,1;-);-

�@84)6)<176�'0A

�9<79H�8=G95G9 75B�DF9G9BH�K=H<�D5=B:I@�CF5@ I@79FG �568CA=B5@ D5=B �5B8 8=5FF<95��$H�=G�ACF9�7CAACB


=B�D5H=9BHG�:FCA�H<9�(98=H9FF5B95B�F9;=CB�HC�95GH9FB��G=5 �K=H<�H<9�<=;<9GH DF9J5@9B79 C6G9FJ98�=B
/IF?9M��"9B=H5@ I@79FG �K<=7<�5F9�5BCH<9F�HMD=75@�:=B8=B; �5F9�BCH�DF9G9BH�=B�H<=G�D5H=9BH��$B�588=H=CB
H<=G�D5H=9BH�@57?G�@9G=CBG�C:�H<9 G?=B �9�;� 9FMH<9A5�BC8CGIA� 9M9 �9�;� 5BH9F=CF�IJ9=H=G �F9H=B5@
J5G7I@=H=G� �CF�J5G7I@5HIF9��9�;� �D<@96=H=G �1/� �K<=7<�KCI@8�69�HMD=75@�C: �9<79H�8=G95G9�
(CF9CJ9F ;F5BI@CA5HCIG�=B:@5AA5H=CB KCI@8�BCH�69�9LD97H98�

��� �:706�,1;-);-

�@84)6)<176�'0A

�FC<B�8=G95G9 �����<5G�5 6=AC85@�8=GHF=6IH=CB 5B8�75B�89J9@CD�=B�C@89F�D5H=9BHG�5FCIB8�H<9�5;9�C:���


M95FG�����HMD=75@@M�DF9G9BHG�K=H<�7<FCB=7 �K5H9FM �BCB6@CC8M 8=5FF<95 5B8�568CA=B5@ D5=B �A5=B@M�=B
H<9 F=;<H�@CK9F�EI58F5BH �-',��� LHF5=BH9GH=B5@�A5B=:9GH5H=CBG �GI7<�5G�H<9�CF5@�5D<H<59�=B�H<=G
D5H=9BH �5F9�C:H9B�5@GC�G99B��'56CF5HCFM�:=B8=B;G�=B7@I89 A=7FC7MH=7�5B9A=5 5B8 @9I?C7MHCG=G�����=G
GHFCB;@M�5GGC7=5H98�K=H<�5�<=GHCFM�C:�GAC?=B;� �=CDGM F9GI@HG�G<CK=B; ;F5BI@CA5HCIG�=B:@5AA5H=CB

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
C:�H<9 7C@CB=7 AI7CG5 5F9�8=5;BCGH=7�C: �FC<B�8=G95G9�

��� '01884-�,1;-);-

�@84)6)<176�'0A

2<=DD@9�8=G95G9 =G�5�F5F9�8=G95G9�H<5H�A5=B@M�C77IFG�=B�A5@9�D5H=9BHG���S���M95FG�C:�5;9�
"5GHFC=BH9GH=B5@�A5B=:9GH5H=CBG�=B7@I89�568CA=B5@ D5=B 6@C5H=B; 8=5FF<95 �5B8 A5@56GCFDH=CB�
LHF5=BH9GH=B5@�=BJC@J9A9BH�=G�7CAACB�5B8�=B7@I89G�5FH<F=H=G G57FC=@==H=G �5B8�75F8=57�5B8
B9IFC@C;=75@�GMADHCAG��#CK9J9F �CF5@ I@79FG KCI@8�BCH�69�9LD97H98��!IFH<9FACF9 6=CDGM G<CKG
+�.�DCG=H=J9 A57FCD<5;9G �K=H<=B�H<9 GA5@@�=BH9GH=B9� �=B�7CBHF5GH�HC�H<=G�D5H=9BH�G ;F5BI@CA5HCIG
=B:@5AA5H=CB C:�H<9 7C@CB�

��� %4+-:)<1>-�+741<1;

�@84)6)<176�'0A

0@79F5H=J9�7C@=H=G �0.��A5M�C77IF�=B�D5H=9BHG�5FCIB8����M95FG�C:�5;9�5B8�5@GC�DF9G9BHG�K=H< 7<FCB=7


8=5FF<95 5B8�568CA=B5@ D5=B��2<=@9�B9IHFCD<=@=7�7FMDH=H=G�=G�5@GC�G99B�=B�0� �H<9 ;F5BI@CA5G G99B�CB
H<=G 6=CDGM 5F9�BCH�7CBG=GH9BH�K=H<�0���(CF9CJ9F �CF5@ I@79FG 5F9�BCH�G99B�=B�0��5B8 8=5FF<95 =B�0�
=G�HMD=75@@M�6@CC8M��!IFH<9FACF9 �GAC?=B;�<5G�5�DFCH97H=J9�9::97H�CB�H<9�89J9@CDA9BH�C:�0� �K<9F95G
=H�=G�5�?BCKB F=G?�:57HCF :CF�5BCH<9F =B:@5AA5HCFM�6CK9@�8=G95G9�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
!=-;<176����

� ���M95F�C@8 A5B�7CA9G�HC�H<9�9A9F;9B7M�89D5FHA9BH�6975IG9�C:�5 ��85M <=GHCFM�C:�6@57? �H5FFM�GHCC@G�


#9�<5G�5@GC�<58�IDD9F�568CA=B5@�D5=B�H<5H�C77IFG�=AA98=5H9@M�5:H9F�95H=B;�5B8�5 ����?; �����@6��K9=;<H
@CGG�=B�H<9�D5GH ��ACBH<G��#9�<5G�BC�<=GHCFM�C:�A5>CF�A98=75@�=@@B9GG�6IH�8F=B?G ��699FG 85=@M��#=G�CB@M
A98=75H=CB�=G�579H5A=BCD<9B��#9�=G�5�:=B5B7=5@�7CBGI@H5BH�5B8�HF5J9@G�C:H9B�:CF�KCF?��+<MG=75@
9L5A=B5H=CB�G<CKG�D5@@CF�5B8�A=@8�9D=;5GHF=7�D5=B�� GCD<5;C;5GHFC8IC89BCG7CDM�G<CKG�5 6@998=B;
���AA I@79F�=B�H<9�5BHFIA�C:�H<9�GHCA57<��2<=7<�C:�H<9�:C@@CK=B;�=G�H<9�GHFCB;9GH�DF98=GDCG=B;�:57HCF
:CF�H<=G�D5H=9BH�G�7CB8=H=CB�

�6;?-: �5)/-

� �;9�56CJ9����M95FG

� �@7C<C@�7CBGIADH=CB

� �79H5A=BCD<9B�IG9

� 2CF?�F9@5H98�GHF9GG

#9@=7C657H9F�DM@CF=�=B:97H=CB

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�16<

(9@9B5 5B9A=5 IB=BH9BH=CB5@�K9=;<H�@CGG �5B8�5�<=GHCFM�C:�IDD9F�568CA=B5@ D5=B H<5H�KCFG9BG�K=H<


:CC8�=BH5?9�G<CI@8�F5=G9�7CB79FB�:CF�5 D9DH=7�I@79F�8=G95G9��/<9�9B8CG7CDM�F9GI@HG�7CB:=FA�H<=G
8=5;BCG=G�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�7::-+<��6;?-:

��� �/-�)*7>-����A-):;

�@84)6)<176�'0A

�@H<CI;<�5;9�=G�5�DF98=GDCG=B;�:57HCF�:CF +0� �H<9�F=G?�=G�G=;B=:=75BH@M�<=;<9F�=B�=B8=J=8I5@G�CJ9F�H<9


5;9�C:����M95FG �=H�KCI@8�CB@M�69�A5F;=B5@@M�=B7F95G98�=B�5����M95F�C@8�D5H=9BH�

��� �4+7074�+76;=58<176

�@84)6)<176�'0A

�@7C<C@�7CBGIADH=CB�=B7F95G9G�H<9�F=G?�C: +0� 6M�75IG=B; 7<9A=75@�;5GHF=H=G �K<=7<�DF98=GDCG9G


=B8=J=8I5@G�HC I@79F 89J9@CDA9BH�5B8�DFC@CB;G I@79F <95@=B;��#CK9J9F �5@7C<C@�7CBGIADH=CB�=G�BCH
H<9�GHFCB;9GH�DF98=GDCG=B;�:57HCF�:CF +0� =B�H<=G�D5H=9BH�

��� �+-<)516780-6�=;-

�@84)6)<176�'0A

�79H5A=BCD<9B =G�5�7CAACB@M�IG98 BCB�CD=C=8 5B5@;9G=7���@H<CI;<�=H�75B�75IG9�;5GHFC=BH9GH=B5@�G=89


9::97HG�GI7<�5G B5IG95�5B8�JCA=H=B; �=H�8C9G�BCH�=B7F95G9�H<9�F=G?�C: +0� CF ;5GHFC=BH9GH=B5@�6@998=B;�
$B�7CAD5F=GCB ).�$�G �5BCH<9F�7@5GG�C:�7CAACB@M�IG98 BCB�CD=C=8 5B5@;9G=7 �75B�=B7F95G9�H<9�F=G?
C: +0� ��:C@8�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� '7:3�:-4)<-,�;<:-;;

�@84)6)<176�'0A

.HF9GG�<5G�699B�5GGC7=5H98�K=H<�=B7F95G98 ;5GHF=7�57=8 DFC8I7H=CB�5B8�89J9@CDA9BH�C: +0� �5@H<CI;<


H<9�9L57H�IB89F@M=B;�A97<5B=GA�=G�DCCF@M�IB89FGHCC8�5B8�75IG5@=HM�<5G�BCH�M9H�699B�89:=B98���
8=::9F9BH�DF98=GDCG=B;�:57HCF�=G�ACF9�@=?9@M�=B�H<=G�D5H=9BH�

��� �-41+7*)+<-:�8A47:1�16.-+<176

�@84)6)<176��=<

H. pylori =B:97H=CB�=B7F95G9G�H<9�F=G?�C: ;5GHF=7�75B79F 5B8 (�'/�@MAD<CA5�

�@84)6)<176�'0A

Helicobacter pylori =B:97H=CB�=G�H<9�GHFCB;9GH�DF98=GDCG=B;�:57HCF�:CF�H<=G�D5H=9BH�G D9DH=7�I@79F�8=G95G9


�+0��� H. pylori =B:97H=CB�577CIBHG�:CF�ID�HC�����C: ;5GHF=7�I@79FG 5B8�����C: 8IC89B5@�I@79FG��/<9
ACGH�7CAACB�G=H9G�:CF I@79F 89J9@CDA9BH�5F9�H<9 @9GG9F�7IFJ5HIF9 5B8�H<9 5BHFIA C:�H<9 GHCA57< 5B8
H<9 8IC89B5@�6I@6 �5B8�8=5;BCG=G�C: H. pylori =B:97H=CB�75B�69�7CB:=FA98�CB 6=CDGM��$B�588=H=CB�HC
7CBHFC@@=B;�6@998=B; �HF95HA9BH�C:�<=G D9DH=7�I@79F G<CI@8�=B7@I89 #9@=7C657H9F�DM@CF=�9F58=75H=CB
H<9F5DM�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
!=-;<176����

��DF9J=CIG@M�<95@H<M ���M95F�C@8 KCA5B�7CA9G�HC�H<9�9A9F;9B7M�89D5FHA9BH�6975IG9�C:�5 ��K99?


<=GHCFM�C:�:5H=;I9 568CA=B5@�8=GH9BH=CB �5B8�JCA=H=B;��.<9�8F=B?G ��699FG 85=@M��+<MG=75@�9L5A=B5H=CB
G<CKG�D5@@CF�5B8 G7@9F5@�=7H9FIG����:@I=8�K5J9�5B8 G<=:H=B;�8I@@B9GG 5F9�DF9G9BH�CB�568CA=B5@
9L5A=B5H=CB��/<9�=BHF5J5G7I@5F�DF9GGIF9�=B�K<=7<�C:�H<9�:C@@CK=B;�J9GG9@G�=G ACGH�@=?9@M HC�69�=B7F95G98�

�6;?-: �5)/-

� .<CFH�;5GHF=7�J9=B

� .D@9B=7�5FH9FM

� $B:9F=CF�9D=;5GHF=7�J9=B

� �NM;CG�J9=B

"5GHFC8IC89B5@�5FH9FM

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�16<

"=J9B�H<=G�D5H=9BH�G <95JM�5@7C<C@�7CBGIADH=CB �<9F�GMADHCAG�C:�JCA=H=B; �:5H=;I9 5G7=H9G �5B8


>5IB8=79 5F9�<=;<@M�GI;;9GH=J9�C:�5@7C<C@=7 7=FF<CG=G�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�7::-+<��6;?-:

��� #07:<�/);<:1+�>-16

�5)/-

�@84)6)<176�'0A

/<9 G<CFH�;5GHF=7�J9=BG 8F5=B�=BHC�H<9 GD@9B=7�J9=B �K<=7<�>C=BG�H<9 GID9F=CF�A9G9BH9F=7�J9=B HC�:CFA


H<9 <9D5H=7�DCFH5@�J9=B��$B�D5H=9BHG�K=H< @=J9F�7=FF<CG=G �H<9�=B7F95G98�=BHF5@IA=B5@�DF9GGIF9�:FCA
DCFH5@�<MD9FH9BG=CB 75IG9G�9B;CF;9A9BH�C:�H<9G9�J9GG9@G��/<=G�75B�F9GI@H�=B ;5GHF=7�J5F=79G H<5H�75B�69
7CAD@=75H98�6M�@=:9�H<F95H9B=B; IDD9F�;5GHFC=BH9GH=B5@�6@998=B;�

��� #84-61+�):<-:A

�@84)6)<176�'0A

/<9 GD@9B=7�5FH9FM �K<=7<�=G�5�6F5B7<�C:�H<9 79@=57�HFIB? �GIDD@=9G�6@CC8�HC�H<9 GD@99B D5B7F95G 5G

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
K9@@�5G�H<9�:IB8IG�5B8�IDD9F ;F95H9F�7IFJ5HIF9�C:�H<9�GHCA57<��#CK9J9F �5G 5FH9F=9G 75FFM�6@CC8�HC
F5H<9F�H<5B�8F5=B�6@CC8�:FCA�CF;5BG �H<9M�5F9�BCH�=BJC@J98�=B DCFH5@�<MD9FH9BG=CB�

��� �6.-:17:�-81/);<:1+�>-16

�@84)6)<176�'0A

/<9 =B:9F=CF�9D=;5GHF=7�J9=B �K<=7<�8F5=BG�=BHC�H<9 9LH9FB5@�=@=57�J9=B �=G�5�D5FH�C:�H<9 GMGH9A=7


7=F7I@5H=CB��$B7F95G98�6@CC8�:@CK�H<FCI;<�H<9 =B:9F=CF�9D=;5GHF=7�J9=B 75B�C77IF�=B�D5H=9BHG�K=H< DCFH5@
<MD9FH9BG=CB 5G�5�F9GI@H�C: DCFHCGMGH9A=7�G<IBH=B; J=5 D5F5IA6=@=75@�J9=BG 5B8�F9GI@H�=B 75DIH
A98IG59��#CK9J9F �G=B79�H<9 =B:9F=CF�9D=;5GHF=7�J9=B =G�BCH�5�D5FH�C:�H<9�DCFH5@�GMGH9A �H<9�6@CC8
DF9GGIF9�=G�ACF9�@=?9@M�HC�69�=B7F95G98�=B�5�8=::9F9BH�J9GG9@�H<5H�=G�D5FH�C:�H<9�DCFH5@�GMGH9A�69:CF9�=H�=G
=B7F95G98�=B =B:9F=CF�9D=;5GHF=7�J9=B�

��� �BA/7;�>-16

�@84)6)<176�'0A

/<9 5NM;CG�J9=B �K<=7<�8F5=BG�=BHC�H<9 GID9F=CF�J9B5�75J5 �=G�D5FH�C:�H<9 GMGH9A=7�7=F7I@5H=CB�


$B7F95G98�6@CC8�:@CK�H<FCI;<�H<9 5NM;CG�J9=B 75B�C77IF�=B�D5H=9BHG�K=H< DCFH5@�<MD9FH9BG=CB 5G�5
F9GI@H�C: DCFHCGMGH9A=7�G<IBH=B; J=5�H<9�9GCD<5;95@ J9=B��#CK9J9F �G=B79�H<9 5NM;CG�J9=B =G�BCH�5�D5FH
C:�H<9�DCFH5@�GMGH9A �H<9�6@CC8�DF9GGIF9�=G�ACF9�@=?9@M�HC�69�=B7F95G98�=B�5�8=::9F9BH�J9GG9@�H<5H�=G�D5FH
C:�H<9�DCFH5@�GMGH9A�69:CF9�=H�=G�=B7F95G98�=B�H<9 5NM;CG�J9=B�

��� �);<:7,=7,-6)4�):<-:A

�@84)6)<176�'0A

/<9 ;5GHFC8IC89B5@�5FH9FM �K<=7<�=G�5�6F5B7<�C:�H<9 7CAACB�<9D5H=7�5FH9FM �75FF=9G�6@CC8�HC�H<9


DM@CFIG C:�H<9 GHCA57< �H<9 8IC89BIA �5B8�H<9�<958�C:�H<9 D5B7F95G �J=5�H<9�GID9F=CF
D5B7F95H=7C8IC89B5@ 5FH9F=9G���#CK9J9F �5G 5FH9F=9G 75FFM�6@CC8�HC�F5H<9F�H<5B�8F5=B�6@CC8�:FCA
CF;5BG �H<9M�5F9�BCH�=BJC@J98�=B DCFH5@�<MD9FH9BG=CB�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
!=-;<176����

� ���M95F�C@8 A5B�K=H<�5@7C<C@�IG9�8=GCF89F�=G�6FCI;<H�HC�H<9�9A9F;9B7M�89D5FHA9BH�=AA98=5H9@M�5:H9F
HKC�9D=GC89G�C: 7C::99�;FCIB8 9A9G=G��#=G�DI@G9�=G�����A=B�5B8�6@CC8�DF9GGIF9�=G ������AA�#;�
+<MG=75@�9L5A=B5H=CB�G<CKG�5�8=GH9B898�568CA9B�K=H<�G<=:H=B;�8I@@B9GG��.?=B�9L5A=B5H=CB�G<CKG
>5IB8=79 �9FMH<9A5HCIG�D5@AG �5B8�8=@5H98�J9=BG�=B�H<9�5BH9F=CF�568CA=B5@�K5@@���:H9F�:@I=8�F9GIG7=H5H=CB
<9�=G�;=J9B�5�8FI;�H<5H�897F95G9G�DCFH5@�J9BCIG�DF9GGIF9��/<9�8FI; KCF?G�6M�=B<=6=H=B;�H<9�G97F9H=CB�C:
GD@5B7<B=7�J5GC8=@5HCFM�<CFACB9G�5G�K9@@�5G�6@C7?=B;�;@I75;CB�5B8�=BGI@=B�F9@95G9��/<=G�8FI;�=G�5
GMBH<9H=7�5B5@C;�C:�5�GI6GH5B79�BCFA5@@M�DFC8I798�=B�K<=7<�C:�H<9�:C@@CK=B;�79@@G�

�6;?-: �5)/-

� .�79@@G

� "�79@@G

� &�79@@G

� ��79@@G

$�79@@G

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�16<

/<=G�D5H=9BH�K=H< 5@7C<C@�IG9�8=GCF89F 5B8�G=;BG�C: @=J9F 8MG:IB7H=CB��>5IB8=79 5G7=H9G 75DIH�A98IG59�


=G�BCK�DF9G9BH=B;�K=H< <9A5H9A9G=G 5B8�<9AC8MB5A=7�=BGH56=@=HM �K<=7<�=G�G99B�=B�FIDHIF98 9GCD<5;95@
J5F=79G��/F95HA9BH�=B7@I89G�<9AC8MB5A=7�F9GIG7=H5H=CB�5B8 C7HF9CH=89�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�7::-+<��6;?-:

��� #�+-44;

�@84)6)<176�'0A

.�79@@G 5F9 G97F9H=B�DFC8I7=B;�79@@G�@C75H98�=B�H<9 8IC89BIA� .97F9H=B =B7F95G9G D5B7F95H=7


6=75F6CB5H9 G97F9H=CB�5B8 6=@9 G97F9H=CB�=BHC�H<9 8IC89BIA 5B8�897F95G9G ;5GHF=7�57=8 G97F9H=CB�
.97F9H=B =G�BCH�5B�5B5@C;�C: C7HF9CH=89�

��� ��+-44;

�@84)6)<176�'0A

"�79@@G 5F9 ;5GHF=B�DFC8I7=B;�79@@G�@C75H98�=B�H<9 5BHFIA C:�H<9 GHCA57< 5B8�H<9 8IC89BIA� "5GHF=B


=B7F95G9G�;5GHF=7�#� F9@95G9�5B8�;5GHF=7�ACH=@=HM�5B8�GH=AI@5H9G�;FCKH<�C:�H<9�;5GHF=7 AI7CG5� "5GHF=B
=G�BCH�5B�5B5@C;�C: C7HF9CH=89�

��� ��+-44;

�@84)6)<176�'0A

&�79@@G DFC8I79 ;@I7CG9�89D9B89BH�=BGI@=BCHFCD=7�D9DH=89 �5@GC�?BCKB�5G ;5GHF=7�=B<=6=HCFM�D9DH=89


CF "$+��5B8�5F9�@C75H98�=B�H<9 8IC89BIA 5B8 >9>IBIA� "$+ 897F95G9G ;5GHF=7�57=8 G97F9H=CB�5B8
=B7F95G9G =BGI@=B F9@95G9� "$+ =G�BCH�5B�5B5@C;�C: C7HF9CH=89�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� ��+-44;

�@84)6)<176��=<

*7HF9CH=89 =G�5@GC�IG98�=B�H<9�HF95HA9BH�C: 75F7=BC=8�GMB8FCA9 57FCA9;5@M �5B8 ;=;5BH=GA�

�@84)6)<176�'0A

��79@@G 5F9 GCA5HCGH5H=B�DFC8I7=B;�79@@G�@C75H98�=B�H<9�;5GHFC=BH9GH=B5@ AI7CG5 5B8�=B D5B7F95H=7


=G@9HG��/<=G�D5H=9BH�G<CKG�G=;BG�C: 9GCD<5;95@�6@998=B; 5B8�<5G�699B�;=J9B C7HF9CH=89 �K<=7<�=G�5
GMBH<9H=7�5B5@C;�C: GCA5HCGH5H=B K=H<�5�@CB;9F <5@:�@=:9���CH<�GI6GH5B79G�=B<=6=H�G97F9H=CB�C:
J5GC8=@5HCFM <CFACB9G �K<=7<�=B8=F97H@M�@958G�HC GD@5B7<B=7 J5GC7CBGHF=7H=CB 5B8�F98I798 GD@5B7<B=7
6@CC8�:@CK�

��� ��+-44;

�@84)6)<176�'0A

$�79@@G 5F9 7<C@97MGHC?=B=B�DFC8I7=B;�79@@G�@C75H98�=B�H<9 8IC89BIA 5B8 >9>IBIA� �<C@97MGHC?=B=B


=B7F95G9G D5B7F95H=7 G97F9H=CBG ;5@@6@5889F 7CBHF57H=CB �5B8 GD<=B7H9F�C:�*88= F9@5L5H=CB��$H�5@GC
897F95G9G�;5GHF=7�9ADHM=B;� �<C@97MGHC?=B=B =G�BCH�5B�5B5@C;�C: C7HF9CH=89�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
!=-;<176����

� ���M95F�C@8 A5B 7CA9G�HC�H<9�D<MG=7=5B�6975IG9�C:�5 ��K99? <=GHCFM�C:�8=NN=B9GG �:5H=;I9 �5B8


G<CFHB9GG�C:�6F95H<��#9�<5G�BCH=798�=B7F95G98�GHF5=B=B;�K=H<�6CK9@�ACJ9A9BHG�5B8 897F95G98�75@=69F�C:
<=G�GHCC@G CJ9F�H<9�D5GH ��ACBH<G��#9�<5G�BC�<=GHCFM�C:�A98=75@�=@@B9GG�5B8�H5?9G�BC�A98=75H=CBG��#9
5DD95FG�D5@9��+<MG=75@�9L5A=B5H=CB�G<CKG�A=@8�H57<M75F8=5�5B8�7CB>IB7H=J5@�D5@@CF� /9GH�C:�H<9�GHCC@�:CF
C77I@H�6@CC8�=G�DCG=H=J9��#=G <9AC;@C6=B�7CB79BHF5H=CB�=G ����;�8' �5B8 A95B�7CFDIG7I@5F�JC@IA9�=G
���YA���� 8CI6@9�7CBHF5GH 65F=IA�9B9A5�GHI8M�=B�H<=G�D5H=9BH�=G�ACGH�@=?9@M�HC�G<CK�K<=7<�C:�H<9
:C@@CK=B;�

�6;?-: �5)/-

� /<IA6DF=BH�G=;B�C:�H<9�HF5BGJ9FG9�7C@CB

� '958�D=D9�G=;B�C:�H<9�89G79B8=B;�7C@CB

� �=J9FH=7I@5�=B�H<9�G=;AC=8�7C@CB

� +FCHFI8=B;�A5GG�=B�H<9�DFCL=A5@�=@9IA

!=@@=B;�89:97H�C:�H<9�F97HCG=;AC=8�7C@CB

! .HF=B;�G=;B�=B�H<9�H9FA=B5@�=@9IA

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�16<

/<=G�D5H=9BH�<5G�A5B=:9GH5H=CBG�C: =FCB�89:=7=9B7M�5B9A=5 �9�;� �:5H=;I9 D5@@CF H57<M75F8=5 �897F95G98


A95B�7CFDIG7I@5F�JC@IA9��5B8�5�DCG=H=J9 :975@�C77I@H�6@CC8�H9GH �ACGH�@=?9@M�8I9�HC�IB89F@M=B; 7C@CF97H5@
75F7=BCA5�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�7::-+<��6;?-:

��� $0=5*8:16<�;1/6�7.�<0-�<:)6;>-:;-�+7476

�@84)6)<176�'0A

/<IA6DF=BH�G=;B�=G�75IG98�6M�6CK9@�K5@@�H<=7?9B=B;�5B8�5GGC7=5H98�K=H<�G9J9F5@�7CB8=H=CBG
=B7@I8=B; =G7<9A=7�7C@=H=G 5B8 =B:@5AA5HCFM�6CK9@�8=G95G9��/<9G9�7CB8=H=CBG�HMD=75@@M�75IG9
568CA=B5@ D5=B 5B8 8=5FF<95 �K<=7<�H<=G�D5H=9BH�8C9G�BCH�<5J9��(CF9CJ9F =G7<9A=7�7C@=H=G 8C9G�BCH
75IG9�C6GHFI7H=J9�GMADHCAG��9�;� �GHF5=B=B;�8IF=B;�89:975H=CB �897F95G9�=B�GHCC@�75@=69F���+5H=9BHG
K=H<�F97IFF9BH�9L579F65H=CBG�C: �FC<B�8=G95G9 75B�89J9@CD�C6GHFI7H=J9�GMADHCAG�8I9�HC�GHF=7HIF9
:CFA5H=CB �6IH�H<9�89J9@CDA9BH�C:�H<9G9�7CAD@=75H=CBG�=B�5�D5H=9BH�K=H<�BC�DF=CF�<=GHCFM�C: �FC<B
8=G95G9 9L579F65H=CBG�=G�IB@=?9@M�

��� �-),�818-�;1/6�7.�<0-�,-;+-6,16/�+7476

�@84)6)<176�'0A

'958�D=D9�G=;B CB 8CI6@9�7CBHF5GH�65F=IA�9B9A5 =G�5�7<5F57H9F=GH=7�:=B8=B;�=B�D5H=9BHG�K=H< I@79F5H=J9


7C@=H=G��/<=G�7CB8=H=CB�75B�89J9@CD�=B�C@89F�58I@HG�5B8�75IG9 =FCB�89:=7=9B7M�5B9A=5 8I9�HC�7<FCB=7
6@998=B;��#CK9J9F �H<=G�D5H=9BH�@57?G�7@5GG=7�A5B=:9GH5H=CBG�C: I@79F5H=J9�7C@=H=G GI7<�5G�6@CC8M
8=5FF<95 K=H<�AI7IG �568CA=B5@ D5=B �5B8 H9B9GAIG��(CF9CJ9F �H<=G�7CB8=H=CB�8C9G�BCH�HMD=75@@M
75IG9�C6GHFI7H=J9�GMADHCAG��9�;� �GHF5=B=B;�8IF=B;�89:975H=CB �897F95G9�=B�GHCC@�75@=69F��

��� �1>-:<1+=4)�16�<0-�;1/571,�+7476

�@84)6)<176�'0A

�=J9FH=7I@5F�8=G95G9 �K<=7<�HMD=75@@M�5F=G9G�=B�H<9 G=;AC=8�7C@CB �7CAACB@M�5::97HG�C@89F�58I@HG�


�=J9FH=7I@CG=G 75B�75IG9 =FCB�89:=7=9B7M�5B9A=5 8I9�HC�7<FCB=7�6@998=B; �5B8�D5H=9BHG�K=H<�F97IFF9BH
8=J9FH=7I@=H=G 75B�89J9@CD�C6GHFI7H=J9�GMADHCAG��9�;� �GHF5=B=B;�8IF=B;�89:975H=CB �897F95G9�=B�GHCC@
75@=69F��8I9�HC�=B:@5AA5HCFM�GH9BCG=G�5B8�GI6G9EI9BH�GHF=7HIF9�:CFA5H=CB��#CK9J9F �H<=G�D5H=9BH�<5G
BC�<=GHCFM�C: 8=J9FH=7I@=H=G �K<=7<�HMD=75@@M�A5B=:9GHG�K=H< :9J9F @9:H�@CK9F�EI58F5BH D5=B �5B8
@9I?C7MHCG=G�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� :7<:=,16/�5);;�16�<0-�8:7@15)4�14-=5

�@84)6)<176�'0A

��DFCHFI8=B;�A5GG�=B�H<9 DFCL=A5@ =@9IA F5=G9G�7CB79FB�:CF GA5@@�6CK9@�75B79F �K<=7<�75B�75IG9�5


DCG=H=J9 :975@�C77I@H�6@CC8�H9GH 5B8 =FCB�89:=7=9B7M�5B9A=5 8I9�HC�7<FCB=7�6@998=B;��#CK9J9F GA5@@
6CK9@�75B79F 8C9G�BCH�HMD=75@@M�75IG9�C6GHFI7H=J9�GMADHCAG��9�;� �GHF5=B=B;�8IF=B;�89:975H=CB
897F95G9�=B�GHCC@�75@=69F��

��� �14416/�,-.-+<�7.�<0-�:-+<7;1/571,�+7476

�@84)6)<176�'0A

/<9�F97HCG=;AC=8 7C@CB =G�H<9�ACGH�7CAACB@M�=BJC@J98�G=H9�C: 7C@CF97H5@�75F7=BCA5 �:C@@CK98�6M�H<9


5G79B8=B;�7C@CB 5B8�H<9B�H<9 89G79B8=B;�7C@CB��'IA9B�7CBGHF=7H=CB�75IG98�6M�7=F7IA:9F9BH=5@ HIACF
;FCKH<�F9GI@HG�=B�5�7<5F57H9F=GH=7 5DD@9�7CF9�@9G=CB :=@@=B;�89:97H�CB 8CI6@9�7CBHF5GH�65F=IA�9B9A5
GHI8M� �C@CF97H5@�75F7=BCA5 G<CI@8�69�GIGD97H98�5G�5B�IB89F@M=B;�75IG9�C: =FCB�89:=7=9B7M�5B9A=5 =B
A9B������M95FG�C:�5;9�5B8 DCGHA9BCD5IG5@ KCA9B��'9:H�G=898 7C@CF97H5@�75F7=BCA5G �K<=7<�=BJC@J9
H<9�F97HCG=;AC=8 7C@CB 5B8�CF�H<9 89G79B8=B;�7C@CB �5F9�ACF9�@=?9@M�HC�75IG9�C6GHFI7H=J9�GMADHCAG
�9�;� �GHF5=B=B;�8IF=B;�89:975H=CB �897F95G9�=B�GHCC@�75@=69F��H<5B�F=;<H�G=898 7C@CF97H5@�75F7=BCA5G
K<=7<�=BJC@J9�H<9 5G79B8=B;�7C@CB�

��� #<:16/�;1/6�16�<0-�<-:516)4�14-=5

�@84)6)<176�'0A

� GHF=B;�G=;B =B�H<9 8=GH5@ =@9IA �K<=7<�75B�69�G99B�CB�5 65F=IA�GK5@@CK GHI8M �BCH�5 8CI6@9�7CBHF5GH


65F=IA�9B9A5 GHI8M��=G�5�7<5F57H9F=GH=7�:=B8=B;�=B�D5H=9BHG�K=H< �FC<B�8=G95G9��/<=G�7CB8=H=CB�75B
89J9@CD�=B�C@89F�58I@HG�5B8�75IG9 =FCB�89:=7=9B7M�5B9A=5 8I9�HC�7<FCB=7�6@998=B;��#CK9J9F �H<=G
D5H=9BH�@57?G�7@5GG=7�A5B=:9GH5H=CBG�C: �FC<B�8=G95G9 GI7<�5G 8=5FF<95 5B8�568CA=B5@ D5=B��+5H=9BHG
K=H<�F97IFF9BH�9L579F65H=CBG�C: �FC<B�8=G95G9 75B�89J9@CD�C6GHFI7H=J9�GMADHCAG��9�;� �GHF5=B=B;
8IF=B;�89:975H=CB �897F95G9�=B�GHCC@�75@=69F��8I9�HC�GHF=7HIF9�:CFA5H=CB��#CK9J9F �H<9�89J9@CDA9BH�C:
H<9G9�7CAD@=75H=CBG�=B�5�D5H=9BH�K=H<�BC�DF=CF�<=GHCFM�C: �FC<B�8=G95G9 9L579F65H=CBG�=G�IB@=?9@M�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
!=-;<176����

� ���M95F�C@8 KCA5B�7CA9G�HC�H<9�D<MG=7=5B�6975IG9�C:�5 ��ACBH< <=GHCFM�C:�=BH9FA=HH9BH�568CA=B5@


D5=B �:@5HI@9B79 �5B8�K5H9FM�8=5FF<95��/<9�9D=GC89G�HMD=75@@M�C77IF �S��<CIFG 5:H9F�A95@G �D5FH=7I@5F@M
:C@@CK=B;�=B;9GH=CB�C: =79�7F95A �7<99G9 �5B8�D=NN5��.<9�=G�58A=B=GH9F98 ���; C:�@57HCG9�CF5@@M��2<=7<�C:
H<9�:C@@CK=B;�7<5B;9G�=G�ACGH�@=?9@M�HC�69�C6G9FJ98�=B�H<=G�D5H=9BH�

�6;?-: �5)/-

� $B7F95G98�GHCC@�D#

� �97F95G98�IF=B5FM���LM@CG9�7CB79BHF5H=CB

� $B7F95G98�G9FIA�;@I7CG9�7CB79BHF5H=CB

� $B7F95G98�GHCC@�CGACH=7�;5D

�97F95G98�:975@�:5H�7CBH9BH

! �97F95G98�6F95H<�<M8FC;9B�7CBH9BH

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�16<

��DF9G9BH5H=CB�C:�568CA=B5@ D5=B �:@5HI@9B79 �5B8 8=5FF<95 C77IFF=B;�5:H9F�H<9�=B;9GH=CB�C:�85=FM�DFC8I7HG


=G�GI;;9GH=J9�C: @57HCG9�=BHC@9F5B79��.MADHCAG�5F9�75IG98�6M A5@56GCFDH=CB C: @57HCG9 =B�H<9 GA5@@
6CK9@ �K<=7<�@958G�HC�=B7F95G98�=BH9GH=B5@�:=@@=B;�5B8�657H9F=5@�:9FA9BH5H=CB�C:�IB8=;9GH98 @57HCG9 =B�H<9
7C@CB�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�7::-+<��6;?-:

��� �6+:-);-,�;<774�8�

�@84)6)<176�'0A

�B�=B7F95G98�GHCC@�D#�KCI@8�BCH�69�9LD97H98�=B�H<=G�D5H=9BH �5G�H<CG9�K=H< @57HCG9�=BHC@9F5B79 DF9G9BH


K=H<�57=8=7�GHCC@��D#������ '57HCG9 F957<9G�H<9 @5F;9�=BH9GH=B9 8I9�HC�=BGI::=7=9BH <M8FC@MG=G 6M
@57H5G9��/<9F9 �=H�G9FJ9G�5G�5�:9FA9BH5H=CB�GI6GHF5H9�:CF 7C@CB=7 657H9F=5@�:@CF5��#M8FC;9B�5B8 :5HHM
57=8G 5F9�;9B9F5H98�8IF=B;�:9FA9BH5H=CB �F9GI@H=B;�=B�5�897F95G98�GHCC@�D#�

��� �-+:-);-,�=:16):A���@A47;-�+76+-6<:)<176

�@84)6)<176�'0A

��897F95G98�IF=B5FM ��LM@CG9 7CB79BHF5H=CB�KCI@8�69�9LD97H98�=B�D5H=9BHG�K=H<�A5@56GCFDH=J9


8=GCF89FG�6975IG9�LM@CG9�=G�56GCF698�=B�H<9 DFCL=A5@ GA5@@�=BH9GH=B9 5B8�9L7F9H98�H<FCI;<�H<9
?=8B9MG���=A=B=G<98�56GCFDH=CB��9�;� �=B�H<9�G9HH=B;�C: 79@=57�8=G95G9 �K<=7<�75B�IB89F@=9 @57HCG9
=BHC@9F5B79��KCI@8�@958�HC�897F95G98�IF=B5FM ��LM@CG9 @9J9@G��#CK9J9F �H<=G�D5H=9BH�K5G�;=J9B�CF5@
@57HCG9 �BCH�LM@CG9����GH5H9A9BH�75BBCH�M9H�69�A589�F9;5F8=B;�IF=B5FM ��LM@CG9 9L7F9H=CB�

��� �6+:-);-,�;-:=5�/4=+7;-�+76+-6<:)<176

�@84)6)<176�'0A

$B�=B8=J=8I5@G�K=H< @57HCG9�=BHC@9F5B79 @57HCG9 =G�BCH�GI::=7=9BH@M�7@95J98�=BHC�H<9�56GCF656@9


ACBCG577<5F=89G �;5@57HCG9 5B8 ;@I7CG9��H<5H�KCI@8�F5=G9�G9FIA�;@I7CG9�7CB79BHF5H=CB�=B�HC@9F5BH
=B8=J=8I5@G��$BGH958 @57HCG9 =G�HF5BG:9FF98�HC�H<9 7C@CB K=H<CIH�69=B;�56GCF698��/<9F9:CF9 �G9FIA
;@I7CG9�@9J9@G�:5=@�HC�F=G9�5:H9F�58A=B=GHF5H=CB�C: @57HCG9�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �6+:-);-,�;<774�7;57<1+�/)8

�@84)6)<176��=<

�B�=B7F95G98 GHCC@�CGACH=7�;5D =G�BCH�GD97=:=7�HC @57HCG9�=BHC@9F5B79 5B8�C77IFG�=B�5@@�:CFAG�C:


CGACH=7 8=5FF<95 �9�;� @5L5H=J9�56IG9�

�@84)6)<176�'0A

�5@7I@5H=CB�C:�H<9 GHCC@�CGACH=7�;5D F9@=9G�CB�H<9�5GGIADH=CB�H<5H�HCH5@�GHCC@ CGAC@5@=HM GH5MG


7CBGH5BH�5B8�7CA9G�A5=B@M�:FCA�GHCC@�9@97HFC@MH9�7CB79BHF5H=CBG��/<9�F9A5=B=B;�7CBHF=6IH=CB�HC�GHCC@
CGAC@5@=HM �=�9��H<9 GHCC@�CGACH=7�;5D �89D9B8G�CB�BCB9@97HFC@MH9�GI6GH5B79G��$B @57HCG9�=BHC@9F5B79
IB56GCF698 @57HCG9 5B8�=HG�:9FA9BH98�A9H56C@=H9G�7CBHF=6IH9�G=;B=:=75BH@M�HC�GHCC@ CGAC@5@=HM
A95B=B;�5B�=B7F95G98 GHCC@�CGACH=7�;5D�

��� �-+:-);-,�.-+)4�.)<�+76<-6<

�@84)6)<176�'0A

'57HCG9�=BHC@9F5B79 8C9G�BCH�5::97H�:5H�56GCFDH=CB �H<CI;<�=H�75B�C77IF�=B�H<9�G9HH=B;�C:�CH<9F


A5@56GCFDH=CB 8=GCF89FG�K=H<�9@9J5H98�:975@�:5H�7CBH9BH��"=J=B;�H<=G�D5H=9BH�5B�CF5@�@C58�C: @57HCG9
K=@@�@=?9@M�=B8I79 8=5FF<95 �K<=7<�A5M�69�577CAD5B=98�6M�5�G@=;<H@M�=B7F95G98 �BCH�897F95G98 �:975@
:5H�7CBH9BH �5G 8=5FF<95 ;9B9F5@@M�=AD989G�:5H�56GCFDH=CB�

��� �-+:-);-,�*:-)<0�0A,:7/-6�+76<-6<

�@84)6)<176�'0A

0B56GCF698 @57HCG9 IB89F;C9G�:9FA9BH5H=CB�6M�657H9F=5�=B�H<9 7C@CB �5�DFC79GG�H<5H�DFC8I79G :5HHM


57=8G 5B8�<M8FC;9B��#M8FC;9B�=G�H<9B�56GCF698�=BHC�H<9�6@CC8GHF95A �HF5BGDCFH98�HC�H<9 @IB;G �5B8
9L<5@98��/<9F9:CF9 �=B7F95G98 �F5H<9F�H<5B�897F95G98 �6F95H<�<M8FC;9B�7CBH9BH�KCI@8�69�9LD97H98�=B
H<=G�D5H=9BH��/<9 <M8FC;9B�6F95H<�H9GH =G�FCIH=B9@M�IG98�:CF�D5H=9BHG�K=H<�GIGD97H98 @57HCG9
=BHC@9F5B79�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
!=-;<176����

�B�CH<9FK=G9�<95@H<M ���M95F�C@8 KCA5B�7CA9G�HC�H<9�D<MG=7=5B�6975IG9�C:�5 ��M95F <=GHCFM�C:�9D=GC8=7


568CA=B5@�7F5ADG �6@C5H=B; �5B8�:@5HI@9B79��/<9�GMADHCAG�KCFG9B�K<9B�G<9�<5G�D=NN5�CF�=79�7F95A�5B8
<5J9�697CA9�ACF9�:F9EI9BH�CJ9F�H<9�D5GH ��ACBH<G��'57HCG9�=BHC@9F5B79�=G�GIGD97H98��2<=7<�C:�H<9
:C@@CK=B;�:=B8=B;G�KCI@8�ACGH�GHFCB;@M�GIDDCFH�H<9 8=5;BCG=G�C:�@57HCG9�=BHC@9F5B79�

�6;?-: �5)/-

� +5FH=5@�J=@@CIG�5HFCD<M�K=H<�9CG=BCD<=@=7�=B:=@HF5H9G

� +9F=C8=7�57=8�.7<=::�DCG=H=J9�:C5AM�A57FCD<5;9G

� �FMDH�56G79GG9G�5B8�7C@CB=7�I@79F5H=CBG

� /5@@�J=@@=�K=H<�:C75@�7C@@97H=CBG�C:�;C6@9H�79@@G

�IC89B5@�9D=H<9@=IA�K=H<�89BG9�GH5=B=B;�:CF�7<FCAC;F5B=B��

! 1=@@CIG�5HFCD<M�5B8�7FMDH�<MD9FD@5G=5

" )CB75G95H=B;�;F5BI@CA5G�K=H<�@MAD<C=8�5;;F9;5H9G

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�16<

'57HCG9�=BHC@9F5B79 8C9G�BCH�75IG9�6CK9@�K5@@ =B:@5AA5H=CB �GC�BCFA5@�<=GHC@C;=75@�5F7<=H97HIF9�=G


9LD97H98�CB 6=CDGM�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�7::-+<��6;?-:

��� ):<1)4�>1447=;�)<:780A�?1<0�-7;16780141+�16.14<:)<-;

�@84)6)<176�'0A

+5FH=5@�J=@@CIG 5HFCD<M K=H<�9CG=BCD<=@=7�=B:=@HF5H9G�=G�BCH�:CIB8�=B @57HCG9�=BHC@9F5B79 6IH�=G�CB9�C:�H<9


7<5F57H9F=GH=7�<=GHC@C;=75@�:=B8=B;G�=B�75G9G�C: 7CK�G�A=@?�5@@9F;M��/<=G�7CB8=H=CB�75B�A5B=:9GH�K=H<
568CA=B5@ D5=B 5B8 6@C5H=B; �6IH�=G�J=FHI5@@M�9L7@IG=J9@M�G99B�=B =B:5BHG 5B8�5@GC�=BJC@J9G 8=5FF<95�
$B�7CBH9ADCF5FM�DF57H=79 �H<9�8=5;BCG=G�=G�ACGH�7CAACB@M�A589�:C@@CK=B;�5B�CF5@�A=@?�7<5@@9B;9�CF
K=H<�=89BH=:=75H=CB�C:�G9FIA�7CK�A=@?�GD97=:=7 $; �

��� -:17,1+�)+1,�#+01..�87;1<1>-�.7)5A�5)+:780)/-;

�@84)6)<176�'0A

+9F=C8=7�57=8�.7<=::�DCG=H=J9 :C5AM A57FCD<5;9G 5F9�BCH�:CIB8�=B @57HCG9�=BHC@9F5B79 6IH�C77IF�=B


2<=DD@9�8=G95G9 �75IG98�6M Tropheryma whipplei =B:97H=CB��/<=G�7CB8=H=CB�=G�J9FM�F5F9�5B8�ACGH
C:H9B�A5B=:9GHG�K=H<�7<FCB=7�A5@56GCFDH=J9 8=5FF<95 5B8�568CA=B5@ D5=B��$H�5@GC�75IG9G�K9=;<H�@CGG
A=;F5HCFM�BCB89:CFA=B;�5FH<F=H=G @MAD<589BCD5H<M �5B8�5�@CK�;F589 :9J9F��/<9�56G9B79�C:�H<9G9
:95HIF9G�GI;;9GHG�5�8=::9F9BH�8=5;BCG=G�

��� �:A8<�)*;+-;;-;�)6,�+74761+�=4+-:)<176;

�@84)6)<176�'0A

�FMDH�56G79GG9G 5B8 7C@CB=7 I@79F5H=CBG�5F9�BCH�:CIB8�=B @57HCG9�=BHC@9F5B79 6IH�5F9�<=GHC@C;=75@


<5@@A5F?G�C: I@79F5H=J9�7C@=H=G��$ADCFH5BH�;FCGG�ACFD<C@C;=75@�7<5B;9G�H<5H�5F9�7CAACB@M�C6G9FJ98
=B7@I89 =B:@5AA5H=CB @=A=H98�HC AI7CG5 5B8 GI6AI7CG5 �95G=@M�:F=56@9 AI7CG5 �5B8�7CBH=BICIG I@79FG
H<5H�7CBG=GH9BH@M�=BJC@J9�H<9 F97HIA��2<=@9 I@79F5H=J9�7C@=H=G A5M�DF9G9BH�K=H<�9D=GC8=7�568CA=B5@
D5=B �:F9EI9BH�6@CC8M 8=5FF<95 =G�5B�=ADCFH5BH�D5FH�C:�H<9�<=GHCFM��/<9�56G9B79�C:�6@CC8M 8=5FF<95
A5?9G�H<=G�8=5;BCG=G�AI7<�@9GG�@=?9@M�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� $)44�>1441�?1<0�.7+)4�+744-+<176;�7.�/7*4-<�+-44;

�@84)6)<176�'0A

/5@@�J=@@=�@=B98�6M�G=AD@9 7C@IAB5F�9D=H<9@=IA 5B8�7FMDHG�K=H<�=BH9FGD5798 ;C6@9H�79@@G �7FMDHG�C:


'=969F?P<B��5B8 +5B9H<�79@@G 89G7F=69G�BCFA5@ >9>IB5@ 5F7<=H97HIF9��+5H=9BHG�K=H< @57HCG9�=BHC@9F5B79
5F9�89:=7=9BH�=B @57H5G9 �D9FA=HH=B;�CGACH=75@@M�57H=J9 @57HCG9 HC�D5GG�IB8=;9GH98�HC�H<9�@5F;9�6CK9@�
/<9�AC@97I@9�GI6G9EI9BH@M�6=B8G�K5H9F�5B8�57HG�5G�5�GI6GHF5H9�:CF 7C@CB=7 657H9F=5 �@958=B;�HC
GMADHCAG�C:�:@5HI@9B79 6@C5H=B; �5B8�568CA=B5@ D5=B� �=CDGM G<CKG�BCFA5@�<=GHC@C;=75@�:=B8=B;G
6IH�G5AD@9G�K=@@�5@GC�G<CK�897F95G98�57H=J=HM�C: @57H5G9�

��� �=7,-6)4�-81<0-41=5�?1<0�,-6;-�;<)1616/�.7:�+0:757/:)616��

�@84)6)<176�'0A

�IC89B5@ 9D=H<9@=IA K=H<�89BG9�GH5=B=B;�:CF 7<FCAC;F5B=B�� =G�=B7CBG=GH9BH�K=H< @57HCG9�=BHC@9F5B79


6IH�=G�:CIB8�=B�5�GI6G9H�C:�D5H=9BHG�K=H< =FF=H56@9�6CK9@�GMB8FCA9��/<=G�7CB8=H=CB�5@GC�A5B=:9GHG�K=H<
9D=GC8=7�568CA=B5@�7F5ADG 6@C5H=B; �5B8�:@5HI@9B79 �5G�=B�H<=G�D5H=9BH���<5B;9G�=B�GHCC@�:F9EI9B7M
5B8�GHCC@�:CFA�CF�5DD95F5B79�5F9�5@GC�7CAACB��/<9�8=5;BCG=G�=G�ACGH�C:H9B�A589�IG=B;�H<9 -*(
$1�7F=H9F=5 K=H< 6=CDGM F9G9FJ98�:CF�IBIGI5@�75G9G�

��� &1447=;�)<:780A�)6,�+:A8<�0A8-:84);1)

�@84)6)<176�'0A

1=@@CIG 5HFCD<M 5B8�7FMDH <MD9FD@5G=5 5F9�BCH�:CIB8�=B @57HCG9�=BHC@9F5B79 6IH�5F9�7<5F57H9F=GH=7


6=CDGM :=B8=B;G�=B 79@=57�8=G95G9��/<9�IB89F@M=B;�D5H<CD<MG=C@C;M�89F=J9G�:FCA�=BH9GH=B5@
<MD9FG9BG=H=J=HM�HC ;@=58=B��/<9�7@=B=75@�DF9G9BH5H=CB�=G�J5F=56@9 �F5B;=B;�:FCA�GC@9@M�;5GHFC=BH9GH=B5@
GMADHCAG��9�;� �7F5ADG 6@C5H=B; �5B8 GH95HCFF<95 �GCA9�C:�K<=7<�5F9�C6G9FJ98�=B�H<=G�D5H=9BH��HC
ACF9�GMGH9A=7�=BJC@J9A9BH��9�;� J=H5A=B�89:=7=9B7=9G 5B8 5B9A=5 �89DF9GG=CB 89FA5H=H=G
<9FD9H=:CFA=G :9FH=@=HM 7CAD@=75H=CBG �5B8 CGH9CDCFCG=G���/<=G�D5H=9BH�@57?G 8=5FF<95�GH95HCFF<95 CF
GMGH9A=7�G=;BG�HMD=75@�C:�H<9�8=G95G9�5B8�=G�G=;B=:=75BH@M�C@89F�H<5B�H<9�HMD=75@�5;9�C:�:=FGH�CBG9H
�IGI5@@M�H99B5;9�CF�MCIB;�58I@H<CC8��

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �76+);-)<16/�/:)6=475);�?1<0�4A58071,�)//:-/)<-;

�@84)6)<176�'0A

)CB75G95H=B;�;F5BI@CA5G K=H<�@MAD<C=8�5;;F9;5H9G�5F9�BCH�:CIB8�=B @57HCG9�=BHC@9F5B79 6IH�5F9


7@5GG=7�<=GHC@C;=75@�:=B8=B;G�C: �FC<B�8=G95G9��;FCGG�:=B8=B;G�75B�=B7@I89�7C66@9GHCB9 AI7CG5 5B8
8=G7CBH=BICIG�@=B95F I@79FG �TG?=DU I@79FG� �9GD97=5@@M�=B�H<9�H9FA=B5@ =@9IA��/<=G�7CB8=H=CB�75IG9G
568CA=B5@ D5=B 8=5FF<95 �K<=7<�A5M�69�6@CC8M� �5B8�9LHF5=BH9GH=B5@�GMADHCAG�=BJC@J=B;�H<9 G?=B
�DMC89FA5�;5B;F9BCGIA 9FMH<9A5�BC8CGIA� �H<9�9M9G��IJ9=H=G� �5B8 >C=BHG �5FH<F=H=G� �HC�B5A9�5�:9K�
/<=G�D5H=9BH�<5G�BCB9�C:�H<9G9�7@=B=75@�:95HIF9G �5B8�G<9�=G�C@89F�H<5B�H<9�HMD=75@�5;9�C:�CBG9H��IGI5@@M
H99B5;9F�CF�MCIB;�58I@H��

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
!=-;<176�����

� ���M95F�C@8 KCA5B�7CA9G�HC�H<9�9A9F;9B7M�89D5FHA9BH�6975IG9�C: 9D=;5GHF=7�568CA=B5@�D5=B H<5H


GH5FH98�5:H9F�<9F�@5GH�A95@�5B8�<5G�697CA9�DFC;F9GG=J9@M�KCFG9�CJ9F�H<9�D5GH ��<CIFG��.<9�<5G�<58
=BH9FA=HH9BH�D5=B�G=A=@5F�HC�H<=G�69:CF9 �6IH�=H�<5G B9J9F�@5GH98�H<=G�@CB;��#9F�H9AD9F5HIF9�=G ��Q�
������Q!��� L5A=B5H=CB�G<CKG�5�GC:H�568CA9B�K=H<�BCFA5@�6CK9@�GCIB8G��/<9�D5H=9BH�<5G GI889B
=BGD=F5HCFM�5FF9GH�8IF=B;�F=;<H�IDD9F�EI58F5BH�D5@D5H=CB��#9F�5@?5@=B9�D<CGD<5H5G9 HCH5@�6=@=FI6=B
5AM@5G9 �5B8�5GD5FH5H9�5A=BCHF5BG:9F5G9�@9J9@G�5F9 K=H<=B�H<9�F9:9F9B79�F5B;9G���68CA=B5@�=A5;=B;�=G
ACGH�@=?9@M�HC�G<CK�K<=7<�C:�H<9�:C@@CK=B;�:=B8=B;G�

�6;?-: �5)/-

�=@5H98�7CAACB�6=@9�8I7H�K=H<

=BHF5<9D5H=7�6=@=5FM�8=@5H5H=CB

� "5G�=B�H<9�;5@@6@5889F�K5@@

� "5@@GHCB9�=B�H<9�7MGH=7�8I7H

!=GHI@5�:CFA5H=CB�69HK99B�H<9

;5@@6@5889F�5B8�6CK9@

�97F95G98�97<C;9B=7=HM�C:�H<9
@=J9F

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�6;?-: �5)/-

B@5F;9A9BH�C:�H<9�D5B7F95G�K=H<
!
D9F=D5B7F95H=7�:@I=8

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�16<

/<=G A=88@9�5;98 KCA5B�DF9G9BHG�K=H<�DCGH�DF5B8=5@�9D=;5GHF=7�568CA=B5@ D5=B :9J9F �5B8�5�DCG=H=J9


(IFD<M�G=;B �GI;;9GH=B;�5 8=5;BCG=G�C:�57IH9�7<C@97MGH=H=G�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�7::-+<��6;?-:

��� �14)<-,�+75576�*14-�,=+<�?1<0�16<:)0-8)<1+�*141):A�,14)<)<176

�@84)6)<176�'0A

/<9�DF9G9B79�C:�5�8=@5H98 7CAACB�6=@9�8I7H 5B8�=BHF5<9D5H=7�6=@=5FM�8=@5H5H=CB�=B�H<9�G9HH=B;�C: 57IH9


568CA=B5@�D5=B KCI@8�69�7CBG=GH9BH�K=H< 7<C@98C7<C@=H<=5G=G� �<C@98C7<C@=H<=5G=G HMD=75@@M
A5B=:9GHG�K=H< -0, D5=B �B5IG95 �5B8�C775G=CB5@@M >5IB8=79�� @9J5H=CB�=B�G9FIA �'+ 5B8 6=@=FI6=B
=G�7CAACB� !9J9F KCI@8�69�IBIGI5@�5B8�=G�HMD=75@@M�CB@M�G99B�=B�D5H=9BHG�K=H<�7CAD@=75H=CBG�C:
7<C@98C7<C@=H<=5G=G �9�;� �57IH9 D5B7F95H=H=G CF 57IH9�7<C@5B;=H=G��

��� �);�16�<0-�/)44*4),,-:�?)44

�@84)6)<176�'0A

"5G�K=H<=B�H<9 ;5@@6@5889F K5@@ �5@GC�F9:9FF98�HC�5G 9AD<MG9A5HCIG�7<C@97MGH=H=G �GI;;9GHG�9=H<9F


;5@@6@5889F B97FCG=G CF�=B:97H=CB�K=H<�;5G�:CFA=B;�657H9F=5��$H�=G�HMD=75@@M�5�7CAD@=75H=CB�C:�IBHF95H98
7<C@97MGH=H=G �=B7@I8=B; 575@7I@CIG�7<C@97MGH=H=G��5B8�75B�69�J=GI5@=N98�CB�6CH< I@HF5GCIB8 5B8��/�
#CK9J9F �H<=G�D5H=9BH�=G�BCH�7F=H=75@@M�=@@�5B8�<9F�568CA=B5@ D5=B =G�57IH9 �A5?=B;�H<=G�5B�IB@=?9@M
8=5;BCG=G�<9F9�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �)44;<76-�16�<0-�+A;<1+�,=+<

�5)/-

�@84)6)<176��=<

�=@=5FM�7C@=7 =G�5�ACF9�69B=;B�7CB8=H=CB�H<5H�75B�69�8=::=7I@H�HC�8=GH=B;I=G<�:FCA 7<C@97MGH=H=G��$H


IGI5@@M�C77IFG�5:H9F�5�:5HHM�A95@ �6IH�=H�=G�BCH�IGI5@@M�5GGC7=5H98�K=H< D9F=HCB95@�G=;BG �5B8�GMADHCAG
HMD=75@@M�F9GC@J9�CB�H<9=F�CKB�K=H<=B�5�:9K�<CIFG�

�@84)6)<176�'0A

/<9�J5GH�A5>CF=HM�C:�75G9G�C:�57IH9 7<C@97MGH=H=G 5F9�8I9�HC�C6GHFI7H=B; ;5@@GHCB9G =B�H<9 7MGH=7�8I7H�


$B�5�D5H=9BH�K=H<�7@=B=75@�:95HIF9G�C: 57IH9�7<C@97MGH=H=G �9�;� -0,�9D=;5GHF=7 D5=B @5GH=B;�CJ9F��
<CIFG :9J9F �5B8�DCG=H=J9 (IFD<M�G=;B� I@HF5GCBC;F5D<M C:�H<9 -0, =G�=B8=75H98��!=B8=B;G�H<5H
GIDDCFH�H<9�8=5;BCG=G�=B7@I89 ;5@@6@5889F K5@@�H<=7?9B=B; ;5@@6@5889F K5@@ 989A5 �C6GHFI7H=B;
;5@@GHCB9 �5B8�CF�5�DCG=H=J9 (IFD<M�G=;B CB I@HF5GCIB8� "5@@GHCB9G 5F9�5�7CAACB�=B7=89BH5@�:=B8=B;
CB I@HF5GCIB8 6IH�=B�H<=G�G9HH=B;�KCI@8�5@GC�GI;;9GH 57IH9�7<C@97MGH=H=G�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �1;<=4)�.7:5)<176�*-<?--6�<0-�/)44*4),,-:�)6,�*7?-4

�@84)6)<176�'0A

"5@@GHCB9�=@9IG =G�5�J9FM�F5F9�7CAD@=75H=CB�C: ;5@@GHCB9 7<C@97MGH=H=G 5B8�C77IFG�K<9B�5 6=@=5FM�


9BH9F=7�:=GHI@5 =G�:CFA98�H<5H�@958G�HC�5 ;5@@GHCB9 9BH9F=B;�H<9 GA5@@�=BH9GH=B9 5B8�C6GHFI7H=B;�H<9
=@9IA��+5H=9BHG�75B�DF9G9BH�K=H<�GMADHCAG�C: GA5@@�6CK9@�C6GHFI7H=CB �=B7@I8=B;�B5IG95 �JCA=H=B;
�C:H9B 6=@=CIG� �7F5ADM�568CA=B5@ D5=B �5B8 C6GH=D5H=CB� +<MG=75@�9L5A=B5H=CB KCI@8�G<CK
568CA=B5@�8=GH9BH=CB�5B8�<=;<�D=H7<98��HMAD5B=7��6CK9@�GCIB8G���/�=G�H<9�DF9:9FF98�=A5;=B;
AC85@=HM�5B8�7@5GG=75@@M�G<CKG 6CK9@�C6GHFI7H=CB K=H<�5 6=@=5FM�9BH9F=7�:=GHI@5 5B8�CF DB9IAC6=@=5�

��� �-+:-);-,�-+07/-61+1<A�7.�<0-�41>-:

�@84)6)<176�'0A

�97F95G98�97<C;9B=7=HM�C:�H<9 @=J9F CB I@HF5GCIB8 =G�5�BCBGD97=:=7�:=B8=B;�G99B�=B�D5H=9BHG�K=H<�57IH9


@=J9F =B:@5AA5H=CB �9�;� �8I9�HC 57IH9�J=F5@�<9D5H=H=G 5@7C<C@=7�<9D5H=H=G �9H7���2<=@9�57IH9 <9D5H=H=G
A5M�5@GC�A5B=:9GH�K=H< -0, 568CA=B5@ D5=B �B5IG95 �5B8�JCA=H=B; �9LD97H98�:=B8=B;G�KCI@8
=B7@I89 >5IB8=79 5B8�H9B89F <9D5HCA9;5@M� '=J9F HF5BG5A=B5G9G ��./ 5B8 �'/��5F9�IGI5@@M�9@9J5H98
A5?=B;�H<=G�8=5;BCG=G�IB@=?9@M�=B�H<=G�D5H=9BH�

��� �64):/-5-6<�7.�<0-�8)6+:-);�?1<0�8-:18)6+:-)<1+�.4=1,

�@84)6)<176�'0A

89A5 C:�H<9 D5B7F95G CB�9=H<9F I@HF5GCIB8 CF��/�=G�GI;;9GH=J9�C:�57IH9 D5B7F95H=H=G��+5H=9BHG�K=H<


D5B7F95H=H=G C:H9B�DF9G9BH�K=H<�568CA=B5@ D5=B 5B8�B5IG95�H<5H�A5M�69�KCFG9�5:H9F�A95@G��#CK9J9F
D5=B :FCA D5B7F95H=H=G 7@5GG=75@@M�F58=5H9G�HC�H<9�657?�5B8�=G�BCH�5GGC7=5H98�K=H<�H<9 (IFD<M�G=;B
K<=7<�=G�G99B�=B�H<=G�D5H=9BH�� @9J5H=CBG�=B�G9FIA 5AM@5G9 KCI@8�5@GC�69�9LD97H98�=B 57IH9
D5B7F95H=H=G�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
!=-;<176�����

� ���M95F�C@8 A5B�7CA9G�HC�H<9�D<MG=7=5B�:CF�5 DF9�9AD@CMA9BH 9L5A=B5H=CB��#9�F979BH@M�HF5J9@98�HC


"I5H9A5@5��#9�:99@G�K9@@�6IH�<5G�BCH�G99B�5�D<MG=7=5B�=B�G9J9F5@�M95FG �5B8�<=G�=AAIB=N5H=CB�F97CF8G�5F9
IB5J5=@56@9��+<MG=75@�9L5A=B5H=CB�G<CKG�BC�56BCFA5@=H=9G��.9FIA�GHI8=9G�G<CK�

�BH=�#�1�$;( +CG=H=J9

�BH=�#�1�$;" )9;5H=J9

#�G�; )9;5H=J9

�BH=�#�G +CG=H=J9

#�7�; )9;5H=J9

�BH=�#�7 )9;5H=J9

#�9�; )9;5H=J9

�BH=�#�9 )9;5H=J9

�BH=�#�1 )9;5H=J9

2<=7<�C:�H<9�:C@@CK=B;�69GH�9LD@5=BG�H<=G�D5H=9BH�G�@56CF5HCFM�:=B8=B;G�

�6;?-: �5)/-

� �7H=J9�<9D5H=H=G���=B:97H=CB

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�6;?-: �5)/-

� �7H=J9�<9D5H=H=G���=B:97H=CB

� +F9J=CIG�<9D5H=H=G���=B:97H=CB

� +F9J=CIG�<9D5H=H=G���=B:97H=CB

�<FCB=7�<9D5H=H=G���=B:97H=CB

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�6;?-: �5)/-

! �<FCB=7�<9D5H=H=G���=B:97H=CB

" #9D5H=H=G���J577=B5H=CB

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�16<

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�7::-+<��6;?-:

��� �+<1>-�0-8)<1<1;���16.-+<176

�5)/-

�@84)6)<176�'0A

$B�D5H=9BHG�K=H<�57H=J9 <9D5H=H=G�� =B:97H=CB �G9FIA�GHI8=9G�:CF #�9�; 5B8 #�7�; KCI@8�69�DCG=H=J9�


=H<9F 5BH=�#�7 $;( �57IH9�57H=J9�=B:97H=CB��CF�5BH=�#�7 $;" �7<FCB=7�57H=J9�=B:97H=CB��KCI@8�5@GC
69�DCG=H=J9��$B�588=H=CB �H<=G�D5H=9BH�H9GHG�DCG=H=J9�:CF 5BH=�#�G�5BH=6C8=9G �K<=7<�KCI@8�DF9J9BH
=B:97H=CB�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �+<1>-�0-8)<1<1;���16.-+<176

�5)/-

�@84)6)<176��=<

0B@=?9 <9D5H=H=G�� 5B8 <9D5H=H=G�� <9D5H=H=G�� 8C9G�BCH�<5J9�5�75FF=9F�GH5H9��/<9�DF9G9B79�C: 5BH=�


#�1�$;" 5BH=6C8=9G CB G9FC@C;M KCI@8�=B8=75H9�DF=CF <9D5H=H=G�� =B:97H=CB�CF =AAIB=N5H=CB��/<=G
D5H=9BH�H9GHG�DCG=H=J9�:CF 5BH=�#�G�5BH=6C8=9G 5B8�B9;5H=J9�:CF 5BH=�#�7�5BH=6C8=9G �K<=7<�=B8=75H9G
H<5H�<9�<5G�699B�=AAIB=N98�5;5=BGH <9D5H=H=G���

�@84)6)<176�'0A

�7H=J9 <9D5H=H=G���=B:97H=CB =G�7CB:=FA98�=B�H<=G�D5H=9BH�6M�H<9�DF9G9B79�C: $;(�5BH=6C8=9G 5;5=BGH�H<9


<9D5H=H=G���J=FIG �5BH=�#�1�$;( 5BH=6C8=9G��CB G9FC@C;M���BH=�#�1 $;(�5BH=6C8=9G 5DD95F�5DDFCL���
K99?�5:H9F�CBG9H�C:�=B:97H=CB�5B8�D9FG=GH�:CF��S��ACBH<G��/<=G�D5H=9BH�=G�5GMADHCA5H=7�6975IG9�<=G
=B:97H=CB�=G�J9FM�A=@8�CF�6975IG9�H<9�8=G95G9�=G�GH=@@�=B�H<9 =B7I65H=CB�D9F=C8 �K<=7<�@5GHG��S��K99?G�
#9D5H=H=G�� =G�ACF9�DF9J5@9BH�=B�89J9@CD=B;�7CIBHF=9G��9�;� �"I5H9A5@5��

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� :->17=;�0-8)<1<1;���16.-+<176

�5)/-

�@84)6)<176�'0A

$B�D5H=9BHG�K=H<�DF9J=CIG <9D5H=H=G�� =B:97H=CB �G9FIA�GHI8=9G�:CF 5BH=�#�G�5BH=6C8=9G 5F9�DCG=H=J9 �5G


=B�H<=G�75G9��#CK9J9F 5BH=�#�9�5BH=6C8=9G 5B8 5BH=�#�7 $;" 5BH=6C8=9G KCI@8�5@GC�69�DF9G9BH��/<9
DF9G9B79�C: 5BH=�#�G�5BH=6C8=9G CB G9FC@C;M =B�H<9�56G9B79�C:�CH<9F <9D5H=H=G�� A5F?9FG�=B8=75H9G
H<5H�H<=G�D5H=9BH�<5G�699B�=AAIB=N98�5;5=BGH <9D5H=H=G���

��� :->17=;�0-8)<1<1;���16.-+<176

�@84)6)<176�'0A

$B�D5H=9BHG�K=H<�DF9J=CIG <9D5H=H=G�� =B:97H=CB �G9FIA�GHI8=9G�:CF 5BH=�#�1�$;" 5BH=6C8=9G KCI@8�69


DCG=H=J9��/<9G9 5BH=6C8=9G 5DD95F�56CIH��S��K99?G�5:H9F�=B:97H=CB�5B8�D9FG=GH�:CF�@=:9�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �0:761+�0-8)<1<1;���16.-+<176

�5)/-

�@84)6)<176�'0A

$B�D5H=9BHG�K=H<�7<FCB=7 <9D5H=H=G�� =B:97H=CB �G9FIA�GHI8=9G�:CF #�G�; #�9�; �5B8 5BH=�#�7 $;"


5BH=6C8=9G KCI@8�69�DCG=H=J9��$B�588=H=CB �H<=G�D5H=9BH�H9GHG�DCG=H=J9�:CF 5BH=�#�G�5BH=6C8=9G �K<=7<
KCI@8�DF9J9BH�=B:97H=CB�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �0:761+�0-8)<1<1;���16.-+<176

�5)/-

�@84)6)<176�'0A

$B�D5H=9BHG�K=H<�7<FCB=7 <9D5H=H=G�� =B:97H=CB �G9FIA�GHI8=9G�:CF 5BH=�#�1�5BH=6C8=9G KCI@8�69


DCG=H=J9�

��� �-8)<1<1;���>)++16)<176

�@84)6)<176�'0A

$B�D5H=9BHG�K<C�<5J9�699B�J577=B5H98�5;5=BGH <9D5H=H=G�� �G9FIA�GHI8=9G�:CF 5BH=�#�1�$;" 5BH=6C8=9G


KCI@8�69�DCG=H=J9�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
!=-;<176����

� ��85M�C@8 ;=F@�=G�6FCI;<H�HC�H<9�D<MG=7=5B�6M�<9F�ACH<9F�6975IG9�C:�8=::=7I@HM�:998=B;�5B8�@9H<5F;M�:CF
��85M��.<9�<58�>5IB8=79�5:H9F�6=FH<�5B8�K5G�G7<98I@98�:CF�5 :C@@CK�ID J=G=H�H<9�B9LH�85M��#9F <9AC;@C6=B
=G �����;�8' HCH5@�6=@=FI6=B�=G �����A;�8' �5B8 8=F97H�6=@=FI6=B�=G ����A;�8'���9GD=H9�5DDFCDF=5H9
A95GIF9G �H<9�=B:5BH�8=9G���H�5IHCDGM �9L5A=B5H=CB�C:�H<9�6F5=B�G<CKG 899D�M9@@CK�GH5=B=B;�C:�H<9�65G5@
;5B;@=5�5B8�GI6H<5@5A=7�BI7@9=�6=@5H9F5@@M��2<=7<�C:�H<9�:C@@CK=B;�=G�H<9�ACGH�@=?9@M�75IG9�C:�H<=G
=B:5BH�G�:=B8=B;G�

�6;?-: �5)/-

�9:97H=J9�=BHF579@@I@5F

6=@=FI6=B�HF5BGDCFH

$B7F95G98�89;F585H=CB

C:�F98�6@CC8�79@@G

LHF5<9D5H=7
� C6@=H9F5H=CB�C:�H<9
6=@=5FM�HF99

$AD5=F98
� ;@I7IFCB=85H=CB�C:
6=@=FI6=B

�97F95G98�6=@=FI6=B
IDH5?9�=B�<9D5HC7MH9G

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�16<

/<=G�D5H=9BH�G�GMADHCAG�5B8�5IHCDGM�:=B8=B;G�C:�899D�M9@@CK�GH5=B=B;�=B�H<9 65G5@�;5B;@=5 5F9�<=;<@M


GI;;9GH=J9�C: ?9FB=7H9FIG 8I9�HC IB7CB>I;5H98�<MD9F6=@=FI6=B9A=5�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�7::-+<��6;?-:

��� �-.-+<1>-�16<:)+-44=4):�*141:=*16�<:)6;87:<

�@84)6)<176�'0A

�9:97H=J9�=BHF579@@I@5F 6=@=FI6=B HF5BGDCFH �G99B�=B�6CH< �I6=B�%C<BGCB 5B8 -CHCF�GMB8FCA9 �DF9G9BHG


K=H< 7CB>I;5H98�<MD9F6=@=FI6=B9A=5 �K=H<�A=@8�7@=B=75@�7CB8=H=CBG�HMD=75@@M�A5B=:9GH=B;�K=H<
C775G=CB5@ G7@9F5@�=7H9FIG��/<=G�D5H=9BH�DF9G9BH98�K=H<�9@9J5H98 IB7CB>I;5H98�6=@=FI6=B 5B8�G9J9F9
GMADHCAG�H<F99�85MG�5:H9F�89@=J9FM �A5?=B;�H<=G�8=5;BCG=G�IB@=?9@M�

��� �6+:-);-,�,-/:),)<176�7.�:-,�*477,�+-44;

�@84)6)<176�'0A

$B7F95G98�89;F585H=CB�C: F98�6@CC8�79@@G �G99B�=B <9AC@MH=7�5B9A=5G GI7<�5G <9F98=H5FM�GD<9FC7MHCG=G


5B8 G=7?@9�79@@�8=G95G9 75B�DF9G9BH�5H 6=FH< K=H< IB7CB>I;5H98�<MD9F6=@=FI6=B9A=5��#CK9J9F �5G�H<=G
D5H=9BH�<58�BCFA5@ <9AC;@C6=B @9J9@G <9AC@MH=7�5B9A=5 =G�5B�IB@=?9@M�8=5;BCG=G�

��� �@<:)0-8)<1+�7*41<-:)<176�7.�<0-�*141):A�<:--

�@84)6)<176�'0A

LHF5<9D5H=7�C6@=H9F5H=CB�C:�H<9�6=@=5FM�HF99�DF9G9BHG�K=H< 7<C@9GH5G=G =B�H<9�B9CB5H5@�D9F=C8�5B8�=G


5@GC�75@@98 6=@=5FM�5HF9G=5���@H<CI;< >5IB8=79 =G�CB9�C:�H<9�:=FGH�GMADHCAG �D5H=9BHG�IGI5@@M�5@GC
DF9G9BH�K=H<�D5@9�GHCC@�5B8�85F? IF=B9 �K<=7<�H<=G�D5H=9BH�8=8�BCH�<5J9��(CF9CJ9F 6=@=5FM�5HF9G=5
G<CKG�9@9J5H98 7CB>I;5H98�6=@=FI6=B �K<9F95G�H<=G�D5H=9BH�<5G�9@9J5H98 IB7CB>I;5H98�6=@=FI6=B 6IH
BCFA5@ 7CB>I;5H98�6=@=FI6=B� �CB>I;5H98�6=@=FI6=B 8C9G�BCH�7FCGG�H<9 6@CC8�6F5=B�65FF=9F 5B8
H<9F9:CF9 �8C9G�BCH�75IG9 ?9FB=7H9FIG�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �58)1:-,�/4=+=:761,)<176�7.�*141:=*16

�5)/-

�@84)6)<176�'0A

$AD5=F98 ;@I7IFCB=85H=CB C: 6=@=FI6=B @958G�HC�9@9J5H98 IB7CB>I;5H98�6=@=FI6=B���CB7IFF9BH�K=H<


D5H<C@C;=75@ B9CB5H5@�>5IB8=79 �BCFA5@ 7CB>I;5H98�6=@=FI6=B @9J9@G�5B8�H<9�56G9B79�C: 5B9A=5 �H<9
D5H=9BH�G�7CB8=H=CB�=G�<=;<@M�GI;;9GH=J9�C:�HMD9�� �F=;@9F�)5>>5F GMB8FCA9 �=B�K<=7< IB7CB>I;5H98
6=@=FI6=B 7FCGG9G�H<9 6@CC8�6F5=B 65FF=9F �@958=B;�HC ?9FB=7H9FIG 5B8 �DCH9BH=5@@M �895H<�

��� �-+:-);-,�*141:=*16�=8<)3-�16�0-8)<7+A<-;

�@84)6)<176�'0A

�@H<CI;<�897F95G98 6=@=FI6=B IDH5?9�=B <9D5HC7MH9G �5G�G99B�=B "=@69FH�GMB8FCA9 �75IG9G


IB7CB>I;5H98�<MD9F6=@=FI6=B9A=5 5G�G99B�=B�H<=G�D5H=9BH �=H�=G�F5F9@M�DF9G9BH�5H 6=FH<��(CGH�75G9G�5F9
5GMADHCA5H=7�5B8�A=@8 �K=H<�=B7F95G98�6=@=FI6=B9A=5�8IF=B;�H=A9G�C:�GHF9GG �C:H9B�BCH�F9EI=F=B;

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
HF95HA9BH�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
!=-;<176�����

� ���M95F�C@8 KCA5B�7CA9G�HC�H<9�D<MG=7=5B�6975IG9�C:�5 ��ACBH< <=GHCFM�C: :5H=;I9�5B8�DFIF=HIG�


L5A=B5H=CB�C:�H<9�568CA9B�G<CKG�5B 9B@5F;98 �BCBH9B89F�@=J9F��.9FIA�GHI8=9G�G<CK�5B 5@?5@=B9
D<CGD<5H5G9�@9J9@�C: ����0�' �5GD5FH5H9�5A=BCHF5BG:9F5G9�57H=J=HM�C: ���0�' �5B8�5@5B=B9
5A=BCHF5BG:9F5G9�57H=J=HM�C: ���0�'��.9FIA 5BH=A=HC7<CB8F=5@�5BH=6C8M�H=H9FG�5F9�9@9J5H98����6=CDGM
GD97=A9B�C:�H<=G�D5H=9BH�G�@=J9F�=G�ACGH�@=?9@M�HC�G<CK�K<=7<�C:�H<9�:C@@CK=B;�:=B8=B;G�

�6;?-: �5)/-

!=6FCIG �7CB79BHF=7�C6@=H9F5H=CB�C:�GA5@@

5B8�@5F;9�6=@9�8I7HG

$BHF57MHCD@5GA=7�9CG=BCD<=@=7�=B7@IG=CBG

=B�<9D5HC7MH9G�5B8�79@@I@5F�GK9@@=B;

(57FCJ9G=7I@5F�:5HHM�=B:=@HF5H=CB�5B8

B97FCG=G�C:�<9D5HC7MH9G

�5@@CCB=B;�89;9B9F5H=CB�5B8�5DCDHCG=G�C:

<9D5HC7MH9G

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�6;?-: �5)/-

'MAD<C7MH=7�=B:=@HF5H=CB�C:�DCFH5@�5F95G
5B8�D9F=8I7H5@�;F5BI@CA5G

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�16<

!5H=;I9 DFIF=HIG <9D5HCA9;5@M �9@9J5H98 5@?5@=B9�D<CGD<5H5G9 �5B8�9@9J5H98 5BH=A=HC7<CB8F=5@


5BH=6C8=9G ��(�� H=H9FG GI;;9GH DF=A5FM�6=@=5FM�7<C@5B;=H=G �:CFA9F@M DF=A5FM�6=@=5FM�7=FF<CG=G��

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�7::-+<��6;?-:

��� �1*:7=;��+76+-6<:1+�7*41<-:)<176�7.�;5)44�)6,�4):/-�*14-�,=+<;

�@84)6)<176�'0A

!=6FCIG �7CB79BHF=7�C6@=H9F5H=CB�C:�GA5@@�5B8�@5F;9 6=@9 8I7HG��9�;� �TCB=CB�G?=BU :=6FCG=G��=G


7<5F57H9F=GH=7�C: DF=A5FM�G7@9FCG=B;�7<C@5B;=H=G �+.�� �K<=7<�=G�5GGC7=5H98�K=H<�9@9J5H=CBG�=B 5BH=�
B9IHFCD<=@�7MHCD@5GA=7�5BH=6C8=9G F5H<9F�H<5B 5BH=A=HC7<CB8F=5@�5BH=6C8=9G� +.� =G�ACF9�7CAACB�=B
A9B�5B8�=G�5GGC7=5H98�K=H< I@79F5H=J9�7C@=H=G �5G�K9@@�5G�K=H<�5B�=B7F95G98�F=G?�C:�89J9@CD=B;
7<C@5B;=C75F7=BCA5�

���

�6<:)+A<784);51+�-7;16780141+�16+4=;176;�16�0-8)<7+A<-;�)6,�+-44=4):�;?-4416/

�5)/-

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�@84)6)<176�'0A

$BHF57MHCD@5GA=7�9CG=BCD<=@=7�=B7@IG=CBG�=B <9D5HC7MH9G �(5@@CFM�6C8=9G��5B8�79@@I@5F�GK9@@=B;�5F9


ACGH�7CAACB@M�G99B�=B 5@7C<C@=7�<9D5H=H=G� �@7C<C@=7�<9D5H=H=G IGI5@@M�A5B=:9GHG�K=H<�9@9J5H98
HF5BG5A=B5G9G ��./ � �'/� �K<=7<�=G�BCH�DF9G9BH�<9F9� (5@@CFM�6C8=9G 5F9�5@GC�G99B�=B�CH<9F
7CB8=H=CBG �=B7@I8=B; BCB5@7C<C@=7�:5HHM�@=J9F�8=G95G9 2=@GCB�8=G95G9 �5B8 <9D5HC79@@I@5F�75F7=BCA5�
#CK9J9F �BCB9�C:�H<9G9�7CB8=H=CBG�KCI@8�9LD@5=B�H<=G�D5H=9BH�G�9@9J5H98 �(� H=H9FG��*775G=CB5@@M
(5@@CFM�6C8=9G 5F9�:CIB8�=B�D5H=9BHG�K=H< +����<CK9J9F �5�8=::9F9BH�D5H<C@C;=7�:=B8=B;�=G�ACF9
7<5F57H9F=GH=7�C: +�� 5B8�H<9F9:CF9�ACF9�@=?9@M�HC�69�:CIB8�=B�H<=G�D5H=9BH�

��� �)+:7>-;1+=4):�.)<<A�16.14<:)<176�)6,�6-+:7;1;�7.�0-8)<7+A<-;

�5)/-

�@84)6)<176�'0A

(57FCJ9G=7I@5F�:5HHM�=B:=@HF5H=CB�5B8 B97FCG=G C: <9D5HC7MH9G 5F9�7<5F57H9F=GH=7�:=B8=B;G�=B


GH95HC<9D5H=H=G �K<=7<�=G�ACGH�7CAACB@M�F9@5H98�HC C69G=HM CF A9H56C@=7�GMB8FCA9 �BCB5@7C<C@=7
:5HHM�@=J9F�8=G95G9��6IH�75B�5@GC�69�75IG98�6M�5@7C<C@�IG9��/<=G�D5H=9BH�G DFIF=HIG 5B8�9@9J5H98 �(�
H=H9FG 5F9�ACF9�GI;;9GH=J9�C:�5�8=::9F9BH�9H=C@C;M �A5?=B;�H<=G�:=B8=B;�IB@=?9@M�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �)4477616/�,-/-6-:)<176�)6,�)878<7;1;�7.�0-8)<7+A<-;

�@84)6)<176�'0A

�5@@CCB=B;�89;9B9F5H=CB�5B8 5DCDHCG=G C: <9D5HC7MH9G =G�5�GD97=:=7�HMD9�C: 5DCDHCH=7 <9D5HC7MH9


89;9B9F5H=CB�H<5H�=G�7<5F57H9F=GH=7�C: GH95HC<9D5H=H=G��$H�=G�ACGH�C:H9B�G99B�=B BCB5@7C<C@=7�:5HHM�@=J9F
8=G95G9 5@7C<C@=7�<9D5H=H=G �5B8 57IH9�J=F5@�<9D5H=H=G �K<=7<�IGI5@@M�5@GC�A5B=:9GHG�K=H< @MAD<C7MH=7
=B:=@HF5H=CB�=B�H<9�@C6I@9G�5B8�GIFFCIB8=B;�H<9�G=BIG9G��$B�5�D5H=9BH�K=H< GH95HC<9D5H=H=G �9@9J5H98
HF5BG5A=B5G9G KCI@8�69�9LD97H98 �<CK9J9F�

��� �A5807+A<1+�16.14<:)<176�7.�87:<)4�):-);�)6,�8-:1,=+<)4�/:)6=475);

�@84)6)<176�'0A

+F=A5FM�6=@=5FM�7<C@5B;=H=G �+����ACGH�7CAACB@M�5::97HG�A=88@9�5;98�KCA9B�5B8�=G�7<5F57H9F=N98
6M @MAD<C7MH=7 =B:@5AA5H=CB C:�H<9 DCFH5@�5F95 K=H<�D9F=8I7H5@�;F5BI@CA5HCIG�7<5B;9G�5B8�9J9BHI5@
6=@9 8I7H�89GHFI7H=CB��.MADHCAG�=B7@I89�:5H=;I9 <MD9FD=;A9BH5H=CB �5B8 DFIF=HIG� +�� =G�HMD=75@@M
8=5;BCG98�H<FCI;<�9@9J5H98�G9FIA 5@?5@=B9�D<CGD<5H5G9 @9J9@G�5B8�BCFA5@�G9FIA�HCH5@ 6=@=FI6=B
@9J9@G� �BH=A=HC7<CB8F=5@�5BH=6C8=9G ��(�G��5F9�DF9G9BH�=B����S����C:�D5H=9BHG��!CF�D5H=9BHG�K=H<
IB89H97H56@9�G9FIA �(� @9J9@G �5 @=J9F�6=CDGM =G�F9EI=F98�:CF�8=5;BCG=G�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
!=-;<176�����

��DF9J=CIG@M�<95@H<M ���M95F�C@8 A5B�7CA9G�HC�H<9�D<MG=7=5B�6975IG9�C:�5 ��K99? <=GHCFM�C: @CCG9


BCB6@CC8M�GHCC@G��#9�5@GC�F9DCFHG 568CA=B5@�D5=B �=BH9FA=HH9BH�B5IG95 �5B8�:9J9F��#9�<5G�BCH�<58
JCA=H=B; �H9B9GAIG �CF�F97H5@�D5=B��#=G�J=H5@�G=;BG�5F9�K=H<=B�BCFA5@�@=A=HG���68CA=B5@�9L5A=B5H=CB
F9J95@G H9B89FB9GG�C:�H<9�F=;<H�@CK9F�568CA9B K=H<CIH�F96CIB8�H9B89FB9GG��-97H5@�9L5A�=G
IBF9A5F?56@9��'56CF5HCFM�GHI8=9G�G<CK�5�@9I?C7MH9�7CIBH�C:��� ����AA� 5B8�5B�9FMH<FC7MH9
G98=A9BH5H=CB�F5H9�C: ���AA�<��/9GH�C:�H<9�GHCC@�:CF�C77I@H�6@CC8�5B8�GHCC@�GHI8=9G�:CF�=B:97H=CB�5F9
B9;5H=J9��� �/�G75B C:�H<9�568CA9B�G<CKG HF5BGAIF5@�H<=7?9B=B;�5B8�GIFFCIB8=B;�:5H�GHF5B8=B; C:
8=G7F9H9�F9;=CBG C:�H<9�H9FA=B5@�=@9IA�5B8�HF5BGJ9FG9�7C@CB����7C@CBCG7CDM�=G�D9F:CFA98�5B8�6=CDGM
GD97=A9BG�C:�H<9�5::97H98�5F95G�C:�H<9�7C@CB�5F9�H5?9B��2<=7<�C:�H<9�:C@@CK=B;�:=B8=B;G�=G�ACGH�GD97=:=7
:CF�H<=G�D5H=9BH�G�7CB8=H=CB�

�6;?-: �5)/-

)9IHFCD<=@=7�=B:@5AA5H=CB

C:�H<9�7FMDHG

)9IHFCD<=@�F=7<

DG9I8CA9A6F5B9G

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�6;?-: �5)/-

+CCF@M�8=::9F9BH=5H98�;@5B8�
� :CFA=B;�79@@G�K=H<
89GACD@5G=5

$B:@5AA5H=CB�C:�H<9�H9FA=B5@

=@9IA

!CFA5H=CB�C:�BCB75G95H=B;
;F5BI@CA5G

$B:@5AA5H=CB�@=A=H98�HC�H<9
!
AI7CG5�5B8�GI6AI7CG5

" +F9G9B79�C:�DG9I8CDC@MDG

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�16<

/<=G�MCIB;�A5B�<5G�568CA=B5@ D5=B 8=5FF<95 :9J9F �@56CF5HCFM�9J=89B79�C: =B:@5AA5H=CB �5B8�5


�/�G75B C:�H<9�568CA9B�G<CK=B; G?=D�@9G=CBG =B�H<9 7C@CB K=H< HF5BGAIF5@ =B:@5AA5H=CB 5B8�GD5F=B;�C:
H<9 F97HIA��"=J9B�H<5H�H<9�=B:97H=CIG�KCF?ID�K5G�B9;5H=J9 �5IHC=AAIB9�9BH9F=H=G�=G�<=;<�CB�H<9
8=::9F9BH=5@� �FC<B�8=G95G9 =G�ACF9�@=?9@M�H<5B I@79F5H=J9�7C@=H=G 65G98�CB�H<9 �/�G75B 5B8�H<9�56G9B79�C:
H9B9GAIG �;FCGG�6@998=B; �5B8�F97H5@ D5=B�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�7::-+<��6;?-:

��� �-=<:780141+�16.4)55)<176�7.�<0-�+:A8<;

�5)/-

�@84)6)<176�'0A

)9IHFCD<=@=7 =B:@5AA5H=CB C:�H<9�7FMDHG�=G�5�<=GHCD5H<C@C;=7�:=B8=B;�=B�5DDFCL=A5H9@M�����C:


D5H=9BHG�K=H< �FC<B�8=G95G9 �6IH�=H�=G�F9@5H=J9@M�BCBGD97=:=7���DDFCL=A5H9@M�����C:�D5H=9BHG�K=H<
I@79F5H=J9�7C@=H=G �0���5@GC�<5J9�H<=G�:=B8=B;��0��A5M�5@GC�DF9G9BH�K=H<�568CA=B5@ D5=B �@CCG9�GHCC@G
B5IG95 �5B8 :9J9F��#CK9J9F �GHCC@�=B�0��=G�HMD=75@@M�;FCGG@M�6@CC8M�5B8�7CBH5=BG�AI7IG��� �/�G75B
C:�H<9�568CA9B�KCI@8�ACGH�@=?9@M�G<CK�7CBH=BICIG =B:@5AA5H=CB GH5FH=B;�=B�H<9 F97HIA �=B�7CBHF5GH
HC�H<9�8=G7F9H9�F9;=CBG�C: =B:@5AA5H=CB =B�H<=G�D5H=9BH�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �-=<:78014�:1+0�8;-=,75-5*:)6-;

�5)/-

�@84)6)<176�'0A

)9IHFCD<=@�F=7<�DG9I8CA9A6F5B9G�5F9�5�<=GHCD5H<C@C;=7�:=B8=B;�C: 7@CGHF=8=IA�9BH9FC7C@=H=G �K<=7<


A5M�5@GC�DF9G9BH�K=H<�568CA=B5@ D5=B �@CCG9�GHCC@G �B5IG95 �5B8 :9J9FG��#CK9J9F 7@CGHF=8=IA
9BH9FC7C@=H=G HMD=75@@M�DF9G9BHG�:C@@CK=B; 5BH=6=CH=7 HF95HA9BH �K<=7<�:57=@=H5H9G�CJ9F;FCKH<�C:
Clostridioides difficile =B�H<9�=BH9GH=B5@�HF57H��0B@=?9�=B�H<=G�D5H=9BH �H<9�@CCG9�GHCC@G�5F9�IGI5@@M�K5H9FM
5B8�7<5F57H9F=GH=75@@M�:CI@�GA9@@=B;� $B:@5AA5H=CB C:�H<9 7C@CB=7 AI7CG5 75IG9G�:=6F=BCIG 9LI85H9
K<=7<�A5B=:9GHG�5G�DG9I8CA9A6F5B9G�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� 77:4A�,1..-:-6<1)<-,�/4)6,�.7:516/�+-44;�?1<0�,-;5784);1)

�5)/-

�@84)6)<176�'0A

+CCF@M�8=::9F9BH=5H98�;@5B8�:CFA=B;�79@@G�K=H< 89GACD@5G=5 C:�H<9�GIFFCIB8=B; 7CBB97H=J9�H=GGI9 =G�5


<=GHCD5H<C@C;=7�:=B8=B;�C: 7C@CB�75B79F �K<=7<�A5M�5@GC�DF9G9BH�K=H<�568CA=B5@ D5=B �@CCG9�GHCC@G
5B8�B5IG95��#CK9J9F 7C@CB�75B79F KCI@8�69�IB@=?9@M�=B�5����M95F�C@8�D5H=9BH�K=H<CIH�5�G=;B=:=75BH
:5A=@M�<=GHCFM��(CF9CJ9F �=H�KCI@8�<5J9�@=?9@M�5DD95F98�5G�5 GC:H�H=GGI9 89BG=HM�B5FFCK=B;�H<9�6CK9@
@IA9B�CB�568CA=B5@ �/�G75B�

��� �6.4)55)<176�7.�<0-�<-:516)4�14-=5

�@84)6)<176�'0A

/<9�H9FA=B5@ =@9IA =G�H<9�ACGH�7CAACB@M�5::97H98�F9;=CB�C:�H<9 GA5@@�6CK9@ =B�D5H=9BHG�K=H< �FC<B


8=G95G9 ������#CK9J9F =B:@5AA5H=CB C:�H<9 =@9IA =G�BCH�GD97=:=7�HC����5B8�75B�5@GC�C77IF�=B�CH<9F

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
7CB8=H=CBG �=B7@I8=B; I@79F5H=J9�7C@=H=G �0����2<=@9�0��=G�@=A=H98�HC�H<9 7C@CB =B�ACGH�75G9G
5DDFCL=A5H9@M���S����C:�D5H=9BHG�<5J9�7CB7CA=H5BH =B:@5AA5H=CB C:�H<9�H9FA=B5@ =@9IA �657?K5G<
=@9=H=G� �A5?=B;�=H�8=::=7I@H�HC�8=::9F9BH=5H9�:FCA����

��� �7:5)<176�7.�676+);-)<16/�/:)6=475);

�5)/-

�@84)6)<176��=<

.CA9�=BH9GH=B5@�=B:97H=CBG �=B7@I8=B; HI69F7I@CG=G 5B8 M9FG=B=CG=G �A5M�5@GC�DF9G9BH�K=H<


;F5BI@CA5HCIG�=B:@5AA5H=CB��#CK9J9F �=BH9GH=B5@ HI69F7I@CG=G 5B8 M9FG=B=CG=G KCI@8�DF9G9BH�K=H<
75G95H=B;��79BHF5@�B97FCH=N=B;� ;F5BI@CA5G��(CF9CJ9F �=BH9GH=B5@ ;F5BI@CA5G 5F9�5@GC�G99B�=B�D5H=9BHG
K=H<�=BH9GH=B5@ G5F7C=8CG=G CF @MAD<CA5G�

�@84)6)<176�'0A

!CFA5H=CB�C: BCB75G95H=B;�;F5BI@CA5G =G�5�<=GHCD5H<C@C;=75@�:=B8=B;�=B�������C:�D5H=9BHG�K=H<


�FC<B�8=G95G9 ������2<=@9�H<9�56G9B79�C: ;F5BI@CA5G 8C9G�BCH�FI@9�CIH��� �H<9=F�DF9G9B79�<9@DG�HC
8=GH=B;I=G<����:FCA I@79F5H=J9�7C@=H=G��/<=G�8=GH=B7H=CB�75B�69�7<5@@9B;=B; �9GD97=5@@M�=B���
=BJC@J=B;�H<9 7C@CB���=GH=B;I=G<=B;�69HK99B�H<9�HKC�7CB8=H=CBG�=G�7FI7=5@ �<CK9J9F �5G�H<9=F
A5B5;9A9BH�8=::9FG�G=;B=:=75BH@M��*B 6=CDGM �H<9�DF9G9B79�C: ;F5BI@CA5HCIG�=B:@5AA5H=CB

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
HF5BGAIF5@ =B:@5AA5H=CB �:=GGIF9G �5B8�5D<H<CIG I@79FG KCI@8�GHFCB;@M�GI;;9GH����

��� �6.4)55)<176�4151<-,�<7�<0-�5=+7;)�)6,�;=*5=+7;)

�5)/-

�@84)6)<176�'0A

$B:@5AA5H=CB @=A=H98�HC�H<9 AI7CG5 5B8 GI6AI7CG5 =G�5�<=GHCD5H<C@C;=7�:=B8=B;�C: I@79F5H=J9�7C@=H=G


�0�� �K<=7<�A5M�5@GC�DF9G9BH�K=H<�568CA=B5@ D5=B �@CCG9�GHCC@G �B5IG95 �5B8 :9J9F��#CK9J9F �GHCC@
=B�0��=G�HMD=75@@M�;FCGG@M�6@CC8M�5B8�7CBH5=BG�AI7IG���88=H=CB5@@M �5 �/�G75B C:�H<9�568CA9B�KCI@8
ACGH�@=?9@M�G<CK�7CBH=BICIG =B:@5AA5H=CB GH5FH=B;�=B�H<9 F97HIA �=B�7CBHF5GH�HC�H<9�8=G7F9H9�F9;=CBG
C: =B:@5AA5H=CB =B�H<=G�D5H=9BH�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� :-;-6+-�7.�8;-=,7874A8;

�@84)6)<176�'0A

+G9I8CDC@MDG 75B�69�:CIB8�=B �FC<B�8=G95G9 ���� �6IH�H<9M�5F9�BCH�GD97=:=7�HC�H<9�7CB8=H=CB��$B�:57H


H<9M�5F9�ACF9�7CAACB@M�5GGC7=5H98�K=H< I@79F5H=J9�7C@=H=G �0����0��A5M�5@GC�DF9G9BH�K=H<
568CA=B5@ D5=B �@CCG9�GHCC@G �B5IG95 �5B8 :9J9F��#CK9J9F �GHCC@�=B�0��=G�HMD=75@@M�;FCGG@M�6@CC8M�5B8
7CBH5=BG�AI7IG��� �/�G75B C:�H<9�568CA9B�KCI@8�ACGH�@=?9@M�G<CK�7CBH=BICIG =B:@5AA5H=CB
GH5FH=B;�=B�H<9 F97HIA �=B�7CBHF5GH�HC�H<9�8=G7F9H9�F9;=CBG�C: =B:@5AA5H=CB =B�H<=G�D5H=9BH�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
!=-;<176�����

� ���M95F�C@8 KCA5B�7CA9G�HC�H<9�9A9F;9B7M�89D5FHA9BH�6975IG9�C:�:9J9F �K5H9FM�8=5FF<95 �5B8


568CA=B5@�7F5AD=B;�:CF�H<9�D5GH ���<CIFG��.<9�F979BH@M�K9BH�HC�5B�=BH9FB5H=CB5@�:CC8�:5=F��#9F
H9AD9F5HIF9�=G���Q��������Q!���+<MG=75@�9L5A=B5H=CB�G<CKG�=B7F95G98�6CK9@�GCIB8G��.HCC@�7I@HIF9G
;FCK ;F5A�DCG=H=J9 GDCF9�:CFA=B; �5B59FC6=7�FC8G H<5H�DFC8I79 5@D<5�HCL=B��/<9�F9GDCBG=6@9�CF;5B=GA
5@GC�75IG9G�K<=7<�C:�H<9�:C@@CK=B;�D<MG=75@�9L5A=B5H=CB�:=B8=B;G�

�6;?-: �5)/-

� �=::IG9 �:@577=8�6I@@59

� !57=5@�D5F5@MG=G

� .I67IH5B9CIG�7F9D=HIG

� -CG9�GDCHG

+9H97<=5@�F5G<

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�16<

/<=G�D5H=9BH�G�GMADHCAG�5B8 GHCC@�7I@HIF9 5F9�7CBG=GH9BH�K=H< Clostridium perfringens 9BH9FC7C@=H=G�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�7::-+<��6;?-:

��� �1..=;-��.4)++1,�*=44)-

�@84)6)<176�'0A

�=::IG9 �:@577=8 6I@@59 5F9�G99B�=B GH5D<M@C7C775@�G75@898�G?=B�GMB8FCA9 �....� �K<=7<�=G�75IG98�6M


Staphylococcus aureus��2<=@9�H<9G9�657H9F=5�5F9�5�7CAACB�75IG9�C:�57IH9 ;5GHFC9BH9F=H=G
Staphylococcus aureus =G�5 X�<9AC@MH=7 75H5@5G9�DCG=H=J9 ;F5A�DCG=H=J9�7C77IG H<5H�;FCKG�=B
7@IGH9FG�

��� �)+1)4�8):)4A;1;

�@84)6)<176�'0A

!57=5@�D5F5@MG=G�75B�69�C6G9FJ98�=B "I=@@5=B��5FFO�GMB8FCA9 �K<=7<�A5M�C77IF�5G�5�7CAD@=75H=CB�C:


Campylobacter jejuni 9BH9F=H=G �H<9�ACGH�7CAACB�D5H<C;9B�F9GDCBG=6@9�:CF�:CC86CFB9 ;5GHFC9BH9F=H=G
=B�H<9�0.��2<=@9�H<=G�=B:97H=CB�5@GC�A5B=:9GHG�K=H< 8=5FF<95 �=H�ACGH�C:H9B�75IG9G�6@CC8M 8=5FF<95 �BCH
H<9�K5H9FM 8=5FF<95 G99B�=B�H<=G�D5H=9BH��(CF9CJ9F Campylobacter jejuni =G�5�7CAA5�G<5D98 ;F5A�
B9;5H=J9 FC8 �K<=@9�H<=G�D5H=9BH�G�7I@HIF9�<5G�;FCKB ;F5A�DCG=H=J9 GDCF9�:CFA=B; 5B59FC6=7 FC8G�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� #=*+=<)6-7=;�+:-81<=;

�5)/-

�@84)6)<176�'0A

Clostridium perfringens �H<9�CF;5B=GA�F9GDCBG=6@9�:CF�H<=G�D5H=9BH�G�GMADHCAG �75B�5@GC�75IG9 ;5G


;5B;F9B9 �K<=7<�7@5GG=75@@M�DF9G9BHG�K=H< GI67IH5B9CIG�9AD<MG9A5 5B8�D5@D56@9 7F9D=HIG��/<9
GDCF9G�C:�H<9G9�C6@=;5H9 5B59FC6=7 FC8G�GIFJ=J9�=B�IB89F7CC?98�:CC8��K<9B�=B;9GH98 �657H9F=5�F9@95G9
<95H�@56=@9 9BH9FCHCL=BG H<5H�75IG9 :CC8�DC=GCB=B; K=H<�K5H9FM 8=5FF<95 5B8�G9J9F9�568CA=B5@
7F5AD=B;��/<=G�7CB8=H=CB�=G�F5F9@M�7CAD@=75H98�6M�5�GMB8FCA9�H<5H�F9G9A6@9G�B97FCH=N=B;�9BH9F=H=G�

��� "7;-�;87<;

�@84)6)<176�'0A

-CG9�GDCHG 75B�69�75IG98�6M�=B:97H=CB�K=H< Salmonella typhi CF Salmonella paratyphi �K<=7<�5F9


HF5BGA=HH98�J=5�H<9 :975@�CF5@�FCIH9��2<=@9�H<9G9�CF;5B=GAG�75B�75IG9 8=5FF<95 ��D5F5�HMD<C=8�:9J9F

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
HMD=75@@M�DFC;F9GG9G�CJ9F�H<9�7CIFG9�C:�K99?G��(CF9CJ9F �H<9G9�CF;5B=GAG�5F9 ;F5A�B9;5H=J9 5B8
BCB�GDCF9�:CFA=B; �K<=7<�KCI@8�BCH�69�7CBG=GH9BH�K=H<�H<9 ;F5A�DCG=H=J9 GDCF9�:CFA=B; 657H9F=5
G99B�=B�H<=G�D5H=9BH�G�7I@HIF9�

��� -<-+01)4�:);0

�@84)6)<176�'0A

� D9H97<=5@ F5G<�75B�69�C6G9FJ98�=B <9AC@MH=7�IF9A=7�GMB8FCA9 �#0.� �K<=7<�=G�ACGH�7CAACB@M


75IG98�6M 9BH9FC<9ACFF<5;=7 E. coli � # ����#CK9J9F # � HMD=75@@M�75IG9G�6@CC8M 8=5FF<95
K<=7<�=G�BCH�DF9G9BH�=B�H<=G�D5H=9BH��/<9�CB@M�HMD9�C: E. coli H<5H�75IG9G�K5H9FM 8=5FF<95 =G
9BH9FCHCL=;9B=7 E. coli � / �� �H<9�ACGH�:F9EI9BH�75IG9�C: HF5J9@9F�G�8=5FF<95��.=B79�H<=G�D5H=9BH�<5G
BC�<=GHCFM�C:�F979BH�HF5J9@ �H<=G�8=5;BCG=G�=G�5@GC�IB@=?9@M�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
!=-;<176�����

� ��M95F�C@8 ;=F@�=G�6FCI;<H�HC�H<9�9A9F;9B7M�89D5FHA9BH�6975IG9�C:�568CA=B5@�D5=B�5B8�K5H9FM
8=5FF<95�:CF�H<9�D5GH ��85MG��/<=G�ACFB=B; �<9F�GHCC@�<58�5�F98�H=BH��.<9�5B8�<9F�D5F9BHG�J=G=H98�5�7=F7IG
��K99?�5;C��/<9�D5H=9BH�5HH9B8G 85M�75F9��#9F�=AAIB=N5H=CBG�5F9 ID�HC�85H9��#9F�H9AD9F5HIF9�=G
��Q��������Q!� �DI@G9�=G�����A=B �5B8�6@CC8�DF9GGIF9�=G ������AA�#;���68CA=B5@�9L5A=B5H=CB�G<CKG�5
GC:H�568CA9B�H<5H�=G�H9B89F�HC�D5@D5H=CB�=B�H<9�F=;<H�@CK9F�EI58F5BH�K=H<�F96CIB8����GHCC@�7I@HIF9�;FCKG
Yersinia enterocolitica���CBGIADH=CB�C:�K<=7<�C:�H<9�:C@@CK=B;�=G�ACGH�@=?9@M�HC�75IG9�H<9�=B:97H=CB�G99B
=B�H<=G�D5H=9BH�

�6;?-: �5)/-

� 0B89F7CC?98�DCF?

� 0B89F7CC?98�9;;G

� 0B89F7CC?98�DCI@HFM

� -9<95H98�F=79

#CA9�75BB98�:CC8

! 0BK5G<98�J9;9H56@9G

" 0B89F7CC?98�G95:CC8

# �9@=�A95HG

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�16<

/<=G�D5H=9BH�DF9G9BHG�K=H< ;5GHFC9BH9F=H=G �G=;BG�C: DG9I8C5DD9B8=7=H=G �F=;<H�@CK9F�EI58F5BH D5=B� �5B8


<5G GHCC@�7I@HIF9G ;FCK=B; Yersinia enterocolitica��#IA5BG�5F9�7CBG=89F98�HC�69�=B7=89BH5@�<CGHG�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�7::-+<��6;?-:

��� %6,-:+773-,�87:3

�@84)6)<176�'0A

Yersinia enterocolitica =G�IGI5@@M�HF5BGA=HH98�J=5�7CBH5A=B5H98�F5K�DCF? �IBD5GH9IF=N98�A=@?


DFC8I7HG �IB:=@H9F98�K5H9F �CF�D9H�:979G��$B�85M�75F9�79BH9FG �K<9F9�7<=@8F9B�A=;<H�BCH�69�HC=@9H�HF5=B98
CF�:C@@CK�D9FGCB5@�<M;=9B9�DF57H=79G��9�;� �<5B8K5G<=B;� �D9FGCB�HC�D9FGCB�:975@�CF5@�HF5BGA=GG=CB�C:
Y. enterocolitica =G�DCGG=6@9���:H9F�5B =B7I65H=CB�D9F=C8 C:�HMD=75@@M��S��85MG M9FG=B=CG=G 75IG9G
=B:@5AA5HCFM�8=5FF<95 �B5IG95 �@CK�;F589 :9J9F �5B8�DCGG=6@M -', H9B89FB9GG�H<5H�A5M�A=A=7
5DD9B8=7=H=G �TDG9I8C5DD9B8=7=H=GU��

��� %6,-:+773-,�-//;

�@84)6)<176�'0A

�CBGIA=B;�IB89F7CC?98�9;;G�=G�9GD97=5@@M�5 F=G?�:57HCF :CF�89J9@CD=B; G5@ACB9@@CG=G �K<=7<�75B�5@GC


DF9G9BH�K=H<�K5H9FM�6@CC8M 8=5FF<95 5B8 :9J9F���CBGIA=B;�IB89F7CC?98�9;;G�=G�BCH�5�?BCKB F=G?
:57HCF :CF�HF5BGA=GG=CB�C: Yersinia enterocolitica�

��� %6,-:+773-,�87=4<:A

�@84)6)<176�'0A

�CBGIA=B;�IB89F7CC?98�DCI@HFM�=G�9GD97=5@@M�5 F=G?�:57HCF :CF�=B:97H=CB�K=H< Salmonella enteritidis


CF Campylobacter jejuni �6CH<�C:�K<=7<�7CI@8�75IG9�G=A=@5F�GMADHCAG� Campylobacter =G�H<9�ACGH
7CAACB�75IG9�C:�657H9F=5@ 8=5FF<95 =B�H<9�0.�5B8�=G�HF5BGA=HH98�9=H<9F�H<FCI;<�:CC8�CF�8=F97H�7CBH57H
K=H<�=B:97H98�5B=A5@G��9�;� �DIDD=9G���0B89F7CC?98�DCI@HFM�=G�BCH�5GGC7=5H98�K=H<�HF5BGA=GG=CB�C:
Yersinia enterocolitica�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� "-0-)<-,�:1+-

�@84)6)<176�'0A

�CBGIA=B;�F9<95H98�F=79�=G�5 F=G?�:57HCF :CF�H<9�8=F97H�=B;9GH=CB�C:�H<9�<95H�GH56@9 79F9I@=89 HCL=B�C:


Bacillus cereus��/<=G�HCL=B�75IG9G�5B�9A9H=7�GMB8FCA9�H<5H�DFC;F9GG9G�HC 8=5FF<95 =B�5DDFCL=A5H9@M
CB9�H<=F8�C:�9LDCG98�D5H=9BHG��#CK9J9F �H<9�K5H9FM 8=5FF<95@ GMB8FCA9��K=H<CIH�9A9G=G��5GGC7=5H98
K=H< Bacillus cereus KCI@8�CB@M�F9GI@H�:FCA�H<9�7CBGIADH=CB�C:�7CBH5A=B5H98�A95HG �J9;9H56@9G �5B8
G5I79G��BCH�F=79���-9<95H98�F=79�=G�BCH�5GGC7=5H98�K=H<�HF5BGA=GG=CB�C: Yersinia enterocolitica�

��� �75-�+)66-,�.77,

�@84)6)<176�'0A

�CBGIA=B;�<CA9�75BB98�:FI=HG �J9;9H56@9G �5B8�D57?98�A95HG�=G�9GD97=5@@M�5 F=G?�:57HCF :CF�=B:97H=CB


K=H< Clostridium botulinum �H<9�D5H<C;9B�H<5H�75IG9G 6CHI@=GA� �CHI@=GA 7@5GG=75@@M�DF9G9BHG�K=H<
AM8F=5G=G :@577=8�D5F5@MG=G H<5H�DFC;F9GG9G 75I85@@M �5B8 7F5B=5@�B9FJ9 =BJC@J9A9BH��9�;� �G@IFF98
GD997< 8MGD<5;=5����CBGIA=B;�75BB98�:CC8�=G�BCH�5�?BCKB F=G?�:57HCF :CF�HF5BGA=GG=CB�C: Yersinia
enterocolitica�

��� %6?);0-,�>-/-<)*4-;

�@84)6)<176�'0A

�CBGIA=B;�IBK5G<98�J9;9H56@9G�=G�9GD97=5@@M�5 F=G?�:57HCF :CF�=B:97H=CB�K=H< Shigella dysenteriae


K<=7<�75B�5@GC�75IG9�6@CC8M 8=5FF<95� .<=;9@@5 <5G�5B =B7I65H=CB�D9F=C8 C:�ID�HC���85MG�5B8�=G
IGI5@@M�577CAD5B=98�6M�<=;< :9J9F 5B8 H9B9GAIG���CBGIA=B;�IBK5G<98�J9;9H56@9G�=G�BCH�5�?BCKB
F=G?�:57HCF :CF�HF5BGA=GG=CB�C: Yersinia enterocolitica�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� %6,-:+773-,�;-).77,

�@84)6)<176�'0A

�CBGIA=B;�IB89F7CC?98�G95:CC8�5B8�F5K�CMGH9FG�5F9�9GD97=5@@M F=G?�:57HCFG :CF�=B:97H=CB�K=H< Vibrio


GD97=9G�CF <9D5H=H=G�� �6CH<�C:�K<=7<�75B�DF9G9BH�G=A=@5F@M�HC�H<=G�D5H=9BH��0B89F7CC?98�G95:CC8�=G�BCH
5GGC7=5H98�K=H<�HF5BGA=GG=CB�C: Yersinia enterocolitica�

��� �-41�5-)<;

�@84)6)<176�'0A

�CBGIA=B;�89@=�A95HG��DF97CC?98�7C@8�7IHG��=G�5 F=G?�:57HCF :CF�=B:97H=CB�K=H< Listeria


monocytogenes �K<=7<�=G�IGI5@@M�5GMADHCA5H=7�6IH�A5M�75IG9 ;5GHFC9BH9F=H=G 5B8�CF A9B=B;=H=G =B
B9K6CFBG �DF9;B5BH�KCA9B �5B8 =AAIBC7CADFCA=G98 D5H=9BHG���CBGIA=B;�89@=�A95HG�=G�BCH�5
?BCKB F=G?�:57HCF :CF�H<9�HF5BGA=GG=CB�C: Yersinia enterocolitica�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
!=-;<176�����

��DF9J=CIG@M�<95@H<M ��M95F�C@8 ;=F@�=G�6FCI;<H�HC�H<9�9A9F;9B7M�89D5FHA9BH�6M�<9F�D5F9BHG�6975IG9�C:�5


G9J9F9�<95857<9 �B5IG95 �5B8�JCA=H=B;�:CF ��<CIFG��'5GH�K99?�G<9�<58�:9J9F �AM5@;=5G �5B8�5�GCF9�H<FC5H
:CF�G9J9F5@�85MG�H<5H F9GC@J98�K=H< CJ9F�H<9�7CIBH9F A98=75H=CB��.<9�=G�CF=9BH98�CB@M�HC�D9FGCB�
L5A=B5H=CB�G<CKG 6=@5H9F5@�CDH=7�8=G7�GK9@@=B;��.9FIA�GHI8=9G�G<CK�

"@I7CG9 ���A;�8'

�GD5FH5H9�5A=BCHF5BG:9F5G9���./� ����0�'

�@5B=B9�5A=BCHF5BG:9F5G9���'/� ����0�'

+FCH<FCA6=B�H=A9 ���G97

2<=7<�C:�H<9�:C@@CK=B;�=G�H<9�ACGH�@=?9@M�75IG9�C:�H<=G�D5H=9BH�G�GMADHCAG�

�6;?-: �5)/-

� �IHC=AAIB9�89GHFI7H=CB�C:�69H5�79@@G

� �7IH9�J=F5@�<9D5H=H=G

� #9D5H=7�A=HC7<CB8F=5@�=B>IFM

� �57H9F=5@�A9B=B;=H=G

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�6;?-: �5)/-

-IDHIF98�69FFM�5B9IFMGA

! H<M@9B9�;@M7C@�DC=GCB=B;

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�16<

/<9�D5H=9BH�K5G�@=?9@M�;=J9B CJ9F�H<9�7CIBH9F 5GD=F=B :CF�<9F :@I�@=?9�GMADHCAG �K<=7<�G<CI@8�69


5JC=898�=B�D98=5HF=7�D5H=9BHG�6975IG9�C:�5�F5F9 @=:9�H<F95H9B=B; 58J9FG9�9::97H�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�7::-+<��6;?-:

��� �=<7155=6-�,-;<:=+<176�7.�*-<)�+-44;

�@84)6)<176�'0A

�IHC=AAIB9�89GHFI7H=CB�C: D5B7F95H=7�69H5�79@@G C77IFG�=B HMD9���8=569H9G�A9@@=HIG �K<=7<�A5M�5@GC


DF9G9BH�K=H<�5@H9F98�A9BH5@�GH5HIG�5B8�JCA=H=B;�=:�=H�:=FGH�A5B=:9GHG�5G 8=569H=7�?9HC57=8CG=G ��&���
#CK9J9F �&� =G�7<5F57H9F=N98�6M�J9FM�<=;<�6@CC8�;@I7CG9�@9J9@G�5B8�KCI@8�BCH�9LD@5=B�H<=G
D5H=9BH�G�9@9J5H98 HF5BG5A=B5G9G�

��� �+=<-�>1:)4�0-8)<1<1;

�@84)6)<176�'0A

�7IH9�=B:97H=CB�K=H< <9D5H=H=G���J=FIG A5M�@958�HC :9J9F �JCA=H=B; �5B8�<=;<�@9J9@G�C:�G9FIA


HF5BG5A=B5G9G��#CK9J9F 9@9J5H98�$�+ �5G�9J=89B798�6M 6=@5H9F5@�CDH=7�8=G7�GK9@@=B;��5B8
<MDC;@M79A=5 5F9�BCH�7CBG=GH9BH�K=H<�H<=G�8=5;BCG=G�

��� �-8)<1+�51<7+076,:1)4�162=:A

�@84)6)<176��=<

�79H5A=BCD<9B G<CI@8�69�IG98�5G�5B 5BH=DMF9H=7 =BGH958�C: 5GD=F=B =B�7<=@8F9B�K=H<�:96F=@9�=@@B9GG�HC


5JC=8 -9M9�GMB8FCA9�

�@84)6)<176�'0A

-9M9�GMB8FCA9 =G�75IG98�6M�<9D5H=7 A=HC7<CB8F=5@ =B>IFM�H<5H�75B�89J9@CD�=B�7<=@8F9B��S��85MG�5:H9F


5GD=F=B HF95HA9BH�C:�5�:96F=@9�J=F5@�=@@B9GG��ACGH�7CAACB@M�K=H< 141 CF =B:@I9BN5�����$H�=B=H=5@@M
DF9G9BHG�5G <9D5H=7�9B79D<5@CD5H<M H<5H�A5B=:9GHG�K=H<�DFC:IG9�JCA=H=B;��8I9�HC W�$�+��5B8 @9H<5F;M
K<=7<�DFC;F9GG9G�HC 89@=F=IA G9=NIF9G �5B8 7CA5��*H<9F�HMD=75@�:=B8=B;G�=B7@I89 <9D5HCA9;5@M
9@9J5H98 �./ 5B8 �'/ <MDC;@M79A=5 �9@9J5H98 $)- �5B8 A9H56C@=7�57=8CG=G� '=J9F�6=CDGM =G�CB@M

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
D9F:CFA98�=B�8CI6H:I@�75G9G�5B8�G<CKG�A=7FCJ9G=7I@5F <9D5H=7�GH95HCG=G �:5HHM�89;9B9F5H=J9 @=J9F��

��� �)+<-:1)4�5-616/1<1;

�@84)6)<176�'0A

+5H=9BHG�K=H< A9B=B;=H=G HMD=75@@M�DF9G9BH�K=H< :9J9F <95857<9 �JCA=H=B; �5B8�5@H9F98�A9BH5@�GH5HIG�


$B:97H=CB�K=H< Neisseria meningitidis =G�H<9�ACGH�7CAACB�75IG9�C: A9B=B;=H=G =B�H<=G�D5H=9BH�G�5;9
;FCID�5B8�A5M�5@GC�C77IF�5:H9F�5 D<5FMB;=H=G CF G=BIG=H=G��#CK9J9F �H<=G�D5H=9BH�8C9G�BCH�<5J9�5BM�C:
H<9 D<MG=75@�9L5A :=B8=B;G�HMD=75@�C: A9B=B;=H=G �GI7<�5G�B97?�GH=::B9GG��BI7<5@�F=;=8=HM� �5�DCG=H=J9
&9FB=;�G=;B �CF�5�DCG=H=J9 �FI8N=BG?=�G=;B���88=H=CB5@@M A9B=B;=H=G KCI@8�BCH�577CIBH�:CF�H<=G
D5H=9BH�G�56BCFA5@@M�9@9J5H98�G9FIA HF5BG5A=B5G9G CF�9@9J5H98 DFCH<FCA6=B�H=A9�

��� "=8<=:-,�*-::A�)6-=:A;5

�5)/-

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�@84)6)<176�'0A

$B�D98=5HF=7�D5H=9BHG �5�FIDHIF98 69FFM�5B9IFMGA =B�H<9 7=F7@9�C:�2=@@=G 5B8�GI6G9EI9BH GI65F57<BC=8


<9ACFF<5;9 A5M�5@GC�DF9G9BH�K=H<�5�G9J9F9 <95857<9 �=AD5=F98�7CBG7=CIGB9GG 6=@5H9F5@�CDH=7�8=G7
GK9@@=B; �5B8 :9J9F��#CK9J9F �5�FIDHIF98 5B9IFMGA =G�IB@=?9@M�HC�75IG9�9@9J5H98�G9FIA HF5BG5A=B5G9G
CF�5B�9@9J5H98 DFCH<FCA6=B�H=A9�

��� �<0A4-6-�/4A+74�871;7616/

�@84)6)<176�'0A

/CL=7=HM�:FCA�=B;9GH=CB�C:�5BH=:F99N9 �K<=7<�7CBH5=BG 9H<M@9B9�;@M7C@ �A5M�DF9G9BH�K=H<�5@H9F98


A9BH5@�GH5HIG �JCA=H=B; �5B8�G=;BG�C:�<9D5HC79@@I@5F�=B>IFM��#CK9J9F �D5H=9BHG�HMD=75@@M�5@GC�DF9G9BH
K=H< GK99H�GA9@@=B;�6F95H< <5@@I7=B5H=CBG G9=NIF9G H9H5BM 8MGDB95 �:@5B? D5=B �5B8 <9A5HIF=5 8I9
HC�75@7=IA�CL5@5H9�89DCG=H=CB�=B�H<9 ?=8B9MG �5@@�C:�K<=7<�5F9�56G9BH�=B�H<=G�D5H=9BH�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
!=-;<176�����

� ���M95F�C@8 ;=F@�=G�6FCI;<H�HC�H<9�D<MG=7=5B�6975IG9�C:�5 ��<CIF <=GHCFM�C: G9J9F9�9D=;5GHF=7�D5=B


B5IG95 �5B8�JCA=H=B;� #9F�:5H<9F�<5G�5�<=GHCFM�C:�G=A=@5F�9D=GC89G�C:�568CA=B5@�D5=B 5B8�89J9@CD98
8=569H9G�A9@@=HIG�5H�H<9�5;9�C: ���M95FG���68CA=B5@�9L5A=B5H=CB�G<CKG�;I5F8=B;�5B8�F=;=8=HM�
0@HF5GCBC;F5D<M�C:�H<9�568CA9B�G<CKG 8=::IG9�9B@5F;9A9BH�C:�H<9�D5B7F95G��BC�;5@@GHCB9G�5F9
J=GI5@=N98��2<=7<�C:�H<9�:C@@CK=B;�=G�H<9�ACGH�@=?9@M�IB89F@M=B;�75IG9�C:�H<=G�D5H=9BH�G�7CB8=H=CB�

�6;?-: �5)/-

� �9:97H=J9�6=@=FI6=B�;@I7IFCB=85H=CB

� @9J5H98�G9FIA�5AM@5G9�@9J9@G

� $B7F95G98�X�;@I7IFCB=85G9�57H=J=HM

� +F9A5HIF9�57H=J5H=CB�C:�HFMDG=BC;9B

�9:97H=J9�9@5GH5G9�=B<=6=HCF

! $AD5=F98�79@@I@5F�7CDD9F�HF5BGDCFH

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�16<

/<9�D5H=9BH�G�G9J9F9�9D=;5GHF=7 D5=B 5B8 I@HF5GCBC;F5D<M G<CK=B;�8=::IG9�9B@5F;9A9BH�C:�H<9 D5B7F95G


GI;;9GH 57IH9�D5B7F95H=H=G �K<=7<�IGI5@@M�C77IFG�=B�C@89F�D5H=9BHG�K=H<�5�<=GHCFM�C: ;5@@GHCB9G CF
@CB;GH5B8=B; 5@7C<C@�IG9�8=GCF89F��/<9�56G9B79�C:�H<9G9 F=G?�:57HCFG �H<9�5HMD=75@�5;9�C:�DF9G9BH5H=CB �5B8
H<9 :5A=@M�<=GHCFM C:�G=A=@5F�9D=GC89G�GI;;9GHG�H<9F9�=G�5�<9F98=H5FM�7CADCB9BH�HC�H<=G�D5H=9BH�G�8=G95G9�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�7::-+<��6;?-:

��� �-.-+<1>-�*141:=*16�/4=+=:761,)<176

�@84)6)<176�'0A

�9:97H=J9 ;@I7IFCB=85H=CB C: 6=@=FI6=B =G�G99B�=B "=@69FH�GMB8FCA9 5B8 �F=;@9F�)5>>5F�GMB8FCA9


K<=7<�5F9�;9B9H=7�8=GCF89FG�7<5F57H9F=N98�6M IB7CB>I;5H98�<MD9F6=@=FI6=B9A=5� 0B7CB>I;5H98
<MD9F6=@=FI6=B9A=5 DF98=GDCG9G�HC�H<9�89J9@CDA9BH�C:�6@57?�CF 6FCKB�D=;A9BH�;5@@GHCB9G �K<=7<�5F9
5 F=G?�:57HCF :CF 57IH9�D5B7F95H=H=G��#CK9J9F �H<=G�D5H=9BH�<5G�BC�<=GHCFM�C:�F97IFF9BH�9D=GC89G�C:
>5IB8=79 5B8�H<9F9�5F9�BC ;5@@GHCB9G J=GI5@=N98�CB�568CA=B5@ I@HF5GCBC;F5D<M�

��� �4->)<-,�;-:=5�)5A4);-�4->-4;

�@84)6)<176�'0A

@9J5H98�G9FIA 5AM@5G9 @9J9@G�;F95H9F�H<5B�H<F99�H=A9G�H<9�65G9@=B9�=B�5�D5H=9BH�K=H<�57IH9�9D=;5GHF=7


D5=B =G�8=5;BCGH=7�C: 57IH9�D5B7F95H=H=G� �AM@5G9 =G�5B�=BHF579@@I@5F�9BNMA9 �5B8�9@9J5H98�G9FIA
@9J9@G�=B8=75H9 D5B7F95H=7 57=B5F�=B>IFM��#MD9F5AM@5G9A=5�=G �H<9F9:CF9 �5�F9GI@H�C: 57IH9�D5B7F95H=H=G
BCH�5�75IG9�C:�=H�

��� �6+:-);-,�C�/4=+=:761,);-�)+<1>1<A

�@84)6)<176�'0A

$B7F95G98 X�;@I7IFCB=85G9 57H=J=HM�=G�5�F9GI@H�C:�657H9F=5@�=B:97H=CBG�C:�H<9 6=@=5FM�HF57H� X�


;@I7IFCB=85G9 897CB>I;5H9G 8=F97H�6=@=FI6=B �F9GI@H=B;�=B�9L79GG=J9 IB7CB>I;5H98�6=@=FI6=B =B�H<9
6=@=5FM�HF57H H<5H�DF97=D=H5H9G�K=H<�75@7=IA�HC�:CFA 6FCKB�D=;A9BH�;5@@GHCB9G��/<=G�75B�75IG9 57IH9
D5B7F95H=H=G��#CK9J9F ;5@@GHCB9�D5B7F95H=H=G KCI@8�HMD=75@@M�A5B=:9GH�=B�C@89F�=B8=J=8I5@G������
M95FG�C:�5;9���(CF9CJ9F �H<9F9�5F9�BC ;5@@GHCB9G J=GI5@=N98�CB�568CA=B5@ I@HF5GCBC;F5D<M C:�H<=G
D5H=9BH�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� :-5)<=:-�)+<1>)<176�7.�<:A8;167/-6

�@84)6)<176��=<

*H<9F�;9B9H=7�J5F=5BHG�5GGC7=5H98�K=H< 7<FCB=7�D5B7F95H=H=G 5F9�AIH5H=CBG�=B SPINK 1 5B8 CFTR


;9B9G�

�@84)6)<176�'0A

+F9A5HIF9�57H=J5H=CB�C: HFMDG=BC;9B HC HFMDG=B K=H<=B�H<9 D5B7F95G 57H=J5H9G�H<9 D5B7F95H=7 8=;9GH=J9


9BNMA9G �@=D5G9 5AM@5G9 �5B8 DFCH95G9��H<5H�75IG9 D5B7F95H=7 5IHC8=;9GH=CB�5B8 =B:@5AA5H=CB��/<=G
9BNMA5H=7�D5H<K5M�=G�H<9�IB89F@M=B;�D5H<CD<MG=C@C;M�C: 57IH9�D5B7F95H=H=G �F9;5F8@9GG�C:�H<9�9H=C@C;M
�9�;� D5B7F95H=7 8I7H5@�6@C7?5;9�=B ;5@@GHCB9�D5B7F95H=H=G D5B7F95H=7 57=B5F�=B>IFM�=B�5@7C<C@�=B8I798
D5B7F95H=H=G�� #9F98=H5FM�D5B7F95H=H=G �K<=7<�H<=G�D5H=9BH�ACGH�@=?9@M�<5G �=G�IGI5@@M�75IG98�6M�5
AIH5H98 PRSS1 ;9B9 H<5H�DFCACH9G�=BHF5D5B7F95H=7 HFMDG=BC;9B 57H=J5H=CB�

��� �-.-+<1>-�-4);<);-�1601*1<7:

�@84)6)<176�'0A

V��5BH=HFMDG=B =B<=6=HG�H<9�9BNMA9 9@5GH5G9 �K<=7<�6F95?G�8CKB 9@5GH=B����89:97H�CF�89:=7=9B7M�=B V�


5BH=HFMDG=B 75IG9G�IBCDDCG98 9@5GH5G9 57H=J=HM �K<=7<�DF98=GDCG9G�HC�H<9�89J9@CDA9BH�C: @IB;
9AD<MG9A5 5B8 @=J9F�7=FF<CG=G��/<9 D5B7F95G �<CK9J9F �=G�IGI5@@M�BCH�5::97H98�=B V��5BH=HFMDG=B
89:=7=9B7M��$H�K5G�DF9J=CIG@M�H<CI;<H�H<5H V��5BH=HFMDG=B�89:=7=9B7M =G�5�75IG9�C: 7<FCB=7�D5B7F95H=H=G�
#CK9J9F �F979BH�GHI8=9G�G<CK�H<5H�H<9F9�=G�BC�7CB7F9H9�@=B?�69HK99B�H<9�HKC�7CB8=H=CBG�

��� �58)1:-,�+-44=4):�+788-:�<:)6;87:<

�@84)6)<176�'0A

$AD5=F98�<9D5HC79@@I@5F 7CDD9F HF5BGDCFH�5B8�GI6G9EI9BH�577IAI@5H=CB�C: 7CDD9F =B�J5F=CIG�CF;5BG�C:


H<9�6C8M�=G�G99B�=B 2=@GCB�8=G95G9 �K<=7<�75B�697CA9�GMADHCA5H=7�=B�7<=@8<CC8� +5B7F95H=H=G =G�5B
IB7CAACB�A5B=:9GH5H=CB�C: 2=@GCB�8=G95G9 6IH�75B�C77IF�8I9�HC�5B�=BHF5D5B7F95H=7�577IAI@5H=CB�C:

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
7CDD9F��#CK9J9F 2=@GCB�8=G95G9 HMD=75@@M�:=FGH�A5B=:9GHG�K=H<�G=;BG�C: @=J9F 8=G95G9��9�;� >5IB8=79
<9D5HCA9;5@M 5G7=H9G��=B�95F@M�7<=@8<CC8�5B8�B9IFC@C;=75@�A5B=:9GH5H=CBG��9�;� 8MG5FH<F=5 5H5L=5
D5F?=BGCB=GA��=B�@5H9�7<=@8<CC8�58I@H<CC8�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
!=-;<176�����

� ���M95F�C@8 KCA5B =G�6FCI;<H�HC�H<9�9A9F;9B7M�89D5FHA9BH�6M�<9F�<IG65B8�6975IG9�C:�5 ��<CIF


<=GHCFM�C: G9J9F9�;FC=B�D5=B �B5IG95 �5B8�JCA=H=B;��.<9�<5G�<58�5�;FC=B�GK9@@=B;�H<5H�KCFG9BG�K=H<
GH5B8=B; �7CI;<=B; �5B8�GHF5=B=B;�:CF�H<9�D5GH ��ACBH<G��#9F�DI@G9�=G�����A=B�� L5A=B5H=CB�G<CKG
D5@@CF��H<9F9�=G GK9@@=B; �9FMH<9A5 �5B8�H9B89FB9GG�HC�D5@D5H=CB�C:�H<9�F=;<H�;FC=B�H<5H�=G�79BH9F98�69@CK
H<9�=B;I=B5@�@=;5A9BH��/<9�ACGH�@=?9@M�75IG9�C:�H<=G�D5H=9BH�G�7CB8=H=CB�=G�9BHF5DA9BH�C:�5B�CF;5B
69HK99B�K<=7<�C:�H<9�:C@@CK=B;�GHFI7HIF9G�

�6;?-: �5)/-

'=B95�5@65�5B8�7CB>C=BH

H9B8CB

$B:9F=CF�9D=;5GHF=7�5FH9FM�5B8

F97HIG�G<95H<

�CB>C=BH�H9B8CB�5B8�=B;I=B5@

@=;5A9BH

(98=5@�5B8�A98=5B�IA6=@=75@

@=;5A9BHG

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�6;?-: �5)/-

/F5BGJ9FG5@=G�:5G7=5�5B8
=BH9FB5@�C6@=EI9�5DCB9IFCG=G

'57IB5F�@=;5A9BH�5B8�:9ACF5@
!
J9=B

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�16<

��;FC=B�GK9@@=B;�H<5H�KCFG9BG�K=H<�GH5B8=B; 7CI;<=B; �5B8�GHF5=B=B;�=G�GI;;9GH=J9�C:�5 <9FB=5��$B�5


D5H=9BH�K=H<�5 <9FB=5 �G9J9F9 D5=B 5B8�:95HIF9G�C: 6CK9@�C6GHFI7H=CB �9�;� �B5IG95 �JCA=H=B;��=B8=75H9
GHF5B;I@5H=CB���G�H<9�GK9@@=B;�=G�@C75H98�69@CK�H<9�A=8DC=BH�C:�H<9 =B;I=B5@�75B5@ �5 :9ACF5@�<9FB=5 =G�H<9
ACGH�@=?9@M�8=5;BCG=G�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�7::-+<��6;?-:

��� �16-)�)4*)�)6,�+762716<�<-6,76

�5)/-

�@84)6)<176�'0A

/<9 @=B95�5@65 =G�5�@CB;=HI8=B5@�65B8�=B�H<9 5BH9F=CF 568CA9B�9LH9B8=B;�:FCA�H<9 L=D<C=8�DFC79GG HC


H<9 DI6=7�GMAD<MG=G��/<9 7CB>C=BH�H9B8CB @=9G�=B�H<9�=B:9F=CF�EI58F5BH�C:�H<9�568CA9B �5HH57<98
A98=5@@M�HC�H<9 DI6=7�HI69F7@9� 19BHF5@�<9FB=5G �9�;� �9D=;5GHF=7 <9FB=5G��C77IF�K<9B�=BHF5�568CA=B5@
7CBH9BHG�<9FB=5H9�H<FCI;<�H<9 @=B95�5@65��/<=G�D5H=9BH �<CK9J9F �DF9G9BHG�K=H< D5=B 5B8�GK9@@=B;
69@CK�H<9 =B;I=B5@�@=;5A9BH�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �6.-:17:�-81/);<:1+�):<-:A�)6,�:-+<=;�;0-)<0

�5)/-

�@84)6)<176�'0A

/<9 =B:9F=CF�9D=;5GHF=7�5FH9FM 5B8�H<9 @5H9F5@ 98;9�C:�H<9 F97HIG�G<95H< :CFA�H<9 @5H9F5@ 5B8 A98=5@
6CF89FG�C:�H<9 #9GG9@657<�HF=5B;@9���CBH9BHG�C:�5 8=F97H�=B;I=B5@�<9FB=5 D5GG�69HK99B�H<9G9�HKC
GHFI7HIF9G��� 8=F97H�=B;I=B5@�<9FB=5 KCI@8�5DD95F�5G�5�A5GG�56CJ9�H<9 =B;I=B5@�@=;5A9BH �IB@=?9�H<9
A5GG�69@CK�H<9 =B;I=B5@�@=;5A9BH G99B�<9F9��(CF9CJ9F 8=F97H�=B;I=B5@�<9FB=5G 5F9�@9GG DFCB9 HC
GHF5B;I@5H=CB�CF�=B75F79F5H=CB�K<9B�7CAD5F98�HC�CH<9F <9FB=5G 6975IG9�H<9�B97?�C:�5�8=F97H <9FB=5 =G
K=89�

��� �762716<�<-6,76�)6,�16/=16)4�41/)5-6<

�@84)6)<176�'0A

/<9 =B;I=B5@ 75B5@�=G�6CIB898�GID9F=CF@M�6M�H<9 7CB>C=BH�H9B8CB 5B8�=B:9F=CF@M�6M�H<9 =B;I=B5@

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
@=;5A9BH��$B�H<9�75G9�C:�5B =B8=F97H�=B;I=B5@�<9FB=5 �=BHF5�568CA=B5@�7CBH9BHG�D5GG�H<FCI;<�H<9 899D
=B;I=B5@�F=B; 5B8�@=9�K=H<=B�H<9 =B;I=B5@�75B5@��#CK9J9F �5B =B8=F97H�=B;I=B5@�<9FB=5 KCI@8�5DD95F�5G
5�A5GG�56CJ9�H<9 =B;I=B5@�@=;5A9BH �IB@=?9�H<9�A5GG�69@CK�H<9 =B;I=B5@�@=;5A9BH G99B�<9F9�
(CF9CJ9F =B8=F97H�=B;I=B5@�<9FB=5G C77IF�HMD=75@@M�5ACB;�A9B��H<9M�5F9�IB7CAACB�5ACB;�KCA9B�

��� �-,1)4�)6,�5-,1)6�=5*141+)4�41/)5-6<;

�@84)6)<176�'0A

/<9 GIDF5J9G=75@�:CGG59 @=9�69HK99B�H<9 A98=5B�IA6=@=75@�@=;5A9BH 5B8 A98=5@�IA6=@=75@�@=;5A9BHG


CB�9=H<9F�G=89��-5F9@M �6CK9@�A5M�<9FB=5H9�=BHC�H<9 GIDF5J9G=75@�:CGG59 �=BH9FB5@�<9FB=5� �=B�K<=7<
75G9 �9L5A=B5H=CB�KCI@8�G<CK�H9B89FB9GG�=B�H<9�GIDF5DI6=7�F9;=CB �IGI5@@M�K=H<CIH�5�D5@D56@9�A5GG�
/<=G�D5H=9BH �<CK9J9F �DF9G9BHG�K=H<�5�H9B89F�A5GG�69@CK�H<9 =B;I=B5@�@=;5A9BH�

��� $:)6;>-:;)41;�.);+1)�)6,�16<-:6)4�7*419=-�)876-=:7;1;

�5)/-

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�@84)6)<176�'0A

/<9 HF5BGJ9FG5@=G�:5G7=5 5B8 =BH9FB5@�C6@=EI9 5DCB9IFCG=G 7CBHF=6IH9�HC�H<9�:CFA5H=CB�C:�H<9 F97HIG


G<95H< �H<9�:5G7=5@�7CJ9F=B;�C:�H<9 GD9FA5H=7�7CF8 5B8�H<9 7CB>C=BH�H9B8CB �K<=7<�:CFAG�H<9 A98=5@
D5FH�C:�H<9 DCGH9F=CF K5@@�C:�H<9 =B;I=B5@�75B5@��295?B9GG�C:�H<9 DCGH9F=CF K5@@�C:�H<9 =B;I=B5@�75B5@
F9GI@HG�=B�5 8=F97H�=B;I=B5@�<9FB=5 �K<=7<�KCI@8�5DD95F�5G�5�A5GG�56CJ9�H<9 =B;I=B5@�@=;5A9BH �IB@=?9
H<9�A5GG�69@CK�H<9 =B;I=B5@�@=;5A9BH G99B�<9F9��(CF9CJ9F 8=F97H�=B;I=B5@�<9FB=5G 5F9�@9GG DFCB9 HC
GHF5B;I@5H=CB�CF�=B75F79F5H=CB�K<9B�7CAD5F98�HC�CH<9F <9FB=5G 6975IG9�H<9�B97?�C:�5�8=F97H <9FB=5 =G
K=89�

��� �)+=6):�41/)5-6<�)6,�.-57:)4�>-16

�5)/-

�@84)6)<176�'0A

$B�H<9�75G9�C:�5 :9ACF5@�<9FB=5 �=BHF5�568CA=B5@�7CBH9BHG��9�;� �6CK9@ A9G9BH9FM��D5GG�=BHC�H<9


:9ACF5@�75B5@ �K<=7<�=G�6CIB898�A98=5@@M�6M�H<9 @57IB5F�@=;5A9BH 5B8�@5H9F5@@M�6M�H<9 :9ACF5@�J9=B�
!9ACF5@�<9FB=5G 5F9�ACF9�7CAACB�=B�KCA9B�5B8�5F9�@=?9@M�HC�GHF5B;I@5H9�6975IG9�H<9 :9ACF5@�75B5@
=G�B5FFCK�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
!=-;<176��� �

� ���M95F�C@8 KCA5B 7CA9G�HC�H<9�D<MG=7=5B�6975IG9�C:�5 ��85M <=GHCFM�C:�9D=GC8=7�568CA=B5@�D5=B


B5IG95 �5B8�JCA=H=B;��.<9�<5G�7CFCB5FM�5FH9FM�8=G95G9�5B8 HMD9�� 8=569H9G�A9@@=HIG��.<9�H5?9G�5GD=F=B
A9HCDFC@C@ �5B8�A9H:CFA=B��.<9�=G ����7A ���:H���=B� H5@@�5B8�K9=;<G ���?; �����@6���<9F �($�=G
���?;�A���#9F�H9AD9F5HIF9�=G ����Q��������Q!���+<MG=75@�9L5A=B5H=CB�G<CKG�8FM�AI7CIG�A9A6F5B9G
568CA=B5@�8=GH9BG=CB �5B8 <MD9F57H=J9�6CK9@�GCIB8G��0@HF5GCBC;F5D<M�C:�H<9�568CA9B�G<CKG 5=F�=B�H<9
6=@=5FM�HF57H��/<=G�D5H=9BH�G�GMADHCAG�5F9�ACGH�@=?9@M�75IG98�6M�C6GHFI7H=CB�5H�K<=7<�C:�H<9�:C@@CK=B;
@C75H=CBG�

�6;?-: �5)/-

/<=F8�D5FH�C:�H<9

8IC89BIA

� �=GH5@�=@9IA

� #9D5H=7�8I7H

� +FCL=A5@�>9>IBIA

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�6;?-: �5)/-

+5B7F95H=7�8I7H

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�16<

/<=G�D5H=9BH�<5G F=G?�:57HCFG :CF ;5@@GHCB9 8=G95G9��9�;� C69G=HM 5;9����� �:9A5@9 ;9B89F���$B�5�D5H=9BH


K=H<�G=;BG�C: =BH9GH=B5@�C6GHFI7H=CB �9�;� �JCA=H=B; �568CA=B5@ D5=B �568CA=B5@�8=GH9BG=CB �<MD9F57H=J9
6CK9@�GCIB8G� �H<9�DF9G9B79�C: DB9IAC6=@=5 =G�<=;<@M�GI;;9GH=J9�C: ;5@@GHCB9�=@9IG�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�7::-+<��6;?-:

��� $01:,�8):<�7.�<0-�,=7,-6=5

�5)/-

�@84)6)<176�'0A

/<9 H<=F8�D5FH�C:�H<9�8IC89BIA @=9G DCGH9F=CF HC�H<9 GID9F=CF�A9G9BH9F=7�5FH9FM��$B 8IC89B5@


C6GHFI7H=CB�8I9�HC GID9F=CF�A9G9BH9F=7�5FH9FM�GMB8FCA9 �B5FFCK=B;�C:�H<9�5CFHCA9G9BH9F=7�5B;@9
75IG9G�7CADF9GG=CB�C:�H<9�=B:9F=CF�DCFH=CB�C:�H<9 8IC89BIA �@958=B;�HC�B5IG95 �JCA=H=B; �5B8
GMADHCAG�C: GA5@@�6CK9@�C6GHFI7H=CB �K<=7<�5F9�G99B�=B�H<=G�D5H=9BH��#CK9J9F GID9F=CF�A9G9BH9F=7
5FH9FM�GMB8FCA9 KCI@8�BCH�9LD@5=B�H<=G�D5H=9BH�G DB9IAC6=@=5�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �1;<)4�14-=5

�5)/-

�@84)6)<176�'0A

"5@@GHCB9�=@9IG =G�5�F5F9�7CAD@=75H=CB�C: 7<C@97MGH=H=G =B�K<=7<�5�7<C@97MGHC9BH9F=7 :=GHI@5 :CFAG


H<FCI;<�K<=7<�5=F�75B�9BH9F�H<9�6=@=5FM�HF99� "5@@GHCB9G 75B�5@GC�D5GG�H<FCI;<�=BHC�H<9�6CK9@�@IA9B
@958=B;�HC 6CK9@�C6GHFI7H=CB 5B8 ;5@@GHCB9�=@9IG��/<9 8=GH5@ =@9IA =G�G9D5F5H98�:FCA�H<9 @5F;9�=BH9GH=B9
6M�H<9 =@9C7975@�J5@J9 �K<=7<�=G�H<9�B5FFCK9GH�D5FH�C:�H<9 GA5@@�=BH9GH=B9 5B8�<9B79�H<9�ACGH�@=?9@M
@C75H=CB�:CF ;5@@GHCB9 C6GHFI7H=CB��*H<9F�75IG9G�C: 8=GH5@ =@95@ C6GHFI7H=CB�=B7@I89 :975@=H<G (97?9@
8=J9FH=7I@IA �5B8 =BHIGGIG79DH=CB�

��� �-8)<1+�,=+<

�@84)6)<176�'0A

/<9�<9D5H=7�8I7H�>C=BG�H<9 7MGH=7�8I7H HC�8F5=B 6=@9 :FCA�H<9 @=J9F =BHC�H<9�=BH9GH=B9G��/<9 7CAACB

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
<9D5H=7�8I7H 75B�69�C6GHFI7H98�6M�5B�=AD57H98 ;5@@GHCB9 =B�5�7CB8=H=CB�?BCKB�5G (=F=NN=�GMB8FCA9
@958=B;�HC�H<9�89J9@CDA9BH�C:�568CA=B5@ D5=B :9J9F �B5IG95 �JCA=H=B;��#CK9J9F �8I9�HC�6=@=5FM
C6GHFI7H=CB (=F=NN=�GMB8FCA9 HMD=75@@M�A5B=:9GHG�K=H< >5IB8=79 �K<=7<�=G�BCH�G99B�=B�H<=G�D5H=9BH�
(CF9CJ9F �G=;BG�C: =BH9GH=B5@�C6GHFI7H=CB �=@9IG��KCI@8�BCH�69�9LD97H98�

��� :7@15)4�2-2=6=5

�@84)6)<176�'0A

/<9 >9>IBIA =G�H<9�G97H=CB�C:�6CK9@�69HK99B�H<9 8IC89BIA 5B8�H<9 =@9IA� %9>IB5@ C6GHFI7H=CB�KCI@8


@958�HC�568CA=B5@ D5=B �B5IG95 �JCA=H=B; �5B8 :9J9F �K<=7<�5F9�G99B�=B�H<=G�D5H=9BH��#CK9J9F >9>IB5@
C6GHFI7H=CB�=G�HMD=75@@M�75IG98�6M 6CK9@�58<9G=CBG CF =BHIGGIG79DH=CB �BCH ;5@@GHCB9G��/<=G�D5H=9BH�G
<=GHCFM�8C9G�BCH�=B7@I89 F=G?�:57HCFG :CF�58<9G=CBG��9�;� �DF=CF�568CA=B5@�GIF;9FM� �5B8�G<9�=G�CIHG=89
C:�H<9�HMD=75@�5;9�F5B;9�:CF =BHIGGIG79DH=CB �7<=@8F9B� �A5?=B; >9>IB5@ C6GHFI7H=CB�IB@=?9@M�

��� )6+:-)<1+�,=+<

�5)/-

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�@84)6)<176�'0A

/<9 D5B7F95H=7�8I7H 9LH9B8G�:FCA�H<9�H5=@�HC�H<9�<958�C:�H<9 D5B7F95G 5B8�8F5=BG D5B7F95H=7 :@I=8�=BHC


H<9 7CAACB�6=@9�8I7H� +5B7F95H=7�8I7H C6GHFI7H=CB�6M�5 ;5@@GHCB9 75B�75IG9 57IH9�D5B7F95H=H=G K=H<
568CA=B5@ D5=B �B5IG95 �JCA=H=B; �5B8 :9J9F �K<=7<�5F9�GMADHCAG�G99B�=B�H<=G�D5H=9BH��#CK9J9F
6975IG9 D5B7F95H=7�8I7H C6GHFI7H=CB�C77IFG�IDGHF95A�C:�H<9 GA5@@�6CK9@ �GMADHCAG�C: GA5@@�6CK9@
C6GHFI7H=CB �9�;� �<MD9F57H=J9�6CK9@�GCIB8G��KCI@8�BCH�69�9LD97H98��$B�588=H=CB D5B7F95H=H=G KCI@8
BCH�75IG9 DB9IAC6=@=5�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
!=-;<176��� �

� ��85M�C@8 6CM�=G�6FCI;<H�HC�H<9�D<MG=7=5B�6975IG9�C:�GCABC@9B79 �DCCF�:998=B; �5B8�JCA=H=B;�5:H9F�<=G


:=FGH�:9K�6F95GH�:998=B;G��#9�5DD95FG�@9H<5F;=7��#=G�F9GD=F5HCFM�F5H9�=G ���A=B� .9FIA�5AACB=5 =G
A5F?98@M�=B7F95G98��"9B9H=7�5B5@MG=G�G<CKG 89:=7=9B7M�=B )�579HM@;@IH5A5H9 GMBH<5G9��/<9�57H=J=HM�C:
K<=7<�C:�H<9�:C@@CK=B;�9BNMA9G�=G�ACGH�@=?9@M�8=F97H@M�5::97H98�6M�H<=G�;9B9H=7�89:97H�

�6;?-: �5)/-

� �5F65ACM@�D<CGD<5H9�GMBH<9H5G9�$

� *FB=H<=B9�HF5BG@C75G9

� *FB=H<=B9�HF5BG75F65AM@5G9

� �F;=B=BCGI77=B5H9�GMBH<9H5G9

�F;=B=BCGI77=B5G9

! �F;=B5G9

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�16<

)�579HM@;@IH5A5H9�GMBH<5G9 DFC8I79G )�579HM@;@IH5A5H9 �K<=7<�G9FJ9G�5G�5B 5@@CGH9F=7�57H=J5HCF :CF�CB9


C:�H<9�HKC�9BNMA5H=7�F957H=CBG�C:�H<9 IF95�7M7@9 H<5H�H5?9�D@579�=B�H<9 A=HC7<CB8F=5�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�7::-+<��6;?-:

��� �):*)57A4�807;80)<-�;A6<0-<);-��

�5)/-

�@84)6)<176��=<

/<9�HKC�ACGH�7CAACB�<9F98=H5FM�89:97HG�=B�H<9 IF95�7M7@9 5F9 CFB=H<=B9�HF5BG75F65AM@5G9�89:=7=9B7M


�*/��89:=7=9B7M��5B8 �+.��89:=7=9B7M� )9CB5H9G K=H<�9=H<9F�C:�H<9G9�89:97HG�5F9�IGI5@@M�BCFA5@�5H
6=FH< 6IH�DF9G9BH�K=H<�JCA=H=B; @9H<5F;M <MD9FJ9BH=@5H=CB �5B8 79F96F5@�989A5 �8I9�HC�=BHF579@@I@5F
577IAI@5H=CB�C: ;@IH5A=B9��5:H9F�H<9�:=FGH���S���<CIFG�5G�5�F9GI@H�C:�=BHFC8I7H=CB�C:�8=9H5FM�DFCH9=B�
$B�588=H=CB�HC�=B7F95G98 5AACB=5 @9J9@G�=B�6@CC8 �H<9M�<5J9�=B7F95G98 ;@IH5A=B9 5B8�897F95G98 6@CC8
IF95�B=HFC;9B� */��89:=7=9B7M 75B�69�8=::9F9BH=5H98�:FCA �+.��89:=7=9B7M 6M�H<9�DF9G9B79�C: CFCH=7
57=8 =B IF=B9�

�@84)6)<176�'0A

)�579HM@;@IH5A5H9 =B7F95G9G�H<9�57H=J=HM�C: 75F65ACM@�D<CGD<5H9�GMBH<9H5G9�$ ��+.�� �5


A=HC7<CB8F=5@ 9BNMA9�H<5H�7CBJ9FHG 6=75F6CB5H9 5B8 5AACB=5 HC 75F65ACM@�D<CGD<5H9 IG=B;��
AC@97I@9G�C: �/+��/<=G�DFC79GG�=G�H<9�F5H9�@=A=H=B;�GH9D�C:�H<9 IF95�7M7@9� )�579HM@;@IH5A5H9 =G
GMBH<9G=N98�DF=A5F=@M�=B�H<9 @=J9F 5B8�GA5@@�=BH9GH=B5@�79@@G�K<9B�H<9�79@@I@5F�7CB79BHF5H=CB�C:

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
5F;=B=B9 =G�=B7F95G98��$B�H<=G�K5M �H<9�57H=J=HM�C: �+.� =G�=B7F95G98�:C@@CK=B;�5�DFCH9=B�F=7<�A95@
K<9B 5AACB=5 DFC8I7H=CB�=G�9LD97H98�HC�69�=B7F95G98�

��� �:61<016-�<:)6;47+);-

�@84)6)<176�'0A

*FB=H<=B9�HF5BG@C75G9 =G�5 A=HC7<CB8F=5@ DFCH9=B�H<5H�=G�7F=H=75@�:CF IF95�7M7@9 57H=J=HM�6975IG9�=H


HF5BGDCFHG CFB=H<=B9 :FCA�H<9 7MHCGC@ =BHC�H<9 A=HC7<CB8F=5 �K<9F9�=H�=G�7CBJ9FH98�HC 7=HFI@@=B9 6M
CFB=H<=B9�HF5BG75F65AM@5G9����89:97H�=B CFB=H<=B9�HF5BG@C75G9 KCI@8�75IG9 <MD9F5AACB9A=5 �6IH�H<=G
DFCH9=B�G�57H=J=HM�=G�BCH�5::97H98�6M )�579HM@;@IH5A5H9 @9J9@G�

��� �:61<016-�<:)6;+):*)5A4);-

�@84)6)<176�'0A

*FB=H<=B9�HF5BG75F65AM@5G9 =G�5 A=HC7<CB8F=5@ 9BNMA9�H<5H�=G�7F=H=75@�:CF IF95�7M7@9 57H=J=HM�6975IG9


=H�HF5BG:9FG�5�75F65ACM@�;FCID�CBHC CFB=H<=B9 HC�:CFA 7=HFI@@=B9����89:=7=9B7M�C:�H<=G�9BNMA9�KCI@8
75IG9 <MD9F5AACB9A=5 �6IH�H<=G�9BNMA9�G�57H=J=HM�=G�BCH�5::97H98�6M )�579HM@;@IH5A5H9 @9J9@G�

��� �:/16167;=++16)<-�;A6<0-<);-

�@84)6)<176�'0A

�F;=B=BCGI77=B5H9�GMBH<9H5G9 =G�5 7MHCD@5GA=7 9BNMA9�H<5H�=G�7F=H=75@�:CF IF95�7M7@9 57H=J=HM�6975IG9


=H�GMBH<9G=N9G 5F;=B=BCGI77=B5H9 :FCA 5GD5FH5H9 5B8 7=HFI@@=B9����89:=7=9B7M�C:�H<=G�9BNMA9�KCI@8
75IG9 <MD9F5AACB9A=5 �6IH�H<=G�9BNMA9�G�57H=J=HM�=G�BCH�5::97H98�6M )�579HM@;@IH5A5H9 @9J9@G�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �:/16167;=++16);-

�@84)6)<176�'0A

�F;=B=BCGI77=B5G9 =G�5 7MHCD@5GA=7 9BNMA9�H<5H�=G�7F=H=75@�:CF IF95�7M7@9 57H=J=HM�6975IG9�=H�7CBJ9FHG


5F;=BCGI77=B5H9�HC 5F;=B=B9 5B8 :IA5F5H9����89:=7=9B7M�C:�H<=G�9BNMA9�KCI@8�75IG9
<MD9F5AACB9A=5 �6IH�H<=G�9BNMA9�G�57H=J=HM�=G�BCH�5::97H98�6M )�579HM@;@IH5A5H9 @9J9@G�

��� �:/16);-

�@84)6)<176�'0A

�F;=B5G9 =G�5 7MHCD@5GA=7 9BNMA9�H<5H�=G�7F=H=75@�:CF IF95�7M7@9 57H=J=HM�6975IG9�=H�7CBJ9FHG 5F;=B=B9


HC IF95 5B8 CFB=H<=B9����89:=7=9B7M�C:�H<=G�9BNMA9�KCI@8�75IG9 <MD9F5AACB9A=5 6IH�H<=G�9BNMA9�G
57H=J=HM�=G�BCH�5::97H98�6M )�579HM@;@IH5A5H9 @9J9@G�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
!=-;<176���

� ���M95F�C@8 KCA5B�=G�58A=HH98�HC�H<9�<CGD=H5@�:CF�H<9�9J5@I5H=CB�C:�DCGHDF5B8=5@�7C@=7?M�D5=B�=B�H<9
F=;<H�IDD9F�EI58F5BH�C:�H<9�568CA9B���68CA=B5@�I@HF5GCIB8�G<CKG AI@H=D@9�FCIB8 �<MD9F97<C=7
GHFI7HIF9G�K=H<=B�H<9�;5@@6@5889F�@IA9B��.<9�IB89F;C9G�5�7<C@97MGH97HCAM����D<CHC;F5D<�C:�H<9�7CBH9BH
C:�<9F�;5@@6@5889F�=G�G<CKB��/<=G�D5H=9BH�=G�ACGH�@=?9@M�HC�<5J9�K<=7<�C:�H<9�:C@@CK=B;�588=H=CB5@
7CB8=H=CBG�

�6;?-: �5)/-

� �=569H9G�A9@@=HIG

� +F=A5FM�<MD9FD5F5H<MFC=8=GA

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�6;?-: �5)/-

� �<FCB=7�<9AC@MH=7�5B9A=5

� (9BCD5IG5@�GMADHCAG

(CF6=8�C69G=HM

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�16<

/<9�=A5;9�G<CKG 6@57?�D=;A9BH�;5@@GHCB9G�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�7::-+<��6;?-:

��� �1)*-<-;�5-441<=;

�@84)6)<176�'0A

+5H=9BHG�K=H< 8=569H9G�A9@@=HIG 5DD95F�HC�69�5H�=B7F95G98�F=G?�C: ;5@@GHCB9 :CFA5H=CB��/<=G�=B7F95G98


F=G?�=G�8I9�HC <MD9FHF=;@M79F=89A=5 5B8 ;5@@6@5889F <MDCACH=@=HM�K=H<�6=@=5FM�GH5G=G �K<=7<�=G�75IG98
6M 5IHCBCA=7�B9IFCD5H<M��#CK9J9F 8=569H9G�A9@@=HIG HMD=75@@M�DF98=GDCG9G�HC 7<C@9GH9FC@�GHCB9G H<5H
5F9�M9@@CK=G<�;F99B�=B�7C@CF �BCH�6@57?�5G�G99B�=B�H<=G�D5H=9BH�

��� :15):A�0A8-:8):)<0A:71,1;5

�@84)6)<176�'0A

+F=A5FM�<MD9FD5F5H<MFC=8=GA @958G�HC <MD9F75@79A=5 �K<=7<�DF98=GDCG9G�HC�H<9�:CFA5H=CB�C:�F9B5@


75@7=IA�D<CGD<5H9�GHCB9G �B9D<FC@=H<=5G=G���/<=G�=B7F95G98�F=G?�D9FG=GHG�9J9B�5:H9F D5F5H<MFC=897HCAM�
#CK9J9F �H<9F9�=G�BC�5GGC7=5H=CB�69HK99B <MD9F75@79A=5 5B8�H<9�:CFA5H=CB�C: ;5@@GHCB9G 5G�G99B�=B
H<=G�D5H=9BH�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �0:761+�0-574A<1+�)6-51)

�5)/-

�@84)6)<176�'0A

�@57?�D=;A9BH�;5@@GHCB9G 5F9�5GGC7=5H98�K=H<�7<FCB=7 <9AC@MH=7�5B9A=5 �9�;� �8I9�HC <9F98=H5FM


GD<9FC7MHCG=G CF 69H5�H<5@5GG9A=5�A5>CF� �=B�K<=7<�5B�9@9J5H98 F98�6@CC8�79@@ 6F95?8CKB�@958G�HC�5B
=B7F95G98�G9FIA�7CB79BHF5H=CB�C: =B8=F97H�6=@=FI6=B�� L79GG 6=@=FI6=B =G�9L7F9H98�6M�H<9 @=J9F =BHC�H<9
6=@9��/<9�9L79GG 6=@=FI6=B H<9B�DF97=D=H5H9G�K=H<=B�H<9 ;5@@6@5889F 8I9�HC�GID9FG5HIF5H=CB�5B8�F957HG
K=H<�75@7=IA�G5@HG�HC�:CFA�6@57?�75@7=IA�6=@=FI6=B5H9�GHCB9G� �@57?�D=;A9BH�GHCB9G 577CIBH�:CF
5DDFCL������C:�5@@ ;5@@GHCB9G�

��� �-678)=;)4�;A58<75;

�@84)6)<176�'0A

LC;9BCIG 9GHFC;9B H<9F5DM�IG98�HC�HF95H A9BCD5IG5@ GMADHCAG 75B�@958�HC�5B�=B7F95G98�F=G?�C:

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
7<C@9GH9FC@ ;5@@GHCB9G 6975IG9 9GHFC;9B =B8I79G�H<9�DFC8I7H=CB�5B8�G97F9H=CB�C: 7<C@9GH9FC@ 6M�H<9
@=J9F��(CGH�C:�H<=G�9L79GG 7<C@9GH9FC@ =G�9L7F9H98�=BHC�H<9 6=@9 �5B8�H<=G�DFC79GG�75IG9G�5
GID9FG5HIF5H=CB�H<5H�DF98=GDCG9G�HC ;5@@GHCB9 :CFA5H=CB��#CK9J9F 7<C@9GH9FC@�;5@@GHCB9G 5F9�HMD=75@@M
M9@@CK=G<�;F99B�=B�7C@CF �BCH�6@57?�5G�G99B�=B�H<=G�D5H=9BH�

��� �7:*1,�7*-;1<A

�@84)6)<176�'0A

*69G=HM <5G�699B�GHFCB;@M�5GGC7=5H98�K=H<�5B�=B7F95G98�F=G?�C: ;5@@6@5889F 8=G95G9��/<=G�=B7F95G98


F=G?�=G�ACGH�@=?9@M�8I9�HC�9B<5B798 7<C@9GH9FC@�GMBH<9G=G 5B8�G97F9H=CB �5G�K9@@�5G ;5@@6@5889F
8MGACH=@=HM��#CK9J9F �H<9G9�:57HCFG�HMD=75@@M�F9GI@H�=B�H<9�:CFA5H=CB�C: 7<C@9GH9FC@�GHCB9G H<5H�5F9
M9@@CK=G<�;F99B�=B�7C@CF �BCH�6@57?�5G�G99B�=B�H<=G�D5H=9BH�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
!=-;<176��� �

� ���M95F�C@8 KCA5B�7CA9G�HC�H<9�D<MG=7=5B�6975IG9�C:�KCFG9B=B;�<95FH6IFB�5B8�568CA=B5@�D5=B�:CF
H<9�D5GH ��ACBH<G���IF=B;�H<=G�D9F=C8�G<9�<5G�5@GC�<58�AI@H=D@9�9D=GC89G�C: ;F95GM�8=5FF<95��.=L�ACBH<G
5;C �G<9�<58�G=A=@5F�GMADHCAG�5B8�K5G�8=5;BCG98�K=H<�5 8IC89B5@�I@79F��#9F�ACH<9F�8=98�C:
7CAD@=75H=CBG�:FCA IB7CBHFC@@98�<MDC;@M79A=5�5B8�<58�DF=A5FM�<MD9FD5F5H<MFC=8=GA��/<9�D5H=9BH�8C9G
BCH�8F=B?�5@7C<C@�CF�GAC?9�7=;5F9HH9G��#9F�CB@M�A98=75H=CBG�5F9�D5BHCDF5NC@9�5B8�F5B=H=8=B9��#9F
9D=;5GHF=7�F9;=CB�=G�H9B89F�K<9B�D5@D5H98���B�9GCD<5;C;5GHFC8IC89BCG7CDM�G<CKG�5 :F=56@9�I@79F�=B�H<9
8=GH5@�8IC89BIA��!IFH<9F�9J5@I5H=CB�=G�ACGH�@=?9@M�HC�G<CK�K<=7<�C:�H<9�:C@@CK=B;�

�6;?-: �5)/-

� �BH=�=BHF=BG=7�:57HCF�5BH=6C8=9G�=B�H<9�G9FIA

�BH=�H=GGI9�HF5BG;@IH5A=B5G9�5BH=6C8=9G�=B�H<9

G9FIA

� +5F=9H5@�79@@�<MD9FD@5G=5�=B�H<9�GHCA57<

� )CB75G95H=B;�;F5BI@CA5G�=B�H<9�>9>IBIA

�MGHFCD<=7�75@7=:=75H=CBG�=B�H<9�D5B7F95G

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�16<

/F95HA9BH�F9G=GH5BH D9DH=7�I@79F�8=G95G9 5B8�:95HIF9G�C: A5@56GCFDH=CB �7CA6=B98�K=H<�5 :5A=@M�<=GHCFM


GI;;9GH=J9�C: AI@H=D@9�9B8C7F=B9�B9CD@5G=5 �DF=A5FM�<MD9FD5F5H<MFC=8=GA 5B8 D5B7F95H=7 =BGI@=BCA5�
F5=G9G�GIGD=7=CB�:CF 4C@@=B;9F� @@=GCB�GMB8FCA9 �4 .��

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�7::-+<��6;?-:

��� �6<1�16<:16;1+�.)+<7:�)6<1*7,1-;�16�<0-�;-:=5

�@84)6)<176�'0A

.9FIA 5BH=�=BHF=BG=7�:57HCF�5BH=6C8=9G 5F9�G99B�=B D9FB=7=CIG�5B9A=5��/<9M�6=B8�HC =BHF=BG=7�:57HCF


H<IG�6@C7?=B;�H<9�6=B8=B;�C:�5B8�56GCFDH=CB�C: J=H5A=B�������@H<CI;<�H<=G�D5H=9BH�G A5@56GCFDH=CB
DIHG�<9F�5H�F=G?�C: J=H5A=B�89:=7=9B7=9G J=H5A=B�����89:=7=9B7M 75IG9G�G=;BG�C: A9;5@C6@5GH=7�5B9A=5
5B8�CF�B9IFC@C;=7�GMADHCAG �K<=7<�5F9�BCH�DF9G9BH�=B�H<=G�D5H=9BH��(CF9�=ADCFH5BH@M D9FB=7=CIG
5B9A=5 8C9G�BCH�9LD@5=B�H<=G�D5H=9BH�G�;5GHFC=BH9GH=B5@�GMADHCAG�CF�<=GHCFM�C:�F97IFF9BH +0��

��� �6<1�<1;;=-�<:)6;/4=<)516);-�)6<1*7,1-;�16�<0-�;-:=5

�@84)6)<176�'0A

�BH=�H=GGI9�HF5BG;@IH5A=B5G9�5BH=6C8=9G 75B�69�:CIB8�=B�H<9�G9FIA�C:�D5H=9BHG�K=H< 79@=57�8=G95G9�


/<=G�7CB8=H=CB�75B�A5B=:9GH�K=H<�GMADHCAG�C: A5@56GCFDH=CB �GI7<�5G 5B9A=5 J=H5A=B�89:=7=9B7=9G
5B8�=B�GCA9�=B8=J=8I5@G GH95HCFF<95 �K<=7<�H<=G�D5H=9BH�<5G��#CK9J9F 79@=57�8=G95G9 KCI@8�BCH
9LD@5=B�H<=G�D5H=9BH�G�<=GHCFM�C:�F97IFF9BH +0��

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� ):1-<)4�+-44�0A8-:84);1)�16�<0-�;<75)+0

�5)/-

�@84)6)<176�'0A

+5F=9H5@�79@@ <MD9FD@5G=5 =B�H<9 GHCA57< 75B�69�G99B�=B 4 . �K<=7<�=BJC@J9G�5 ;5GHF=B�G97F9H=B;


B9IFC9B8C7F=B9�HIACF C:�H<9 ;5GHFC=BH9GH=B5@�HF57H� #MD9F;5GHF=B9A=5 @958G�HC�GH=AI@5H=CB�C: D5F=9H5@
79@@G 5B8�9L79GG=J9 ;5GHF=7�57=8 DFC8I7H=CB���G B9IFC9B8C7F=B9�HIACFG 75FFM GCA5HCGH5H=B F979DHCFG
F58=C@569@@98 C7HF9CH=89 75B�69�IG98�8=5;BCGH=75@@M�HC�@C75H9�H<9 HIACF�

��� �76+);-)<16/�/:)6=475);�16�<0-�2-2=6=5

�@84)6)<176�'0A

)CB75G95H=B;�;F5BI@CA5G =B�H<9 >9>IBIA 5F9�H<9�<=GHC@C;=75@�7CFF9@5H9�C: �FC<B�8=G95G9� �FC<B


8=G95G9 HMD=75@@M�A5B=:9GHG�K=H< 8=5FF<95 �K<=7<�H<=G�D5H=9BH�F9DCFHG��#CK9J9F 8=5FF<95 =B�D5H=9BHG
K=H< �FC<B�8=G95G9 =G�HMD=75@@M�@CCG9�5B8�K5H9FM �F5H<9F�H<5B�;F95GM���88=H=CB5@@M �FC<B�8=G95G9

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
KCI@8�BCH�9LD@5=B�H<=G�D5H=9BH�G�<=GHCFM�C:�F97IFF9BH +0��

��� �A;<:7801+�+)4+1.1+)<176;�16�<0-�8)6+:-);

�@84)6)<176�'0A

�MGHFCD<=7�75@7=:=75H=CB =B�H<9 D5B7F95G A5M�69�:CIB8�=B 7<FCB=7�D5B7F95H=H=G� (I@H=D@9�9B8C7F=B9


B9CD@5G=5 =G�5GGC7=5H98�K=H< D5B7F95H=7 HIACFG���CH< 7<FCB=7�D5B7F95H=H=G 5B8 D5B7F95H=7 HIACFG�75B
75IG9�=AD5=F98 D5B7F95H=7�9BNMA9 G97F9H=CB�5B8�H<IG�GMADHCAG�C: A5@56GCFDH=CB �9�;� GH95HCFF<95�
K<=7<�5F9�G99B�=B�H<=G�D5H=9BH��#CK9J9F �H<=G�D5H=9BH�G�<=GHCFM�C:�F97IFF9BH +0� =G�=B7CBG=GH9BH�K=H<
7<FCB=7�D5B7F95H=H=G�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
!=-;<176��� �

� ���M95F�C@8 KCA5B�K=H<�5HF=5@�:=6F=@@5H=CB�7CA9G�HC�H<9�9A9F;9B7M�89D5FHA9BH�6975IG9�C:
GI889B�CBG9H G9J9F9�568CA=B5@�D5=B �B5IG95 �5B8�JCA=H=B;�:CF�H<9�D5GH ��<CIFG��.<9�<5G�GAC?98�5�D57?
C:�7=;5F9HH9G�85=@M�:CF�H<9�D5GH ���M95FG��#9F�DI@G9�=G ����A=B 5B8�6@CC8�DF9GGIF9�=G �������AA�#;�
�68CA=B5@�9L5A=B5H=CB�G<CKG 8=::IG9�568CA=B5@�H9B89FB9GG�K=H<CIH�;I5F8=B;�CF�F96CIB8�����/
5B;=C;F5A�C:�H<9�568CA9B�7CB:=FAG�5B 57IH9�C77@IG=CB�=B�H<9�=B:9F=CF�A9G9BH9F=7�5FH9FM��2<=7<�C:�H<9
:C@@CK=B;�GHFI7HIF9G�C:�H<9�;5GHFC=BH9GH=B5@�HF57H�=G�ACGH�@=?9@M�HC�69�5::97H98�=B�H<=G�D5H=9BH�

�6;?-: �5)/-

� -97HCG=;AC=8�7C@CB

� /9FA=B5@�=@9IA

� #9D5H=7�:@9LIF9

� 'CK9F�F97HIA

�G79B8=B;�7C@CB

! /F5BGJ9FG9�7C@CB

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�16<

"=J9B�H<=G�D5H=9BH�G�57IH9�DF9G9BH5H=CB �<=GHCFM�C: 5HF=5@�:=6F=@@5H=CB �5B8�G9J9F9�568CA=B5@ D5=B �G<9�ACGH


@=?9@M�<5G 7C@CB=7�=G7<9A=5 8I9�HC�5B�9A6C@=GA� $G7<9A=5 =G�ACGH�@=?9@M�HC�C77IF�=B�H<9 K5H9FG<98�5F95G
C:�H<9 7C@CB�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�7::-+<��6;?-:

��� "-+<7;1/571,�+7476

�5)/-

�@84)6)<176�'0A

/<9�F97HCG=;AC=8 7C@CB =G�GIDD@=98�6M�H<9 G=;AC=8�5FH9FM 5B8�H<9 GID9F=CF�F97H5@�5FH9FM �K<=7<�5F9


6F5B7<9G�C:�H<9 =B:9F=CF�A9G9BH9F=7�5FH9FM �$(����/<9�9::97HG�C:�F98I7H=CB�CF�79GG5H=CB�C:�6@CC8�:@CK
HC�H<9 7C@CB 5F9�D5FH=7I@5F@M�DFCA=B9BH�5H�H<9 K5H9FG<98�5F95G C:�H<9 7C@CB �=�9� �F97HCG=;AC=8 7C@CB
5B8 GD@9B=7�:@9LIF9� �K<9F9�7C@@5H9F5@�6@CC8�:@CK�=G�@=A=H98���IF=B;�57IH9 =G7<9A=7 9J9BHG �H<9�@57?�C:
7C@@5H9F5@�6@CC8�GIDD@M�F9B89FG�H<9G9�F9;=CBG�D5FH=7I@5F@M DFCB9 HC =G7<9A=5�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� $-:516)4�14-=5

�@84)6)<176�'0A

/<9�H9FA=B5@ =@9IA =G�DF98CA=B5BH@M�GIDD@=98�6M�H<9 =@9C7C@=7�5FH9FM �5�6F5B7<�C:�H<9 GID9F=CF


A9G9BH9F=7�5FH9FM��5B8�KCI@8 �H<9F9:CF9 �BCH�69�5::97H98�6M�C77@IG=CB�=B�H<9 =B:9F=CF�A9G9BH9F=7
5FH9FM�

��� �-8)<1+�.4-@=:-

�@84)6)<176�'0A

/<9�<9D5H=7�:@9LIF9 �K<=7<�=G�@C75H98�69HK99B�H<9�5G79B8=B;�5B8�H<9 HF5BGJ9FG9�7C@CB �=G�GIDD@=98�6M


6F5B7<9G�C:�H<9 GID9F=CF�A9G9BH9F=7�5FH9FM �.(����$H�KCI@8�H<9F9:CF9�BCH�69�5::97H98�6M�5B�C77@IG=CB
=B�H<9 =B:9F=CF�A9G9BH9F=7�5FH9FM �$(���

��� �7?-:�:-+<=5

�@84)6)<176�'0A

/<9�@CK9F F97HIA �69@CK�H<9�D97H=B5H9�@=B9��<5G�5B�9LH9BG=J9�6@CC8�GIDD@M�6M�H<9 A=88@9�F97H5@�5FH9FM


�5F=G9G�:FCA�H<9 =BH9FB5@�=@=57�5FH9FM��5B8 =B:9F=CF�F97H5@�5FH9FM �5F=G9G�:FCA�H<9 =BH9FB5@�DI89B85@
5FH9FM���/<9�@CK9F F97HIA KCI@8�BCH�69�5::97H98�6M�C77@IG=CB�=B�H<9 =B:9F=CF�A9G9BH9F=7�5FH9FM�

��� �;+-6,16/�+7476

�@84)6)<176�'0A

/<9 5G79B8=B;�7C@CB =G�DF98CA=B5BH@M�GIDD@=98�6M�H<9 F=;<H�7C@=7�5FH9FM �5�6F5B7<�C:�H<9 GID9F=CF

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
A9G9BH9F=7�5FH9FM��5B8�KCI@8 �H<9F9:CF9 �BCH�69�5::97H98�6M�C77@IG=CB�=B�H<9 =B:9F=CF�A9G9BH9F=7
5FH9FM�

��� $:)6;>-:;-�+7476

�@84)6)<176�'0A

/<9 HF5BGJ9FG9�7C@CB =G�DF98CA=B5BH@M�GIDD@=98�6M�H<9 A=88@9�7C@=7�5FH9FM �5�6F5B7<�C:�H<9 GID9F=CF


A9G9BH9F=7�5FH9FM��5B8�KCI@8 �H<9F9:CF9 �BCH�69�5::97H98�6M�C77@IG=CB�=B�H<9 =B:9F=CF�A9G9BH9F=7
5FH9FM�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
!=-;<176��� �

� ���M95F�C@8 A5B�7CA9G�HC�H<9�D<MG=7=5B�:CF :C@@CK�ID 9J5@I5H=CB� )=B9�ACBH<G�5;C �<9�K5G 8=5;BCG98


K=H<�57IH9�J=F5@�<9D5H=H=G���=B:97H=CB��+<MG=75@�9L5A=B5H=CB�G<CKG�BC�56BCFA5@=H=9G��.9FIA�GHI8=9G�G<CK
=B7F95G98�<9D5H=7�HF5BG5A=B5G9�57H=J=HM 5B8�5 <9D5H=H=G���J=F5@��)��@C58�C: �����$0�A'��2<=7<�C:�H<9
:C@@CK=B;�G9HG�C:�:=B8=B;G�=G�ACGH�@=?9@M�=B�H<=G�D5H=9BH�

��-�/ �6<1���; �6<1���+ �/� �6<1���+ �/�

� )9;5H=J9 DCG=H=J9 DCG=H=J9 B9;5H=J9

� )9;5H=J9 B9;5H=J9 DCG=H=J9 B9;5H=J9

� )9;5H=J9 DCG=H=J9 B9;5H=J9 B9;5H=J9

� )9;5H=J9 B9;5H=J9 B9;5H=J9 DCG=H=J9

� +CG=H=J9 B9;5H=J9 DCG=H=J9 B9;5H=J9

� +CG=H=J9 B9;5H=J9 B9;5H=J9 DCG=H=J9

�6;?-: �5)/-

� �

� �

� �

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�6;?-: �5)/-

� �

! !

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�16<

/<=G�D5H=9BH�K<C�DF9J=CIG@M�<58 57IH9�<9D5H=H=G�� =B:97H=CB�5B8�7IFF9BH@M�DF9G9BHG�K=H<�=B7F95G98�<9D5H=7


HF5BG5A=B5G9 57H=J=HM�5B8�5B #�1��)� @C58�C: �����0�' ACGH�@=?9@M�<5G�57H=J9 7<FCB=7�<9D5H=H=G��
=B:97H=CB�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�7::-+<��6;?-:

��� �

�5)/-

�@84)6)<176�'0A

+CG=H=J9 5BH=�#�G 5B8 $;" 5BH=�#�7 K=H<�B9;5H=J9 #�9�; =G�7<5F57H9F=GH=7�C:�7CAD@9H9�F97CJ9FM


:FCA 57IH9�<9D5H=H=G�� =B:97H=CB��=AAIB=HM 8I9�HC�B5HIF5@�=B:97H=CB���(CGH�58I@HG�K<C�89J9@CD 57IH9
<9D5H=H=G�� =B:97H=CB�KCI@8�F97CJ9F�7CAD@9H9@M�5B8�69�5GMADHCA5H=7 �5G�G99B�<9F9��#CK9J9F �<9D5H=7
HF5BG5A=B5G9 57H=J=HM�KCI@8�69�BCFA5@�5B8 #�1��)� KCI@8�69�IB89H97H56@9�=B�D5H=9BHG�K<C
F97CJ9F�7CAD@9H9@M�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �

�@84)6)<176�'0A

+CG=H=J9 $;" 5BH=�#�7 K=H<�B9;5H=J9 #�9�; 5B8 5BH=�#�G =G�7<5F57H9F=GH=7�C:�=B57H=J9 7<FCB=7


<9D5H=H=G���=B:97H=CB���S����C:�58I@HG�K<C�89J9@CD 57IH9�<9D5H=H=G�� =B:97H=CB�K=@@�89J9@CD 7<FCB=7
<9D5H=H=G���=B:97H=CB��#CK9J9F �D5H=9BHG�K=H<�=B57H=J9 7<FCB=7�<9D5H=H=G���=B:97H=CB KCI@8�HMD=75@@M
<5J9�BCFA5@�<9D5H=7 HF5BG5A=B5G9 57H=J=HM�5B8�5B #�1��)� @C58��������$0�'�

��� �

�@84)6)<176�'0A

+CG=H=J9 5BH=�#�G K=H<�B9;5H=J9 #�9�; 5B8 5BH=�#�7 =G�7<5F57H9F=GH=7�C: =AAIB=HM 5;5=BGH <9D5H=H=G
� 5G�5�F9GI@H�C: J577=B5H=CB����8=::9F9BH�G9H�C:�:=B8=B;G�KCI@8�69�9LD97H98�=B�H<=G�D5H=9BH�K<C
89J9@CD98 57IH9�J=F5@�<9D5H=H=G ��=B:97H=CB�=B�H<9�D5GH�

��� �

�@84)6)<176�'0A

+CG=H=J9 $;( 5BH=�#�7 K=H<�B9;5H=J9 #�9�; 5BH=�#�G �5B8 $;" 5BH=�#�7 =G�7<5F57H9F=GH=7�C:�H<9
K=B8CK�D9F=C8 C: 57IH9�<9D5H=H=G�� =B:97H=CB����8=::9F9BH�G9H�C:�:=B8=B;G�KCI@8�69�9LD97H98�=B�5B
5GMADHCA5H=7�D5H=9BH�K<C�5@F958M�<58 57IH9�J=F5@�<9D5H=H=G ��=B:97H=CB�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �

�5)/-

�@84)6)<176�'0A

0D�HC�����C:�D5H=9BHG�K<C�89J9@CD�57IH9 <9D5H=H=G���=B:97H=CB K=@@�89J9@CD 7<FCB=7�<9D5H=H=G��


=B:97H=CB �K<=7<�=G�7<5F57H9F=N98�6M�H<9�D9FG=GH9B79�C: #�G�; 5B8 #�1��)� :CF�ACF9�H<5B��
ACBH<G�5:H9F�H<9�=B=H=5@�=B:97H=CB �5B8�H<9�56G9B79�C: 5BH=�#�G� $;" 5BH=�#�7 A5M�69�DF9G9BH�CF
56G9BH�K=H< 7<FCB=7�<9D5H=H=G���=B:97H=CB� �<FCB=7�<9D5H=H=G���=B:97H=CB 75B�69�7@5GG=:=98�5G�T57H=J9U
�A5F?98�J=F5@�F9D@=75H=CB�7<5F57H9F=N98�6M�=B7F95G98 #�9�;��CF�T=B57H=J9U��@CK�CF�BC�J=F5@
F9D@=75H=CB�7<5F57H9F=N98�6M�5B�56G9B79�C:�G9FIA #�9�;���+5H=9BHG�K=H<�57H=J9 7<FCB=7�<9D5H=H=G��
KCI@8�<5J9�5B #�1��)� @C58��������$0�'�5B8�CF�=B7F95G98�<9D5H=7 HF5BG5A=B5G9 @9J9@G�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �

�@84)6)<176�'0A

+CG=H=J9 #�9�; 5B8 $;( 5BH=�#�7 K=H<�B9;5H=J9 5BH=�#�G =G�7<5F57H9F=GH=7�C: 57IH9�J=F5@�<9D5H=H=G �


=B:97H=CB �K<=7<�KCI@8�75IG9�=B7F95G98�<9D5H=7 HF5BG5A=B5G9 57H=J=HM�5B8�=B7F95G98 #�1��)� @C58�
��8=::9F9BH�G9H�C:�:=B8=B;G�KCI@8�69�9LD97H98�=B�H<=G�5GMADHCA5H=7�D5H=9BH�K<C�DF9G9BHG�B=B9�ACBH<G
5:H9F�H<9�=B=H=5@�9D=GC89�C: 57IH9�J=F5@�<9D5H=H=G ��=B:97H=CB�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
!=-;<176��� �

� ���M95F�C@8 A5B�K=H<��FC<B�8=G95G9�=G�58A=HH98�HC�H<9�<CGD=H5@�6975IG9�C:�57IH9�GA5@@�6CK9@
C6GHFI7H=CB�� B8CG7CDM�G<CKG�5�GHF=7HIF9�=B�H<9�H9FA=B5@�=@9IA��/<9 =@9IA�=G�GIF;=75@@M�F9G97H98 5:H9F
9B8CG7CD=7�65@@CCB�8=@5H5H=CB�:5=@G�HC�F9@=9J9�H<9�C6GHFI7H=CB� /<F99�M95FG @5H9F �<9�F9HIFBG�:CF�5 :C@@CK�ID
9L5A=B5H=CB��#9�H5?9G�BC�A98=75H=CBG��/<=G�D5H=9BH�=G�ACGH�@=?9@M�HC�<5J9�K<=7<�C:�H<9�:C@@CK=B;
D<MG=75@�9L5A�:=B8=B;G�

�6;?-: �5)/-

� 295?B9GG�5B8�5H5L=5

� #MD9FF9:@9L=5�K=H<�H9H5BM

� "=B;=J5@�GK9@@=B;�5B8�6@998=B;

� +5@@CF�K=H<�?C=@CBM7<=5

�FM�G?=B�5B8�?9F5HCA5@57=5

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�16<

/<9 8=GH5@ =@9IA =G�H<9�DF=A5FM�G=H9�C: J=H5A=B���� 56GCFDH=CB��=B�H<9�:CFA�C:�����=BHF=BG=7�:57HCF


7CAD@9L��

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�7::-+<��6;?-:

��� '-)36-;;�)6,�)<)@1)

�5)/-

�@84)6)<176�'0A

1=H5A=B���� 89:=7=9B7M 75B�DF9G9BH�K=H<�GMAA9HF=7�B9IFC@C;=75@�89:=7=HG �=B7@I8=B;�@=A6�K95?B9GG


5B8 5H5L=5� 1=H5A=B���� =G�5 7C:57HCF C: A9H<M@A5@CBM@��C��AIH5G9 5B8 A9H<=CB=B9�GMBH<5G9 �6CH<
C:�K<=7<�5F9�B979GG5FM�:CF�DFCD9F�B9IFCB5@�:IB7H=CB��/<9�H9FA=B5@ =@9IA =G�H<9�DF=A5FM�G=H9�C:
J=H5A=B���� 56GCFDH=CB�5B8�H<9F9:CF9�F9G97H=CB�C:�H<=G�GHFI7HIF9 �5G�G99B�=B�H<=G�75G9 �75B�F9GI@H�=B
GMADHCAG�C: J=H5A=B���� 89:=7=9B7M IB@9GG�DFCD9F@M�GIDD@9A9BH98�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �A8-::-.4-@1)�?1<0�<-<)6A

�@84)6)<176�'0A

#MD9FF9:@9L=5 K=H< H9H5BM KCI@8�69�7CBG=GH9BH�K=H< <MDC75@79A=5���@H<CI;<�D5GG=J9�75@7=IA�IDH5?9


C77IFG�H<FCI;<CIH�H<9�9BH=F9 GA5@@�=BH9GH=B9 �H<9�A5>CF=HM�C:�75@7=IA�56GCFDH=CB�C77IFG�H<FCI;<�57H=J9
HF5BG79@@I@5F HF5BGDCFH�=B�H<9 8IC89BIA 5B8 DFCL=A5@ >9>IBIA��/<9�F9G97H=CB�C:�H<=G�D5H=9BH�G�H9FA=B5@
=@9IA =G�IB@=?9@M�HC�F9GI@H�=B�G=;B=:=75BH�75@7=IA�89:=7=9B7M�

��� �16/1>)4�;?-4416/�)6,�*4--,16/

�@84)6)<176�'0A

"=B;=J5@�GK9@@=B;�5B8�6@998=B;�KCI@8�69�7CBG=GH9BH�K=H< J=H5A=B���89:=7=9B7M �G7IFJM�� 1=H5A=B�� =G


5�K5H9F�GC@I6@9 J=H5A=B H<5H�:IB7H=CBG�5G�5B�=ADCFH5BH 7C:57HCF =B 7C@@5;9B�GMBH<9G=G��/<=G�D5H=9BH�=G
5H�F=G?�C:�5 A5@56GCFDH=CB�GMB8FCA9 6IH J=H5A=B�� 56GCFDH=CB�=G�BCH�89D9B89BH�CB�H<9�H9FA=B5@ =@9IA
A5?=B;�G=;B=:=75BH J=H5A=B�� 89:=7=9B7M�IB@=?9@M�=B�H<=G�D5H=9BH�

��� )447:�?1<0�371476A+01)

�@84)6)<176�'0A

+5@@CF K=H< ?C=@CBM7<=5 =G�7CBG=GH9BH�K=H< =FCB�89:=7=9B7M�5B9A=5� $FCB =G�:=FGH�F98I798�HC�=HG�:9FFCIG


:CFA��!9����69:CF9�69=B;�56GCF698�=B�H<9 8IC89BIA 5B8�IDD9F >9>IBIA��/<=G�D5H=9BH�=G�5H�F=G?�C:�5
A5@56GCFDH=CB�GMB8FCA9 6IH =FCB�56GCFDH=CB =G�BCH�89D9B89BH�CB�H<9�H9FA=B5@ =@9IA �A5?=B;�H<9G9
:=B8=B;G�IB@=?9@M�=B�H<=G�D5H=9BH�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �:A�;316�)6,�3-:)<75)4)+1)

�@84)6)<176�'0A

�FM G?=B 5B8 ?9F5HCA5@57=5 5F9�7CBG=GH9BH�K=H< 1=H5A=B���89:=7=9B7M� 1=H5A=B�� =G�5 :5H�GC@I6@9


J=H5A=B �5B8�H<9F9:CF9�=HG�89:=7=9B7M�=G�5GGC7=5H98�K=H<�:5H A5@56GCFDH=CB 7CB8=H=CBG��9�;� 79@=57
8=G95G9 7MGH=7�:=6FCG=G���/<9�A5>CF=HM�C: :5H�GC@I6@9�J=H5A=B 56GCFDH=CB�C77IFG�=B�H<9 DFCL=A5@ <5@:�C:
H<9 GA5@@�=BH9GH=B9��/<=G�D5H=9BH�=G�5H�F=G?�:CF�5 A5@56GCFDH=CB�GMB8FCA9 6IH�H<9�F9G97H=CB�C:�<=G
H9FA=B5@ =@9IA KCI@8�IB@=?9@M�F9GI@H�=B�G=;B=:=75BH J=H5A=B�� 89:=7=9B7M�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
!=-;<176��� �

� ���M95F�C@8 KCA5B�7CA9G�HC�H<9�D<MG=7=5B�6975IG9�C:�568CA=B5@�8=G7CA:CFH �5BCF9L=5 �5B8�A=@8


:5H=;I9��.<9�<5G�GMGH9A=7�@IDIG�9FMH<9A5HCGIG�5B8�H5?9G�<M8FCLM7<@CFCEI=B9��.<9�8C9G�BCH�8F=B?
5@7C<C@�CF�IG9�=@@=7=H�8FI;G��+<MG=75@�9L5A=B5H=CB�G<CKG�BC�56BCFA5@=H=9G��.9FIA�GHI8=9G�G<CK�

�@5B=B9�5A=BCHF5BG:9F5G9 ����0�'

�GD5FH5H9�5A=BCHF5BG:9F5G9 ����0�'

#9D5H=H=G���GIF:579�5BH=;9B DCG=H=J9

#9D5H=H=G���GIF:579�5BH=6C8M B9;5H=J9

#9D5H=H=G���9BJ9@CD9�5BH=;9B DCG=H=J9

#9D5H=H=G���7CF9�5BH=;9B�$;"�5BH=6C8M DCG=H=J9

2<=7<�C:�H<9�:C@@CK=B;�=G�H<9�ACGH�5DDFCDF=5H9�D<5FA57CH<9F5DM�:CF�H<=G�D5H=9BH�

�6;?-: �5)/-

� +9;M@5H98�=BH9F:9FCB�;5AA5

� �7M7@CJ=F

� /9BC:CJ=F

� �C@IH9;F5J=F

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�6;?-: �5)/-

.C:CG6IJ=F

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�16<

+CG=H=J9 #�G�; 5BH=;9BG 5B8 $;" 5BH=�#�7 5BH=6C8=9G =B8=75H9 7<FCB=7�<9D5H=H=G���=B:97H=CB��/<9


DF9G9B79�C: #�9�; 5BH=;9BG =B�G9FIA�=B8=75H9G�57H=J9�J=F5@�F9D@=75H=CB��7<FCB=7�#�1�=B:97H=CB K=H<
<=;< =B:97H=J=HM��

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�7::-+<��6;?-:

��� -/A4)<-,�16<-:.-:76�/)55)

�@84)6)<176�'0A

$BH9F:9FCB�;5AA5 <5G�BC�FC@9�=B�H<9�HF95HA9BH�C: #�1 6IH�=G�IG98�5G�5B�58>IJ5BH�=AAIBCAC8I@5HCFM


H<9F5DM�:CF 7<FCB=7�;F5BI@CA5HCIG�8=G95G9 =B�GCA9�79BH9FG��$H�5I;A9BHG GID9FCL=89 5B8 B=HF=7�CL=89
DFC8I7H=CB�=B D<5;C7MH9G H<5H�@57? )��+#�CL=85G9�

��� �+A+47>1:

�@84)6)<176�'0A

�7M7@CJ=F =G�5 BI7@9CG=89�5B5@C; IG98�HC�HF95H J5F=79@@5�NCGH9F�J=FIG 5B8 <9FD9G�G=AD@9L�J=FIG


=B:97H=CBG��$H�=B<=6=HG�J=F5@ �)��DC@MA9F5G9 K<9B�=B7CFDCF5H98�=BHC�H<9 �)� 5B8�H9FA=B5H9G�7<5=B
9@CB;5H=CB��#CK9J9F �=H�<5G�BC�FC@9�=B�H<9�HF95HA9BH�C: #�1�=B:97H=CB�

��� $-67.7>1:

�@84)6)<176�'0A

/9BC:CJ=F =G�5 BI7@9CH=89�5B5@C; H<5H�=B<=6=HG F9J9FG9�HF5BG7F=DH5G9��$H�=G�IG98�:CF�H<9�HF95HA9BH�C: #$1


5B8 #�1�=B:97H=CBG���BH=J=F5@�H<9F5DM�K=H< H9BC:CJ=F 9BH975J=F �CF D9;M@5H98 =BH9F:9FCB�5@D<5 =G
=B8=75H98�=B�D5H=9BHG�K=H<�5B�57H=J9 7<FCB=7�#�1�=B:97H=CB��/C�5JC=8�9L579F65H=CB�C:�8=G95G9
=AAIB9�GMGH9A IDF9;I@5HCFG �GI7<�5G $!)�V �5F9�7CBHF5=B8=75H98�=B�D5H=9BHG�K=H<�5IHC=AAIB9
8=G95G9G�@=?9 .' ��/<9�8FI;G�C:�7<C=79�:CF�H<=G�D5H=9BH�5F9�H<9F9:CF9�9=H<9F H9BC:CJ=F CF 9BH975J=F�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �74=<-/:)>1:

�@84)6)<176�'0A

�C@IH9;F5J=F =B<=6=HG�=BH9;F5H=CB�C: #$1 ;9BCA9 =BHC�<CGH �)� 6M�=B<=6=H=B; #$1 =BH9;F5G9�


#CK9J9F �=H�<5G�BC�FC@9�=B�H<9�HF95HA9BH�C: #�1�=B:97H=CB�

��� #7.7;*=>1:

�@84)6)<176�'0A

.C:CG6IJ=F =G�5 BI7@9CG=89�5B5@C; H<5H�=B<=6=HG <9D5H=H=G���J=FIG -)��89D9B89BH -)��DC@MA9F5G9��$H


=G D<CGD<CFM@5H98 HC BI7@9CG=89 HF=D<CGD<5H9�5B8�=B7CFDCF5H98�=BHC�H<9 J=F5@�;9BCA9 8IF=B; -)�
F9D@=75H=CB�F9GI@H=B;�=B�7<5=B�H9FA=B5H=CB��#CK9J9F �=H�=G�BCH�H<9�DF9:9FF98�HF95HA9BH�CDH=CB�:CF
7<FCB=7�#�1�=B:97H=CB�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
!=-;<176��� �

� ���M95F�C@8 ;=F@�=G�6FCI;<H�HC�H<9�D<MG=7=5B�6975IG9�C: =H7<=B;�C:�H<9�JI@J5�5B8�5B5@�F9;=CB :CF�H<9�D5GH


��K99?G��.<9�<5G�8=::=7I@HM�G@99D=B;�6975IG9�C:�H<9�=H7<=B;��+<MG=75@�9L5A=B5H=CB�G<CKG�9L7CF=5H=CB
A5F?G�5FCIB8�H<9�JI@J5�5B8�D9F=5B5@�F9;=CB��/<9F9�=G�A=BCF�D9F=5B5@�9FMH<9A5 �6IH�BC�989A5�CF�:=GGIF9G�
(=7FCG7CDM�C:�5B 58<9G=J9�H5D9�5DD@=98�HC�H<9�D9F=5B5@�F9;=CB�G<CKG�AI@H=D@9�CJ5��2<=7<�C:�H<9
:C@@CK=B;�=G�H<9�ACGH�5DDFCDF=5H9�HF95HA9BH�:CF�H<=G�D5H=9BH�

�6;?-: �5)/-

� (969B85NC@9

� (9@5FGCDFC@

� �=9H<M@75F65A5N=B9

� )=:IFH=ACL

$J9FA97H=B

! +F5N=EI5BH9@

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�16<

/<=G�D5H=9BH�<5G�5�DCG=H=J9 H5D9�H9GH G<CK=B;�H<9�DF9G9B79�C: CJ5 �=�9� �H<9�9;;G�C:�5�KCFA���#9F DFIF=HIG


=G�H<9F9:CF9�ACGH�@=?9@M�75IG98�6M�5 D=BKCFA�=B:97H=CB �=�9� 9BH9FC6=5G=G���"F5J=8�:9A5@9 D=BKCFAG
A=;F5H9�HC�H<9 F97HIA C:�=B:97H98�=B8=J=8I5@G �IGI5@@M�5H�B=;<H �5B8�89DCG=H�H<9=F CJ5 BC7HIFB5@@M�=B�H<9
5BC;9B=H5@�F9;=CB �75IG=B; =B:@5AA5H=CB 5B8�=H7<=B;�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�7::-+<��6;?-:

��� �-*-6,)B74-

�5)/-

�@84)6)<176�'0A

(969B85NC@9 CF�5BCH<9F 69B85NC@9 �9�;� 5@69B85NC@9��=G�5B�5DDFCDF=5H9�HF95HA9BH�:CF D=BKCFA


=B:97H=CB �K<=7<�=G�75IG98�6M Enterobius vermicularis���@H9FB5H=J9@M DMF5BH9@�D5AC5H9 75B�69�IG98�
$B=H=5@�=B:97H=CB�K=H< D=BKCFAG =G�:975@�CF5@ �6IH�F9=B:97H=CB�C77IFG�J=5�H<9�8=;=H5@�CF5@�FCIH9
:C@@CK=B;�BC7HIFB5@ DFIF=HIG 8I9�HC D=BKCFA 9;;G�

��� �-4):;78:74

�@84)6)<176�'0A

(9@5FGCDFC@ =G�IG98�=B�H<9�HF95HA9BH�C: �:F=75B�HFMD5BCGCA=5G=G �75IG98�6M Trypanosoma brucei

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
K<=7<�A5B=:9GHG�K=H< F97IFF9BH�:9J9F @MAD<589BCD5H<M GCABC@9B79 �5B8 7CA5��+9F=5B5@ DFIF=HIG
5B8�5�DCG=H=J9 H5D9�H9GH �5G�G99B�<9F9 �5F9�BCH�HMD=75@�:CF�HFMD5BCGCA=5G=G �5B8 A9@5FGCDFC@ =G
;9B9F5@@M�BCH�IG98�:CF�H<9�HF95HA9BH�C: 9BH9FC6=5G=G�

��� �1-<0A4+):*)5)B16-

�@84)6)<176�'0A

�=9H<M@75F65A5N=B9 =G�IG98�HC�HF95H�@MAD<5H=7 :=@5F=5G=G �K<=7<�=G�75IG98�6M Wuchereria bancrofti


5B8 @C=5G=G �K<=7<�=G�75IG98�6M Loa loa. 'MAD<5H=7�:=@5F=5G=G DF9G9BHG�K=H< :9J9F �D5=B:I@
@MAD<589BCD5H<M �5B8�DFC;F9GG=J9�GK9@@=B;�C:�H<9�F9;=CB�8F5=B98�6M�H<9�C6GHFI7H98 @MAD<5H=7G
�C:H9B�H<9�@CK9F�9LHF9A=H=9G� �DCH9BH=5@@M�@958=B;�HC 9@9D<5BH=5G=G� 'C=5G=G =G�IGI5@@M�5GMADHCA5H=7
6IH�A5M�DF9G9BH�K=H<�@C75@=N98�GI67IH5B9CIG�GK9@@=B;G�5B8�5�J=G=6@9�A=;F5H=B;�KCFA�=B�H<9
7CB>IB7H=J5��)9=H<9F @MAD<5H=7�:=@5F=5G=G BCF @C=5G=G A5B=:9GHG�K=H<�D9F=5B5@ DFIF=HIG 5B8�5�DCG=H=J9
H5D9�H9GH �5B8 8=9H<M@75F65A5N=B9 =G�;9B9F5@@M�BCH�IG98�:CF�H<9�HF95HA9BH�C: 9BH9FC6=5G=G�

��� �1.=:<157@

�@84)6)<176�'0A

)=:IFH=ACL =G�IG98�HC�HF95H �<5;5G�8=G95G9 �75IG98�6M Trypanosoma cruzi �K<=7<�A5B=:9GHG�K=H<


BCBGD97=:=7�GMADHCAG��9�;� :9J9F A5@5=G9 5BCF9L=5��5B8 �F5F9@M 989A5 CF�ACF9�G9J9F9�8=G95G9�C:
H<9 <95FH �;5GHFC=BH9GH=B5@ �5B8�CF�B9FJCIG�GMGH9A��#CK9J9F �=H�8C9G�BCH�DF9G9BH�K=H<�D9F=5B5@ DFIF=HIG
5B8�5�DCG=H=J9 H5D9�H9GH �5G�G99B�<9F9 �5B8 B=:IFH=ACL =G�;9B9F5@@M�BCH�IG98�:CF�H<9�HF95HA9BH�C:
9BH9FC6=5G=G�

��� �>-:5-+<16

�@84)6)<176�'0A

$J9FA97H=B =G�H<9�8FI;�C:�7<C=79�:CF�H<9�HF95HA9BH�C:�=B:97H=CB�K=H< Strongyloides stercoralis CF


Onchocerca volvulus� .HFCB;M@C=8=5G=G 75B�DF9G9BH�K=H< DFIF=HIG �HMD=75@@M�C:�H<9�:99H �K<9F9�@5FJ59
9BH9F�H<9 G?=B��#CK9J9F �D9F=5B5@ DFIF=HIG �5G�H<=G�D5H=9BH�<5G �=G�BCH�7CAACB� *B7<C79F7=5G=G 75B
75IG9 G?=B 7<5B;9G�5G�K9@@�5G�C7I@5F�8=GCF89FG�5B8�6@=B8B9GG��)9=H<9F�7CB8=H=CB�=G�?BCKB�:CF�75IG=B;

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
D9F=5B5@ DFIF=HIG 5B8�5�DCG=H=J9 H5D9�H9GH� $J9FA97H=B =G�;9B9F5@@M�BCH�IG98�:CF�H<9�HF95HA9BH�C:
9BH9FC6=5G=G�

��� :)B19=)6<-4

�@84)6)<176�'0A

+F5N=EI5BH9@ =G�9::97H=J9�5;5=BGH Schistosoma Taeniasis, Clonorchis sinensis �5B8 Diphyllobothrium


latum �:=G<�H5D9KCFA��=B:97H=CBG� $BH9GH=B5@�G7<=GHCGCA=5G=G �H59B=5G=G �5B8 7@CBCF7<=5G=G �=:
GMADHCA5H=7 �5@@�A5B=:9GH�K=H<�;5GHFC=BH9GH=B5@�GMADHCAG�GI7<�5G�568CA=B5@ D5=B �B5IG95 �5B8
JCA=H=B;� .7<=GHCGCA=5G=G A5M�5@GC�75IG9�;5GHFC=BH9GH=B5@�GHF=7HIF9G�CF�6@998=B;���<FCB=7�=B:97H=CB
K=H< :=G<�H5D9KCFA 75B�@958�HC J=H5A=B�����89:=7=9B7M 5B8 5B9A=5��#CK9J9F �BCB9�C:�H<9G9
=B:97H=CBG�A5B=:9GH�K=H<�D9F=5B5@ DFIF=HIG 5B8�5�DCG=H=J9 H5D9�H9GH� +F5N=EI5BH9@ =G�BCH�IG98�:CF�H<9
HF95HA9BH�C: 9BH9FC6=5G=G�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
!=-;<176��� �

� ���M95F�C@8 A5B�7CA9G�HC�H<9�D<MG=7=5B�K=H<�5 ��85M <=GHCFM�C: :9J9F �7F5ADM�568CA=B5@�D5=B �5B8


6@CC8�H=B;98 8=5FF<95��#9�F979BH@M�F9HIFB98�:FCA�5�HF=D�HC�(9L=7C��#=G�H9AD9F5HIF9�=G ����Q��������Q!��
�68CA=B5@�9L5A=B5H=CB�G<CKG�8=::IG9�H9B89FB9GG�HC�D5@D5H=CB��6CK9@�GCIB8G�5F9�<MD9F57H=J9��.HCC@
7I@HIF9G�;FCK BCB@57HCG9�:9FA9BH=B; CL=85G9�B9;5H=J9 ;F5A�B9;5H=J9 FC8G�H<5H�8C�BCH�DFC8I79
<M8FC;9B�GI@:=89�CB�HF=D@9�GI;5F�=FCB�5;5F��2<=7<�C:�H<9�:C@@CK=B;�DFC79GG9G�=G�ACGH�@=?9@M�=BJC@J98�=B
H<9�D5H<C;9B9G=G�C:�H<=G�D5H=9BH�G�7CB8=H=CB�

�6;?-: �5)/-

$BJ5G=CB�C:�7C@CB=7

A=7FC:C@8�79@@G

$B<=6=H=CB�C:�<CGH

7MHCG?9@9HCB�CF;5B=N5H=CB

*J9F57H=J5H=CB�C:�589BM@5H9

7M7@5G9

�=GG9A=B5H=CB�J=5

6@CC8GHF95A

!@5;9@@5�A98=5H98�;IH
7C@CB=N5H=CB

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�16<

/<=G�D5H=9BH�DF9G9BHG�K=H<�5 :9J9F �568CA=B5@�7F5ADG �5B8�6@CC8M 8=5FF<95 �K<=7<�=G�7CB79FB=B;�:CF


657H9F=5@�;5GHFC9BH9F=H=G��/<9�ACGH�@=?9@M�75IG5@�CF;5B=GA�=G Shigella �5 FC8�G<5D98 ;F5A�B9;5H=J9
CL=85G9�B9;5H=J9 �5B8�BCB@57HCG9�:9FA9BH=B;�FC8�H<5H�8C9G�BCH�DFC8I79 #�. CB�HF=D@9�GI;5F =FCB �/.$�
5;5F�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�7::-+<��6;?-:

��� �6>);176�7.�+74761+�51+:7.74,�+-44;

�5)/-

�@84)6)<176�'0A

$BJ5G=CB�C: 7C@CB=7 A=7FC:C@8�79@@G =G�H<9�A97<5B=GA�6M�K<=7< Shigella 75IG9G�<CGH�=@@B9GG� Shigella


9BH9FG�79@@G�J=5 D=BC7MHCG=G 69:CF9�@MG=B;�J9G=7@9G�5B8�9BH9F=B;�H<9 7MHCD@5GA��*B79�=BG=89�H<9
7MHCD@5GA Shigella DFC8I79G .<=;5�HCL=B 5B8�F5D=8@M�DC=GCBG�H<9�79@@��/<=G�A97<5B=GA�=G�?9M�HC
Shigella's 56=@=HM�HC�75IG9�8=G95G9�9J9B�=B�75G9G�C:�J9FM�GA5@@�9LDCGIF9�HC�H<9�657H9F=5��=�9� Shigella
<5G�5�J9FM�@CK =B:97H=CIG 8CG9���*B79�=BG=89�H<9 7C@CB=7 AI7CG5 Shigella HF5J9@G�:FCA�79@@�HC�79@@�J=5
57H=B DC@MA9F=N5H=CB�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �601*1<176�7.�07;<�+A<7;3-4-<76�7:/)61B)<176

�@84)6)<176�'0A

$B<=6=H=CB�C:�<CGH 7MHCG?9@9HCB CF;5B=N5H=CB�J=5 57H=B 89DC@MA9F=N5H=CB�=G�H<9�A97<5B=GA�C:�57H=CB�C:


HCL=B�� �G97F9H98�6M Clostridioides difficile �H<9�75IG5H=J9�CF;5B=GA�C: DG9I8CA9A6F5BCIG�7C@=H=G�
+G9I8CA9A6F5BCIG�7C@=H=G A5M�A5B=:9GH�K=H<�6@CC8�H=B;98 8=5FF<95��#CK9J9F �H<9�A5=B F=G?�:57HCF
:CF�H<9�89J9@CDA9BH�C: 7@CGHF=8=IA�9BH9FC7C@=H=G =G�DF=CF 5BH=6=CH=7 IG9 �K<=7<�H<=G�D5H=9BH�8C9G�BCH
F9DCFH��!IFH<9FACF9 GHCC@�7I@HIF9 =89BH=:=98�;F5A�B9;5H=J9�FC8G �K<=@9 C. difficile =G�5�;F5A�DCG=H=J9
FC8�

��� �>-:)+<1>)<176�7.�),-6A4)<-�+A+4);-

�@84)6)<176�'0A

*J9F57H=J5H=CB�C: 589BM@5H9�7M7@5G9 =G�H<9�A97<5B=GA�C: 7<C@9F5�HCL=B �DFC8I798�6M Vibrio cholerae�


5B8�C: <95H�@56=@9�HCL=B �DFC8I798�6M�9BH9FCHCL=;9B=7 E. coli� / �����CH<�HCL=BG�=B7F95G9 7�(+
@958=B;�HC�<=;<9F 7<@CF=89 G97F9H=CB�K=H<�F9GI@H=B;�K5H9F�9::@IL��#CK9J9F �H<9�F9GI@H�C:�GI7<�K5H9F
9::@IL�=G�DFC:IG9 �BCB6@CC8M 8=5FF<95 �=B�7CBHF5GH�HC�H<=G�D5H=9BH�G�6@CC8�H=B;98 8=5FF<95��(CF9CJ9F V.
cholerae =G CL=85G9�DCG=H=J9 5B8�7CAA5�G<5D98 �BCH�5�FC8��5B8 E. coli �H<CI;<�FC8�G<5D98 �=G�5��:5GH�
@57HCG9�:9FA9BH9F�

��� �1;;-516)<176�>1)�*477,;<:-)5

�@84)6)<176�'0A

�=GG9A=B5H=CB�J=5�H<9�6@CC8GHF95A�=G�5B�5GD97H�C: Salmonella J=FI@9B79� .5@ACB9@@CG=G =G�IGI5@@M


7CBHF57H98�5:H9F�95H=B;�H5=BH98�DCI@HFM�CF�9;;G�5B8�A5B=:9GHG�K=H<�6@CC8M 8=5FF<95 �K<=7<�=G�G99B
<9F9� Salmonella �<CK9J9F �=G�5B #�. DFC8I79F�K<9B�;FCKB�CB /.$�5;5F� Shigella �H<9�ACGH�@=?9@M
657H9F=5�=B�H<=G�D5H=9BH �ACJ9G�69HK99B�79@@G�5@CB;�H<9�<CGH�79@@G� 57H=B :=@5A9BHG�F5H<9F�H<5B�J=5�H<9
6@CC8GHF95A��0GIFD=B;�H<9�<CGH�G 7MHCG?9@9HCB 5@@CKG Shigella HC�9J589�7=F7I@5H=B; @9I?C7MH9G�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �4)/-44)�5-,1)<-,�/=<�+74761B)<176

�@84)6)<176�'0A

!@5;9@@5�A98=5H98�;IH 7C@CB=N5H=CB =G�5B�=ADCFH5BH�7CADCB9BH�C: Campylobacter jejuni J=FI@9B79�


BH9F=H=G�75IG98�6M�H<=G�657H9F=5�HMD=75@@M�A5B=:9GHG�K=H<�6@CC8M 8=5FF<95 �K<=7<�H<=G�D5H=9BH�<5G �6IH
5@GC�=B7@I89G�<=;< :9J9F AM5@;=5G �5B8 A5@5=G9 �K<=7<�5F9�BCH�A9BH=CB98�<9F9� C. jejuni =G CL=85G9
DCG=H=J9 �K<9F95G�H<9�=89BH=:=98�CF;5B=GA�=B�H<=G�=BGH5B79�=G CL=85G9�B9;5H=J9�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
!=-;<176�����

� ���M95F�C@8 KCA5B�7CA9G�HC�H<9�D<MG=7=5B�6975IG9�C:�9D=GC8=7�568CA=B5@�D5=B�5B8�:I@@B9GG�:CF
��ACBH<��.<9�KCF?G�5G�5B 5GG=GH5BH�5H�5B�5B=A5@�G<9@H9F 5B8�<9@DG�HC�:998�5B8�65H<9�H<9�5B=A5@G��+<MG=75@
9L5A=B5H=CB�G<CKG�<9D5HCA9;5@M���68CA=B5@�I@HF5GCIB8�G<CKG�5 ��7A 75@7=:=98�7MGH�K=H<�G9J9F5@
85I;<H9F�7MGHG�=B�H<9�@=J9F��.<9�IB89F;C9G �/�;I=898 D9F7IH5B9CIG�5GD=F5H=CB�IB89F�;9B9F5@�5B9GH<9G=5�
.9J9F5@�A=BIH9G�=BHC�H<9�DFC798IF9 �CB9 @=J9F�7MGH�GD=@@G �5B8�H<9�D5H=9BH�G CLM;9B�G5HIF5H=CB�897F95G9G
:FCA�����HC������#9F�DI@G9�=G ����A=B �5B8�6@CC8�DF9GGIF9�=G ������AA�#;��2<=7<�C:�H<9�:C@@CK=B;�=G
H<9�ACGH�@=?9@M�75IG5@�CF;5B=GA�C:�H<=G�D5H=9BH�G�7CB8=H=CB�

�6;?-: �5)/-

� .HFCB;M@C=89G�GH9F7CF5@=G

� /F=7<=B9@@5�GD=F5@=G

� /59B=5�GC@=IA

� .7<=GHCGCA5�A5BGCB=

�@CBCF7<=G�G=B9BG=G

! 7<=BC7C77IG�;F5BI@CGIG

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�6;?-: �5)/-

" �G75F=G�@IA6F=7C=89G

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�16<

/<=G�KCA5B�K=H<�DF9J=CIG�9LDCGIF9�HC�5B=A5@G�<5G�89J9@CD98 5B5D<M@57H=7�G<C7? �H57<M75F8=5


H57<MDB95 <MDCH9BG=CB <MDCL=5��8I9�HC�GD=@@5;9�C:�7MGH�7CBH9BHG�=BHC�H<9�6@CC8GHF95A �K<=7<�=G�5
7CAD@=75H=CB�C:�H<9�GIF;=75@�A5B5;9A9BH�C:�5�D5FH=7I@5F H5D9KCFA =B:97H=CB�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�7::-+<��6;?-:

��� #<:76/A471,-;�;<-:+7:)41;

�@84)6)<176�'0A

Strongyloides stercoralis =G�5 H<F958KCFA H<5H�D9B9HF5H9G�H<9 G?=B C:�<CGHG�5B8�A=;F5H9G�HC�H<9 @IB;G


K<9F9�=H�A5HIF9G��'5FJ59�H<9B�HF5J9@�HC�H<9 D<5FMBL 5B8�5F9�GK5@@CK98��$B:97H=CB�75B�A5B=:9GH�K=H<
7IH5B9CIG �F9GD=F5HCFM �CF�=BH9GH=B5@�GMADHCAG��#9D5H=7�=BJC@J9A9BH�=G�IB7CAACB��H<=G�7CB8=H=CB
8C9G�BCH�75IG9�H<9�75@7=:=98 �IB=@C7I@5F @=J9F�7MGHG G99B�=B�H<=G�75G9�

��� $:1+016-44)�;81:)41;

�@84)6)<176�'0A

Trichinella spiralis =G�5 B9A5HC89 H<5H�75IG9G HF=7<=BCG=G �5�7CB8=H=CB�H<5H�A5B=:9GHG�K=H<�=BH9GH=B5@


GMADHCAG GD@=BH9F�<9ACFF<5;9G �F9H=B5@�5B8 7CB>IB7H=J5@ <9ACFF<5;9G �D9F=CF6=H5@ 989A5 �F5G< �5B8
7<9ACG=G��$B:97H=CB�GDF958G�H<FCI;<�:975@�CF5@�HF5BGA=GG=CB�5B8�7CBGIADH=CB�C:�IB89F7CC?98�A95H�
#9D5H=7�=BJC@J9A9BH�=G�IB7CAACB��H<=G�7CB8=H=CB�8C9G�BCH�75IG9�H<9�75@7=:=98 �IB=@C7I@5F @=J9F�7MGHG
G99B�=B�H<=G�75G9�

��� $)-61)�;741=5

�@84)6)<176�'0A

Taenia solium �DCF?�H5D9KCFA��=B:97H=CB�C77IFG�5:H9F�=B;9GH=CB�C:�@5FJ59�H<FCI;<�IB89F7CC?98�DCF?


CF�7CBH5A=B5H=CB�K=H<�<IA5B�:979G��$H�75IG9G�=BH9GH=B5@ H59B=5G=G 7MGH=79F7CG=G �5B8
B9IFC7MGH=79F7CG=G��#9D5H=7�=BJC@J9A9BH�=G�IB7CAACB��H<=G�7CB8=H=CB�8C9G�BCH�75IG9�H<9�75@7=:=98
IB=@C7I@5F @=J9F�7MGHG G99B�=B�H<=G�75G9�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� #+01;<7;75)�5)6;761

�@84)6)<176�'0A

Schistosoma mansoni IG9G�:F9G<K5H9F�GB5=@G�5G�=BH9FA98=5H9�<CGHG�5B8�=B:97HG�<IA5BG�J=5�D9B9HF5H=CB


C:�H<9 G?=B��$B:97H=CB�A5B=:9GHG�K=H<�5 DFIF=H=7 A57I@CD5DI@5F F5G<�5H�H<9�DC=BH�C:�9BHFM�5B8�5 G9FIA
G=7?B9GG�@=?9�8=G95G9���<FCB=7 G7<=GHCGCA=5G=G 75B�A5B=:9GH�K=H<�<9D5H=7 �GD@9B=7 �DI@ACB5FM �5B8�CF
B9IFC@C;=7�=BJC@J9A9BH��#CK9J9F �=H�8C9G�BCH�HMD=75@@M�75IG9�75@7=:=98 �IB=@C7I@5F @=J9F�7MGHG 5G�G99B
=B�H<=G�75G9�

��� �4767:+01;�;16-6;1;

�@84)6)<176�'0A

Clonorchis sinensis ��<=B9G9�@=J9F�:@I?9��=G�5 HF9A5HC89 HF5BGA=HH98�6M�=B;9GH=CB�C:�IB89F7CC?98�:=G<�


$H�75IG9G�=B:97H=CB�5B8�C6GHFI7H=CB�C:�H<9 6=@=5FM�HF57H 5B8�=G�5GGC7=5H98�K=H<�7<FCB=7 =B:@5AA5H=CB
5B8�=B7F95G98�F=G?�C: 7<C@5B;=C75F7=BCA5��$H�8C9G�BCH�HMD=75@@M�75IG9�75@7=:=98 �IB=@C7I@5F @=J9F�7MGHG
5G�G99B�=B�H<=G�75G9�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �+0167+7++=;�/:)6=47;=;

�5)/-

�@84)6)<176��=<

Echinococcus granulosus �K<=7<�75IG9G 7MGH=7�97<=BC7C77CG=G �HMD=75@@M�DF9G9BHG�K=H<�IB=@C7I@5F


<M85H=8�7MGHG �K<=@9 Echinococcus multilocularis �H<9�75IG5@�CF;5B=GA�C: 5@J9C@5F�97<=BC7C77CG=G �=G
7<5F57H9F=N98�6M�:CFA5H=CB�C:�AI@H=D@9�7MGHG�K=H<�=B:=@HF5H=J9�;FCKH<�

�@84)6)<176�'0A

Echinococcus granulosus =G�5 H5D9KCFA C:�K<=7<�H<9�89:=B=H=J9�<CGHG�5F9�:CL9G �8C;G �5B8�75HG��/<9


=BH9FA98=5H9�<CGHG�5F9�G<99D�5B8�FC89BHG��$B:97H=CB�C77IFG�H<FCI;<�:975@�CF5@�HF5BGA=GG=CB�C:�9;;G�
#9D5H=7 97<=BC7C77CG=G HMD=75@@M�75IG9G A5@5=G9 �B5IG95 �JCA=H=B; <9D5HCA9;5@M �5B8�5B 5B97<C=7
K9@@�89:=B98 <9D5H=7�7MGH �<M85H=8�7MGH��K=H<�CF�K=H<CIH�85I;<H9F�7MGHG�5B8 9;;G<9@@�75@7=:=75H=CB CB
I@HF5GCBC;F5D<M���BM�=BJ5G=J9�DFC798IF9��8F5=B5;9�CF�GIF;9FM��C:�<M85H=8�7MGHG�G<CI@8�69�D9F:CFA98
K=H<�H<9�IHACGH�75F9�HC�DF9J9BH�GD=@@5;9�C:�7MGH�7CBH9BHG �K<=7<�75B�75IG9�@=:9�H<F95H9B=B;
5B5D<M@57H=7�G<C7? 5B8�CF�G97CB85FM�G998=B;�C:�=B:97H=CB �5G�G99B�=B�H<=G�D5H=9BH�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �;+):1;�4=5*:1+71,-;

�@84)6)<176�'0A

Ascaris lumbricoides =G�5 B9A5HC89 H<5H�GDF958G�J=5�:975@�CF5@�HF5BGA=GG=CB��'5FJ59�=BJ589�H<9


=BH9GH=B9G�5B8�H<9B�A=;F5H9�:FCA�H<9�DCFH5@�7=F7I@5H=CB�HC�H<9 @IB;G �:FCA�K<=7<�H<9M�5F9�7CI;<98�ID
5B8�GK5@@CK98��$B:97H=CBG�A5B=:9GH�K=H<�F9GD=F5HCFM�5B8�=BH9GH=B5@�GMADHCAG���8I@H�KCFAG�75B
A=;F5H9�HC�H<9 6=@=5FM�HF57H 5B8�75IG9�C6GHFI7H=CB�K=H< 7<C@9GH5G=G��#CK9J9F �=H�8C9G�BCH�HMD=75@@M
75IG9�75@7=:=98 �IB=@C7I@5F @=J9F�7MGHG 5G�G99B�=B�H<=G�75G9�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
!=-;<176�����

� ���M95F�C@8 A5B�7CA9G�HC�H<9�D<MG=7=5B�:CF�5B�5BBI5@�7<97?�ID��#9�<5G�BC�7CAD@5=BHG��#9�K5G
8=5;BCG98�K=H< <9D5H=H=G�� ���M95FG 5;C��+<MG=75@�9L5A=B5H=CB�G<CKG�BC�56BCFA5@=H=9G��'56CF5HCFM
GHI8=9G�G<CK�5B�5GD5FH5H9�5A=BCHF5BG:9F5G9�C: ���0�' �5B 5@5B=B9�5A=BCHF5BG:9F5G9�C: ���0�'��#=G
<9D5H=H=G�� �)��=G�89H97H98 �6IH�H<9�@C58�=B8=75H9G�5 J9FM�@CK�7<5B79�C:�=B:97H=J=HM��2<=7<�C:�H<9
:C@@CK=B;�G9H�C:�G9FC@C;=75@�:=B8=B;G�=G�ACGH�@=?9@M�HC�69�:CIB8�=B�H<=G�D5H=9BH�

��;�/ �6<1���; ��-�/ �6<1���- �6<1���+��/� �6<1���+��/�

��� +CG=H=J9 B9;5H=J9 B9;5H=J9 DCG=H=J9 B9;5H=J9 DCG=H=J9

��� )9;5H=J9 B9;5H=J9 B9;5H=J9 B9;5H=J9 DCG=H=J9 B9;5H=J9

��� +CG=H=J9 B9;5H=J9 DCG=H=J9 B9;5H=J9 DCG=H=J9 B9;5H=J9

��� )9;5H=J9 DCG=H=J9 B9;5H=J9 B9;5H=J9 B9;5H=J9 B9;5H=J9

��� +CG=H=J9 B9;5H=J9 DCG=H=J9 B9;5H=J9 B9;5H=J9 DCG=H=J9

��� )9;5H=J9 DCG=H=J9 B9;5H=J9 DCG=H=J9 B9;5H=J9 DCG=H=J9

�6;?-: �5)/-

� �

� �

� �

� �

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�6;?-: �5)/-

! !

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�16<

/<=G�D5H=9BH�<5G�=B57H=J9 7<FCB=7�<9D5H=H=G�� �5G�=B8=75H98�6M�<=G�@CK <9D5H=H=G�� �)� @C58��=B8=75H=B;


J9FM�@CK =B:97H=J=HM� �BCFA5@ �'/ @9J9@ �5B8�@57?�C:�GMADHCAG� #�G�; �5�GIF:579 5BH=;9B �=G�5�DFCH9=B
CB�H<9�GIF:579�C: <9D5H=H=G���J=FIG �HMD=75@@M�H<9�:=FGH�9J=89B79�C:�=B:97H=CB�� #�9�; �5B�9BJ9@CD9
5BH=;9B �=G�5�DFCH9=B�G97F9H98�6M�H<9�J=FIG�H<5H�=B8=75H9G�J=F5@�F9D@=75H=CB�5B8 =B:97H=J=HM� #�7�; =G�5�J=F5@
7CF9 5BH=;9B H<5H�=G�9LDF9GG98�6M�=B:97H98 @=J9F 79@@G�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�7::-+<��6;?-:

��� �

�@84)6)<176�'0A

/<9�DF9G9B79�C: #�7�; 5BH=6C8=9G =B8=75H9�9=H<9F�5�F979BH��5BH=�#�7 $;(��CF�F9GC@J98�CF�7<FCB=7


�5BH=�#�7 $;"� <9D5H=H=G�� =B:97H=CB��/<9�7CA6=B5H=CB�C:�DCG=H=J9�#6G�; �DCG=H=J9�5BH=�#�9
DCG=H=J9�5BH=�#�7 $;" �5B8�B9;5H=J9 5BH=�#�G 5BH=6C8=9G =B8=75H9G�5�7<FCB=7 <9D5H=H=G�� =B:97H=CB�5B8
@CK =B:97H=J=HM C:�H<=G�D5H=9BH�

��� �

�@84)6)<176�'0A

/<9�DF9G9B79�C: #�7�; 5BH=6C8=9G =B8=75H9G�9=H<9F�5�F979BH��5BH=�#�7 $;(� �CF�5�F9GC@J98�CF�7<FCB=7


�5BH=�#�7 $;"� <9D5H=H=G���=B:97H=CB��/<9�DF9G9B79�C:�=GC@5H98�DCG=H=J9�5BH=�#�7 $;( K=H<�B9;5H=J9
#�G�; =B8=75H9G�5�TK=B8CK�D9F=C8U�C:�5�F9GC@J=B; #�1�=B:97H=CB K<9B #�G�; =G�8=G5DD95F=B;�5B8
5BH=Z#�G�=G�BCH�M9H�89H97H56@9��#CK9J9F �H<=G�D5H=9BH�<5G�5B�=B57H=J9�7<FCB=7 <9D5H=H=G�� =B:97H=CB�

��� �

�@84)6)<176�'0A

/<9�DF9G9B79�C: #�7�; 5BH=6C8=9G =B8=75H9G�9=H<9F�5�F979BH��5BH=�#�7 $;(� �CF�5�F9GC@J98�CF�7<FCB=7


�5BH=�#�7 $;"� <9D5H=H=G�� =B:97H=CB��/<9�7CA6=B5H=CB�C:�DCG=H=J9 #�G�; �DCG=H=J9 #�9�; �5B8
DCG=H=J9�5BH=�#�7 $;( =B8=75H9G�5B�57IH9 <9D5H=H=G�� =B:97H=CB��#CK9J9F �H<=G�D5H=9BH�<5G�5B�=B57H=J9
7<FCB=7 <9D5H=H=G�� =B:97H=CB�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �

�@84)6)<176�'0A

/<9�DF9G9B79�C: 5BH=�#�G =B8=75H9G =AAIB=HM HC #�1 8I9�HC J577=B5H=CB CF�F9GC@J98�=B:97H=CB� �BH=�


#�G IGI5@@M�5DD95F��S��ACBH<G�5:H9F�=B:97H=CB��+CG=H=J9 5BH=�#�G CB@M�=B8=75H9G�GH5HIG
DCGH�J577=B5H=CB��#CK9J9F �H<=G�D5H=9BH�<5G�5B�=B57H=J9�7<FCB=7 <9D5H=H=G�� =B:97H=CB�

��� �

�@84)6)<176�'0A

/<9�DF9G9B79�C: #�7�; 5BH=6C8=9G =B8=75H9�9=H<9F�5�F979BH��5BH=�#�7 $;(��CF�F9GC@J98�CF�7<FCB=7


�5BH=�#�7 $;"� <9D5H=H=G�� =B:97H=CB��/<9�7CA6=B5H=CB�C:�DCG=H=J9 #�G�; �DCG=H=J9 #�9�; �5B8
DCG=H=J9�5BH=�#�7 $;" =B8=75H9G�5B�57H=J9�7<FCB=7 <9D5H=H=G�� =B:97H=CB �K<=7<�=G�5�J9FM�7CBH5;=CIG
HMD9�C:�=B:97H=CB�K=H<�<=;<�J=F5@�@C58G���������$0�A'���/<=G�D5H=9BH�G�J=F5@�@C58�=B8=75H9G�@CK
=B:97H=J=HM �K<=7<�=G�7CBG=GH9BH�K=H<�=B57H=J9�7<FCB=7 <9D5H=H=G�� =B:97H=CB�

��� �

�@84)6)<176�'0A

/<9�DF9G9B79�C: 5BH=�#�G =B8=75H9G =AAIB=HM HC #�1 8I9�HC J577=B5H=CB CF�F9GC@J98�=B:97H=CB�5B8


IGI5@@M�5DD95FG��S��ACBH<G�5:H9F�=B:97H=CB��/<9�DF9G9B79�C: #�9�; 5BH=6C8=9G �5BH=�#�9��=B8=75H9G
7@95F5B79�C: <9D5H=H=G�� J=FIG��/<9�DF9G9B79�C:�5BH=�#�7�; 5BH=6C8=9G =B8=75H9G�9=H<9F�5�F979BH��5BH=�
#�7 $;(��CF�5�F9GC@J98�CF�7<FCB=7��5BH=�#�7 $;"� <9D5H=H=G�� =B:97H=CB��/<9�7CA6=B5H=CB�C: 5BH=�
#�G �5BH=�#�9 �5B8�5BH=�#�7 $;" =B8=75H9G�5�DF=CF�=B:97H=CB�H<5H�<5G�F9GC@J98 �=B�K<=7< #�1��)�
=G�BC�@CB;9F�89H97H56@9��#CK9J9F �H<=G�D5H=9BH�<5G�5B�=B57H=J9�7<FCB=7 <9D5H=H=G�� =B:97H=CB�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
!=-;<176����

� ���M95F�C@8 A5B�K=H< 7<FCB=7 <9D5H=H=G�� J=FIG�=B:97H=CB 7CA9G�HC�H<9�D<MG=7=5B�6975IG9�C:


;9B9F5@=N98�:5H=;I9�5B8�5 ����?; ����@6� K9=;<H�@CGG CJ9F�H<9�D5GH ��ACBH<G��+<MG=75@�9L5A=B5H=CB�G<CKG
<9D5HCA9;5@M��'56CF5HCFM�GHI8=9G�G<CK�5B V�:9HCDFCH9=B 7CB79BHF5H=CB�C: ����B;�A@ �)������B;�A'����
�/�G75B C:�H<9�568CA9B�K=H<�7CBHF5GH�G<CKG�5 GC@=H5FM�A5GG�=B�H<9�@9:H�@C69�C:�H<9�@=J9F H<5H�9B<5B79G�=B
H<9�5FH9F=5@�D<5G9��2<=7<�C:�H<9�:C@@CK=B;�=G�H<9�ACGH�@=?9@M�IB89F@M=B;�D5H<C;9B9G=G�C:�H<=G�D5H=9BH�G
7IFF9BH�7CB8=H=CB�

�6;?-: �5)/-

� *J9F9LDF9GG=CB�C:�G97F9HCFM�<9D5H=H=G�5BH=;9B

� $BHF579@@I@5F�577IAI@5H=CB�C:�A=G:C@898�DFCH9=B

� "5=B�C:�:IB7H=CB�AIH5H=CB�C:�5�DFCHC�CB7C;9B9

� 1=F5@�7MHCHCL=B�=B8I798�79@@I@5F�8MGD@5G=5

$BH9;F5H=CB�C:�:CF9=;B��)��=BHC�<CGH�;9BCA9

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�16<

��GC@=H5FM�<9D5H=7�A5GG�=B�5B�=B8=J=8I5@�K=H<�9@9J5H98 V�:9HCDFCH9=B @9J9@G�=G�GHFCB;@M�GI;;9GH=J9�C:


<9D5HC79@@I@5F�75F7=BCA5 �#������<FCB=7 <9D5H=H=G�� J=FIG�=B:97H=CB�=G�5B�=ADCFH5BH F=G?�:57HCF :CF #���

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�7::-+<��6;?-:

��� �>-:-@8:-;;176�7.�;-+:-<7:A�0-8)<1<1;�)6<1/-6

�@84)6)<176�'0A

*J9F9LDF9GG=CB�C:�G97F9HCFM <9D5H=H=G���J=FIG �#�1� 5BH=;9B �=�9� #�9�;��=B8=75H9G�5�GH5H9�C:�57H=J9


F9D@=75H=CB�5B8�<=;< =B:97H=J=HM��/<CI;<�A97<5B=GAG�7CBHF=6IH=B;�HC�H<9�89J9@CDA9BH�C:
<9D5HC79@@I@5F�75F7=BCA5 A5M�5@F958M�69�57H=J9�=B�95F@M�GH5;9G�C: 57IH9�#�1�=B:97H=CBG �J=F5@
F9D@=75H=CB�5@CB9�8C9G�BCH�=B8I79�<9D5HC75F7=BC;9B9G=G�

��� �6<:)+-44=4):�)++=5=4)<176�7.�51;.74,-,�8:7<-16

�@84)6)<176�'0A

$BHF579@@I@5F�577IAI@5H=CB�C:�A=G:C@898 DFCH9=BG <5G�699B�C6G9FJ98�=B�D5H=9BHG�K=H< V��5BH=HFMDG=B


89:=7=9B7M ���/����$B�H<=G�7CB8=H=CB �=AD5=F98�G97F9H=CB�C:�5�J5F=5BH ��/ DFCH9=B�@958G�HC�D5H<C@C;=7
DC@MA9F=N5H=CB�5B8�577IAI@5H=CB�C: ��/ K=H<=B <9D5HC7MH9G� ��/ DFCH9=B�89DCG=HG�5DD95F�5G
=BHF579@@I@5F�=B7@IG=CBG�H<5H�GH5=B�DCG=H=J9�K=H< D9F=C8=7�57=8�.7<=:: F95;9BH��.I6G9EI9BH @=J9F 85A5;9
A5M�@958�HC <9D5H=H=G 7=FF<CG=G �5B8 <9D5HC79@@I@5F�75F7=BCA5��#CK9J9F �H<=G�D5H=9BH�<5G�7<FCB=7
<9D5H=H=G�� J=FIG�=B:97H=CB �BCH ��/��

��� �)16�7.�.=6+<176�5=<)<176�7.�)�8:7<7�76+7/-6-

�@84)6)<176�'0A

� ;5=B�C:�:IB7H=CB�AIH5H=CB 7CBJ9FHG�5 DFCHC�CB7C;9B9 =BHC�5B CB7C;9B9 75IG=B;�IB7CBHFC@@98�79@@


DFC@=:9F5H=CB K=H<�5B�=B7F95G98�F=G?�:CF�75B79F�89J9@CDA9BH��!CF�=BGH5B79 57H=J5H=B;�AIH5H=CB C:
DFCHC�CB7C;9B9G 7(3� %�&� �5B8 7�&$/ <5J9�699B�5GGC7=5H98�K=H< �IF?=HH�@MAD<CA5 7<FCB=7
AM9@CDFC@=:9F5H=J9�8=GCF89FG �5B8 ;5GHFC=BH9GH=B5@�GHFCA5@�HIACF �F9GD97H=J9@M���@H<CI;<�5@H9F98
9LDF9GG=CB�C:�F9;I@5HCFM ;9B9G 7CBHF=6IH9G�HC @=J9F 75F7=BC;9B9G=G �H<9F9�=G�BC�GD97=:=7 DFCHC�
CB7C;9B9 5GGC7=5H98�K=H< <9D5HC79@@I@5F�75F7=BCA5�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� &1:)4�+A<7<7@16�16,=+-,�+-44=4):�,A;84);1)

�@84)6)<176�'0A

#9D5H=H=G���J=FIG �#�1��8C9G�BCH�<5J9�5�8=F97H�7MHCHCL=7�9::97H��#CK9J9F �=B:97H98 <9D5HC7MH9G 5F9


89GHFCM98�6M ���� 7MHCHCL=7 /�79@@G 5G�D5FH�C:�H<9�<CGH =AAIB9�F9GDCBG9���<FCB=7�=BHF5<9D5H=7
=B:@5AA5H=CB A5=BH5=BG�5�7M7@9�C: @=J9F 79@@ B97FCG=G A=HCG=G �5B8�F9;9B9F5H=J9 <MD9FD@5G=5 H<5H�75B
=B8I79�79@@I@5F 8MGD@5G=5 5B8 �9J9BHI5@@M <9D5HC79@@I@5F�75F7=BCA5�

��� �6<-/:)<176�7.�.7:-1/6�����16<7�07;<�/-675-

�@84)6)<176�'0A

$BH9;F5H=CB�C: <9D5H=H=G���J=FIG �)� =BHC�H<9�<CGH ;9BCA9 5@H9FG�H<9�9LDF9GG=CB�C: 9B8C;9BCIG <CGH


;9B9G =ADCFH5BH�:CF�79@@�;FCKH< DFC@=:9F5H=CB �5B8�8=::9F9BH=5H=CB��$H�5@GC�=B8I79G 7<FCACGCA5@
=BGH56=@=HM���@H<CI;<�J=F5@ �)� =BH9;F5H=CB�C77IFG�F5B8CA@M �=H�C:H9B�=BJC@J9G�G9;A9BHG�C: ;9B9G
9B7C8=B;�:CF�?9M�:57HCFG�=B 75F7=BC;9B9G=G �GI7<�5G D�� D-6 7M7@=BG ��5B8��� �5B8 /"!�69H5�
/<9F9:CF9 �577IAI@5H=CB�C:�;9B9H=7�85A5;9�5B8�5@H9F98�9LDF9GG=CB�C:�H<9G9�F9;I@5HCFM DFCH9=BG
7CBHF=6IH9�HC�H<9�89J9@CDA9BH�C: #����!IFH<9FACF9 �7CBH=BICIG�9LDF9GG=CB�C:�79FH5=B�J=F5@ DFCH9=BG
�9�;� �#�L�DFCH9=B��H<5H�AC8I@5H9�H<9�9LDF9GG=CB�C:�<CGH ;9B9G <5G�5@GC�699B�=AD@=75H98�=B�H<9
89J9@CDA9BH�C: #���

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
!=-;<176�����

� ���M95F�C@8 A5B�7CA9G�HC�H<9�9A9F;9B7M�89D5FHA9BH�6975IG9�C:�5 ���85M <=GHCFM�C: F=;<H�IDD9F


EI58F5BH�568CA=B5@�D5=B��#9�<5G�5@GC�699B�:99@=B;�H=F98�5B8�B5IG9CIG�:CF�H<9�D5GH ��K99?G��*B
9L5A=B5H=CB G7@9F5@�=7H9FIG�=G�DF9G9BH���68CA=B5@�9L5A=B5H=CB�G<CKG�H9B89FB9GG�HC�D5@D5H=CB�=B�H<9
F=;<H�IDD9F�EI58F5BH��/<9�@=J9F�98;9�=G�D5@D5H98 ��7A 69@CK�H<9�F=;<H�7CGH5@�A5F;=B��'56CF5HCFM�GHI8=9G
G<CK�

�GD5FH5H9�5A=BCHF5BG:9F5G9 �����0�'

�@5B=B9�5A=BCHF5BG:9F5G9 �����0�'

#9D5H=H=G���$;(�5BH=6C8M B9;5H=J9

#9D5H=H=G���GIF:579�5BH=;9B B9;5H=J9

#9D5H=H=G���GIF:579�5BH=6C8M B9;5H=J9

#9D5H=H=G���7CF9�$;(�5BH=6C8M DCG=H=J9

#9D5H=H=G���5BH=6C8M DCG=H=J9

#9D5H=H=G���-)� B9;5H=J9

2<=7<�C:�H<9�:C@@CK=B;�=G�H<9�ACGH�5DDFCDF=5H9�HF95HA9BH�:CF�H<=G�D5H=9BH�

�6;?-: �5)/-

� -=65J=F=B�5B8�=BH9F:9FCB

� .IDDCFH=J9�H<9F5DM

� '98=D5GJ=F�5B8�GC:CG6IJ=F

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�6;?-: �5)/-

� /9BC:CJ=F

A9F;9B7M�@=J9F�HF5BGD@5BH5H=CB

! +9;M@5H98�=BH9F:9FCB�5@D<5

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�16<

.I889B�CBG9H�C:�B5IG95 >5IB8=79 :9J9F �5B8 F=;<H�IDD9F�EI58F5BH D5=B K=H<�A5GG=J9@M�9@9J5H98�G9FIA


HF5BG5A=B5G9 @9J9@G���������0�'��GI;;9GHG�5�8=5;BCG=G�C: 57IH9�J=F5@�<9D5H=H=G��/<9�DF9G9B79�C: 5BH=�#�7
$;(�5BH=6C8=9G K=H<CIH�7CB7IFF9BH #�G�; CF 5BH=�#�G 5BH=6C8=9G =B8=75H9G�H<5H�H<=G�D5H=9BH�=G�=B�H<9
K=B8CK�D9F=C8 C:�57IH9 <9D5H=H=G�� =B:97H=CB�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�7::-+<��6;?-:

��� "1*)>1:16�)6,�16<-:.-:76

�@84)6)<176�'0A

��7CA6=B5H=CB�C: F=65J=F=B 5B8 =BH9F:9FCB 75B�69�IG98�HC�HF95H 7<FCB=7�<9D5H=H=G�� 75IG98�6M


;9BCHMD9G ��5B8������D5H=9BH�K=H<�5�7<FCB=7 <9D5H=H=G�� =B:97H=CB�K=@@�<5J9�=B7F95G98�@9J9@G�C:
5BH=6C8=9G 5;5=BGH #�1 5B8�DCGG=6@M�9@9J5H98�G9FIA HF5BG5A=B5G9 @9J9@G��#CK9J9F �H<9�G9FIA
HF5BG5A=B5G9 @9J9@G�KCI@8�CB@M�69�A=@8@M�HC�AC89F5H9@M�=B7F95G98��������0�'��5B8 #�1 -)�
KCI@8�69�89H97H56@9��/<9�56G9B79�C: #�1 -)� ACGH�@=?9@M�=B8=75H9G�5�D5GH <9D5H=H=G�� =B:97H=CB�H<5H
<5G�F9GC@J98�

��� #=887:<1>-�<0-:)8A

�@84)6)<176��=<

/<9�DF9G9B79�C: #�G�; CB G9FC@C;M 89BCH9G�5B�57IH9 <9D5H=H=G�� =B:97H=CB��2<=@9�5BH=�#�7�=G�H<9


:=FGH 5BH=6C8M HC�69�A589 �=H�8C9G�BCH�DFC::9F�=AAIB9�7@95F5B79�C: <9D5H=H=G����#CK9J9F �5BH=�#�7
A5M�69�H<9�CB@M�A5F?9F�C:�=B:97H=CB�8IF=B;�H<9 G9FC7CBJ9FG=CB C: #�G�; HC 5BH=�#�G �=�9� �8IF=B;
H<9 K=B8CK�D9F=C8����IF=B;�H<=G�H=A9 �5@@�#�G�;G�5B8 5BH=�#�G 5F9�=B 5BH=;9B�5BH=6C8M 7CAD@9L9G
GC�H<9M�75BBCH�69�89H97H98�=B�H<9�G9FIA��$AAIB9�7@95F5B79�=G�9GH56@=G<98�K<9B�588=H=CB5@�IB6CIB8
5BH=�#�G 697CA9G�89H97H56@9�CB G9FC@C;M�

�@84)6)<176�'0A

.IDDCFH=J9�H<9F5DM�=G�5@@�H<5H�=G�F9EI=F98�:CF�5�D5H=9BH�K=H<�57IH9 <9D5H=H=G�� =B:97H=CB����B9;5H=J9


#�G�; K=H<�DCG=H=J9 5BH=�#�7 $;(�5BH=6C8=9G =B8=75H9�H<5H�H<9�=B:97H=CB�=G�F9GC@J=B;� �BH=�#�G
5BH=6C8M H=H9FG A5M�BCH�=B7F95G9�:CF�ID�HC��S��K99?G�:C@@CK=B;�H<9�8=G5DD95F5B79�C: #6G�; :FCA
G9FIA��K=B8CK�D9F=C8� �K<=7<�=G�K<M�A95GIF=B;�5BH=�#�7 5BH=6C8M H=H9FG =B�D5H=9BHG�K=H<�GIGD97H98
57IH9 <9D5H=H=G�� =B:97H=CB�=G�=ADCFH5BH�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �-,18);>1:�)6,�;7.7;*=>1:

�@84)6)<176�'0A

��7CA6=B5H=CB�C: @98=D5GJ=F 5B8 GC:CG6IJ=F 75B�69�IG98�HC�HF95H 7<FCB=7�<9D5H=H=G�� =B:97H=CB�75IG98


6M ;9BCHMD9G � �� �� �5B8���C: #�1����D5H=9BH�K=H<�7<FCB=7 <9D5H=H=G�� =B:97H=CB�K=@@�<5J9�=B7F95G98
@9J9@G�C: 5BH=6C8=9G 5;5=BGH #�1 5B8�A5M�<5J9�9@9J5H98�G9FIA HF5BG5A=B5G9 @9J9@G��#CK9J9F �H<9
G9FIA HF5BG5A=B5G9 @9J9@G�KCI@8�CB@M�69�A=@8@M�CF�AC89F5H9@M�=B7F95G98��������0�'� �5B8 #�1
-)� KCI@8�69�89H97H56@9��/<9�56G9B79�C: #�1 -)� ACGH�@=?9@M�=B8=75H9G�5�D5GH <9D5H=H=G��
=B:97H=CB�H<5H�<5G�F9GC@J98�

��� $-67.7>1:

�@84)6)<176�'0A

/9BC:CJ=F =G�IG98�HC�HF95H�=AAIB9�57H=J9�7<FCB=7 <9D5H=H=G�� ��#������D5H=9BH�K=H<�=AAIB9�57H=J9


�#��KCI@8�<5J9�9@9J5H98�G9FIA HF5BG5A=B5G9 @9J9@G�5B8�B9;5H=J9 5BH=�#�G 5BH=6C8=9G��#CK9J9F �=B
�#� �5BH=�#�7 $;"�5BH=6C8=9G KCI@8�69�9LD97H98�=BGH958�C: 5BH=�#�7 $;(�5BH=6C8=9G #6G�;
KCI@8�69�DF9G9BH �5B8�H<9�G9FIA HF5BG5A=B5G9 @9J9@G�KCI@8�CB@M�69�A=@8@M�CF�AC89F5H9@M�=B7F95G98
�������0�'��

��� �5-:/-6+A�41>-:�<:)6;84)6<)<176

�@84)6)<176�'0A

$B�5�D5H=9BH�K=H< 57IH9�J=F5@�<9D5H=H=G �9A9F;9B7M @=J9F�HF5BGD@5BH5H=CB =G�=B8=75H98�=: :I@A=B5BH�@=J9F


:5=@IF9 C77IFG��#CK9J9F :I@A=B5BH�<9D5H=7�:5=@IF9 :C@@CK=B; <9D5H=H=G���=B:97H=CB =G�G99B�=B�CB@M
�����C:�75G9G �5B8�=H�KCI@8�A5B=:9GH�K=H<�:95HIF9G�C: <9D5H=7�9B79D<5@CD5H<M �9�;� �5@H9F98�A9BH5@
GH5HIG 5GH9F=L=G� �=B7F95G98 +/�$)- �5B8�5B �./��'/�F5H=C �����)CB9�C:�H<9G9�:95HIF9G�5F9�DF9G9BH�=B
H<=G�D5H=9BH�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� -/A4)<-,�16<-:.-:76�)480)

�@84)6)<176�'0A

+9;M@5H98 =BH9F:9FCB�5@D<5 =G�IG98�HC�HF95H�=AAIB9�57H=J9�7<FCB=7 <9D5H=H=G�� ��#���5B8�57IH9


<9D5H=H=G�� =B:97H=CB����D5H=9BH�K=H<�=AAIB9�57H=J9��#��KCI@8�<5J9�9@9J5H98�G9FIA HF5BG5A=B5G9
@9J9@G�5B8�B9;5H=J9 5BH=�#�G 5BH=6C8=9G��#CK9J9F �=B��#��5BH=�#�7 $;"�5BH=6C8=9G KCI@8�69
9LD97H98�=BGH958�C: 5BH=�#�7 $;(�5BH=6C8=9G #6G�; KCI@8�69�DF9G9BH �5B8�H<9�G9FIA HF5BG5A=B5G9
@9J9@G�KCI@8�CB@M�69�A=@8@M�CF�AC89F5H9@M�=B7F95G98��������0�'�����D5H=9BH�K=H<�57IH9 <9D5H=H=G��
=B:97H=CB�K=@@�<5J9�A5GG=J9@M�=B7F95G98�G9FIA HF5BG5A=B5G9 @9J9@G�5B8�=B7F95G98 H=H9FG C: 5BH=6C8=9G
5;5=BGH #�1 �5G�G99B�<9F9 �6IH #�1 -)� KCI@8�5@GC�69�89H97H56@9��/<9�56G9B79�C: #�1 -)� ACGH
@=?9@M�=B8=75H9G�5�D5GH <9D5H=H=G�� =B:97H=CB�H<5H�<5G�F9GC@J98�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
!=-;<176�����

� ���M95F�C@8 A5B�7CA9G�HC�H<9�D<MG=7=5B�6975IG9�C:�5 ��ACBH< <=GHCFM�C:�=BH9FA=HH9BH�6F=;<H�F98�6@CC8


=B�<=G�GHCC@ �DFC;F9GG=J9�:5H=;I9 �5B8�5 ��?;�����@6� K9=;<H�@CGG��#9�5DD95FG�H<=B�5B8�:5H=;I98��+<MG=75@
9L5A=B5H=CB�G<CKG�7CB>IB7H=J5@�D5@@CF��#9AC;@C6=B�7CB79BHF5H=CB�=G ����;�8' 5B8 (�1�=G����YA��
-9GI@HG�C:�:975@�C77I@H�6@CC8�H9GH=B;�5F9�DCG=H=J9����7C@CBCG7CDM�G<CKG�5�@5F;9 �:F=56@9�A5GG�=B�H<9 5B5@
75B5@�DFCL=A5@�HC�H<9�D97H=B5H9�@=B9��+F=A5FM�A9H5GH5G=G�HC�K<=7<�C:�H<9�:C@@CK=B;�@MAD<�BC89G�=G�ACGH
@=?9@M�=B�H<=G�D5H=9BH�

�6;?-: �5)/-

� $B:9F=CF�A9G9BH9F=7

� $BH9FB5@�=@=57

� .ID9F=CF�A9G9BH9F=7

� LH9FB5@�=@=57

+5F5�5CFH=7

! .ID9F:=7=5@�=B;I=B5@

" �99D�=B;I=B5@

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�16<

/<9G9 @MAD<�BC89G 5@GC�F979=J9 @MAD<5H=7G :FCA�H<9�;@IH95@�F9;=CB �=B:9F=CF�D9@J=7 J=G79F5 �=B7@I8=B;


F97HIA DFCGH5H9 �5B8�D5FH�C:�H<9 79FJ=L� �5B8�H<9�D9F=B9IA��=B7@I8=B; A9A6F5BCIG�IF9H<F5 5B8 GDCB;M
IF9H<F5��

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�7::-+<��6;?-:

��� �6.-:17:�5-;-6<-:1+

�@84)6)<176�'0A

/<9 =B:9F=CF�A9G9BH9F=7�@MAD<�BC89G F979=J9 @MAD<5H=7�8F5=B5;9 :FCA�H<9 GD@9B=7�:@9LIF9 C:�H<9


7C@CB HC�H<9�IDD9F F97HIA��/<=G�D5H=9BH�G�A5GG�=G�@C75H98�=B�H<9 DFCL=A5@ 5B5@�75B5@ �K<=7<�@=9G 8=GH5@
=B�H<9 "$�HF57H HC�H<9 F97HIA�

��� �6<-:6)4�141)+

�@84)6)<176�'0A

/<9 =BH9FB5@�=@=57�@MAD<�BC89G F979=J9 @MAD<5H=7�8F5=B5;9 :FCA�H<9�IDD9F�D5FH�C:�H<9 5B5@�75B5@


DFCL=A5@ HC�H<9 D97H=B5H9�@=B9��/<9 =BH9FB5@�=@=57�@MAD<�BC89G KCI@8�H<9F9:CF9�69�H<9�ACGH�@=?9@M�G=H9
C: @MAD<5H=7�A9H5GH5G=G =B�H<=G�D5H=9BH�K=H<�5�A5GG�=B�H<9 DFCL=A5@ 5B5@�75B5@�

��� #=8-:17:�5-;-6<-:1+

�@84)6)<176�'0A

/<9 GID9F=CF�A9G9BH9F=7�@MAD<�BC89G F979=J9 @MAD<5H=7�8F5=B5;9 :FCA�H<9 8=GH5@ 8IC89BIA HC�H<9


7C@CB DFCL=A5@ HC�H<9 GD@9B=7�:@9LIF9��/<9M�5@GC�F979=J9 @MAD<5H=7�8F5=B5;9 :FCA�H<9 =B:9F=CF
A9G9BH9F=7�@MAD<�BC89G��/<=G�D5H=9BH�G�A5GG�=G�@C75H98 8=GH5@ HC�H<9�F9;=CBG�C:�8F5=B5;9�:CF�H<9G9
@MAD<�BC89G�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �@<-:6)4�141)+

�@84)6)<176�'0A

/<9 9LH9FB5@�=@=57�@MAD<�BC89G 8F5=B�H<9 IH9FIG 5B8�GID9F=CF�DCFH=CB�C:�H<9 6@5889F��/<=G�D5H=9BH�G


A5GG�=G�@C75H98�=B�H<9 7C@CB GC�=BJC@J9A9BH�C:�H<9G9�BC89G�KCI@8�69�IB9LD97H98�

��� ):)�)7:<1+

�@84)6)<176�'0A

/<9 D5F5�5CFH=7�@MAD<�BC89G F979=J9 @MAD<5H=7�8F5=B5;9 :FCA�H<9 H9GH9G CJ5F=9G IH9FIG ?=8B9MG �5B8
58F9B5@G��/<=G�D5H=9BH�G�A5GG�=G�@C75H98�=B�H<9 DFCL=A5@ 5B5@�75B5@ �CIHG=89�C:�H<9�F9;=CBG�C:�8F5=B5;9
:CF�H<9G9 @MAD<�BC89G�

��� #=8-:.1+1)4�16/=16)4

�@84)6)<176�'0A

/<9 GID9F:=7=5@�=B;I=B5@�@MAD<�BC89G F979=J9 @MAD<5H=7�8F5=B5;9 :FCA�H<9�@CK9F�D5FH�C:�H<9 5B5@


75B5@ 8=GH5@ HC�H<9 D97H=B5H9�@=B9��/<9M�5@GC�F979=J9�8F5=B5;9�:FCA�H<9 G?=B 69@CK�H<9 IA6=@=7IG 5B8
D5FHG�C:�H<9�"0�GMGH9A���@H<CI;<�H<=G�D5H=9BH�G�A5GG�=G�@C75H98�=B�H<9 5B5@�75B5@ �=H�=G DFCL=A5@ HC�H<9
D97H=B5H9�@=B9�

��� �--8�16/=16)4

�@84)6)<176�'0A

/<9 899D�=B;I=B5@�@MAD<�BC89G HMD=75@@M�8F5=B�H<9�H=GGI9G�C:�H<9 ;@5BG�D9B=G JI@J5 �5B8 �=B�GCA9

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
75G9G �H<9 5BIG 8=GH5@ HC�H<9 D97H=B5H9�@=B9��/<=G�D5H=9BH�G�A5GG�=G DFCL=A5@ HC�H<9 D97H=B5H9�@=B9 �GC
HIACF GDF958�=G�DCGG=6@9�=B�75G9G�C:�8=GH5BH A9H5GH5H=7 8=G95G9�6IH�DF=A5FM�=BJC@J9A9BH�KCI@8�BCH�69
9LD97H98�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
!=-;<176�����

� ���M95F�C@8 ;=F@�=G�6FCI;<H�HC�H<9�D<MG=7=5B�6M�<9F�:5H<9F�6975IG9�C: :9J9F �7<=@@G �568CA=B5@�D5=B �5B8


DFC:IG9 BCB�6@CC8M 8=5FF<95��#9F�GMADHCAG�69;5B�CB9�K99?�5;C �K<9B�G<9�<58�G9J9F5@�85MG�C:
@CK�;F589 :9J9F�5B8�7CBGH=D5H=CB��.<9�F9HIFB98�:FCA $B8CB9G=5 ��K99?G 5;C �K<9F9�G<9�GD9BH�H<9
GIAA9F�K=H<�<9F�;F5B8D5F9BHG��#9F�H9AD9F5HIF9�=G�����Q��������Q!��� L5A=B5H=CB�G<CKG�8=::IG9
568CA=B5@�H9B89FB9GG�5B8�A=@8 <9D5HCGD@9BCA9;5@M��/<9F9�=G�5 :5=BH G5@ACB�7C@CF98 A57I@CD5DI@5F
F5G<�CB�<9F�HFIB?�5B8�568CA9B��2<=7<�C:�H<9�:C@@CK=B;�=G�H<9�ACGH�@=?9@M�75IG5@�CF;5B=GA�

�6;?-: �5)/-

� "=5F8=5�@5A6@=5

� 39FG=B=5�9BH9FC7C@=H=75

� .7<=GHCGCA5�A5BGCB=

� BH5AC965�<=GHC@MH=75

G7<9F=7<=5�7C@=

! �@CGHF=8=C=89G�8=::=7=@9

" �FMDHCGDCF=8=IA�D5FJIA

# �5ADM@C657H9F�>9>IB=

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�6;?-: �5)/-

$ .<=;9@@5�8MG9BH9F=59

% .5@ACB9@@5�HMD<=

& �@CGHF=8=IA�D9F:F=B;9BG

' 1=6F=C�7<C@9F59

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�16<

/<=G�D5H=9BH�G�=@@B9GG�A5M�<5J9�699B�DF9J9BH98�K=H<�5B�=BHF5AIG7I@5F 1=�75DGI@5F�DC@MG577<5F=89
J577=B9�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�7::-+<��6;?-:

��� �1):,1)�4)5*41)

�@84)6)<176�'0A

Giardia lamblia 75IG9G ;=5F8=5G=G �K<=7<�=G�7<5F57H9F=N98�6M 6@C5H=B; �:@5HI@9B79 �5B8�:CI@�GA9@@=B;


:5HHM �:FCH<M 8=5FF<95��/<9�75IG5@�CF;5B=GA�=G�IGI5@@M�HF5BGA=HH98�H<FCI;<�7CBH5A=B5H98�K5H9F �5B8
5::97H98�D5H=9BHG�IGI5@@M�<5J9�5�F979BH�<=GHCFM�C:�75AD=B;�CF�9LDCGIF9�HC�:F9G<�K5H9F� !9J9F �F5G< �5B8
7CBGH=HIH=CB5@�GMADHCAG 5F9�BCH�7CAACB�:95HIF9G�

��� (-:;161)�-6<-:7+741<1+)

�@84)6)<176�'0A

Yersinia enterocolitica 75IG9G 8=5FF<95 5B8�IGI5@@M�5DD95FG�5:H9F�=B;9GH=CB�C:�GDC=@98�A95H��+5H=9BHG


HMD=75@@M�DF9G9BH�K=H<�@CK�;F589 :9J9F �568CA=B5@ D5=B �5B8 8=5FF<95��H<9 8=5FF<95 A5M�69�6@CC8M�=B
GCA9�75G9G �5B8�H<9�8IF5H=CB�C:�GMADHCAG�=G�J5F=56@9��+5H=9BHG�A5M�5@GC�89J9@CD�GMADHCAG�H<5H
A=A=7 5DD9B8=7=H=G �DG9I8C5DD9B8=7=H=G���2<=@9�H<=G�D5H=9BH�8C9G�<5J9 :9J9F �568CA=B5@ D5=B �5B8
8=5FF<95 <9D5HCGD@9BCA9;5@M 5B8�5�G5@ACB�7C@CF98�F5G<�5F9�BCH�:95HIF9G�C: Yersinia =B:97H=CB
A5?=B;�H<=G�8=5;BCG=G�IB@=?9@M�

��� #+01;<7;75)�5)6;761

�@84)6)<176�'0A

Schistosoma mansoni 75IG9G G7<=GHCGCA=5G=G��$B�H<9�57IH9�D9F=C8 �=B:97H=CB�A5M�75IG9 DFIF=HIG �6IH�=H


=G�ACGH�7CAACB@M�5GMADHCA5H=7���<FCB=75@@M�=B:97H98�D5H=9BHG�GCA9H=A9G�89J9@CD�9D=GC8=7 :9J9F
5B8 A5@5=G9 H<5H�A5M�69�577CAD5B=98�6M�568CA=B5@ D5=B <9D5HCGD@9BCA9;5@M 8MGIF=5
<9A5HC7<9N=5 �5B8�CF <9A5HIF=5��/<=G�D5H=9BH�G�F9@5H=J9@M�57IH9�CBG9H�C:�GMADHCAG�5B8�H<9�DF9G9B79
C:�5�:5=BH�G5@ACB�7C@CF98 A57I@CD5DI@5F�F5G< 5F9�BCH�7CBG=GH9BH�K=H<�H<=G�8=5;BCG=G��!IFH<9FACF9
Schistosoma mansoni =G�IGI5@@M�:CIB8�=B��:F=75�5B8�.CIH<��A9F=75 �BCH�=B�$B8CB9G=5�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �6<)57-*)�01;<74A<1+)

�@84)6)<176�'0A

Entamoeba histolytica 75IG9G�5A96=5G=G �K<=7<�75B�A5B=:9GH�=B�5�J5F=9HM�C:�GMADHCAG�89D9B8=B;�CB


H<9�G9J9F=HM�C:�=@@B9GG��(=@8�=B:97H=CBG�A5M�H5?9�H<9�:CFA�C:�@CCG9�GHCC@G�5B8�J5;I9�568CA=B5@ D5=B
K<9F95G�G9J9F9�=B:97H=CBG�=BJC@J9�5 8MG9BH9FM�@=?9�GMB8FCA9�7<5F57H9F=N98�6M :9J9F �568CA=B5@ D5=B
5B8�6@CC8M 8=5FF<95��$B�H<9�G9HH=B;�C: 5A96=7�@=J9F�56G79GG <9D5HCGD@9BCA9;5@M A5M�69�DF9G9BH
5@CB;�K=H<�G=;B=:=75BH F=;<H�IDD9F�EI58F5BH D5=B��#CK9J9F �5�F5G<�KCI@8�BCH�69�9LD97H98�=B
5A96=5G=G �A5?=B;�H<=G�8=5;BCG=G�AI7<�@9GG�@=?9@M�

��� �;+0-:1+01)�+741

�@84)6)<176�'0A

Escherichia coli 75IG9G�5�GD97HFIA�C:�7@=B=75@�9BH=H=9G�H<5H�89D9B8�CB�H<9�75IG5H=J9�GHF5=B�


BH9FC=BJ5G=J9 E. coli 75IG9G�5 8MG9BH9FM�@=?9�=@@B9GG �K=H< :9J9F �568CA=B5@ D5=B �5B8�6@CC8M
8=5FF<95� BH9FCHCL=;9B=7 E. coli 75IG9G HF5J9@9F�G�8=5FF<95 �K<=7<�=G�7<5F57H9F=N98�6M�K5H9FM
8=5FF<95 �K=H<�A=B=A5@ 7CBGH=HIH=CB5@�GMADHCAG� E. coli =B:97H=CBG�KCI@8�BCH�HMD=75@@M�75IG9�5�F5G<
CF�:@I7HI5H=B; :9J9F�

��� �47;<:1,171,-;�,1..1+14-

�@84)6)<176�'0A

Clostridioides difficile 75IG9G DG9I8CA9A6F5BCIG�7C@=H=G �K<=7<�=G�C:H9B�7CBG=89F98�5 BCGC7CA=5@


=B:97H=CB �5G�=H�=G�GHFCB;@M�5GGC7=5H98�K=H<�F979BH�6FC58�GD97HFIA 5BH=6=CH=7 9LDCGIF9��(=@8�=B:97H=CBG
75B�A5B=:9GH�K=H<�6@CC8M 8=5FF<95 5@CB9 �K<=@9�ACF9�G9J9F9�=B:97H=CBG�A5B=:9GH�K=H< 8MG9BH9FM
7F5ADM�568CA=B5@ D5=B �5B8 :9J9F��#CK9J9F �H<=G�D5H=9BH�<5G�BC�<=GHCFM�C:�F979BH 5BH=6=CH=7 IG9 �5B8�5
F5G<�5B8 <9D5HCGD@9BCA9;5@M KCI@8�BCH�69�9LD97H98�=B C. difficile =B:97H=CB �A5?=B;�H<=G�8=5;BCG=G
IB@=?9@M�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �:A8<7;87:1,1=5�8):>=5

�@84)6)<176�'0A

Cryptosporidium parvum 75IG9G�5�:CFA�C:�G9@:�@=A=H=B; HF5J9@9F�G�8=5FF<95 =B�=AAIBC7CAD9H9BH


D5H=9BHG �K=H<�@CCG9 �DFC:CIB8�K5H9FM�GHCC@G�5B8�A=B=A5@ 7CBGH=HIH=CB5@�GMADHCAG��$B
=AAIBCGIDDF9GG98 D5H=9BHG��7@5GG=75@@M�D5H=9BHG�K=H< �$�.� �=H�75B�75IG9�DCH9BH=5@@M�@=:9�H<F95H9B=B;
8=5FF<95��/<9�<=;< :9J9F <9D5HCGD@9BCA9;5@M �5B8�F5G<�G99B�=B�H<=G�D5H=9BH�KCI@8�BCH�69�7CBG=GH9BH
K=H<�H<=G�8=5;BCG=G�

��� �)58A47*)+<-:�2-2=61

�@84)6)<176�'0A

Campylobacter jejuni =G�5GGC7=5H98�K=H<�5 8MG9BH9FM�@=?9�=@@B9GG �K=H< :9J9F �568CA=B5@ D5=B �5B8


6@CC8M 8=5FF<95��$H�=G�5�7CAACB�75IG9�C:�6@CC8M 8=5FF<95 =B�7<=@8F9B�5B8�=G�HF5BGA=HH98�J=5�H<9�:975@�
CF5@�FCIH9 �7CBH5A=B5H98�:CC8�DFC8I7HG��GI7<�5G�DCI@HFM�CF�IBD5GH9IF=N98�A=@?� �5B8�=B:97H98�5B=A5@G�
-5G< <9D5HCGD@9BCA9;5@M �5B8�DFC:IG9 �K5H9FM 8=5FF<95 5F9�BCH�5GGC7=5H98�:95HIF9G�

��� #01/-44)�,A;-6<-:1)-

�@84)6)<176�'0A

Shigella dysenteriae 75IG9G G<=;9@@CG=G �K<=7<�=G�7<5F57H9F=N98�6M�<=;< :9J9F �7F5AD=B;�568CA=B5@


D5=B �5B8�6@CC8M�AI7C=8 8=5FF<95��/<9�DFC;F9GG=CB�C:�=@@B9GG�=G�ACF9�F5D=8 �5B8�H<9 8=5FF<95 =G�F5F9@M
DFC:IG9��/<9F9�KCI@8�69�BC�5GGC7=5H98�F5G< �5G�G99B�=B�H<=G�D5H=9BH�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� #)4576-44)�<A801

�5)/-

�@84)6)<176��=<

/F95HA9BH�K=H<�5 H<=F8�;9B9F5H=CB�79D<5@CGDCF=B �9�;� 79:HF=5LCB9��CF�5 :@ICFCEI=BC@CB9 =G�=B8=75H98�


/<9�2#*�F97CAA9B8G HMD<C=8�:9J9F J577=B5H=CB �K<=7<�7CBH5=BG�H<9 1=�75DGI@5F�DC@MG577<5F=89
5BH=;9B �HC�H<CG9�HF5J9@=B;�HC�<=;<�F=G?�5F95G�� 5GH�5B8�.CIH<95GH��G=5 �'5H=B��A9F=75 ��:F=75��

�@84)6)<176�'0A

Salmonella typhi =G�ACGH�@=?9@M�HC�<5J9�75IG98�H<=G�D5H=9BH�G�GMADHCAG �K<C�<5G�F979BH@M�HF5J9@98�HC


5B 9B89A=7 F9;=CB� /MD<C=8 =B:97H=CB�=G�7<5F57H9F=N98�6M�5�:@I7HI5H=B; :9J9F 5B8 A5@5=G9 :C@@CK98�6M
DFC:CIB8�:5H=;I9 �<=;< :9J9F �5B8�F9@5H=J9 6F58M75F8=5��$B=H=5@ 7CBGH=D5H=CB 75B�69�:C@@CK98�6M�DFC:IG9
8=5FF<95 �D95�GCID 8=5FF<95� �5�G5@ACB�7C@CF98 A57I@CD5DI@5F�F5G< �FCG9�GDCHG� �5B8
<9D5HCGD@9BCA9;5@M �IGI5@@M�=B�H<9�G97CB8�K99?�5:H9F�CBG9H� Salmonella typhi =G�HF5BGA=HH98�J=5�H<9
:975@�CF5@�FCIH9 �K=H<�H<9�657H9F=5�=B=H=5@@M�9BH9F=B;�H<9�<CGH�H<FCI;<�=BH9GH=B5@ +9M9F�D5H7<9G���:H9F�5
D9F=C8�C:�F9D@=75H=CB �H<9�CF;5B=GA�9BH9FG�H<9�6@CC8GHF95A�5B8�75B�G998�G9J9F5@�CF;5BG��9�;� �H<9 @=J9F
5B8 GD@99B��

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� �47;<:1,1=5�8-:.:16/-6;

�@84)6)<176�'0A

Clostridium perfringens =G�5�7CAACB�75IG9�C: :CC8�DC=GCB=B; 5B8�A5B=:9GHG�K=H<�G9@:�@=A=H=B;


568CA=B5@�7F5AD=B; 8=5FF<95 �JCA=H=B; �5B8 :9J9F G9J9F5@�<CIFG�5:H9F�=B;9GH=B;�H5=BH98�:CC8�
$B:97H=CB�IGI5@@M�F9GC@J9G�K=H<=B����<CIFG�5B8�8C9G�BCH�DF9G9BH�K=H<�5�F5G<�CF <9D5HCGD@9BCA9;5@M
A5?=B;�H<9�8=5;BCG=G�9LHF9A9@M�IB@=?9@M�=B�H<=G�D5H=9BH�

��� &1*:17�+074-:)-

�@84)6)<176�'0A

Vibrio cholerae �K<=7<�75IG9G 7<C@9F5 �=G�5GGC7=5H98�K=H<�DFC:IG9 �K5H9FM 8=5FF<95 �F=79�K5H9F�GHCC@G�


K<=7<�75B�@958�HC�G9J9F9 89<M8F5H=CB 5B8�895H<���::97H98�D5H=9BHG�IGI5@@M�<5J9�5�<=GHCFM�C:
7CBGIA=B;�F5K�CF�IB89F7CC?98�G95:CC8��/<9�CBG9H�=G�F5D=8 �K=H<�BC DFC8FCA9 C: 7CBGH=D5H=CB �F5G<
CF <9D5HCGD@9BCA9;5@M�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
!=-;<176�����

� ���M95F�C@8 A5B�7CA9G�HC�H<9�D<MG=7=5B�6975IG9�C:�5 ��ACBH< <=GHCFM�C: DFC;F9GG=J9�:5H=;I9�5B8


=BH9FA=HH9BH�8=5FF<95���IF=B;�H<=G�H=A9 �<9�<5G�<58�5 ��?; ����@6� K9=;<H�@CGG��+<MG=75@�9L5A=B5H=CB
G<CKG D5@9�7CB>IB7H=J59���68CA=B5@�9L5A=B5H=CB�G<CKG�H9B89FB9GG�HC�D5@D5H=CB�=B�H<9�@CK9F�EI58F5BHG�
�B =A5;9 :FCA�5 7C@CBCG7CDM C:�H<9�89G79B8=B;�7C@CB�=G�G<CKB��!IFH<9F�9J5@I5H=CB�=G�ACGH�@=?9@M�HC
G<CK�K<=7<�C:�H<9�:C@@CK=B;�:=B8=B;G�

�6;?-: �5)/-

� +CG=H=J9�@57HCG9�<M8FC;9B�6F95H<�H9GH

� �BH=�.577<5FCAM79G�79F9J=G=59�5BH=6C8=9G

� +9F=BI7@95F�5BH=B9IHFCD<=@�7MHCD@5GA=7�5BH=6C8=9G

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�6;?-: �5)/-

� +�.�DCG=H=J9�7MHCD@5GA=7�;F5BI@9G

�BH=�H=GGI9�HF5BG;@IH5A=B5G9�5BH=6C8=9G

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�16<

/<=G�D5H=9BH�<5G�7<FCB=7�=BH9FA=HH9BH 8=5FF<95 �K9=;<H�@CGG �:5H=;I9 �5B8�@CK9F�568CA=B5@ D5=B �K<=7<�5F9


HMD=75@�:CF�5B =B:@5AA5HCFM�6CK9@�8=G95G9 �$�����/<9 7CB>IB7H=J5@ D5@@CF GI;;9GHG 5B9A=5 �DCGG=6@M�8I9
HC�7<FCB=7 ;5GHFC=BH9GH=B5@�6@998=B;��/<9 7C@CBCG7CDM G<CKG�5B 9FMH<9A5HCIG 5B8�=B:@5A98 AI7CG5 K=H<
:=6F=B�7CJ9F98�I@79F5H=CBG �K<=7<�5F9�<=;<@M�GI;;9GH=J9�C: I@79F5H=J9�7C@=H=G�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�7::-+<��6;?-:

��� 7;1<1>-�4)+<7;-�0A,:7/-6�*:-)<0�<-;<

�@84)6)<176�'0A

� @57HCG9�<M8FC;9B�6F95H<�H9GH A95GIF9G�<M8FC;9B�@9J9@G�:C@@CK=B;�H<9�=B;9GH=CB�C:�5
75F6C<M8F5H9�@C5898�8F=B?��$H�=G�DCG=H=J9�=B @57HCG9�=BHC@9F5B79 �K<=7<�=G�7<5F57H9F=N98�6M�5B�=B56=@=HM
HC�8=;9GH @57HCG9 8I9�HC @57H5G9�89:=7=9B7M��$H�5@GC�75IG9G 8=5FF<95 5B8�568CA=B5@�7F5ADG �K<=7<�5F9
G99B�=B�H<=G�D5H=9BH��#CK9J9F �GMADHCAG�IGI5@@M�5@GC�=B7@I89 6@C5H=B; 5B8�C77IF�5:H9F�7CBGIA=B;
85=FM�DFC8I7HG���88=H=CB5@@M �D5H=9BHG�K=H< @57HCG9�=BHC@9F5B79 <5J9�5�A57FCG7CD=75@@M�BCFA5@ 7C@CB=7
AI7CG5�

��� �6<1�#)++0):75A+-;�+-:->1;1)-�)6<1*7,1-;

�@84)6)<176��=<

�.�� =G�:CIB8�=B�ID�HC�����C:�D5H=9BHG�K=H< I@79F5H=J9�7C@=H=G��<CK9J9F �5BCH<9F 5BH=6C8M =G�AI7<


ACF9�7CAACB�

�@84)6)<176�'0A

�BH=�.577<5FCAM79G�79F9J=G=59�5BH=6C8=9G ��.����5F9�5�;FCID�C: 5BH=6C8=9G 8=F97H98�5H�7CADCB9BHG


C:�H<9 79@@�K5@@ C:�H<9 M95GH Saccharomyces cerevisiae� �.�� =G�5GGC7=5H98�K=H< 7<FCB=7
=B:@5AA5HCFM�6CK9@�8=G95G9 �D5FH=7I@5F@M�K=H< �FC<B�8=G95G9 �ID�HC������ �FC<B�8=G95G9 KCI@8
A5B=:9GH�K=H<�BCB6@CC8M 7<FCB=7�8=5FF<95 �568CA=B5@ D5=B �:5H=;I9 �5B8�K9=;<H�@CGG �K<=7<�5F9�G99B
=B�H<=G�D5H=9BH��#CK9J9F �9B8CG7CDM�KCI@8�G<CK�@=B95F I@79FG �H<9 7C66@9GHCB9�G=;B :=GGIF9G :=GHI@5G
9FMH<9A5 �5B8 HF5BGAIF5@ =B:@5AA5H=CB�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� -:16=+4-):�)6<16-=<:78014�+A<784);51+�)6<1*7,1-;

�@84)6)<176�'0A

+9F=BI7@95F�5BH=B9IHFCD<=@�7MHCD@5GA=7�5BH=6C8=9G �D�)����5F9 5IHC5BH=6C8=9G 5;5=BGH


AM9@CD9FCL=85G9 ;F5BI@9G�=B�H<9�D9F=BI7@95F�F9;=CB�C:�H<9 7MHCD@5GA��/<9M�5F9�DCG=H=J9�=B�ID�HC����
C:�D5H=9BHG�K=H< I@79F5H=J9�7C@=H=G �K=H<�BC 7CFF9@5H=CB 69HK99B�H<9 H=H9F 5B8�8=G95G9�57H=J=HM� D�)��
75B�5@GC�69�=B7F95G98�=B�D5H=9BHG�K=H<�CH<9F�=B:@5AA5HCFM�8=GCF89FG �=B7@I8=B;�5IHC=AAIB9�GMGH9A=7
J5G7I@=H=G �9GD97=5@@M �<IF;�.HF5IGG�GMB8FCA9 5B8 A=7FCG7CD=7�DC@M5B;==H=G��5B8 DF=A5FM�G7@9FCG=B;
7<C@5B;=H=G�

��� �#�87;1<1>-�+A<784);51+�/:)6=4-;

�@84)6)<176�'0A

+�.�DCG=H=J9 7MHCD@5GA=7 ;F5BI@9G�=B�H<9�=BH9GH=B5@ AI7CG5 5F9�G99B�=B�D5H=9BHG�K=H< 2<=DD@9


8=G95G9 �5B�=B:97H=CB�75IG98�6M Tropheryma whipplei. .MADHCAG�=B7@I89 8=5FF<95 �:5H=;I9 �5B8
K9=;<H�@CGG�8I9�HC A5@56GCFDH=CB��#CK9J9F �H<=G�7CB8=H=CB�C77IFG�ACF9�7CAACB@M�=B�9@89F@M�A9B
5B8�5B�9B8CG7CDM�KCI@8�G<CK�D5@9�M9@@CK �9FC898�D5H7<9G�F5H<9F�H<5B�H<9�I@79F5H=CBG�G99B�=B�H<=G
D5H=9BH�

��� �6<1�<1;;=-�<:)6;/4=<)516);-�)6<1*7,1-;

�@84)6)<176�'0A

�BH=�H=GGI9�HF5BG;@IH5A=B5G9�5BH=6C8=9G 5F9 5BH=6C8=9G �A5=B@M $;" 5B8 $;���5;5=BGH H=GGI9


HF5BG;@IH5A=B5G9 =B�H<9 GA5@@�=BH9GH=B9��/<9M�5F9�DF9G9BH�=B�CJ9F�����C:�D5H=9BHG�K=H< 79@=57�8=G95G9�
.MADHCAG�C: 79@=57�8=G95G9 75B�=B7@I89 8=5FF<95 �K9=;<H�@CGG �5B8�:5H=;I9��8I9�HC A5@56GCFDH=CB 5B8
J=H5A=B�89:=7=9B7=9G� �5@@�C:�K<=7<�H<=G�D5H=9BH�<5G��#CK9J9F �9B8CG7CDM�KCI@8�89ACBGHF5H9�J=@@CIG
5HFCD<M 5B8�7FMDH <MD9FD@5G=5 �5�GACCH<�CF 5HFCD<=7 AI7CIG�A9A6F5B9� �BCH�H<9�I@79F5H=CBG�G99B�=B
H<=G�D5H=9BH�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
!=-;<176�����

/KC�ACBH<G�5:H9F�;=J=B;�6=FH< HC�5�6CM �5 ���M95F�C@8 KCA5B�7CA9G�HC�H<9�D<MG=7=5B�K=H<�<9F�=B:5BH�:CF


5 K9@@�7<=@8 9L5A=B5H=CB��.<9�K5G�BCH�G99B�6M�5�D<MG=7=5B�8IF=B;�<9F�DF9;B5B7M��+<MG=75@�9L5A=B5H=CB
C:�H<9�ACH<9F�5B8�H<9�6CM�G<CKG�BC�56BCFA5@=H=9G��'56CF5HCFM�GHI8=9G�G<CK 9@9J5H98�H=H9FG�C: <9D5H=H=G��
GIF:579�5BH=;9B�=B�6CH<�H<9�ACH<9F�5B8�H<9�6CM��2<=7<�C:�H<9�:C@@CK=B;�GH5H9A9BHG�F9;5F8=B;�H<9�=B:5BH�G
7CB8=H=CB�=G�ACGH�577IF5H9�

�6;?-: �5)/-

� #9D5H=H=G���9�5BH=;9B�H=H9F�=G�@=?9@M�IB89H97H56@9

� �<FCB=7�=B:97H=CB�=G�IB@=?9@M

� '=:9H=A9�F=G?�C:�<9D5HC79@@I@5F�75F7=BCA5�=G�@CK

� /<9�J=F5@�F9D@=75H=CB�F5H9�=G�@CK

.=;B=:=75BH�9@9J5H=CB�C:�HF5BG5A=B5G9G�=G�BCH�9LD97H98

! �F95GH:998=B;�G<CI@8�69�5JC=898

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�16<

@9J5H98 H=H9FG C:�#6G�;�=B�6CH<�H<9�ACH<9F�5B8�H<9 =B:5BH GI;;9GH J9FH=75@�HF5BGA=GG=CB C:�H<9


<9D5H=H=G�� J=FIG��#�1��

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�7::-+<��6;?-:

��� �-8)<1<1;���-�)6<1/-6�<1<-:�1;�413-4A�=6,-<-+<)*4-

�@84)6)<176�'0A

#9D5H=H=G�� 9 5BH=;9B �#�9�;� H=H9F =G�F958=@M�89H97H56@9�=B B9CB5H9G K=H< #�1��/<=G�=G�7CBG=GH9BH


K=H<�H<9�<=;<�HF5BGA=GG=CB�F5H9G�G99B�=B�H<9 D9F=B5H5@�D9F=C8��/<9�F=G?�C:�HF5BGA=GG=CB�=G�����HC����
:FCA�KCA9B�G9FCDCG=H=J9�:CF <9D5H=H=G���GIF:579�5BH=;9B �#�G�;��5B8 #�9�;��(CH<9FG�K=H<CIH�H<9
9 5BH=;9B CF�K=H< 5BH=�#�9 HF5BGA=H�H<9�=B:97H=CB�CB@M�=B����HC������C:�75G9G�

��� �0:761+�16.-+<176�1;�=6413-4A

�@84)6)<176�'0A

2=H<CIH�HF95HA9BH �7<FCB=7�7CIFG9�C:�=B:97H=CB�=G�J9FM�7CAACB�=B�B9CB5H5@ <9D5H=H=G :FCA J9FH=75@


HF5BGA=GG=CB��0D�HC�����C: =B:5BHG =B:97H98�D9F=B5H5@@M�K=@@�89J9@CD�7<FCB=7�=B:97H=CB�

��� �1.-<15-�:1;3�7.�0-8)<7+-44=4):�+):+1675)�1;�47?

�@84)6)<176�'0A

/<9�F=G?�C: <9D5HC79@@I@5F�75F7=BCA5 =G�G=;B=:=75BH�=B�B9CB5H5@ <9D5H=H=G� +9F=B5H5@ =B:97H=CB�K=H<


#�1 �75FF=9G�5B�5DDFCL=A5H9@M������7<5B79�C:�H<9 =B:5BH 697CA=B;�5�7<FCB=7�75FF=9F �K=H<�5B
9GH=A5H98������HC������F=G?�C:�8M=B;�=B�58I@H<CC8�:FCA 7=FF<CG=G CF @=J9F�75B79F�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� $0-�>1:)4�:-841+)<176�:)<-�1;�47?

�@84)6)<176�'0A

#�1 F9D@=75H9G�F5D=8@M�IDCB�9BH9F=B;�H<9 B9K6CFB 6975IG9�C:�H<9�=B56=@=HM�C:�H<9�=B:5BH=@9 =AAIB9


GMGH9A HC�ACIBH�5 #�1�GD97=:=7 =AAIB9�F9GDCBG9��/<9F9:CF9 �H<9�J=F5@�F9D@=75H=CB�F5H9�KCI@8�69
9LD97H98�HC�69�<=;< �BCH�@CK�

��� #1/61.1+)6<�-4->)<176�7.�<:)6;)516);-;�1;�67<�-@8-+<-,

�@84)6)<176��=<

)9K6CFBG C:�ACH<9FG�K=H<�IB?BCKB #�1 GH5HIG�G<CI@8�F979=J9 J577=B9 K=H<=B����<CIFG�C: 6=FH<��$:


H<9�ACH<9F�H9GHG�DCG=H=J9�:CF #�G�; <9D5H=H=G���=AAIB9�;@C6I@=B G<CI@8�69�58A=B=GH9F98�5G�GCCB�5G
DCGG=6@9� )9K6CFBG C: #�G�; B9;5H=J9�ACH<9FG�G<CI@8�69�;=J9B�H<9 <9D5H=H=G�� J577=B9 G9F=9G�69:CF9
<CGD=H5@�8=G7<5F;9�

�@84)6)<176�'0A

/F5BG5A=B5G9G 5F9�IGI5@@M�BCFA5@�CF�CB@M�A=@8@M�9@9J5H98�=B�75G9G�C: J9FH=75@�HF5BGA=GG=CB C: #�1�


�975IG9 #�1 =G�BCH�7MHCD5H<=7�=HG9@:�5B8 B9K6CFBG @57?�A5HIF9�7MHCHCL=7 /�79@@G H<5H�A98=5H9
85A5;9�=B:97H98 <9D5HC7MH9G �H<9�89;F99�C:�<9D5H=7�H=GGI9�85A5;9�K=@@�69�J9FM�@=A=H98��-5F9@M
=B:97H98 B9CB5H9G A5M�89J9@CD�57IH9 <9D5H=H=G�� �K<=7<�=G�IGI5@@M�A=@8�5B8�G9@:�@=A=H98�

��� �:-);<.--,16/�;07=4,�*-�)>71,-,

�@84)6)<176�'0A

�F95GH:998=B; G<CI@8�69�F97CAA9B898�HC�5@@�D5H=9BHG�K=H<�A5H9FB5@ #�1 �5G #�1�=B:97H=CB =G�BCH�5


7CBHF5=B8=75H=CB�HC 6F95GH:998=B;��2CA9B�K=H< #�1�=B:97H=CB G<CI@8�69�7CIBG9@98�H<5H
6F95GH:998=B; 8C9G�BCH�=B7F95G9�H<9�@=?9@=<CC8�C:�=B:97H=CB�=B�H<9=F�7<=@8F9B��#CK9J9F 6F95GH:998=B;
G<CI@8�69�89@5M98�IBH=@�D5GG=J9Z57H=J9�DCGH9LDCGIF9�DFCD<M@5L=G�<5G�699B�;=J9B��.=B79 �=B�H<=G
D5H=9BH J9FH=75@�HF5BGA=GG=CB C: #�1 <5G�5@F958M�C77IFF98 �H<9F9�=G�BC�F95GCB�HC�89@5M 6F95GH:998=B;�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
!=-;<176�����

� ���M95F�C@8 A5B�7CA9G�HC�H<9�D<MG=7=5B�6975IG9�C:�5 ��85M <=GHCFM�C: :5H=;I9 5B8 M9@@CK=G<


8=G7C@CF5H=CB�C:�<=G�9M9G�5B8�G?=B��+<MG=75@�9L5A=B5H=CB�G<CKG�A=@8 F=;<H�IDD9F�EI58F5BH�568CA=B5@
H9B89FB9GG��/<9�7CIFG9�C:�8=::9F9BH G9FIA�D5F5A9H9FG CJ9F�H<9�:C@@CK=B; ��ACBH<G =G�G<CKB��2<=7<�C:
H<9�:C@@CK=B;�=G�H<9�ACGH�@=?9@M�9LD@5B5H=CB�:CF�H<9�7CIFG9�C:�H<=G�D5H=9BH�G�@56CF5HCFM�:=B8=B;G�

�6;?-: �5)/-

�<FCB=7�<9D5H=H=G���=B:97H=CB�K=H<

@CK�=B:97H=J=HM

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�6;?-: �5)/-

�<FCB=7�<9D5H=H=G���=B:97H=CB�K=H<

<=;<�=B:97H=J=HM

�8J9FG9�F957H=CB�HC�<9D5H=H=G��

J577=B5H=CB

�7IH9�9L579F65H=CB�C:�DF9J=CIG

<9D5H=H=G���=B:97H=CB

-9GC@J98�57IH9�<9D5H=H=G���=B:97H=CB

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�16<

/<9�89D=7H98�B5HIF5@�<=GHCFM�C: <9D5H=H=G���J=FIG�=B:97H=CB =G�C6G9FJ98�=B�����C:�=B:97H98�58I@HG�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�7::-+<��6;?-:

��� �0:761+�0-8)<1<1;���16.-+<176�?1<0�47?�16.-+<1>1<A

�@84)6)<176�'0A

/<9�G9FC@C;=7�:=B8=B;G�C:�7<FCB=7 <9D5H=H=G���=B:97H=CB K=H<�@CK =B:97H=J=HM =B7@I89�DCG=H=J9 #�G�;


5BH=�#�9�5BH=6C8=9G �5B8 5BH=�#�7 $;"��$B�H<=G�D5H=9BH �H<9�DF9G9B79�C: 5BH=�#�G�5BH=6C8=9G 5B8�H<9
7@95F5B79�C: #�G�; CJ9F�H<9�7CIFG9�C:�H=A9�8C�BCH�GIDDCFH 7<FCB=7�<9D5H=H=G���=B:97H=CB�

��� �0:761+�0-8)<1<1;���16.-+<176�?1<0�01/0�16.-+<1>1<A

�5)/-

�@84)6)<176�'0A

/<9�G9FC@C;=7�:=B8=B;G�C: 7<FCB=7�<9D5H=H=G���=B:97H=CB K=H<�<=;< =B:97H=J=HM =B7@I89�DCG=H=J9 #�G�;


#�9�; �=B8=75H9G�<=;< =B:97H=J=HM HC;9H<9F�K=H< #�1��)�� �5B8 5BH=�#�7 $;"��$B�H<=G�D5H=9BH �H<9

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
DF9G9B79�C: 5BH=�#�G 5B8 5BH=�#�9 5BH=6C8=9G 5B8�H<9�7@95F5B79�C: #�G�; 5B8 #�9�; CJ9F�H<9
7CIFG9�C:�H=A9�8C�BCH�GIDDCFH 7<FCB=7�<9D5H=H=G���=B:97H=CB K=H<�<=;< =B:97H=J=HM�

��� �,>-:;-�:-)+<176�<7�0-8)<1<1;���>)++16)<176

�@84)6)<176�'0A

#9D5H=H=G���J577=B5H=CB =G�7CADCG98�C: #�G�; �K<=7<�=B8I79G G9FC7CBJ9FG=CB��/<9F9:CF9


J577=B5H98�=B8=J=8I5@G�K=@@�CB@M�<5J9 5BH=�#�G 5BH=6C8=9G 5B8�BCH�H<9�CH<9F�G9FC@C;=7�:=B8=B;G
C6G9FJ98�=B�H<=G�D5H=9BH��(CF9CJ9F �H<9�DF9G9BH=B;�:95HIF9G�C:�5B 58J9FG9�F957H=CB HC <9D5H=H=G��
J577=B5H=CB =B7@I89�=B>97H=CB�G=H9�F98B9GG�5B8�GK9@@=B; AM5@;=5 �B5IG95 �:5H=;I9 �FIBBM�BCG9
<95857<9 �5B8 8=NN=B9GG �6IH�BCH >5IB8=79�

��� �+=<-�-@)+-:*)<176�7.�8:->17=;�0-8)<1<1;���16.-+<176

�@84)6)<176�'0A

�7IH9�9L579F65H=CB�C: DF9J=CIG <9D5H=H=G�� =B:97H=CB�75B�DF9G9BH�K=H< >5IB8=79 �568CA=B5@


H9B89FB9GG �5B8�DCG=H=J9 #�G�; #�9�; 5B8 5BH=�#�7 $;( 5BH=6C8=9G �5G�G99B�<9F9��#CK9J9F
D5H=9BHG�K=H<�5B�57IH9�9L579F65H=CB�C:�DF9J=CIG <9D5H=H=G���=B:97H=CB KCI@8�@=?9@M�<5J9�DCG=H=J9 5BH=�
#�9�5BH=6C8=9G 5B8�<=;<9F�G9FIA�7CB79BHF5H=CB�C: 5BH=�#�7 $;"�5BH=6C8=9G 5H�H<9�H=A9�C:
DF9G9BH5H=CB�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� "-;74>-,�)+=<-�0-8)<1<1;���16.-+<176

�5)/-

�@84)6)<176�'0A

/<9�G9FC@C;=7�:=B8=B;G�F9DF9G9BH�H<9�B5HIF5@�<=GHCFM�C:�5�F9GC@J=B;�57IH9 <9D5H=H=G�� J=FIG�=B:97H=CB�


�:H9F�H<9�=B:97H=CB�5B8 =B7I65H=CB�D9F=C8 �G9FIA�:=B8=B;G�G<CK #�G�; 5B8 #�9�; �:C@@CK98�G<CFH@M
6M�H<9�5DD95F5B79�C: 5BH=6C8=9G 5;5=BGH�H<9 <9D5H=H=G���7CF9�5BH=;9B �DF98CA=B5BH@M $;( =GCHMD9�=B
H<9�K=B8CK�D<5G9���2=H<�F9GC@IH=CB�C:�H<9�57IH9�=B:97H=CB �D5H=9BHG�F9A5=B�B9;5H=J9�:CF #�9�; 5B8
#�G�; 5B8�DCG=H=J9�:CF 5BH=�#�9 5B8 5BH=�#�G�5BH=6C8=9G�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
!=-;<176�����

� ���M95F�C@8 A5B�K=H<�5�<=GHCFM�C: =BHF5J9BCIG�8FI;�IG9 7CA9G�HC�H<9�D<MG=7=5B�6975IG9�C: 5BCF9L=5


B5IG95 �85F?�IF=B9 �5B8�568CA=B5@�D5=B :CF ��K99?G��+<MG=75@�9L5A=B5H=CB�G<CKG�G7@9F5@�=7H9FIG�5B8
F=;<H�IDD9F�EI58F5BH�H9B89FB9GG��.9FIA�GHI8=9G�G<CK�

�@5B=B9�5A=BCHF5BG:9F5G9 �����0�'

�GD5FH5H9�5A=BCHF5BG:9F5G9 ����0�'

#9D5H=H=G���GIF:579�5BH=;9B B9;5H=J9

�BH=�<9D5H=H=G���GIF:579�5BH=6C8M DCG=H=J9

�BH=�<9D5H=H=G���5BH=6C8M B9;5H=J9

!IFH<9F�9J5@I5H=CB�G<CKG <9D5H=H=G���J=FIG�-)� 89H97H98�6M�+�-��2=H<CIH�5DDFCDF=5H9�HF95HA9BH �K<=7<


C:�H<9�:C@@CK=B;�=G�H<9�ACGH�@=?9@M�CIH7CA9�C:�H<=G�D5H=9BH�G�7IFF9BH�7CB8=H=CB�

�6;?-: �5)/-

� #9D5HC79@@I@5F�75F7=BCA5

� .@CK@M�DFC;F9GG=J9�<9D5H=H=G

� '=J9F�7=FF<CG=G

� /F5BG=9BH�=B:97H=CB

!I@A=B5BH�<9D5H=H=G

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�16<

/<=G�?BCKB�$1�8FI;�IG9F�<5G�GMADHCAG�C:�57IH9 <9D5H=H=G��/<9�DF9G9B79�C: #�1 -)� =B�7CA6=B5H=CB


K=H<�9@9J5H98 HF5BG5A=B5G9G 5B8�B9;5H=J9 5BH=�<9D5H=H=G � 5BH=6C8=9G =G�=B8=75H=J9�C:�57IH9 <9D5H=H=G��
�#�1��=B:97H=CB�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�7::-+<��6;?-:

��� �-8)<7+-44=4):�+):+1675)

�@84)6)<176�'0A

#9D5HC79@@I@5F�75F7=BCA5 �#����=G�5�@CB;�H9FA�7CAD@=75H=CB�C: #�1�=B:97H=CB H<5H�A5=B@M�C77IFG�=B


D5H=9BHG�H<5H�5@F958M�89J9@CD98�J=FIG�F9@5H98 @=J9F�7=FF<CG=G���@H<CI;<�56CIH�CB9�H<=F8�C:�5@@ #��
75G9G�75B�69�5HHF=6IH98�HC #�1 �H<9�9GH=A5H98�F=G?�C:�H<CG9�K=H< @=J9F�7=FF<CG=G DFC;F9GG=B;�HC #��
F9A5=BG�@CK�������D9F�M95F��

��� #47?4A�8:7/:-;;1>-�0-8)<1<1;

�@84)6)<176�'0A

.@CK@M�DFC;F9GG=J9 <9D5H=H=G =G�H<9�ACGH�@=?9@M�B5HIF5@�8=G95G9�7CIFG9�C: 57IH9�#�1�=B:97H=CB�


�9HK99B����5B8�����C:�D5H=9BHG�89J9@CD�7<FCB=7 <9D5H=H=G���CH<�J=F5@�5B8�=B8=J=8I5@�<CGH�:57HCFG
�9�;� �;9B9H=7 DC@MACFD<=GAG��7CBHF=6IH9�HC�H<9�CJ9F5@@�F=G?�C:�J=F5@�D9FG=GH9B79��0D�HC�CB9�H<=F8�C:
7<FCB=75@@M�=B:97H98�=B8=J=8I5@G�89J9@CD @=J9F�7=FF<CG=G K=H<=B����M95FG���G�7<FCB=7 #�1 =B:97H=CB
5B8�9J9B @=J9F�7=FF<CG=G 5F9�:F9EI9BH@M�5GMADHCA5H=7�CF�DF9G9BH�K=H<�BCBGD97=:=7�GMADHCAG�IBH=@�@5H9
GH5;9G �8=5;BCG=G�5B8�HF95HA9BH�5F9�C:H9B�89@5M98�

��� �1>-:�+1::07;1;

�@84)6)<176�'0A

'=J9F�7=FF<CG=G =G�5�:F9EI9BH�@CB;�H9FA�7CAD@=75H=CB�C: #�1�=B:97H=CB H<5H�89J9@CDG�ID�HC����M95FG


5:H9F 7<FCB=:=75H=CB C:�5B�IBHF95H98�57IH9�=B:97H=CB��/<9�9GH=A5H98�F=G?�=G�56CIH�CB9�H<=F8 �6IH�H<9
57HI5@�F=G?�F9A5=BG�7CBHFCJ9FG=5@�5G�=H�=G�8=::=7I@H�HC�5GG9GG�H<9�57HI5@�=AD57H�C:�J=F5@�D9FG=GH9B79�CB
8=G95G9�DFC;F9GG=CB�=B89D9B89BH�C:�DCH9BH=5@ 7C:57HCFG 7CBHF=6IH=B;�HC�89J9@CDA9BH�C: 7=FF<CG=G�
#CK9J9F �5�8=::9F9BH�CIH7CA9�:CF�H<=G�D5H=9BH�G�57IH9 #�1 =G�GH=@@�ACF9�@=?9@M�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� $:)6;1-6<�16.-+<176

�@84)6)<176�'0A

/F5BG=9BH�=B:97H=CB�=G�7CBG=89F98�H<9�ACGH�:5JCF56@9�8=G95G9�7CIFG9�C: 57IH9�#�1�=B:97H=CB �6IH�CB@M


���S����C:�5::97H98�=B8=J=8I5@G�57<=9J9�9::97H=J9�5B8�D9FA5B9BH�J=F5@�7@95F5B79���@H<CI;<�H<=G
D5H=9BH�K=H<�GMADHCA5H=7 57IH9�<9D5H=H=G�� =G�ACF9�@=?9@M�HC�<5J9�GDCBH5B9CIG�7@95F5B79�H<5B
5GMADHCA5H=7�D5H=9BHG �5�8=::9F9BH�CIH7CA9�=G�GH=@@�ACF9�DFC656@9�

��� �=4516)6<�0-8)<1<1;

�@84)6)<176�'0A

!I@A=B5BH�<9D5H=H=G �DF9G9BH=B;�K=H<�F5D=8@M�89J9@CD=B; 5G7=H9G >5IB8=79 �5B8 9B79D<5@CD5H<M �=G�5


F5F9�7CAD@=75H=CB�C: 57IH9�<9D5H=H=G�� �������C:�75G9G���$H�=G�ACGH�7CAACB�=B�D5H=9BHG�K=H<
IB89F@M=B; 7<FCB=7�<9D5H=H=G�� J=FIG��#�1��=B:97H=CB��#CK9J9F �H<=G�D5H=9BH�G�@56CF5HCFM�H9GHG
7CB:=FA =AAIB=HM 5;5=BGH #�1 �B9;5H=J9 #�G�; �DCG=H=J9 5BH=�#�G�5BH=6C8M��

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
!=-;<176�����

� ���M95F�C@8 KCA5B�7CA9G�HC�H<9�D<MG=7=5B�6975IG9�C:�5 ��85M <=GHCFM�C: 8=5FF<95�5B8�568CA=B5@�D5=B�


.<9 F9HIFB98�:FCA�5�HF=D�HC� ;MDH ��K99?G 5;C��#9F�J=H5@�G=;BG�5F9�K=H<=B�BCFA5@�@=A=HG��/<9F9�=G�A=@8
H9B89FB9GG�=B�H<9�F=;<H�@CK9F�EI58F5BH� .HCC@�GHI8=9G�G<CK�C77I@H�6@CC8 5B8 IB=79@@I@5F�CF;5B=GAG�K=H<
9B;I@:98�9FMH<FC7MH9G��2<=7<�C:�H<9�:C@@CK=B;�=G�H<9�ACGH�5DDFCDF=5H9�=B=H=5@�D<5FA57CH<9F5DM�:CF�H<=G
D5H=9BH�

�6;?-: �5)/-

� �CLM7M7@=B9

� (9HFCB=85NC@9

� �@69B85NC@9

� +5FCACAM7=B

+F5N=EI5BH9@

! �=DFC:@CL57=B

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�16<

/<9�D5H=9BH�G�7@=B=75@�DF9G9BH5H=CB��6@CC8M 8=5FF<95 �568CA=B5@�7F5ADG -', H9B89FB9GG� �H<9�<=GHCFM�C:


F979BH�HF5J9@�HC�5�GI6HFCD=75@�F9;=CB �5B8�H<9�:=B8=B;�C:�<9A5HCD<5;CIG HFCD<CNC=H9G =B�GHCC@�7CB:=FA�H<9
8=5;BCG=G�C: =BH9GH=B5@�5A96=5G=G �K<=7<�=G�75IG98�6M Entameba histolytica�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
�7::-+<��6;?-:

��� �7@A+A+416-

�@84)6)<176�'0A

�CLM7M7@=B9 =G�H<9�HF95HA9BH�C:�7<C=79�:CF 8=5FF<95 8I9�HC 7<C@9F5��#CK9J9F �D5H=9BHG�K=H< 7<C@9F5


<5J9�:F9EI9BH �JC@IA=BCIG�TF=79�K5H9FU�GHCC@G �5F9�C:H9B�G9J9F9@M 89<M8F5H98 �5B8�5F9�IGI5@@M�:96F=@9�
/<9�7@=B=75@�DF9G9BH5H=CB�5B8�H<9�DF9G9B79�C:�<9A5HCD<5;CIG HFCD<CNC=H9G =B�GHCC@�=B8=75H9�H<5H�H<=G
D5H=9BH�8C9G�BCH�<5J9 7<C@9F5�

��� �-<:761,)B74-

�@84)6)<176�'0A

(9HFCB=85NC@9 =G�5 B=HFC=A=85NC@9 5BH=6=CH=7 H<5H�=G�IG98�HC�HF95H�=B:97H=CBG�K=H< 5B59FC6=7�657H9F=5


5B8�79FH5=B DFCHCNC5@ =B:97H=CBG��$H�=G�H<9�8FI;�C:�7<C=79�:CF�H<9�HF95HA9BH�C:�6CH<�GMADHCA5H=7
=BH9GH=B5@�5A96=5G=G �5A96=7�8MG9BH9FM��5B8�9LHF5=BH9GH=B5@ 5A96=5G=G �9�;� 5A96=7�@=J9F�56G79GG��
/=B=85NC@9�=G�5B�9::97H=J9�5@H9FB5H=J9�HC A9HFCB=85NC@9��!C@@CK=B;�HF95HA9BH�K=H< A9HFCB=85NC@9 CF
H=B=85NC@9 �5@@�D5H=9BHG�K=H< 5A96=5G=G G<CI@8�5@GC�F979=J9�5B�=BHF5@IA=B5@�5A96=7=89�GI7<�5G
D5FCACAM7=B CF =C8CEI=BC@ =B�CF89F�HC�9@=A=B5H9�=BH9GH=B5@�75FF=5;9�C: E. histolytica�

��� �4*-6,)B74-

�@84)6)<176�'0A

�@69B85NC@9 =G�5B 5BH=<9@A=BH<=7�8FI; H<5H�=G�IG98�HC�HF95H B9A5HC89 =B:97H=CBG�5B8�79FH5=B 79GHC89


=B:97H=CBG��9�;� 7MGH=79F7CG=G 97<=BC7C77CG=G���$B:97H=CBG�6M�=BH9GH=B5@ B9A5HC89G GI7<�5G
<CC?KCFAG 5B8 Trichuris trichiura 75B�75IG9�C77I@H�6@CC8�=B�GHCC@G��.9J9F9 HF=7<IF=5G=G <5G�5@GC�699B
?BCKB�HC�75IG9�568CA=B5@ D5=B 5B8 8=5FF<95 �HF=7<IF=G�8MG9BH9FM�GMB8FCA9���#CK9J9F �6CH<�H<9G9
=B:97H=CBG�<5J9�5�7<FCB=7�7CIFG9�IB@=?9�H<9�57IH9�GMADHCAG�=B�H<=G�D5H=9BH��(CF9CJ9F �H<9�56G9B79�C:
9;;G�5B8�@5FJ59�=B�GHCC@G�=B8=75H9G�H<5H�H<9�D5H=9BH�8C9G�BCH�<5J9�5B�=BH9GH=B5@ <9@A=BH<=7�=B:97H=CB�
�@69B85NC@9 =G�BCH�9::97H=J9�5;5=BGH�H<=G�D5H=9BH�G DFCHCNC5@ =B:97H=CB�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
��� ):7575A+16

�@84)6)<176�'0A

*F5@ D5FCACAM7=B =G�IG98�5G�5�@IA=B5@ 5BH=6=CH=7 =B�7CB>IB7H=CB�K=H<�5B�9LHF5@IA=B5@�5A96=7=89�HC


9F58=75H9�=BH9GH=B5@�7MGHG�5B8�9@=A=B5H9�H<9�75FF=9F�GH5H9��$B�H<9�0. D5FCACAM7=B ACBCH<9F5DM�=G
CB@M�=B8=75H98�:CF�D5H=9BHG�K=H<�5GMADHCA5H=7 =BH9GH=B5@�5A96=5G=G��/<=G�D5H=9BH �<CK9J9F �<5G
GMADHCA5H=7�=BH9GH=B5@ 5A96=5G=G�

��� :)B19=)6<-4

�@84)6)<176�'0A

+F5N=EI5BH9@ =G�IG98�HC�HF95H�ACGH HF9A5HC89 =B:97H=CBG��9�;� G7<=GHCGCA=5G=G 7@CBCF7<=5G=G��5B8


79FH5=B 79GHC89 =B:97H=CBG��9�;� H59B=5G=G�� $BH9GH=B5@�H59B=5G=G 7@CBCF7<=5G=G �5B8�79FH5=B�:CFAG�C:
G7<=GHCGCA=5G=G �S. japonicum S. mansoni��5F9�8=5;BCG98�6M�H<9�DF9G9B79�C:�9;;G�=B�:979G��#CK9J9F
H<9�:=B8=B;�C:�<9A5HCD<5;CIG HFCD<CNC=H9G =B�GHCC@�=B8=75H9G�H<5H�H<9�D5H=9BH�<5G 5A96=5G=G �5
DFCHCNC5@ 8=G95G9�5;5=BGH�K<=7< DF5N=EI5BH9@ =G�=B9::97H=J9�

��� �18:7.47@)+16

�@84)6)<176�'0A

�=DFC:@CL57=B 75B�69�IG98�HC�HF95H�G9J9F9 8MG9BH9FM 75IG98�6M Campylobacter jejuni CF Yersinia


enterocolitica �K<=7<�75B�DF9G9BH�G=A=@5F@M�K=H<�568CA=B5@ D5=B 5B8�6@CC8M 8=5FF<95��#CK9J9F �6CH<
C. jejuni 5B8 Y. enterocolitica 5F9�;F5A�B9;5H=J9�CF;5B=GAG�H<5H�8C�BCH�=B;9GH 9FMH<FC7MH9G���
8=::9F9BH�8FI;�=G�F9EI=F98�=B�H<=G�D5H=9BH�K=H<�<9A5HCD<5;CIG HFCD<CNC=H9G =B�GHCC@�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Question # 1

� ���L84E�B?7 JB@4A�6B@8F�GB�G;8�8@8E:8A6L�78C4EG@8AG�5864HF8�B9�457B@<A4?�C4<A��98I8E��A4HF84�
4A7�IB@<G<A:�9BE ���;BHEF �"8E�457B@<A4?�C4<A�J4F�<A<G<4??L�7H??�4A7�7<99HF8�5HG�;4F�CEB:E8FF87�GB�4
F;4EC�C4<A�BA�G;8�?BJ8E�E<:;G�F<78 �.JB�L84EF�4:B�F;8�;47�GB�HA78E:B�E<:;G F4?C<A:B�BBC;BE86GB@L 49G8E
4A�86GBC<6�CE8:A4A6L �"8E�G8@C8E4GHE8�<F��� �O������ �O � �*;LF<64?�8K4@<A4G<BA�F;BJF�F8I8E8�E<:;G
?BJ8E�DH47E4AG�G8A78EA8FF�J<G;�E85BHA7�G8A78EA8FF��5BJ8?�FBHA7F�4E8�786E84F87 �&45BE4GBEL�FGH7<8F
F;BJ�?8H>B6LGBF<F�J<G;�?89G�F;<9G ��A�457B@<A4? �.�F64A F;BJF�4�7<FG8A787��878@4GBHF�4CC8A7<K �.;8
C4G<8AG�<F�G4>8A�GB�G;8�BC8E4G<A:�EBB@�9BE�4A�4CC8A786GB@L ��HE<A:�G;8�FHE:8EL��G;8�47;8F<BAF�9EB@�G;8
C4G<8AG�F�CE8I<BHF�FHE:8EL�@4>8�<G�7<99<6H?G�9BE�G;8�E8F<78AG�C;LF<6<4A�GB�<78AG<9L�G;8�4CC8A7<K �"8E
4GG8A7<A:�@8AG<BAF�G;4G�F;8�F;BH?7 HF8�4�68EG4<A�FGEH6GHE8�9BE�:H<74A68�GB�?B64G8�G;8�4CC8A7<K �.;8
4GG8A7<A:�<F�@BFG�?<>8?L�E898EE<A:�GB�J;<6;�B9�G;8�9B??BJ<A:�FGEH6GHE8F�

Answer Image

�88C
� <A:H<A4?
E<A:

� .8A<48�6B?<

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Answer Image

#?8B6B?<6

4EG8EL

,<:;G

HE8G8E

�C<C?B<6

4CC8A74:8F

�B?BA<6
;4HFGE4

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Hint

.;8 4CC8A7<K <F�4A <AGE4C8E<GBA84? FGEH6GHE8�G;4G�4E<F8F�9EB@�4�CB<AG�B9 6BAI8E:8A68 4G�G;8�54F8�B9�G;8


686H@

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Correct Answer

A - Deep inguinal ring

Image

Explanation Why

.;8 788C�<A:H<A4?�E<A: <F�4A�BC8A<A:�<A�G;8 GE4AFI8EF4?<F�94F6<4 ?4G8E4? GB�G;8�8C<:4FGE<6�I8FF8?F �.;8


E<:;G 788C�<A:H<A4?�E<A: <F�?B64G87�<A�G;8 E<:;G�?BJ8E�DH47E4AG �"BJ8I8E��G;<F�FGEH6GHE8�<F�C4EG�B9�G;8
457B@<A4?�J4??�4A7�GBB FHC8E9<6<4? GB�58�HF87�4F�:H<74A68�9BE�?B64G<A:�G;8 4CC8A7<K 7HE<A:�FHE:8EL

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
B - Teniae coli

Image

Explanation Why

.;8 G8A<48�6B?<��G;E88�?BA:<GH7<A4? F@BBG;�@HF6?8 54A7F�BA�G;8�FHE9468�B9�G;8 686H@ 4A7 6B?BA�


6BAI8E:8�J;8E8�G;8 4CC8A7<K 4E<F8F�9EB@�G;8 686H@ �.;8E89BE8��G;8 G8A<48�6B?< 64A�58�HF87�4F
:H<74A68�GB�?B64G8�G;8 4CC8A7<K 7HE<A:�FHE:8EL

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
C - Ileocolic artery

Image

Explanation Why

.;8 <?8B6B?<6�4EG8EL 4E<F8F�9EB@�G;8 FHC8E<BE�@8F8AG8E<6�4EG8EL 4A7�FHCC?<8F�G;8 7<FG4? <?8H@� 686H@�


4CC8A7<K��4A7 CEBK<@4? 4F68A7<A:�6B?BA �.;<F 4EG8EL BE�<GF�5E4A6;8F��8 : � 4CC8A7<6H?4E�4EG8EL��@HFG
58�?<:4G87�7HE<A:�4A 4CC8A786GB@L �"BJ8I8E��G;8 <?8B6B?<6�4EG8EL <F�ABG�FC86<9<6�8ABH:;�GB�?B64G8�G;8
4CC8A7<K 7HE<A:�FHE:8EL

D - Right ureter

Explanation Why

.;8�E<:;G HE8G8E <F�4 E8GEBC8E<GBA84?�BE:4A G;4G�?<8F�<A�CEBK<@<GL�GB�G;8 4CC8A7<K <A�G;8 E<:;G�?BJ8E


DH47E4AG 4A7��G;8E89BE8��A887F�GB�58�<78AG<9<87�7HE<A: 4CC8A786GB@L GB�CE8I8AG <4GEB:8A<6 <A=HEL
"BJ8I8E��5864HF8�G;8 4CC8A7<K <F�?B64G87�<AGE4C8E<GBA84??L��G;8�E<:;G HE8G8E 64AABG�58�HF87�9BE

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
:H<74A68�7HE<A: 4CC8A786GB@L

E - Epiploic appendages

Explanation Why

�C<C?B<6�4CC8A74:8F 4CC84E�4?BA:�G;8 6B?BA 4F�F@4?? C8E<GBA84? F46F�9<??87�J<G;�94G �C<C?B<6


4CC8A74:<G<F <F�4�E4E8�7<998E8AG<4?�7<4:ABF<F�B9 46HG8�4CC8A7<6<G<F �.;8F8�FGEH6GHE8F�64AABG��;BJ8I8E�
58�HF87�4F�:H<74A68�GB�?B64G8�G;8 4CC8A7<K 7HE<A:�FHE:8EL

F - Colonic haustra

Image

Explanation Why

"4HFGE4 4E8�BHGCBH6;<A:F�B9�G;8 6B?BA<6 J4??�G;4G�:<I8�G;8 6B?BA <GF�F8:@8AG4?�4CC84E4A68 �.;8L�64A


58�HF87�4F�:H<74A68�GB�?B64G8�G;8 ?4E:8�<AG8FG<A8 7HE<A:�FHE:8EL �"BJ8I8E� ;4HFGE4 4E8�ABG�FC86<9<6

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
USMLE e e r m h nne s
Me est i e s: https://t.me/USMLEMe est

K p n ssr m i e s: https://t.me/USMLEK p n

USMLE i e s Step : https://t.me/USMLE Step

e ker i e s: https://t.me/USMLE e ker

r s e n i e s Step : https://t.me/USMLE r sAn e n

r s e n i e s Step K: https://t.me/USMLE r sAn e n Step K

Ph se i e s: https://t.me/USMLEPh se

Pi ri e i e s: https://t.me/USMLEPi ri e

P th m i e s: https://t.me/USMLEP th m

nA i s i h it : https://t.me/USMLE nA i s

Am ss r p: https://t.me/USMLEAm ss

Le t ri nk: https://t.me/USMLELe t ri

En p int P s: https://t.me/USMLEEn p int

USMLE MEs: https://t.me/USMLE ME

L E Me E : https://t.me/USMLE n ineMe E

USMLE r Step : https://t.me/USMLE r Step

USMLE r Step K: https://t.me/USMLE r Step K

USMLE r Step nk: https://t.me/USMLE r Step

USMLE Anki: https://t.me/USMLEAnki

KissPrep: https://t.me/USMLEKissPrep

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
8ABH:;�GB�?B64G8�G;8 4CC8A7<K

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Question # 2

� ���L84E�B?7 @4A�6B@8F�GB�G;8�C;LF<6<4A�5864HF8�B9 5E<:;G�E87�5?BB7�<A�;<F�FGBB?�9BE ��74LF �"8 ;4F�;47


AB�C4<A�7HE<A:�789864G<BA 4A7�AB�457B@<A4?�C4<A �)A8�L84E�4:B��;8�J4F�7<4:ABF87�J<G; 6<EE;BF<F 49G8E
58<A:�47@<GG87�GB�G;8�8@8E:8A6L�78C4EG@8AG�9BE�HCC8E�:4FGEB<AG8FG<A4?�5?887<A: �"8�;4F�F<A68�6HG�7BJA
BA�;<F�7E<A><A:�4A7�6BAFH@8F�4EBHA7 ��5BGG?8F B9�588E�74<?L ��K4@<A4G<BA�F;BJF�F6?8E4?�<6G8EHF�4A7�@<?7
4A>?8�FJ8??<A: �*4?C4G<BA�B9�G;8�457B@8A�F;BJF�4�9?H<7�J4I8�4A7�F;<9G<A:�7H??A8FF ��ABF6BCL�F;BJF
8A?4E:87�5?H<F;�I8FF8?F�45BI8�G;8�78AG4G8�?<A8 �1;<6;�B9�G;8�9B??BJ<A:�<F�G;8�@BFG�?<>8?L�FBHE68�B9
5?887<A:�<A�G;<F�C4G<8AG�

Answer Image

� -HC8E<BE�E86G4?�I8<A

� #AG8EA4?�CH78A74?�I8<A

� #A98E<BE�@8F8AG8E<6�4EG8EL

� #A98E<BE�E86G4?�I8<A

� #AG8EA4?�<?<46�I8<A

'<77?8�E86G4?�4EG8EL

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Hint

.;8�C4G<8AG�F�4ABF6BCL�9<A7<A:F�B9 4ABE86G4?�I4E<68F <A�477<G<BA�GB�;<F C4FG�@87<64?�;<FGBEL B9 ?<I8E


6<EE;BF<F 4A7 HCC8E�:4FGEB<AG8FG<A4?�5?887<A: FH::8FG CBEG4?�;LC8EG8AF<BA

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Correct Answer

A - Superior rectal vein

Image

Explanation Why

�ABE86G4?�I4E<68F B66HE�<A�C4G<8AGF�J<G; CBEG4?�;LC8EG8AF<BA 4F�4�E8FH?G�B9�<A6E84F87�5?BB7�9?BJ�<A�G;8


CBEGBFLFG8@<6�4A4FGB@BF8F G;4G�6BAA86G�G;8 FHC8E<BE�E86G4?�I8<A J<G;�G;8�<A98E<BE�4A7 @<77?8�E86G4?
I8<AF �.;8 FHC8E<BE�E86G4?�I8<A E868<I8F�5?BB7�9EB@�G;8�E8:<BA�B9�G;8 4A4?�64A4? 45BI8�G;8�78AG4G8�?<A8
4A7�7E4<AF�<AGB�G;8 <A98E<BE�@8F8AG8E<6�I8<A �CBEG4?�I8ABHF 6<E6H?4G<BA� �.;8 FHC8E<BE�E86G4?�I8<A
JBH?7�58�G;8�FBHE68�B9�5?887<A:�<A�G;8�64F8�B9�?8F<BAF�?B64G87 45BI8�G;8�78AG4G8�?<A8��FH6;�4F�G;8
4ABE86G4?�I4E<68F F88A�<A�G;<F�C4G<8AG �.;8 <A98E<BE�E86G4?�I8<AF��J;<6;�E868<I8�5?BB7�9EB@�G;8�E8:<BA
58?BJ�G;8�78AG4G8�?<A8 4A7�7E4<A�<AGB�G;8 <AG8EA4?�CH78A74?�I8<AF �FLFG8@<6�I8ABHF�6<E6H?4G<BA��
JBH?7�58�G;8�FBHE68�B9�5?887<A:�<A�G;8�64F8�B9�?8F<BAF�?B64G87 58?BJ�G;8�78AG4G8�?<A8��FH6;�4F 8KG8EA4?
;8@BEE;B<7F

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
B - Internal pudendal vein

Explanation Why

�?BB7�9EB@�G;8�E8:<BA�B9�G;8 4A4?�64A4? 58?BJ�G;8�C86G<A4G8�?<A8 7E4<AF�<AGB�G;8 <AG8EA4?�CH78A74?


I8<AF I<4�<GF�GE<5HG4EL �.;8 4ABE86G4?�I4E<68F <A�G;<F�C4G<8AG�4E8�?B64G87 45BI8�G;8�78AG4G8�?<A8��J;<6;�<F
J;L�4�7<998E8AG�I8FF8?�<F�G;8�@BE8�?<>8?L�FBHE68�B9�5?887<A: �KG8EA4?�;8@BEE;B<7F��J;<6;�@4A<98FG
J<G;�C4<A9H?�E86G4?�5?887<A:��7E4<A�<AGB�G;8 <AG8EA4?�CH78A74?�I8<AF

C - Inferior mesenteric artery

Explanation Why

.;8 <A98E<BE�@8F8AG8E<6�4EG8EL 7B8F�FHCC?L�5?BB7�GB�G;8�E8:<BA�B9�G;8 4A4?�64A4? 45BI8�G;8�78AG4G8�?<A8


I<4�<GF�5E4A6;��G;8 FHC8E<BE�E86G4?�4EG8EL �"BJ8I8E��G;8�FBHE68�B9�5?887<A:�<A�G;<F�C4G<8AG�<F�4A
8A?4E:87 GBEGHBHF I8<A �I4E<K���ABG�4A 4EG8EL

D - Inferior rectal vein

Explanation Why

.;8 <A98E<BE�E86G4?�I8<AF E868<I8�5?BB7�9EB@�G;8�E8:<BA�B9�G;8 4A4?�64A4? 58?BJ�G;8�78AG4G8�?<A8 �.;8


4ABE86G4?�I4E<68F <A�G;<F�C4G<8AG�4E8�?B64G87 45BI8�G;8�78AG4G8�?<A8��J;<6;�<F�J;L�4�7<998E8AG�I8FF8?�<F
G;8�@BE8�?<>8?L�FBHE68�B9�5?887<A: �.;8 <A98E<BE�E86G4?�I8<AF 4E8�G;8�FBHE68�B9�5?887<A:�<A 8KG8EA4?
;8@BEE;B<7F��J;<6;�@4A<98FG�J<G;�C4<A9H?�E86G4?�5?887<A:

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
E - Internal iliac vein

Explanation Why

�?BB7�9EB@�G;8�E8:<BA�B9�G;8 4A4?�64A4? 58?BJ�G;8�78AG4G8�?<A8 H?G<@4G8?L�7E4<AF�<AGB�G;8 <AG8EA4?�<?<46


I8<AF �.;8 4ABE86G4?�I4E<68F <A�G;<F�C4G<8AG�4E8�?B64G87 45BI8�G;8�78AG4G8�?<A8��J;<6;�<F�J;L�4
7<998E8AG�I8FF8?�<F�G;8�@BE8�?<>8?L�FBHE68�B9�5?887<A: �KG8EA4?�;8@BEE;B<7F��J;<6;�@4A<98FG�J<G;
C4<A9H?�E86G4?�5?887<A:��7E4<A�<AGB�G;8 <AG8EA4?�<?<46�I8<AF

F - Middle rectal artery

Explanation Why

.;8 @<77?8�E86G4?�4EG8EL 7B8F�FHCC?L�5?BB7�GB�G;8�E8:<BA�B9�G;8 4A4?�64A4? 45BI8�G;8�78AG4G8�?<A8


"BJ8I8E��G;8�FBHE68�B9�5?887<A:�<A�G;<F�C4G<8AG�<F�4A�8A?4E:87 GBEGHBHF I8<A �I4E<K���ABG�4A 4EG8EL

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Question # 3

� ���L84E�B?7 JB@4A�6B@8F�GB�G;8�8@8E:8A6L�78C4EG@8AG�5864HF8�B9�457B@<A4?�6E4@C<A:��IB@<G<A:�
4A7�J4G8EL�7<4EE;84�9BE�G;8�C4FG ��;BHEF �)A8�74L�4:B��F;8�J8AG�GB�4 F849BB7�E8FG4HE4AG J<G;�;8E�94@<?L
GB�68?85E4G8�;8E�5<EG;74L �.;E88�B9�G;8�4GG8A788F�;4I8�78I8?BC87�F<@<?4E�FL@CGB@F �.;8�C4G<8AG�4CC84EF
?8G;4E:<6 �"8E�G8@C8E4GHE8�<F �� �O������ �O � �1;<6;�B9�G;8�9B??BJ<A:�BE:4A<F@F�<F�@BFG�?<>8?L
E8FCBAF<5?8�9BE�G;<F�C4G<8AG�F�6HEE8AG�FL@CGB@F�

Answer Image

� �4@CL?B546G8E�=8=HA<

� -G4C;L?B6B66HF�4HE8HF

� 0<5E<B�C4E4;48@B?LG<6HF

� &<FG8E<4�@BAB6LGB:8A8F

� �AG8EB;8@BEE;4:<6��F6;8E<6;<4�6B?<

-4?@BA8??4�8AG8E<64

! �46<??HF�68E8HF

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Hint

.;8�@BFG�?<>8?L�64HF8�B9�G;<F�C4G<8AG�F�FL@CGB@F�<F�4 :E4@�A8:4G<I8� BK<74F8�CBF<G<I8 EB7

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Correct Answer

A - Campylobacter jejuni

Explanation Why

Campylobacter jejuni 64HF8F�4�9BB75BEA8�<??A8FF�G;4G�@4A<98FGF�J<G; 98I8E��457B@<A4?�6E4@CF�


7<4EE;84 4A7��B664F<BA4??L��IB@<G<A:��4F�F88A�;8E8 ��?G;BH:; C. jejuni <F�GLC<64??L�GE4AF@<GG87�I<4
HA78E6BB>87�CBH?GEL�BE�HAC4FG8HE<M87�@<?>��F;8??9<F;�;4F�4?FB�588A�<@C?<64G87�<A�FB@8�64F8F�B9
�4@CL?B546G8E�8AG8E<G<F �*4G<8AGF�J<G; �4@CL?B546G8E�8AG8E<G<F HFH4??L�;4I8�5?BB7L 7<4EE;84��J<G;
FL@CGB@F�GLC<64??L�58:<AA<A:��Q��74LF�49G8E�G;8�<A:8FG<BA�B9�6BAG4@<A4G87�9BB7 �.;<F�JB@4A�
;BJ8I8E��CE8F8AGF�J<G;�J4G8EL 7<4EE;84 ��74L�49G8E�I<F<G<A:�4�F849BB7�E8FG4HE4AG

B - Staphylococcus aureus

Explanation Why

Staphylococcus aureus 8AG8EBGBK<AF 64HF8�4�9BB75BEA8�<??A8FF�G;4G�@4A<98FGF�J<G; 98I8E��457B@<A4?


6E4@CF��IB@<G<A:��4A7�J4G8EL 7<4EE;84��4F�F88A�;8E8 �"BJ8I8E��G;8�GBK<AF�4E8�@BFG�6B@@BA?L
GE4AF@<GG87�I<4�CEB68FF87�@84GF��@4LBAA4<F8��6HFG4E7��BE�ABA74<EL�6E84@8EF��ABG�F849BB7 �'BE8BI8E�
FL@CGB@F�GLC<64??L�58:<A�J<G;<A��Q��;BHEF�B9�<A:8FG<A:�G;8�6BAG4@<A4G87�9BB7��HA?<>8�G;<F�C4G<8AG�F
CE8F8AG4G<BA���74L�49G8E�4�E8FG4HE4AG�I<F<G

C - Vibrio parahaemolyticus

Explanation Why

Vibrio parahaemolyticus :4FGEB8AG8E<G<F <F�GLC<64??L�64HF87�5L�84G<A:�E4J�BE�HA78E6BB>87�F;8??9<F;


�8FC86<4??L�BLFG8EF� �*4G<8AGF�CE8F8AG�J<G; 98I8E��457B@<A4?�6E4@CF��IB@<G<A:��4A7�J4G8EL�5?BB7L
7<4EE;84 ��Q���;BHEF�49G8E�<A:8FG<A:�G;8�6BAG4@<A4G87�F;8??9<F;��4F�F88A�;8E8 �.;8�<A986G<BA�<F
:8A8E4??L�F8?9�?<@<G<A: �)G;8E�C4G;B:8AF�G;4G�64A�58�GE4AF@<GG87�G;EBH:;�F;8??9<F;�<A6?H78 Vibrio
cholerae� Vibrio vulnificus� ;8C4G<G<F���I<EHF� ;8C4G<G<F���I<EHF� ABEBI<EHF��4A7 Paragonimus FC86<8F

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
D - Listeria monocytogenes

Explanation Why

Listeria monocytogenes 64HF8F�4�9BB75BEA8�<??A8FF�G;4G�@4A<98FGF�J<G; 98I8E��457B@<A4?�6E4@CF�


IB@<G<A:��4A7�J4G8EL 7<4EE;84 J<G;<A���;BHEF�GB����74LF�B9�<A:8FG<A:�G;8�6BAG4@<A4G87�9BB7��4F�F88A
;8E8 �"BJ8I8E� L. monocytogenes <F�GLC<64??L�GE4AF@<GG87�I<4�HAC4FG8HE<M87�74<EL�CEB7H6GF�BE�E847L�
GB�84G�78?<�@84GF��ABG�F849BB7

E - Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli

Explanation Why

�AG8EB;8@BEE;4:<6 Escherichia coli ��"����64HF8F�4�9BB75BEA8�<??A8FF�G;4G�64A�@4A<98FG�J<G; 98I8E�


457B@<A4?�6E4@CF��IB@<G<A:��4A7 7<4EE;84��4F�F88A�;8E8 �"BJ8I8E� �"�� <F�GLC<64??L�GE4AF@<GG87�I<4
HA78E6BB>87�@84G��HAC4FG8HE<M87�74<EL�CEB7H6GF�BE�9EH<G�=H<68F��ABG�F849BB7 �'BE8BI8E��C4G<8AGF
HFH4??L�;4I8�5?BB7L 7<4EE;84 J<G;�FL@CGB@F�58:<AA<A:��Q���74LF�49G8E�<A:8FG<A:�6BAG4@<A4G87�9BB7�
HA?<>8�G;<F�C4G<8AG�J;B�CE8F8AGF�J<G;�J4G8EL 7<4EE;84 ��74L�49G8E�84G<A:�4G�4�F849BB7�E8FG4HE4AG

F - Salmonella enterica

Explanation Why

(BAGLC;B<74?�F8EBGLC8F�B9 Salmonella enterica 64HF8�9BB75BEA8�<??A8FF8F�G;4G�@4A<98FG�J<G; 98I8E�


457B@<A4?�6E4@CF��IB@<G<A:��4A7�J4G8EL 7<4EE;84 J<G;<A��Q���;BHEF�B9�<A:8FG<A:�G;8�6BAG4@<A4G87
9BB7��4F�F88A�;8E8 �"BJ8I8E� Salmonella enterica <F�GLC<64??L�GE4AF@<GG87�I<4�HA78E6BB>87�8::F�
CBH?GEL��BE�HAC4FG8HE<M87�@<?>�CEB7H6GF��ABG�F849BB7 �#A986G<BA�J<G;�GLC;B<74?�F8EBGLC8F�B9
Salmonella enterica �8 : � S. Typhi� S. Paratyphi��64HF8F 8AG8E<6�98I8E��J;<6;�6B@@BA?L�58:<AF��Q��
74LF�49G8E�<A:8FG<A:�G;8�6BAG4@<A4G87�9BB7

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
G - Bacillus cereus

Explanation Why

Bacillus cereus 8AG8EBGBK<AF 64A�64HF8�GJB�9BE@F�B9�9BB75BEA8�<??A8FF �.;8�8@8G<6�9BE@�@4A<98FGF


J<G;�457B@<A4?�6E4@CF��IB@<G<A:��4A7��B664F<BA4??L��J4G8EL 7<4EE;84��4F�F88A�;8E8 �"BJ8I8E��G;8
8@8G<6�GBK<AF�4E8�GLC<64??L�GE4AF@<GG87�I<4�<@CEBC8E?L�E89E<:8E4G87�FG4E6;�CEB7H6GF��8 : ��E<68��E4G;8E
G;4A�F849BB7��4A7�G;8�FL@CGB@F�B66HE�J<G;<A����@<AHG8F�GB���;BHEF�B9�<A:8FG<A:�G;8�6BAG4@<A4G87
9BB7�FBHE68 �.;8 7<4EE;84? 9BE@�;4F�4A <A6H54G<BA�C8E<B7 B9��Q���;BHEF�4A7�@4A<98FGF�J<G;
457B@<A4?�6E4@CF�4A7�J4G8EL 7<4EE;84��4F�F88A�;8E8 �"BJ8I8E��IB@<G<A:�JBH?7�ABG�58�8KC86G87
BB7F�4FFB6<4G87�J<G; 7<4EE;84? GBK<A�@87<4G87�7<F84F8�<A6?H78�<@CEBC8E?L�E89E<:8E4G87�@<?>��@84G�
4A7�I8:8G45?8F 8I8E JBH?7�ABG�58�8KC86G87�<A�8<G;8E�G;8�8@8G<6�BE 7<4EE;84? 9BE@�B9 B. cereus
<A986G<BA

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Question # 4

� ���L84E�B?7 @4A�J<G;�7<I8EG<6H?4E�7<F84F8�6B@8F�GB�G;8�8@8E:8A6L�78C4EG@8AG�5864HF8�B9�C4<A?8FF
E86G4?�5?887<A:��7<MM<A8FF��4A7�?<:;G;84787A8FF�9BE ��;BHEF �"<F�G8@C8E4GHE8�<F��� �O����� �O �� CH?F8�<F
����@<A��E8FC<E4G<BAF�4E8����@<A��4A7 5?BB7�CE8FFHE8�<F ������@@�": �"8�4CC84EF�C4?8 �*;LF<64?
8K4@<A4G<BA�F;BJF�5E<:;G�E87�E86G4?�5?887<A: ��B?BABF6BCL�F;BJF CEB9HF8�7<I8EG<6H?4E�5?887<A:�
8A7BF6BC<6�;8@BFG4F<F�<F�C8E9BE@87 ��9G8E�<A<G<4G<A:�9?H<7�E8FHF6<G4G<BA��G;8�C4G<8AG�586B@8F
;8@B7LA4@<64??L�FG45?8 �.;8�9B??BJ<A:�74L��?45BE4GBEL�FGH7<8F�F;BJ�

"8@B:?B5<A ��:�7&

&8H>B6LG8�6BHAG �������@@�

*?4G8?8G�6BHAG ��������@@�

-8EH@

/E84�A<GEB:8A ���@:�7&

�E84G<A<A8 � ��@:�7&

�<?<EH5<A

.BG4? � ��@:�7&

#A7<E86G � ��@:�7&

�?>4?<A8�C;BFC;4G4F8 ���/�&

�?4A<A8�4@<ABGE4AF98E4F8���&.��!*.� ������/�&

�FC4EG4G8�4@<ABGE4AF98E4F8���-.��!).� ������/�&

1;<6;�B9�G;8�9B??BJ<A:�68??F�<A�G;8�C4G<8AG�F�?<I8E�J8E8�@BFG�?<>8?L�74@4:87�9<EFG�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Answer Image

� "8C4G<6�FG8??4G8��#GB��68??F

� *8E<CBEG4?�;8C4GB6LG8F

� "8C4G<6�F<AHFB<74?�8A7BG;8?<4?�68??F

� "8C4G<6�%HC998E�68??F

� '<7MBA4?�;8C4GB6LG8F

�8AGE<?B5H?4E�;8C4GB6LG8F

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Hint

.;<F�C4G<8AG�F�8KGE8@8?L�;<:;�F8EH@ GE4AF4@<A4F8F J<G;�E8?4G<I8?L�ABE@4? 6;B?8FG4G<6�C4E4@8G8EF �ABE@4?


4?>4?<A8�C;BFC;4G4F8��@<?7?L�8?8I4G87 7<E86G�5<?<EH5<A���CE8I<BHF�;8@B7LA4@<6�<AFG45<?<GL��4A7�8I<78A68
B9 CE8E8A4?�46HG8�><7A8L�<A=HEL ��/(��E ��������E4<F8�FHFC<6<BA�9BE <F6;8@<6�;8C4G<G<F

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Correct Answer

A - Hepatic stellate (Ito) cells

Explanation Why

"8C4G<6�FG8??4G8�68??F 4E8�?B64G87�J<G;<A�G;8 FC468�B9��<FF8 �.;8F8�68??F�F86E8G8 8KGE468??H?4E�@4GE<K GB


CEBG86G�4A7�946<?<G4G8�;84?<A:�B9�G;8 ?<I8E <A�E8FCBAF8�GB�GE4AF<8AG�;8C4G<6�<A=HEL��8 : � <F6;8@<6
;8C4G<G<F� �"BJ8I8E��5864HF8�B9�G;8<E�?BJ8E�@8G45B?<6�E4G8� ;8C4G<6�FG8??4G8�68??F 4E8�@BE8�E8F<FG4AG�GB
<F6;8@<6 <A=HEL�4A7�?8FF�?<>8?L�GB�58�74@4:87�6B@C4E87�GB ;8C4GB6LG8F

B - Periportal hepatocytes

Explanation Why

.;8 ?<I8E <F�BE:4A<M87�@<6EBF6BC<64??L�<AGB ;8C4G<6�46<A< �@<6EBI4F6H?4E HA<G���J;<6;�4E8�9HEG;8E


7<I<787�<AGB�G;E88�MBA8F�54F87�BA�G;8�78:E88�B9�BKL:8A4G<BA �3BA8����C8E<CBEG4? ;8C4GB6LG8F�
FHEEBHA7F�G;8 CBEG4?�GE<47��4A7�G;8F8�68??F�4E8�G;8�@BFG�FHF68CG<5?8�GB�I<E4? ;8C4G<G<F 4A7�GBK<6
FH5FG4A68�<A:8FG<BA �"BJ8I8E��MBA8���E868<I8F�BKL:8A�E<6;�5?BB7�4A7�<F�G;8�?84FG�F8AF<G<I8�GB
<F6;8@<6 <A=HEL �.;8E89BE8��C8E<CBEG4? ;8C4GB6LG8F 4E8�@BFG�?<>8?L�GB�58�74@4:87�?4FG�<A <F6;8@<6
;8C4G<G<F

C - Hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cells

Explanation Why

.;8 ;8C4G<6�F<AHFB<7F 7E4<A�5?BB7�9EB@�G;8 CBEG4?�GE<47 �����78BKL:8A4G87�5?BB7�9EB@�G;8 ;8C4G<6


CBEG4?�I8<A������BKL:8A4G87�5?BB7�9EB@�G;8�;8C4G<6 4EG8EL��<AGB�G;8 68AGE4?�I8<A �-<AHFB<74?
8A7BG;8?<4? 68??F�4E8�8KGE8@8?L�F8AF<G<I8�GB E8C8E9HF<BA�<A=HEL��J;<6;�@4L�?847�GB�G;8<E�78FGEH6G<BA�
<A7H68 CBEG4?�;LC8EG8AF<BA��4A7�JBEF8A�;8C4G<6 9<5EBF<F �"BJ8I8E��5864HF8�B9�G;8<E�?BJ8E�@8G45B?<6
E4G8��F<AHFB<74? 8A7BG;8?<4? 68??F�4E8�@BE8�E8F<FG4AG�GB <F6;8@<6 <A=HEL�4A7�?8FF�?<>8?L�GB�58�74@4:87
6B@C4E87�GB ;8C4GB6LG8F

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
D - Hepatic Kupffer cells

Explanation Why

"8C4G<6 %HC998E�68??F 4E8�?B64G87�J<G;<A ;8C4G<6�F<AHFB<7F��4A7�G;8<E�9HA6G<BA�<F�GB�6?84E�4:87


8ELG;EB6LG8F��<A986G<BHF�C4EG<6?8F��4A7�8KGE468??H?4E�785E<F ��864HF8�B9�G;8<E�?BJ8E�@8G45B?<6�E4G8�
;8C4G<6 %HC998E�68??F 4E8�@BE8�E8F<FG4AG�GB <F6;8@<6 <A=HEL�4A7�?8FF�?<>8?L�GB�58�74@4:87�6B@C4E87�GB
;8C4GB6LG8F

E - Midzonal hepatocytes

Explanation Why

.;8 ?<I8E <F�BE:4A<M87�@<6EBF6BC<64??L�<AGB ;8C4G<6�46<A< �@<6EBI4F6H?4E HA<G���J;<6;�4E8�9HEG;8E


7<I<787�<AGB�G;E88�MBA8F�54F87�BA�G;8�78:E88�B9�BKL:8A4G<BA �3BA8����@<7MBA4? ;8C4GB6LG8F��<F�G;8
@BFG�FHF68CG<5?8�GB�;8C4GB68??H?4E�A86EBCGBF<F��J<G; 6BHA6<?@4A�5B7<8F��7H8�GB L8??BJ�98I8E
"BJ8I8E��MBA8���<F�?B64G87�58GJ88A�G;8 CBEG4?�GE<47 4A7 68AGE4?�I8<A 4A7�E868<I8F�BKL:8A�
<AG8E@87<4G8�5?BB7��@84A<A:�G;4G�@<7MBA4? ;8C4GB6LG8F 4E8�A8<G;8E�G;8�9<EFG�ABE�?4FG�68??F�GB�58
74@4:87�5L <F6;8@<4

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
F - Centrilobular hepatocytes

Image

Explanation But

�864HF8�MBA8���6BAG4<AF�G;8�;<:;8FG�78AF<GL�B9 6LGB6;EB@8�*��� 8AML@8F��<G�<F�4?FB�G;8�MBA8�@BFG


FHF68CG<5?8�GB�<A=HEL�9EB@�@8G45B?<6�GBK<AF��FH6;�4F�8G;4AB?� C4E468G4@B?��4A7 ;4?BG;4A8��J;<6;�4E8
4??�GE4AF9BE@87�5L �2*��� <AGB�GBK<6�<AG8E@87<4G8F

Explanation Why

.;8 ?<I8E <F�BE:4A<M87�@<6EBF6BC<64??L�<AGB ;8C4G<6�?B5H?8F �4A4GB@<6�HA<G�� CBEG4?�?B5H?8F


�5<?8�FLAG;8G<6�9HA6G<BA4?�HA<G���4A7 ;8C4G<6�46<A< �@<6EBI4F6H?4E HA<G� �.;8 ;8C4G<6�46<AHF <F�4
7<4@BA7�F;4C87�MBA8�58GJ88A�GJB�A8<:;5BE<A: 68AGE4?�I8<AF �?BA:�4K<F��4A7�GJB�BCCBF<A: CBEG4?
GE<47F �F;BEG�4K<F� �1<G;<A�G;8�46<AHF��5?BB7�8AG8EF�G;EBH:;�G;8 CBEG4?�GE<47 �����78BKL:8A4G87�5?BB7
9EB@�G;8 ;8C4G<6�CBEG4?�I8<A������BKL:8A4G87�5?BB7�9EB@�G;8�;8C4G<6 4EG8EL��4A7�7E4<AF�G;EBH:;�G;8
F<AHFB<74?�64C<??4E<8F <AGB�G;8 68AGE4?�I8<A "8C4G<6�46<A< 64A�58�7<I<787�<AGB�G;E88�MBA8F��J;<6;�4E8
7<FG<A:H<F;87�54F87�BA�G;8�78:E88�B9�BKL:8A4G<BA �3BA8���6BAG4<AF�68AGE<?B5H?4E ;8C4GB6LG8F 4A7
FHEEBHA7F�G;8 68AGE4?�I8<A ��864HF8�MBA8���E868<I8F�BKL:8A�CBBE�5?BB7��<G�<F�G;8�MBA8�@BFG�F8AF<G<I8
GB <F6;8@<6 <A=HEL��@4><A:�68AGE<?B5H?4E ;8C4GB6LG8F @BFG�?<>8?L�GB�58�74@4:87�9<EFG

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Question # 5

� ���L84E�B?7 JB@4A 6B@8F�GB�G;8�8@8E:8A6L�78C4EG@8AG�5864HF8�B9�4 ��74L ;<FGBEL�B9 E<:;G�HCC8E


457B@<A4?�C4<A�4A7�A4HF84 �-;8�<F ����6@ ���9G���<A� G4??�4A7�J8<:;F ���>: �����?5���;8E �'#�<F
���>:�@� �"8E�G8@C8E4GHE8�<F��� �O������ �O � �*;LF<64?�8K4@<A4G<BA�F;BJF�4�7<FG8A787�457B@8A�4A7
E<:;G�HCC8E�DH47E4AG�G8A78EA8FF�J<G;�ABE@4?�5BJ8?�FBHA7F �&45BE4GBEL�FGH7<8F�F;BJ�

&8H>B6LG8�6BHAG �������@@�

-8EH@

.BG4?�5<?<EH5<A � ��@:�7&

�-. ���/�&

�&. ���/�&

�?>4?<A8�C;BFC;4G4F8 ���/�&

�57B@<A4?�H?GE4FBAB:E4C;L�<F�C8E9BE@87��5HG�G;8�E8FH?GF�4E8�<A6BA6?HF<I8 �;B?8F6<AG<:E4C;L�F;BJF�G;8
<AGE4;8C4G<6�5<?8�7H6GF��;8C4G<6�7H6GF��6B@@BA�5<?8�7H6G��4A7�CEBK<@4?�F@4??�5BJ8? 1;<6;�B9�G;8
9B??BJ<A:�<F�G;8�@BFG�?<>8?L�64HF8�B9�G;<F�C4G<8AG�F�FL@CGB@F�

Answer Image

� �HGB7<:8FG<BA�B9�C4A6E84G<6�C4E8A6;L@4

� "LCB@BG<?<GL�B9�G;8�:4??54778E

� <FGH?4�58GJ88A�G;8�:4??5?4778E�4A7�F@4??�<AG8FG<A8

� #A986G<BA�J<G;�4�;8C4GBGEBC<6�I<EHF

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Answer Image

� )5FGEH6G<BA�B9�G;8�6LFG<6�7H6G

<5EBF<F�B9�G;8�6B@@BA�5<?8�7H6G

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Hint

.;<F�C4G<8AG�;4F E<F>�946GBEF 9BE :4??FGBA8 7<F84F8��8 : � B58F<GL� 4:8�������98@4?8� ,<:;G�HCC8E�DH47E4AG


C4<A��A4HF84� 98I8E��4A7 ?8H>B6LGBF<F FH::8FG 46HG8�6;B?86LFG<G<F

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Correct Answer

A - Autodigestion of pancreatic parenchyma

Explanation Why

�HGB7<:8FG<BA�B9 C4A6E84G<6 C4E8A6;L@4 7H8�GB�4�?B64?�E8?84F8�B9�7<:8FG<I8�CEBG8B?LG<6�8AML@8F�<F


F88A�<A C4A6E84G<G<F �1;<?8 C4A6E84G<G<F 64A�@4A<98FG�J<G;�457B@<A4? C4<A��A4HF84��4A7 98I8E��G;8
457B@<A4? C4<A <A C4A6E84G<G<F <F�GLC<64??L�8C<:4FGE<6��ABG�E<:;G�HCC8E�457B@<A4? C4<A��4A7�E47<4G8F
GBJ4E7F�G;8�546> �'BE8BI8E� 6;B?8F6<AG<:E4C;L F;BJ<A:�45F8AG�HCG4>8�B9�E47<B46G<I8�GE468E�<A�G;8
:4??5?4778E��4F�F88A�<A�G;<F�C4G<8AG��FH::8FGF�4ABG;8E�8G<B?B:L

B - Hypomotility of the gallbadder

Explanation Why

"LCB@BG<?<GL�B9�G;8 :4??5?4778E 64A�E8FH?G�<A�5<?<4EL�FG4F<F��J;<6;�CE87<FCBF8F�GB :4??FGBA8


78I8?BC@8AG�4A7 6;B?86LFG<G<F �.;<F�C4G<8AG�F�46HG8�FL@CGB@F��;BJ8I8E��4E8�?<>8?L�64HF87�5L
6BAGE46G<BA�B9�G;8 :4??5?4778E 4:4<AFG�4A�<@C46G87�FGBA8�E4G;8E�G;4A�5L�786E84F87�@BG<?<GL�B9�G;8
:4??5?4778E

C - Fistula between the gallbladder and small intestine

Explanation Why

� 6;B?86LFGB8AG8E<6�9<FGH?4 �9<FGH?4 58GJ88A�G;8 :4??5?4778E 4A7 F@4??�<AG8FG<A8��<F�B9G8A�7H8�GB


<A9?4@@4G<BA B9�G;8 :4??5?4778E J4?? � <FGH?<M4G<BA�CEBI<78F�4�6BA7H<G�9BE�C4FF4:8�B9 :4??FGBA8F�
J;<6;�@4L�64HF8 :4??FGBA8�<?8HF �*4G<8AGF�J<G; :4??FGBA8�<?8HF 64A�CE8F8AG�J<G;�457B@<A4? C4<A�
A4HF84��4A7 98I8E��4F�F88A�;8E8 �"BJ8I8E� C;LF<64?�8K4@<A4G<BA JBH?7�6?4FF<64??L�F;BJ�;<:;�C<G6;87
�GL@C4A<6��5BJ8?�FBHA7F �#A�477<G<BA��8I8A�G;BH:; 6;B?8F6<AG<:E4C;L <F�ABG�4�F8AF<G<I8�G8FG�9BE
:4??FGBA8�<?8HF��<G�JBH?7�58�8KC86G87�GB�F;BJ�6B@@HA<64G<BA�58GJ88A�G;8 :4??5?4778E 4A7�<AG8FG<A4?
GE46G�E4G;8E�G;4A�45F8AG�HCG4>8�B9�E47<B46G<I8�GE468E�<A�G;8 :4??5?4778E ��.�<F�G;8�CE898EE87�<@4:<A:
@B74?<GL�GB�6BA9<E@ :4??FGBA8�<?8HF 4A7�6?4FF<64??L�F;BJF 5BJ8?�B5FGEH6G<BA J<G; CA8H@B5<?<4

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
D - Infection with a hepatotropic virus

Explanation Why

#A986G<BA�J<G;�4�;8C4GBGEBC<6�I<EHF��8 : � ;8C4G<G<F����64A�64HF8�46HG8 ;8C4G<G<F �1;<?8�46HG8 ;8C4G<G<F


64A�@4A<98FG�J<G; E<:;G�HCC8E�DH47E4AG C4<A��A4HF84��4A7 98I8E��<G�HFH4??L�4?FB�@4A<98FGF�J<G;
@4E>87?L�8?8I4G87 ?<I8E�9HA6G<BA�G8FGF �8 : � �-.� �&.���J;<6;�4E8�BA?L�@<?7?L�8?8I4G87�<A�G;<F
C4G<8AG �'BE8BI8E��4 6;B?8F6<AG<:E4C;L F;BJ<A:�45F8AG�HCG4>8�B9�E47<B46G<I8�GE468E�<A�G;8 :4??5?4778E�
4F�F88A�<A�G;<F�C4G<8AG��FH::8FGF�4ABG;8E�8G<B?B:L

E - Obstruction of the cystic duct

Image

Explanation But

,<F>�946GBEF 9BE�G;8�78I8?BC@8AG�B9 6;B?8?<G;<4F<F 64A�58�E8@8@58E87�J<G;�G;8��� F�� 4G��B58F<GL��

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
8@4?8�� 8EG<?8��@H?G<C4E<GL BE CE8:A4A6L��� BEGL�������L84EF�B9�4:8��� 4<E�F><AA87���HEBC84A��(4G<I8
�@8E<64A��BE�"<FC4A<6�4A68FGEL�� 4@<?L�;<FGBEL

Explanation Why

�;B?86LFG<G<F <F�HFH4??L�64HF87�5L�G;8�C4FF4:8�B9�4 :4??FGBA8 <AGB�G;8 6LFG<6�7H6G �.;8�FH5F8DH8AG


B5FGEH6G<BA�?847F�GB <A9?4@@4G<BA 4A7�FL@CGB@F�B9 E<:;G�HCC8E�DH47E4AG 457B@<A4? C4<A��A4HF84�
4A7 98I8E��4F�F88A�<A�G;<F�C4G<8AG �;B?8F6<AG<:E4C;L �"#���F64A��JBH?7�F;BJ�786E84F87�BE�45F8AG
HCG4>8�B9�E47<B46G<I8�GE468E�<A�G;8 :4??5?4778E 7H8�GB�B5FGEH6G<BA�B9�G;8 6LFG<6�7H6G��4 "#���F64A <F
CE<@4E<?L�HF87�GB�7<4:ABF8 6LFG<6�7H6G B5FGEH6G<BA�<9 ,/+ H?GE4FBHA7 94<?F�GB�F;BJ :4??FGBA8F �#A
HA6B@C?<64G87 6;B?86LFG<G<F� 6;B?8FG4F<F C4E4@8G8EF��< 8 � �&*� !!.��4A7 5<?<EH5<A��4E8�GLC<64??L
ABE@4?�BE�BA?L�@<?7?L�8?8I4G87�5864HF8�G;8E8�<F�HFH4??L�AB�B5FGEH6G<BA�B9�G;8�;8C4G<6�7H6GF�BE
6B@@BA�5<?8�7H6G

F - Fibrosis of the common bile duct

Explanation Why

<5EBF<F B9�G;8 6B@@BA�5<?8�7H6G <F�F88A�<A CE<@4EL�F6?8EBF<A:�6;B?4A:<G<F �*-����J;<6;�<F�4�6;EBA<6


<A9?4@@4GBEL�6BA7<G<BA�G;4G�64A�@4A<98FG�J<G; E<:;G�HCC8E�DH47E4AG C4<A 4A7 98I8E 7HE<A:�46HG8
8C<FB78F �"BJ8I8E��C4G<8AGF�J<G; 9<5EBF<F B9�G;8 6B@@BA�5<?8�7H6G JBH?7�58�8KC86G87�GB�;4I8
@4E>87?L�8?8I4G87 6;B?8FG4F<F C4E4@8G8EF��< 8 � �&*� !!.��4A7 5<?<EH5<A� �'BE8BI8E�
6;B?8F6<AG<:E4C;L JBH?7�F;BJ�<@C4<E87�HCG4>8�B9�G;8�E47<B46G<I8�GE468E�<A�G;8 CEBK<@4? 5BJ8?�E4G;8E
G;4A�45F8AG�HCG4>8�B9�E47<B46G<I8�GE468E�<A�G;8 :4??5?4778E

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Question # 6

� ��L84E�B?7 5BL�<F�5EBH:;G�GB�G;8�8@8E:8A6L�78C4EG@8AG�9BE 46HG8�<AG8E@<GG8AG�H@5<?<64?�457B@<A4?


C4<A 4A7�F8I8E4?�8C<FB78F�B9�ABA5<?<BHF�IB@<G<A:�9BE ��;BHEF �.;8�C4<A�E47<4G8F�GB�;<F�E<:;G�?BJ8E
457B@8A�4A7 B66HEF�8I8EL ��Q���@<AHG8F ��HE<A:�G;8F8�8C<FB78F�B9�C4<A��G;8�5BL 7E4JF�HC�;<F�>A88F�GB
G;8�6;8FG �"8�;47�GJB F<@<?4E�8C<FB78F�J<G;<A�G;8�C4FG ��@BAG;F ��57B@<A4?�8K4@<A4G<BA�F;BJF
C8E<H@5<?<64?�G8A78EA8FF�J<G;�AB�@4FF8F�C4?C4G87 �.E4AFI8EF8�457B@<A4?�H?GE4FBHA7�F;BJF 6BA68AGE<6
E<A:F�B9�5BJ8? �"<F ;8@B:?B5<A 6BA68AGE4G<BA�<F �� ��:�7& �1;<6;�B9�G;8�9B??BJ<A:�<F�G;8�@BFG�6B@@BA
HA78E?L<A:�64HF8�B9�G;<F�C4G<8AG�F�6BA7<G<BA�

Answer Image

� '86>8?�7<I8EG<6H?H@

� '4?EBG4G<BA�J<G;�IB?IH?HF

� #AG8FG<A4?�CB?LCF

� #AG8FG<A4?�47;8F<BAF

� �6HG8�4CC8A7<6<G<F

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Hint

.;<F ��L84E�B?7 5BL�CE8F8AGF�J<G;�46HG8�6L6?<64?�457B@<A4? C4<A��J<G;�;<F >A88F 7E4JA�GB�G;8�6;8FG�


ABA5<?<BHF�IB@<G<A:��4A7�4 G4E:8G�F<:A BA H?GE4FBHA7��J;<6;�<F�4�6BAFG8??4G<BA�B9�FL@CGB@F�@BFG
6BAF<FG8AG�J<G; <AGHFFHF68CG<BA �.;8�E86HEE8A68�B9�G;8�8C<FB78�4A7�G;8�CE8F8A68�B9 4A8@<4 4E8�FH::8FG<I8
B9�4�C4EG<6H?4E�C4G;B?B:<6 ?847�CB<AG

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Correct Answer

A - Meckel diverticulum

Image

Explanation Why

'86>8?�7<I8EG<6H?H@ <F�G;8�@BFG�6B@@BA�C4G;B?B:<6 ?847�CB<AG 64HF<A: <AGHFFHF68CG<BA ��


C4G;B?B:<64?�?847�CB<AG F;BH?7�4?J4LF�58�FHFC86G87�<A�6;<?7E8A�B?78E�G;4A���L84EF�B9�4:8�J;B�CE8F8AG
J<G;�E86HEE8AG�8C<FB78F�B9�457B@<A4? C4<A��8FC86<4??L�<9�FL@CGB@F�B66HE�J<G;<A���@BAG;F�B9�G;8�?4FG
8C<FB78 '86>8?�7<I8EG<6H?H@ 64A�64HF8�5?887<A:�<9�<G�6BAG4<AF 86GBC<6 :4FGE<6 @H6BF4? 68??F�G;4G
F86E8G8 :4FGE<6�46<7 4A7�64A�FB�<EE<G4G8�G;8�47=468AG F@4??�5BJ8? GB�G;8�CB<AG�B9�H?68E4G<BA��J;<6;
8KC?4<AF�G;<F�6;<?7�F 4A8@<4

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
B - Malrotation with volvulus

Explanation Why

'4?EBG4G<BA J<G; IB?IH?HF GLC<64??L�CE8F8AGF�J<G;�46HG8�BAF8G�B9�457B@<A4? C4<A 4A7�5?BB7L�FGBB?F


)A�457B@<A4? H?GE4FBHA7��G;8�6?4FF<6�984GHE8�B9 IB?IH?HF <F�G;8 J;<E?CBB?�F<:A �J;<E?�F<:A���J;<6;
<A7<64G8F�4�GJ<FG87 @8F8AG8EL 4A7�<F�84F<?L�7<FG<A:H<F;87�9EB@�G;8 G4E:8G�F<:A F88A�<A�G;<F�C4G<8AG
�?G;BH:;�G;8�6?<A<64?�984GHE8F�@4L�58�F<@<?4E�GB�G;BF8�B9�G;<F�C4G<8AG�F�6BA7<G<BA� IB?IH?HF 64HF87�5L
4�@4?EBG4G<BA�B9�G;8�<AG8FG<A8F�HFH4??L�B66HEF�7HE<A:�84E?L <A94A6L 4A7�JBH?7�58�HA6B@@BA�<A�4
��L84E�B?7�6;<?7

C - Intestinal polyps

Explanation Why

#AG8FG<A4?�CB?LCF 4E8�G;8�F86BA7�@BFG�6B@@BA C4G;B?B:<64?�?847�CB<AG E8FH?G<A:�<A <AGHFFHF68CG<BA


1;<?8 <AG8FG<A4?�CB?LCF 64AABG�58�8AG<E8?L�8K6?H787��G;8L�4E8�ABG�G;8�@BFG�6B@@BA�64HF8�B9
<AGHFFHF68CG<BA <A�G;<F�4:8�:EBHC �.;<F�C4G<8AG�4CC84EF�GB�;4I8�;47�6;EBA<6�5?BB7�?BFF�G;4G�E8FH?G87�<A
4A8@<4��FH::8FG<A:�4�7<998E8AG�8G<B?B:L

D - Intestinal adhesions

Explanation Why

#AG8FG<A4?�47;8F<BAF @4L�64HF8 5BJ8?�B5FGEH6G<BA BE�46G�4F�4�C4G;B?B:<6 ?847�CB<AG 9BE


<AGHFFHF68CG<BA �.;8L�HFH4??L�9BE@�49G8E�457B@<A4?�FHE:8EL��<AGE4�457B@<A4? <A9?4@@4G<BA��BE
457B@<A4? E47<BG;8E4CL��ABA8�B9�J;<6;�4E8�@8AG<BA87�<A�G;<F�C4G<8AG�F�;<FGBEL

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
E - Acute appendicitis

Explanation Why

�6HG8�4CC8A7<6<G<F CE8F8AGF�J<G;�7<99HF8��6BAG<AHBHF�457B@<A4? C4<A @<:E4G<A:�9EB@�G;8


C8E<H@5<?<64?�E8:<BA�GB�G;8 E<:;G�?BJ8E�DH47E4AG��IB@<G<A:��4A7 G4E:8G�F<:A BA H?GE4FBHA7��@4><A:�<G
4A�<@CBEG4AG�7<998E8AG<4?�7<4:ABF<F�9BE�G;<F�C4G<8AG�F�FL@CGB@F �"BJ8I8E��E8C84G87�4GG46>F�B9 C4<A 4A7
G;8�CE8F8A68�B9 4A8@<4 <A�G;<F�C4G<8AG�FH::8FG�4�7<998E8AG�7<4:ABF<F

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Question # 7

.8A�74LF�49G8E�HA78E:B<A:�8@8E:8AG�6B?86GB@L�9BE�4�EHCGHE87�5BJ8? G;4G�F;8�FHFG4<A87�<A�4�@BGBE
I8;<6?8�466<78AG��4 ���L84E�B?7 JB@4A�;4F�457B@<A4?�C4<A ��HE<A:�G;8�CEB687HE8��F;8�J4F�GE4AF9HF87
��HA<GF B9�C46>87�E87�5?BB7�68??F �-;8�<F�6HEE8AG?L E868<I<A:�GBG4?�C4E8AG8E4?�AHGE<G<BA �"8E�G8@C8E4GHE8�<F
�� �O� ���� �O ���CH?F8�<F ����@<A��4A7�5?BB7�CE8FFHE8�<F �������@@�": ��K4@<A4G<BA�F;BJF
G8A78EA8FF�GB�C4?C4G<BA�<A�G;8�E<:;G�HCC8E�DH47E4AG�B9�G;8�457B@8A ��BJ8?�FBHA7F�4E8�;LCB46G<I8 �-8EH@
FGH7<8F�F;BJ�

�FC4EG4G8�4@<ABGE4AF98E4F8 ����/�&

�?4A<A8�4@<ABGE4AF98E4F8 ���/�&

�?>4?<A8�C;BFC;4G4F8 ����/�&

.BG4?�5<?<EH5<A � ��@:�7&

�<E86G�5<?<EH5<A � ��@:�7&

�@L?4F8 ���/�&

1;<6;�B9�G;8�9B??BJ<A:�<F�G;8�@BFG�?<>8?L�7<4:ABF<F�

Answer Image

� �64?6H?BHF�6;B?86LFG<G<F

� #F6;8@<6�;8C4G<G<F

� -@4??�5BJ8?�B5FGEH6G<BA

� "8@B?LG<6�GE4AF9HF<BA�E846G<BA

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Answer Image

� �;B?86LFGB?<G;<4F<F

�6HG8�C4A6E84G<G<F

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Hint

.;<F�C4G<8AG�F�6BA7<G<BA�<F�HFH4??L�BA?L�F88A�<A�;BFC<G4?<M87�C4G<8AGF�J;B�4E8�F8I8E8?L�<??

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Correct Answer

A - Acalculous cholecystitis

Explanation But

#@4:<A:��H?GE4FBAB:E4C;L BE�457B@<A4? �.�F64A��JBH?7�F;BJ�4�7<FG8A787 :4??5?4778E J<G;


G;<6>8A87�J4??F� ;LC8E78AF8 5<?8 �F?H7:8���4A7�C8E<6;B?86LFG<6�9?H<7 �.E84G@8AG�<A6?H78F 4AG<5<BG<6F
�J<G;�:E4@�A8:4G<I8�4A7 8AG8E<6 6BI8E4:8��4A7 6;B?86LFGBFGB@L 9BE�7E4<A4:8��J;<6;�<F�4�?8FF
<AI4F<I8�4CCEB46;�9BE�G;<F�6E<G<64??L�<??�C4G<8AG �#9�G;8�C4G<8AG�7B8F�ABG�<@CEBI8�49G8E�<A<G<4?
@4A4:8@8AG��G;8A 6;B?86LFG86GB@L <F�E8DH<E87

Explanation Why

�64?6H?BHF�6;B?86LFG<G<F F;BH?7�58�FHFC86G87�<A�6E<G<64??L�<??�4A7�CBFGBC8E4G<I8�C4G<8AGF�J;B�CE8F8AG
J<G; 98I8E� ,/+ C4<A��F?<:;G?L�<A6E84F87�?8I8?F�B9�F8EH@ 4@<ABGE4AF98E4F8F��4A7�?45BE4GBEL�8I<78A68
B9�5<?<4EL�FG4F<F��< 8 ��8?8I4G87 5<?<EH5<A��4A7 �&*���4F�B5F8EI87�<A�G;<F�C4G<8AG ��BA7<G<BAF�G;4G�E8FH?G
<A�5<?<4EL�FG4F<F�4A7�BE�;LCBC8E9HF<BA�B9�G;8 :4??5?4778E FH6;�4F�GE4H@4��FHE:8EL� GBG4?�C4E8AG8E4?
AHGE<G<BA��@H?G<C?8 GE4AF9HF<BAF��J;<6;�4E8�4?FB�F88A�;8E8��4E8 E<F>�946GBEF 9BE 464?6H?BHF�6;B?86LFG<G<F

B - Ischemic hepatitis

Explanation Why

#F6;8@<6�;8C4G<G<F��4?FB�>ABJA�4F�RF;B6>�?<I8ES��<F�GLC<64??L�64HF87�5L�FH778A ;LCBG8AF<BA 4A7�BE


G;EB@5BF8F B9�G;8�;8C4G<6�I4F6H?4GHE8��5BG;�B9�J;<6;�4E8�CBG8AG<4?�<AGE4BC8E4G<I8�BE CBFGBC8E4G<I8
6B@C?<64G<BAF B9�4�@4=BE�FHE:<64?�CEB687HE8�4F�G;8 6B?86GB@L G;<F�C4G<8AG�;4F�HA78E:BA8 #F6;8@<6
;8C4G<G<F @4L�@4A<98FG�J<G; ,/+ C4<A 4A7 98I8E��J;<6;�4E8�4?FB�F88A�;8E8 �"BJ8I8E��G;8
6;4E46G8E<FG<6�984GHE8�<F�4�I8EL�;<:;�8?8I4G<BA�<A�F8EH@ GE4AF4@<A4F8F B9��������#/�&�����G<@8F�G;8
HCC8E�?<@<G�B9�ABE@4?���J;<6;�G;<F�C4G<8AG�7B8F�ABG�;4I8

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
C - Small bowel obstruction

Explanation Why

-@4??�5BJ8?�B5FGEH6G<BA �-�)��<F�6;4E46G8E<M87�5L�A4HF84��IB@<G<A:��4A7�457B@<A4?�7<FG8AG<BA��4F
J8??�4F C4<A G;4G�<F�ABA?B64?<M87��C8E<H@5<?<64?��6E4@C<A:��4A7�6B?<6>L��HA?<>8�J;4G�<F�E8CBEG87�<A�G;<F
C4G<8AG �)A C;LF<64?�8K4@<A4G<BA��;LC8E46G<I8��;<:;�C<G6;87�5BJ8?�FBHA7F�4E8�HFH4??L�<78AG<9<87�4F
C8E<FG4?F<F <A6E84F8F�<A�4A�4GG8@CG�GB�E8?<8I8�G;8�B5FGEH6G<BA �.;<F�C4G<8AG��;BJ8I8E��CE8F8AGF�J<G;
;LCB46G<I8�5BJ8?�FBHA7F��@4><A: -�) ?8FF�?<>8?L �'BE8BI8E��?B64?<M87 ,/+ G8A78EA8FF��@<?7
GE4AF4@<A<G<F��4A7�<A6E84F87 4?>4?<A8�C;BFC;4G4F8 JBH?7�ABG�58�8KC?4<A87�5L -�)

D - Hemolytic transfusion reaction

Explanation Why

� 78?4L87�;8@B?LG<6�GE4AF9HF<BA�E846G<BA ��".,��<F�F88A�<A�<A7<I<7H4?F�J<G;�4�CE8I<BHF�;<FGBEL�B9
GE4AF9HF<BA BE BE:4A�GE4AFC?4AG4G<BA 7HE<A:�J;<6; F8AF<G<M4G<BA GB�FC86<9<6 ,�� 4AG<:8AF JBH?7�;4I8
B66HEE87 ��?G;BH:;��".,�@4A<98FGF�@4AL�74LF�49G8E�G;8�F86BA7 GE4AF9HF<BA J<G; 98I8E 4A7 =4HA7<68�
HA6BA=H:4G87�;LC8E5<?<EH5<A8@<4 JBH?7�58�8KC86G87 �.;<F�C4G<8AG�;4F 6BA=H:4G87
;LC8E5<?<EH5<A8@<4��8?8I4G87 GE4AF4@<A4F8F��?B64?<M87 ,/+ C4<A��4A7 F<:AF�B9�F8CF<F��4??�B9�J;<6;
64AABG�58�8KC?4<A87�5L��"., �#A�477<G<BA��9EB@�G;8�:<I8A�;<FGBEL��G;<F�<F�G;8�9<EFG GE4AF9HF<BA G;<F
C4G<8AG�;4F�E868<I87

E - Cholecystolithiasis

Explanation Why

-L@CGB@4G<6 6;B?86LFGB?<G;<4F<F GLC<64??L�@4A<98FGF�J<G; CBFGCE4A7<4? ,/+ C4<A 4FFB6<4G87�J<G;


A4HF84�4A7�IB@<G<A: �5<?<4EL�6B?<6� ��?G;BH:; ?<I8E 8AML@8�C4E4@8G8EF�@4L�58�F?<:;G?L�45ABE@4?�<A
FB@8�C4G<8AGF��HA6B@C?<64G87 6;B?86LFGB?<G;<4F<F JBH?7�ABG�64HF8�G;8 98I8E BE ;LCBG8AF<BA F88A�<A
G;<F�C4G<8AG

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
F - Acute pancreatitis

Explanation Why

�6HG8�C4A6E84G<G<F <F�4A�<A9?4@@4GBEL�7<F84F8�B9�G;8 C4A6E84F @BFG�6B@@BA?L�64HF87�5L :4??FGBA8F


BE 4?6B;B?�45HF8 *4A6E84G<G<F 64A�64HF8 98I8E��457B@<A4? C4<A� G46;L64E7<4� ;LCBG8AF<BA��;LCB46G<I8
5BJ8?�FBHA7F��4?G8E87 ?<I8E 9HA6G<BA�C4E4@8G8EF !4??FGBA8�C4A6E84G<G<F GLC<64??L�64HF8F�8?8I4G87
5<?<EH5<A 4A7 �&* ?8I8?F ��?G;BH:;�G;<F�C4G<8AG�;4F�4??�B9�G;8F8�984GHE8F��;8E�F8EH@ 4@L?4F8 ?8I8?�<F
ABE@4?��@4><A: 46HG8�C4A6E84G<G<F HA?<>8?L

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Question # 8

� ���L84E�B?7 JB@4A�J<G; GLC8�� 7<458G8F�@8??<GHF�4A7�;LC8EG8AF<BA�6B@8F�GB�G;8�8@8E:8A6L


78C4EG@8AG�5864HF8�B9�4 ��74L ;<FGBEL�B9�<AG8E@<GG8AG�457B@<A4?�C4<A��IB@<G<A:��4A7�B5FG<C4G<BA �-;8
;4F�;47 @H?G<C?8�8C<FB78F�B9�HCC8E�457B@<A4?�C4<A�BI8E�G;8�C4FG�L84E �-;8�;4F�F@B>87 ��C46> B9
6<:4E8GG8F�74<?L�9BE�G;8�C4FG ���L84EF �*;LF<64?�8K4@<A4G<BA�F;BJF�4�7<FG8A787�457B@8A�J<G;�7<99HF8
G8A78EA8FF�4A7 ;<:;�C<G6;87 5BJ8?�FBHA7F ��A K�E4L B9�G;8�457B@8A�F;BJF�4�7<?4G87�5BJ8?��@H?G<C?8
4<E�9?H<7 ?8I8?F��4A7 :4F�<A�G;8�5<?<4EL�GE88 �1;<6;�B9�G;8�9B??BJ<A:�<F�G;8�@BFG�?<>8?L�64HF8�B9�G;<F
C4G<8AG�F�6BA7<G<BA�

Answer Image

� *8E9BE4G<BA�B9�4�C8CG<6�H?68E

� #A9?4@@4G<BA�B9�G;8�:4??5?4778E�J4??

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Answer Image

� )5FGEH6G<BA�B9�G;8�6B@@BA�5<?8�7H6G

� )66?HF<BA�B9�G;8�FHC8E<BE�@8F8AG8E<6�4EG8EL

� .BEF<BA�B9�G;8�?4E:8�<AG8FG<A8

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Hint

.;<F�C4G<8AG�J<G;�4 ?BA:�FG4A7<A: ;<FGBEL�B9�8C<FB7<6�HCC8E�457B@<A4? C4<A ABJ�CE8F8AGF�J<G;�984GHE8F�B9


@86;4A<64?�B5FGEH6G<BA��457B@<A4?�7<FG8AG<BA��IB@<G<A:� B5FG<C4G<BA� ;<:;�C<G6;87 5BJ8?�FBHA7F��4A7
7<?4G87�5BJ8?�?BBCF�J<G;�@H?G<C?8 4<E�9?H<7 ?8I8?F��J<G; CA8H@B5<?<4 BA 457B@<A4?�K�E4L

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Correct Answer

A - Perforation of a peptic ulcer

Image

Explanation Why

� C8CG<6�H?68E�C8E9BE4G<BA 64A�@4A<98FG�J<G;�46HG8�BAF8G�457B@<A4? C4<A��IB@<G<A:��4A7 B5FG<C4G<BA�


J;<6;�64A�58�6B@C?<64G87�5L�4 C4E4?LG<6�<?8HF��78@BAFGE4G87�5L�4�7<?4G87�5BJ8?�J<G;�@H?G<C?8�4<E�
9?H<7�?8I8?F�BA�457B@<A4? K�E4L �"BJ8I8E��4<E�BA�4A�457B@<A4? K�E4L JBH?7�58�9BHA7�<A�G;8
C8E<GBA8H@ �7H8�GB�C8E9BE4G<BA�G;EBH:;�G;8 :4FGEB<AG8FG<A4?�GE46G��E4G;8E�G;4A�<A�G;8�5<?<4EL�GE88��4F
F88A�;8E8 �'BE8BI8E��<A7<I<7H4?F�J<G;�4 C4E4?LG<6�<?8HF JBH?7�;4I8�786E84F87�BE�45F8AG�5BJ8?�FBHA7F
E4G;8E�G;4A�;<:;�C<G6;87�5BJ8?�FBHA7F

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
B - Inflammation of the gallbladder wall

Image

Explanation But

.E84G@8AG�9BE :4??FGBA8�<?8HF <F�HFH4??L�FHE:<64?��<AIB?I<A:�E8@BI4?�B9�G;8�FGBA8��8AG8EB?<G;BGB@L�


4A7�CBFF<5?L 5BJ8?�E8F86G<BA GB�E8?<8I8�G;8 <AG8FG<A4?�B5FGEH6G<BA

Explanation Why

�;EBA<6 <A9?4@@4G<BA B9�G;8 :4??5?4778E J4??�64A�?847�GB�G;8�9BE@4G<BA�B9�4A�45ABE@4?�6BAA86G<BA


58GJ88A�G;8 :4??5?4778E 4A7�G;8�<AG8FG<A4?�GE46G��< 8 ��4 6;B?86LFGB8AG8E<6�9<FGH?4���J;<6;�CEBI<78F�4
6BA7H<G�9BE�G;8�C4FF4:8�B9 :4??FGBA8F �� :4??FGBA8 64A�FH5F8DH8AG?L�586B@8�?B7:87�<A�G;8 7<FG4?
<?8H@��G;8�F86G<BA�B9�G;8�<AG8FG<A8�J<G;�G;8�A4EEBJ8FG�?H@8A��64HF<A: :4??FGBA8�<?8HF ��A�457B@<A4? K�
E4L J<??�F;BJ CA8H@B5<?<4��<A7<64G<A:�G;4G�<AGE4�<AG8FG<A4?�4<E�;4F�@BI87�G;EBH:;�GB�G;8 9<FGH?4 <AGB
G;8�5<?<4EL�GE88

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
C - Obstruction of the common bile duct

Image

Explanation Why

)5FGEH6G<BA�B9�G;8 6B@@BA�5<?8�7H6G ������<F�@BFG�B9G8A�64HF87�5L :4??FGBA8 7<F84F8��J;<6;�<F


4FFB6<4G87�J<G;�E86HEE8AG�8C<FB78F�B9�HCC8E�457B@<A4? C4<A �6;EBA<6 5<?<4EL�6B?<6� �6HG8�6;B?4A:<G<F
BE 46HG8�C4A6E84G<G<F 4FFB6<4G87�J<G; ��� B5FGEH6G<BA�64A�4?FB�64HF8�IB@<G<A: �"BJ8I8E� ���
B5FGEH6G<BA�JBH?7�64HF8 <6G8EHF��ABG @86;4A<64?�5BJ8?�B5FGEH6G<BA BE CA8H@B5<?<4 �1;<?8�G;<F�C4G<8AG
?<>8?L�;4F�4�;<FGBEL�B9 :4??FGBA8 7<F84F8��F;8�ABJ�CE8F8AGF�J<G;�4�7<998E8AG�6B@C?<64G<BA

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
D - Occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery

Image

Explanation Why

.;<F�C4G<8AG�;4F E<F>�946GBEF 9BE FHC8E<BE�@8F8AG8E<6�4EG8EL �-'���B66?HF<BA��8 : � 7<458G8F�@8??<GHF�


F@B><A:� ��6HG8�-'��B66?HF<BA��46HG8�@8F8AG8E<6�<F6;8@<4��64A�64HF8 5BJ8?�<A94E6G<BA��J;<6;�64A
?847�GB�7<99HF8�457B@<A4? C4<A 7H8�GB C8E<GBA<G<F��4A7�IB@<G<A:�4A7 B5FG<C4G<BA 7H8�GB
C8E<GBA<G<F�<A7H687 C4E4?LG<6�<?8HF �"BJ8I8E� C4E4?LG<6�<?8HF @4A<98FGF�J<G;�786E84F87�BE�45F8AG�5BJ8?
FBHA7F�E4G;8E�G;4A�;<:;�C<G6;87�5BJ8?�FBHA7F �'BE8BI8E� CA8H@B5<?<4 JBH?7�ABG�58�8KC86G87�J<G;
46HG8�@8F8AG8E<6�<F6;8@<4

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
E - Torsion of the large intestine

Image

Explanation Why

.BEF<BA�B9�G;8 ?4E:8�<AG8FG<A8 64HF8F IB?IH?HF��J;<6;�@4L�?847�GB�4�@86;4A<64? F@4??�5BJ8?


B5FGEH6G<BA��4F�F88A�<A�G;<F�C4G<8AG �,4E8?L� IB?IH?HF B9�G;8 ?4E:8�<AG8FG<A8 64A�@4A<98FG�J<G;�4
E47<B?H68A6L <A�G;8�E<:;G�<A9E4�7<4C;E4:@4G<6�E8:<BA���;<?4<7<G<�F<:A� �"BJ8I8E��G;<F�C4G<8AG�F�?BA:
;<FGBEL�B9�HCC8E�457B@<A4? C4<A 4A7�A8J�9<A7<A:�B9 CA8H@B5<?<4 BA�457B@<A4? K�E4L FH::8FG�4
7<998E8AG�7<4:ABF<F

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Question # 9

� ��74L�B?7 A8J5BEA <F�5EBH:;G�GB�G;8�C;LF<6<4A�5864HF8�B9 457B@<A4?�7<FG8AG<BA��<A6BAFB?45?8�6EL<A:�


4A7 ��8C<FB78F B9 5<?<BHF�IB@<G<A: F<A68�G;8�CE8I<BHF�8I8A<A: �"8�J4F�78?<I8E87�4G�;B@8�4G ���J88>F�
:8FG4G<BA�5L�4�GE4<A87�@<7J<98 �"8�;4F ABG�C4FF87�@86BA<H@ �*;LF<64?�8K4@<A4G<BA�F;BJF 457B@<A4?
7<FG8AG<BA� 4�G<:;G�4A4?�FC;<A6G8E��4A7�4A�8KC?BF<I8�C4FF4:8�B9�4<E�4A7�9868F�BA�E8@BI4?�B9�G;8�8K4@<A<A:
9<A:8E �5ABE@4?�78I8?BC@8AG�B9�J;<6;�B9�G;8�9B??BJ<A:�58FG�8KC?4<AF�G;<F�C4G<8AG�F�6BA7<G<BA�

Answer Image

� 'HF6H?4E<F�CEBCE<4�4A7�47I8AG<G<4

� 'HF6H?4E<F�@H6BF48�4A7�F8EBF4

� �C<G;8?<H@�4A7�?4@<A4�CEBCE<4

� -H5@H6BF4�4A7�@HF6H?4E<F�8KG8EA4

� �C<G;8?<H@�4A7�FH5@H6BF4

'HF6H?4E<F�@H6BF48�4A7�?4@<A4
CEBCE<4

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Hint

.;<F A8J5BEA�F 5<?<BHF IB@<G<A:��457B@<A4?�7<FG8AG<BA��94<?HE8�GB�C4FF @86BA<H@ <A�G;8�9<EFG ���;BHEF B9


?<98��G<:;G�4A4?�FC;<A6G8E��4A7�8KC?BF<I8�C4FF4:8�B9�FGBB?�BA�8K4@<A4G<BA�4E8�6BAF<FG8AG�J<G; "<EF6;FCEHA:
7<F84F8

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Correct Answer

A - Muscularis propria and adventitia

Explanation Why

.;8�@HF6H?4E<F�CEBCE<4�4A7�47I8AG<G<4�4E8�G;8�BHG8E@BFG�?4L8EF�B9�G;8 !#�GE46G �.;8�@HF6H?4E<F


CEBCE<4�CEBI<78F FL@C4G;8G<6 4A7 C4E4FL@C4G;8G<6 <AA8EI4G<BA��4F�J8??�4F�@BGBE�<AA8EI4G<BA�GB�G;8
F@BBG;�@HF6?8 B9�G;8 !#�GE46G �.;8�47I8AG<G<4�<F�G;8�@BFG FHC8E9<6<4? ?4L8E�B9�G;8�CBEG<BA�B9�G;8 !#
GE46G ?L<A:�BHGF<78�G;8 C8E<GBA84?�64I<GL �8 : � 6B?BA� 8FBC;4:HF��4A7�<F�@478�HC�B9 6BAA86G<I8�G<FFH8
G;4G�46GF�GB�CEBG86G�4A7�6E84G8�4GG46;@8AGF�GB�A8<:;5BE<A:�FGEH6GHE8F �"BJ8I8E� "<EF6;FCEHA:�7<F84F8
7B8F�ABG�<AIB?I8�4 =B<AG 78986G�B9�G;8�@HF6H?4E<F�CEBCE<4�4A7�47I8AG<G<4

B - Muscularis mucosae and serosa

Explanation Why

.;8 @HF6H?4E<F @H6BF48 <F�G;8�BHG8E@BFG�?4L8E�B9�G;8�!# @H6BF4��4A7�G;8�F8EBF4�<F�G;8�BHG8E@BFG


?4L8E�B9�G;8�CBEG<BA�B9�G;8 !#�GE46G J<G;<A�G;8 C8E<GBA84?�64I<GL �.;8 @HF6H?4E<F�@H6BF48 4??BJF�G;8
@H6BF4 GB�@BI8��J;<6;�946<?<G4G8F�:?4A7H?4E�F86E8G<BA�4A7�45FBECG<BA �.;8�F8EBF4�6B4GF�G;8�<AG8FG<A8F
4A7�F86E8G8F�F8EBHF�9?H<7�G;4G�CEBG86GF�G;8 !#�GE46G 4:4<AFG�9E<6G<BA4?�74@4:8��J;<6;�@<:;G�B66HE
7HE<A:�@BI8@8AG�J<G;<A�G;8�457B@8A �"BJ8I8E� "<EF6;FCEHA:�7<F84F8 <AIB?I8F�BG;8E�?4L8EF�B9�G;8
!#�GE46G

C - Epithelium and lamina propria

Explanation Why

.;8 8C<G;8?<H@ 4A7 ?4@<A4�CEBCE<4 4E8�G;8�<AA8E@BFG�?4L8EF�B9�G;8 !#�GE46G @H6BF4 �.;8 8C<G;8?<H@


6BAG4<AF�:?4A7F�G;4G�F86E8G8�7<:8FG<I8�8AML@8F�4A7�4?FB�F8EI8F�GB�45FBE5�AHGE<8AGF�4A7�J4G8E �#G�<F
4GG46;87�I<4�G;8 ?4@<A4�CEBCE<4 GB�G;8�<AG8E<BE�B9�G;8 !#�GE46G J4?? �"BJ8I8E� "<EF6;FCEHA:�7<F84F8
<AIB?I8F�BG;8E�?4L8EF�B9�G;8 !#�GE46G

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
D - Submucosa and muscularis externa

Image

Explanation Why

.;8 FH5@H6BF4 ABE@4??L�6BAG4<AF�G;8 '8<FFA8E��FH5@H6BHF��C?8KHF��J;<?8�G;8�@HF6H?4E<F�8KG8EA4


6BAG4<AF�G;8 �H8E546;��@L8AG8E<6��C?8KHF �#A "<EF6;FCEHA:�7<F84F8��G;8F8�GJB�C?8KHF8F�4E8�45F8AG�4G
G;8�4ABE86G4?�?<A8 "<EF6;FCEHA:�7<F84F8 <F�64HF87�5L�78986G<I8�@<:E4G<BA�B9�C?8KHF :4A:?<BA 68??
CE86HEFBEF��A8HE4?�6E8FG�68??F���J;<6;�BE7<A4E<?L�@<:E4G8�GB�G;8 7<FG4? 6B?BA 7HE<A: 98G4?�78I8?BC@8AG
1<G;BHG�G;8�C?8KHF8F� C8E<FG4?F<F <F�HA6BBE7<A4G87��@BG<?<GL�<F�F?BJ��4A7�E8?4K4G<BA�<F�<@C8787�
E8FH?G<A:�<A�8K68FF<I8�6BAGE46G<BA�B9�<AG8FG<A4?�@HF6?8F� 6BAFG<C4G<BA��4A7�B5FGEH6G<BA��4F�F88A�;8E8 ��
5<BCFL B9�G;8 7<FG4? 6B?BA F;BJ<A:�45F8AG :4A:?<BA 68??F�<F�7<4:ABFG<6

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
E - Epithelium and submucosa

Explanation Why

.;8 8C<G;8?<H@ <F�G;8�<AA8E@BFG�?4L8E�B9�G;8�!# @H6BF4��4A7�G;8 FH5@H6BF4 ?<8F�=HFG�BHGF<78�B9�G;8�!#


@H6BF4 �.;8 8C<G;8?<H@ 6BAG4<AF�:?4A7F�G;4G�F86E8G8�7<:8FG<I8�8AML@8F�4A7�4?FB�F8EI8F�GB�45FBE5
AHGE<8AGF�4A7�J4G8E �.;8 FH5@H6BF4 CEBI<78F C4E4FL@C4G;8G<6 <AA8EI4G<BA�GB�:?4A7F�4A7�<F
E8FCBAF<5?8�9BE�F86E8GB@BGBE�46G<I<GL �"BJ8I8E� "<EF6;FCEHA:�7<F84F8 7B8F�ABG�<AIB?I8�4 =B<AG 78986G
B9�G;8 8C<G;8?<H@ 4A7 FH5@H6BF4

F - Muscularis mucosae and lamina propria

Explanation Why

.;8 @HF6H?4E<F�@H6BF48 4A7 ?4@<A4�CEBCE<4 4E8�G;8�GJB�BHG8E@BFG�?4L8EF�B9�G;8�!# @H6BF4 �.;8


@HF6H?4E<F�@H6BF48 4??BJF�G;8 @H6BF4 GB�@BI8��J;<6;�946<?<G4G8F�:?4A7H?4E�F86E8G<BA�4A7�45FBECG<BA
4A7�G;8 ?4@<A4�CEBCE<4 <F�G;8�4GG46;@8AG�F<G8�9BE�G;8�!# 8C<G;8?<H@ �"BJ8I8E� "<EF6;FCEHA:�7<F84F8
<AIB?I8F�BG;8E�?4L8EF�B9�G;8 !#�GE46G

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Question # 10

� ���L84E�B?7 @4A�6B@8F�GB�G;8�C;LF<6<4A�9BE�4 9B??BJ�HC 8K4@<A4G<BA .JB�J88>F 4:B��;8�HA78EJ8AG


?4C4EBF6BC<6�;8EA<BEE;4C;L�9BE�4A�<A7<E86G�<A:H<A4?�;8EA<4 ��HE<A:�G;8�CEB687HE8��4 5?46>�?<I8E J4F
ABG87 �"8�;4F�4�;<FGBEL�B9 <AG8E@<GG8AG�F6?8E4?�<6G8EHF G;4G�E8FB?I87�J<G;BHG�GE84G@8AG �-8EH@�FGH7<8F
F;BJ�

�FC4EG4G8�4@<ABGE4AF98E4F8 ���#/�&

�?4A<A8�4@<ABGE4AF98E4F8 ���#/�&

�?>4?<A8�C;BFC;4G4F8 ���@:�7&

.BG4?�5<?<EH5<A � ��@:�7&

�<E86G�5<?<EH5<A � ��@:�7&

1;<6;�B9�G;8�9B??BJ<A:�<F�G;8�@BFG�?<>8?L�7<4:ABF<F�

Answer Image

.LC8�##��E<:?8E�(4==4E

FLA7EB@8

�H5<A�$B;AFBA

FLA7EB@8

� ,BGBE�FLA7EB@8

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Answer Image

� !<?58EG�FLA7EB@8

.LC8�#��E<:?8E�(4==4E

FLA7EB@8

1<?FBA�7<F84F8

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Hint

.;<F�C4G<8AG�;4F�CE87B@<A4AG?L 7<E86G�;LC8E5<?<EH5<A8@<4��J;<6;�<A7<64G8F�78986G<I8�8K6E8G<BA�B9
6BA=H:4G87�5<?<EH5<A <AGB�G;8 5<?8

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Correct Answer

A - Type II Crigler-Najjar syndrome

Explanation Why

.LC8�## �E<:?8E�(4==4E�FLA7EB@8��J;<6;�<F�64HF87�5L�786E84F87 /�*�:?H6HEBABFL?GE4AF98E4F8


FLAG;8F<F��@4A<98FGF�J<G; <A7<E86G�;LC8E5<?<EH5<A8@<4 4F�BCCBF87�GB�G;8 7<E86G�;LC8E5<?<EH5<A8@<4
F88A�<A�G;<F�C4G<8AG �#A�477<G<BA� �E<:?8E�(4==4E FLA7EB@8�JBH?7�ABG�E8FH?G�<A ;LC8EC<:@8AG4G<BA B9
G;8 ?<I8E

B - Dubin-Johnson syndrome

Image

Explanation But

#A�JB@8A�J<G; �H5<A�$B;AFBA�FLA7EB@8� ;LC8E5<?<EH5<A8@<4 64A�JBEF8A�7HE<A: CE8:A4A6L BE�J<G;

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
G;8�HF8�B9 BE4?�6BAGE468CG<I8�C<??F��5864HF8�G;8�@8G45B?<G8F�B9 8FGEB:8A 4A7 CEB:8FG8EBA8 64A�<A;<5<G
G;8�46G<I<GL�B9�G;<F�GE4AFCBEG�CEBG8<A

Explanation Why

�H5<A�$B;AFBA�FLA7EB@8 <F�64HF87�5L�4�;8E87<G4EL�78986G�<A�4�GE4AFCBEG�CEBG8<A�B9�G;8�5<?<4EL
64A4?<6H?< �.;<F�78986G�<@C4<EF 6BA=H:4G87�5<?<EH5<A 8K6E8G<BA�4A7�64HF8F 7<E86G�;LC8E5<?<EH5<A8@<4
.;<F�78986G�4?FB�<@C4<EF�G;8�8K6E8G<BA�B9�@8G45B?<G8F�B9 8C<A8C;E<A8��J;<6;�FH5F8DH8AG?L�:<I8�G;8
?<I8E 4�5?46>�4CC84E4A68 �H5<A�$B;AFBA�FLA7EB@8 <F�4�58A<:A�6BA7<G<BA�G;4G�7B8F�ABG�E8DH<E8
GE84G@8AG��4F�@<?7�GB�@B78E4G8 =4HA7<68 <F�GLC<64??L�G;8�BA?L�6?<A<64?�F<:A

C - Rotor syndrome

Explanation Why

,BGBE�FLA7EB@8 <F�64HF87�5L�<@C4<E87 5<?<EH5<A 8K6E8G<BA�4A7�@4A<98FGF�J<G; 7<E86G


;LC8E5<?<EH5<A8@<4��J;<6;�<F�4?FB�F88A�<A�G;<F�C4G<8AG �"BJ8I8E� ,BGBE�FLA7EB@8 7B8F�ABG�64HF8
;LC8EC<:@8AG4G<BA B9�G;8 ?<I8E

D - Gilbert syndrome

Explanation Why

!<?58EG�FLA7EB@8��J;<6;�<F�G;8�@BFG�6B@@BA�GLC8�B9 <A;8E<G87�;LC8E5<?<EH5<A8@<4��<F�64HF87�5L
<@C4<E87 5<?<EH5<A HCG4>8�5L ;8C4GB6LG8F 4A7�4�@<?7�786E84F8�<A /�*�:?H6HEBABFL?GE4AF98E4F8
46G<I<GL !<?58EG�FLA7EB@8 JBH?7�@4A<98FG�J<G; ;LC8E5<?<EH5<A8@<4 9B??BJ<A:�FGE8FF��8 : ��FHE:8EL��
5HG�<G�JBH?7�4?FB�64HF8 <A7<E86G�;LC8E5<?<EH5<A8@<4��ABG 7<E86G�;LC8E5<?<EH5<A8@<4 �'BE8BI8E� !<?58EG
FLA7EB@8 JBH?7�ABG�E8FH?G�<A ;LC8EC<:@8AG4G<BA B9�G;8 ?<I8E

E - Type I Crigler-Najjar syndrome

Explanation Why

.LC8�# �E<:?8E�(4==4E�FLA7EB@8��J;<6;�<F�64HF87�5L�A84E�45F8AG /�*�:?H6HEBABFL?GE4AF98E4F8

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
46G<I<GL��@4A<98FGF�J<G;�CHE8 <A7<E86G�;LC8E5<?<EH5<A8@<4 4F�BCCBF87�GB�G;8 7<E86G�;LC8E5<?<EH5<A8@<4
F88A�<A�G;<F�C4G<8AG �.;<F�6BA7<G<BA�HFH4??L�@4A<98FGF�<A A8J5BEAF J<G;�C8EF<FG8AG A8BA4G4?�=4HA7<68
4A7�A8HEB?B:<64?�FL@CGB@F�64HF87�5L >8EA<6G8EHF �#A�477<G<BA� �E<:?8E�(4==4E FLA7EB@8�JBH?7�ABG
E8FH?G�<A ;LC8EC<:@8AG4G<BA B9�G;8 ?<I8E

F - Wilson disease

Explanation Why

1<?FBA�7<F84F8��J;<6;�64HF8F�;8C4G<6 6BCC8E 466H@H?4G<BA��64A�E8FH?G�<A ;LC8E5<?<EH5<A8@<4


"BJ8I8E��G;8�466H@H?4G<BA�B9 6BCC8E B66HEF�<A�9B64?�78CBF<GF�G;4G�64A�BA?L�58�I<FH4?<M87�BA�4 ?<I8E
5<BCFL J<G;�G;8�;8?C�B9�FC86<4?�FG4<AF��8 : ��E;B74A<A8� 1<?FBA�7<F84F8 JBH?7�ABG�64HF8�G;8�:EBFF
5?46>�7<F6B?BE4G<BA�B9�G;8 ?<I8E F88A�<A�G;<F�C4G<8AG � HEG;8E@BE8� 1<?FBA�7<F84F8 JBH?7�@4A<98FG�J<G;
8?8I4G87 GE4AF4@<A4F8F 4A7�@<K87�BE <A7<E86G�;LC8E5<?<EH5<A8@<4��J;8E84F�G;<F�C4G<8AG�;4F�ABE@4?
GE4AF4@<A4F8F 4A7�CHE8?L 7<E86G�;LC8E5<?<EH5<A8@<4

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Question # 11

� ���L84E�B?7 @4A�<F�5EBH:;G�GB�G;8�8@8E:8A6L�78C4EG@8AG�5864HF8�B9�4 ��74L ;<FGBEL�B9�98I8E�4A7


7<FBE<8AG4G<BA �"<F�J<98�E8CBEGF�G;4G�;8�;47�457B@<A4?�C4<A�4A7�7<4EE;84�G;8�CE8I<BHF�74L �"8�7E<A>F
���BM B9�4?6B;B?�J88>?L �"<F�CH?F8�<F ����@<A 4A7�5?BB7�CE8FFHE8�<F ������@@�": ��K4@<A4G<BA�F;BJF
=4HA7<68��C4?@4E�8ELG;8@4��FC<78E�A8I<�BA�;<F�6;8FG��7<?4G87�I8<AF�BA�G;8�4AG8E<BE�457B@<A4?�J4??��4A7
���878@4 B9�G;8�?BJ8E�8KGE8@<G<8F �.;8�457B@8A�<F�FB9G�4A7�7<99HF8?L�G8A78E��G;8E8�<F F;<9G<A:�7H??A8FF�GB
C8E6HFF<BA �"<F 4?5H@<A�<F � ��:�7&��5<?<EH5<A�<F ��@:�7&��4A7�CEBG;EB@5<A�G<@8�<F����F86BA7F
�#(,���� �� "8C4G<G<F�F8EB?B:L�<F�A8:4G<I8 ����.�F64A�B9�G;8�457B@8A�<F�F;BJA �1;<6;�B9�G;8�9B??BJ<A:
CEB68FF8F�<F�G;8�@BFG�?<>8?L�8KC?4A4G<BA�9BE�G;8F8�9<A7<A:F�

Answer Image

� �66H@H?4G<BA�B9�<EBA�<A�;8C4GB6LG8F

"8C4GB6LG8�FJ8??<A:�4A7�A86EBF<F�J<G;

A8HGEBC;<?<6�<A9<?GE4G<BA

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Answer Image

!EBHA7�:?4FF�;8C4GB6LG8F�J<G;�6LGBGBK<6

.�68??F

<5EBHF�54A7F�FHEEBHA7<A:�E8:8A8E4G<A:

;8C4GB6LG8F

'46EBI8F<6H?4E�?<C<7�466H@H?4G<BA�<A

;8C4GB6LG8F

"8C4GB6LG8�FJ8??<A:�J<G;��BHA6<?@4A
5B7<8F�4A7�@BAB6LG8�<A9<?GE4G<BA

'<F9B?787�CEBG8<A�4::E8:4G8F�<A
!
;8C4GB68??H?4E�8A7BC?4F@<6�E8G<6H?H@

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Hint

.;<F�C4G<8AG�CE8F8AGF�J<G;�984GHE8F�B9 FCBAG4A8BHF�546G8E<4?�C8E<GBA<G<F �8 : � 98I8E��7<99HF8�457B@<A4?


G8A78EA8FF� 7<4EE;84���?<>8?L�7H8�GB�47I4A687�4?6B;B?<6 6<EE;BF<F �<EE;BF<F <F�6BA9<E@87�5L�G;8 �.�F64A�
J;<6;�F;BJF�4A 4GEBC;<6 AB7H?4E ?<I8E��4A�8A?4E:87 FC?88A��4A7 4F6<G8F

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Correct Answer

A - Accumulation of iron in hepatocytes

Explanation Why

#EBA 466H@H?4G<BA�<A ;8C4GB6LG8F <F�F88A�<A�C4G<8AGF�J<G; ;8@B6;EB@4GBF<F��J;<6;�64A�64HF8 ?<I8E


6<EE;BF<F��4F�F88A�;8E8 �"BJ8I8E��984GHE8F�B9 ;8@B6;EB@4GBF<F 4?FB�<A6?H78 7<458G8F�@8??<GHF�
4EG;E4?:<4��4A7 5EBAM8�F><A C<:@8AG4G<BA��J;<6;�;4I8�ABG�588A�E8CBEG87�<A�G;<F�C4G<8AG ��77<G<BA4??L�
;8@B6;EB@4GBF<F <F�<A;8E<G87�BE�F86BA74EL�GB�E8C84G87 5?BB7�GE4AF9HF<BAF <A�C4G<8AGF�J<G; ;8@B?LG<6
4A8@<4 �#G�<F�ABG�4�E8FH?G�B9�?BA:�G8E@ 4?6B;B?�45HF8

B - Hepatocyte swelling and necrosis with neutrophilic infiltration

Explanation Why

"8C4GB6LG8 FJ8??<A:�4A7 A86EBF<F J<G; A8HGEBC;<?<6 <A9<?GE4G<BA�<F�F88A�<A 4?6B;B?<6�;8C4G<G<F ��;EBA<6


4?6B;B?<6�;8C4G<G<F JBH?7�8I8AGH4??L�?847�GB 6<EE;BF<F 5HG�<A�G;8�FG4:8�B9 4?6B;B?<6�;8C4G<G<F��G;8 ?<I8E
JBH?7�58�F@BBG;?L�8A?4E:87��ABG�F;EHA>8A�BE�AB7H?4E��4F�F88A�;8E8 ���7<998E8AG�C4G;B?B:<64?�CEB68FF
<F�E8FCBAF<5?8�9BE�G;<F�9<A7<A:

C - Ground-glass hepatocytes with cytotoxic T cells

Explanation Why

!EBHA7�:?4FF ;8C4GB6LG8F J<G; 6LGBGBK<6�.�68??F 4E8�F88A�<A�6;EBA<6 ?<I8E 7<F84F8�F86BA74EL�GB


;8C4G<G<F�� <A986G<BA ��?G;BH:;�G;<F�C4G<8AG�;4F�984GHE8F�B9�6;EBA<6 ?<I8E 7<F84F8��;<F ;8C4G<G<F F8EB?B:L
<F�A8:4G<I8��J;<6;�@4>8F "�0 <A986G<BA�HA?<>8?L

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
D - Fibrous bands surrounding regenerating hepatocytes

Image

Explanation Why

"8C4GB6LG8 78FGEH6G<BA�4A7 ;8C4G<6�FG8??4G8�68?? 46G<I4G<BA�I<4�<A9?4@@4GBEL 6LGB><A8F ?847�GB�8K68FF


6B??4:8A 9<58E�CEB7H6G<BA�<A�G;8�C8E<CBEG4?�4A7�C8E<68AGE4?�MBA8F �.;8�6BAG<AHBHF�9BE@4G<BA�B9�9<5EBHF
54A7F�FHEEBHA7<A:�E8:8A8E4G<A: ;8C4GB6LG8F �< 8 � 9<5EBF<F 4A7�AB7H?4E E8:8A8E4G<BA��78FGEBL�G;8
ABE@4?�4E6;<G86GHE8�B9�G;8 ?<I8E 4A7�E8FH?G�<A�G;8�?BFF�B9�ABE@4? ?<I8E @8G45B?<6�9HA6G<BA �BAA86G<I8
G<FFH8 9BE@4G<BA�<A�G;8�C8E<CBEG4?�MBA8F�4A7�BG;8E 9<5EBG<6 6;4A:8F�?847�GB�4A�<A6E84F87�<AGE4;8C4G<6
I4F6H?4E�GBA8�4A7�FH5F8DH8AG?L��GB CBEG4?�;LC8EG8AF<BA��@4A<98FG<A:�J<G; FC?8AB@8:4?L� 64CHG
@87HF48��4A7�BE 8FBC;4:84?�I4E<68F

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
E - Macrovesicular lipid accumulation in hepatocytes

Explanation Why

'46EBI8F<6H?4E�?<C<7�466H@H?4G<BA�<A ;8C4GB6LG8F <F�4�;4??@4E>�B9 ;8C4G<6�FG84GBF<F �94GGL�?<I8E


7<F84F8���J;<6;�64A�58�64HF87�5L�?BA:�G8E@ 4?6B;B?�45HF8 ��;EBA<6 ;8C4G<6�FG84GBF<F JBH?7
8I8AGH4??L�?847�GB 6<EE;BF<F��4F�F88A�;8E8��5HG�<A�G;8�FG4:8�B9 ;8C4G<6�FG84GBF<F��G;8 ?<I8E JBH?7�58
F@BBG;?L�8A?4E:87 �.;8�9<A7<A:�B9�4�F;EHA>8A��AB7H?4E ?<I8E BA��.�<F�58GG8E�8KC?4<A87�5L�4�7<998E8AG
C4G;B?B:<64?�CEB68FF

F - Hepatocyte swelling with Councilman bodies and monocyte infiltration

Explanation Why

.;8�6BAFG8??4G<BA�B9 ;8C4GB6LG8 FJ8??<A:�J<G; �BHA6<?@4A�5B7<8F 4A7 @BAB6LG8 <A9<?GE4G<BA�<F


6;4E46G8E<FG<6�B9 46HG8�I<E4?�;8C4G<G<F��J;<6;�JBH?7�CE8F8AG�J<G; 98I8E� =4HA7<68� 7<4EE;84��457B@<A4?
C4<A��4A7��E4E8?L��984GHE8F�B9 46HG8�;8C4G<6�94<?HE8 �8 : ��6BA9HF<BA� 4F6<G8F� ;LCB4?5H@<A8@<4�
<A6E84F87 #(,� �<4EE;84 <F�4?FB�4�6B@@BA CEB7EB@4? FL@CGB@�<A�C4G<8AGF�J<G; 46HG8�I<E4?�;8C4G<G<F
7H8�GB "�0�<A986G<BA �"BJ8I8E��G;8 ?<I8E JBH?7�58�8A?4E:87��ABG�F;EHA>8A��4A7 FG<:@4G4�B9�6;EBA<6
?<I8E�7<F84F8 �8 : � FC<78E�A8I<� C4?@4E�8ELG;8@4� FC?8AB@8:4?L��JBH?7�ABG�58�8KC86G87�<A 46HG8�I<E4?
;8C4G<G<F �'BE8BI8E��F8EB?B:<64?�G8FGF�JBH?7�HFH4??L�58�CBF<G<I8�<A�I<E4? ;8C4G<G<F

G - Misfolded protein aggregates in hepatocellular endoplasmic reticulum

Explanation Why

'<F9B?787�CEBG8<A�4::E8:4G8F�<A�;8C4GB68??H?4E 8A7BC?4F@<6�E8G<6H?H@ 4E8�6;4E46G8E<FG<6�B9


U��4AG<GELCF<A�789<6<8A6L ��9986G87�C4G<8AGF�64A�CE8F8AG�J<G; 6<EE;BF<F��4F�F88A�;8E8 �"BJ8I8E�
C4G<8AGF�J<G; U��4AG<GELCF<A 789<6<8A6L�4?FB�78I8?BC C4A46<A4E�8@C;LF8@4��@4A<98FG<A:�J<G;
7LFCA84 4A7 6BH:;��5BG;�B9�J;<6;�;4I8�ABG�588A�E8CBEG87�<A�G;<F�C4G<8AG ��?FB� U��4AG<GELCF<A
789<6<8A6L�<F�<A;8E<G87�4A7�JBH?7�ABG�58�64HF87�5L�?BA:�G8E@ 4?6B;B?�45HF8

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Question # 12

� ���L84E�B?7 JB@4A�6B@8F�GB�G;8�8@8E:8A6L�78C4EG@8AG�5864HF8�4 ��J88> ;<FGBEL�B9�457B@<A4?�C4<A


4A7�5?BB7L�7<4EE;84�G;4G�;4F�JBEF8A87�<A�G;8�C4FG ���;BHEF �-;8�J4F�7<4:ABF87�J<G; H?68E4G<I8�6B?<G<F
��L84E 4:B�5HG�;4F�;47�7<99<6H?GL�47;8E<A:�GB�;8E�7EH:�E8:<@8A "8E�G8@C8E4GHE8�<F �� �O� ���� �O ��
CH?F8�<F�����@<A��4A7�5?BB7�CE8FFHE8�<F ������@@�": ��K4@<A4G<BA�F;BJF�4�7<FG8A787��E<:<7�457B@8A
4A7�;LCB46G<I8�5BJ8?�FBHA7F ?H<7�E8FHF6<G4G<BA�<F�<A<G<4G87 �1;<6;�B9�G;8�9B??BJ<A:�<F�G;8�@BFG
4CCEBCE<4G8�A8KG�FG8C�<A�G;8�7<4:ABF<F�B9�G;<F�C4G<8AG�F�6HEE8AG�6BA7<G<BA�

Answer Image

� �BH5?8�6BAGE4FG�54E<H@�8A8@4

� �57B@<A4?��.�F64A�J<G;�6BAGE4FG

� �.�4A:<B:E4C;L

� �57B@<A4?�K�E4L

� �B?BABF6BCL

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Hint

.BK<6�@8:46B?BA F;BH?7�58�FHFC86G87�<A�4�C4G<8AG�J<G;�4�;<FGBEL�B9 H?68E4G<I8�6B?<G<F 4A7�@87<64G<BA


ABA47;8E8A68�J;B�CE8F8AGF�J<G;�5?BB7L 7<4EE;84��F8I8E8�457B@<A4? C4<A 4A7�7<FG8AG<BA��4A7 F<:AF�B9
F8CF<F �98I8E� G46;L64E7<4� ;LCBG8AF<BA�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Correct Answer

A - Double-contrast barium enema

Explanation Why

�BH5?8�6BAGE4FG 54E<H@�8A8@4 <F�4A�<@4:<A:�@B74?<GL�G;4G�64A�58�HF87�<A�G;8�7<4:ABF<F�B9�/�


5864HF8�<G�64A�<78AG<9L�9<A8 @H6BF4? 6;4A:8F��8 : ��@<6EBH?68E4G<BAF� CF8H7BCB?LCF��G;4G�@4L�58
@<FF87�BA�BG;8E�<@4:<A:�@B74?<G<8F �"BJ8I8E��G;8�7<4:ABF<F�B9�/��;4F�4?E847L�588A�8FG45?<F;87�<A
G;<F�C4G<8AG �'BE8�<@CBEG4AG?L� 54E<H@�8A8@4 <F�6BAGE4<A7<64G87�<A�C4G<8AGF�J<G;�FHFC86G87 GBK<6
@8:46B?BA 5864HF8�<G�JBH?7�9HEG;8E�<A6E84F8 6B?BA<6 7<FG8AF<BA�4A7�G;HF�E<F> 6B?BA<6 C8E9BE4G<BA

B - Abdominal CT scan with contrast

Explanation Why

��6BAGE4FG�8A;4A687 �.�F64A ����.��;4F�4�?<@<G87�EB?8�<A�G;8�7<4:ABF<F�B9 GBK<6�@8:46B?BA �.


F64A 64A�58�6BAF<78E87�<9�G;8�9<EFG�?<A8�7<4:ABFG<6�@B74?<GL�<F�<A6BA6?HF<I8��BE�GB�58GG8E�<78AG<9L
CBFF<5?8�6B@C?<64G<BAF�B9 GBK<6�@8:46B?BA��FH6;�4F�C8E9BE4G<BA�4A7 5BJ8?�<F6;8@<4

C - CT angiography

Explanation Why

�.�4A:<B:E4C;L <F�4 6BA9<E@4GBEL�G8FG HF87�GB�7<4:ABF8 46HG8�@8F8AG8E<6�<F6;8@<4��J;<6;�64A


CE8F8AG�J<G;�4A�46HG8�BAF8G�B9�5?BB7L 7<4EE;84��457B@<A4? C4<A 4A7�7<FG8AG<BA��;LCB46G<I8�5BJ8?
FBHA7F��4A7��<A�64F8�B9�5BJ8? A86EBF<F� F<:AF�B9�F8CF<F �"BJ8I8E� �'# HFH4??L�B66HEF�<A�C4G<8AGF�����
L84EF�J<G;�64E7<BI4F6H?4E E<F>�946GBEF �.;<F����L84E�B?7�C4G<8AG�CE8F8AGF�J<G;�4���J88>�;<FGBEL�B9
5?BB7L 7<4EE;84 4A7�F;8�?46>F E<F>�946GBEF 9BE�G;8�78I8?BC@8AG�B9 �'#��FH6;�4F�4 4GE<4?�9<5E<??4G<BA�
I4?IH?4E�;84EG�7<F84F8��BE�4�E868AG�;<FGBEL�B9�6E<G<64?�<??A8FF

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
D - Abdominal x-ray

Image

Explanation But

.BK<6�@8:46B?BA <F�4�64HF8�B9�ABA@86;4A<64?�9HA6G<BA4? 6B?BA<6 B5FGEH6G<BA�4A7�7<?4G<BA


'86;4A<64? 6B?BA<6 B5FGEH6G<BA��8 : ��7H8�GB 64E6<AB@4 6B?BA� 6B?BA<6 IB?IH?HF��64A�4?FB�CE8F8AG
J<G;�457B@<A4?�7<FG8AG<BA��E47<B?B:<64?�984GHE8F�B9 6B?BA<6 B5FGEH6G<BA��4A7��<A�64F8�B9�5BJ8?
A86EBF<F BE�C8E9BE4G<BA� 984GHE8F�B9�F8CF<F �"BJ8I8E��G;8�CE8687<A:�;<FGBEL�B9 7<4EE;84 �46HG8�6;EBA<6�
5?BB7L��<F�HFH4??L�45F8AG�<A�@86;4A<64? 6B?BA<6 B5FGEH6G<BA

Explanation Why

�57B@<A4? K�E4L <F�G;8�CE898EE87�7<4:ABFG<6�@B74?<GL�9BE GBK<6�@8:46B?BA 4A7�F;BH?7�58�BE78E87�<A


4??�C4G<8AGF�J;B�CE8F8AG�J<G;�5?BB7L 7<4EE;84��457B@<A4?�7<FG8AG<BA��4A7 F<:AF�B9�F8CF<F ��<?4G<BA�B9
G;8 GE4AFI8EF8�6B?BA ����6@�BA�C?4<A�457B@<A4? K�E4L 6BA9<E@F�G;8�7<4:ABF<F �&BFF�B9 6B?BA<6
;4HFGE4G<BA�4A7�@H?G<C?8�4<E�9?H<7�?8I8?F�<A7<64G8 6B?BA<6 7<?4G<BA�4A7 C4E4?LG<6�<?8HF �*4G<8AGF�J<G;
<A9?4@@4GBEL�5BJ8?�7<F84F8��FH6;�4F�G;<F�C4G<8AG��4E8�4G�E<F>�B9�78I8?BC<A: GBK<6�@8:46B?BA�
8FC86<4??L�84E?L�<A�G;8�6BHEF8�B9�7<F84F8�������?<98G<@8�E<F>�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
E - Colonoscopy

Explanation But

*4G<8AGF�J<G;�/��4E8�4G�<A6E84F87�E<F>�B9�78I8?BC<A: 6B?BE86G4?�64A68E �-6E88A<A: 6B?BABF6BC<8F J<G;


5<BCF<8F 8I8EL��Q��L84EF�4E8�E86B@@8A787��Q���L84EF�49G8E�G;8�<A<G<4?�7<4:ABF<F ��?G;BH:; 6B?BA
64A68E 64A�4?FB�CE8F8AG�J<G;�457B@<A4? C4<A 4A7�7<FG8AG<BA��G;8 984GHE8F�B9�F8CF<F <A�G;<F����L84E�B?7
C4G<8AG�4E8�@BE8�6BAF<FG8AG�J<G; GBK<6�@8:46B?BA

Explanation Why

�B?BABF6BCL <F�HF89H?�9BE�G;8�7<4:ABF<F�B9 <A9?4@@4GBEL�5BJ8?�7<F84F8F FH6;�4F�/� �"BJ8I8E�


C4G<8AGF�J<G; GBK<6�@8:46B?BA ;4I8�4�:EBFF?L�7<?4G87 6B?BA G;4G�<F�B9G8A�9E<45?8�7H8�GB�G;8 GE4AF@HE4?
<A9?4@@4G<BA 4A7�5BJ8?�J4?? <F6;8@<4 �.;<F�<A6E84F8F�G;8�E<F>�B9 6B?BA<6 C8E9BE4G<BA�7HE<A:
6B?BABF6BCL��@4><A:�<G�6BAGE4<A7<64G87�<A�C4G<8AGF�J<G;�FHFC86G87 GBK<6�@8:46B?BA

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Question # 13

� ���L84E�B?7 JB@4A�J<G;�;LCBG;LEB<7<F@�6B@8F�GB�G;8�C;LF<6<4A�5864HF8�B9�CEB:E8FF<I8 94G<:H8�


?8G;4E:L��4A7�8C<:4FGE<6�C4<A�49G8E�84G<A: �*;LF<64?�8K4@<A4G<BA�F;BJF�C4?8�6BA=HA6G<I48 �&45BE4GBEL
FGH7<8F�F;BJ 786E84F87�F8EH@�;8@B:?B5<A ?8I8?F�4A7 <A6E84F87�F8EH@�:4FGE<A ?8I8?F
�FBC;4:B:4FGEB7HB78ABF6BCL�F;BJF�<A9?4@@4G<BA�B9�G;8�:4FGE<6�5B7L�4A7�9HA7HF ���C;BGB@<6EB:E4C;
B9�4�5<BCFL�FC86<@8A�G4>8A�9EB@�G;8 :4FGE<6�4AGEH@ <F�F;BJA �1;<6;�B9�G;8�9B??BJ<A:�<F�G;8�@BFG�?<>8?L
64HF8�B9�G;<F�C4G<8AG�F�FL@CGB@F�

Answer Image

� -�68??�;LC8EC?4F<4

� 'H6BF4?�68??�;LC8EC?4F<4

� �AG8EB6;EB@499<A�?<>8�68??�;LC8EC?4F<4

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Answer Image

� *4E<8G4?�68??�78FGEH6G<BA

� �;<89�68??�78FGEH6G<BA

#�68??�78FGEH6G<BA

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Hint

.;<F�C4G<8AG�F 5<BCFL F4@C?8�F;BJF�4AGE4? !�68?? ;LC8EC?4F<4��J;<6;�<F�6BAF<FG8AG�J<G;�4�7<4:ABF<F�B9


4GEBC;<6�:4FGE<G<F

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Correct Answer

A - S cell hyperplasia

Explanation Why

-�68?? ;LC8EC?4F<4 JBH?7�?847�GB�4A�<A6E84F87�F86E8G<BA�B9 F86E8G<A��J;<6;�ABE@4??L�<A6E84F8F


C4A6E84G<6 5<64E5BA4G8 F86E8G<BA�4A7�786E84F8F :4FGE<6�46<7 F86E8G<BA�5L�C;LF<B?B:<64??L�<A;<5<G<A:
:4FGE<A F86E8G<BA�9EB@ !�68??F �#A6E84F87 F86E8G<A JBH?7�ABG�64HF8 4A8@<4� <A9?4@@4G<BA B9�G;8
:4FGE<6�5B7L 4A7�9HA7HF��8?8I4G87 :4FGE<A CEB7H6G<BA��BE !�68?? ;LC8EC?4F<4

B - Mucosal cell hyperplasia

Explanation Why

'H6BF4? 68?? ;LC8EC?4F<4 JBH?7�?847�GB�4A�<A6E84F87�F86E8G<BA�B9 5<64E5BA4G8��J;<6;�<A6E84F8F�:4FGE<6


C" �1;<?8�;LCB6;?BE;L7E<4�64A�E8FH?G�<A @<6EB6LG<6�4A8@<4 �7H8�GB�786E84F87�45FBECG<BA�B9 <EBA��
@H6BF4? 68?? ;LC8EC?4F<4 JBH?7�ABG�8KC?4<A�G;8 <A9?4@@4G<BA B9�G;8 :4FGE<6�5B7L 4A7�9HA7HF��4A
8?8I4G87 :4FGE<A CEB7H6G<BA��BE !�68?? ;LC8EC?4F<4 F88A�<A�G;<F�C4G<8AG

C - Enterochromaffin-like cell hyperplasia

Explanation Why

�AG8EB6;EB@499<A�?<>8�68?? ���&� ;LC8EC?4F<4 JBH?7�<A6E84F8�G;8�F86E8G<BA�B9 ;<FG4@<A8 4A7


FH5F8DH8AG?L :4FGE<6�46<7 CEB7H6G<BA��J;<6;�64A�?847�GB <A9?4@@4G<BA B9�G;8 :4FGE<6�5B7L 4A7�9HA7HF
!4FGE<A FG<@H?4G8F ;<FG4@<A8 E8?84F8�9EB@ ��&�68??F 5HG�JBH?7�ABG�B66HE�4F�4�6BAF8DH8A68�B9 ��&
;LC8EC?4F<4 �.;8�6B@5<A4G<BA�B9 4A8@<4� ;LC8E:4FGE<A8@<4��4A7 !�68?? ;LC8EC?4F<4 4E8�@BE8�?<>8?L
7H8�GB�4A�4?G8EA4G8�8G<B?B:L

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
D - Parietal cell destruction

Image

Explanation But

*EBGBA�CH@C�<A;<5<GBEF �**#F��64A�4?FB�64HF8 !�68?? ;LC8EC?4F<4 5L�<A;<5<G<A: :4FGE<6�46<7 F86E8G<BA


"BJ8I8E��8?8I4G87 :4FGE<A ?8I8?F�4E8�HFH4??L�ABG�9BHA7

Explanation Why

*4E<8G4?�68?? 78FGEH6G<BA�<A�G;8 :4FGE<6�9HA7HF <F�F88A�<A 4HGB<@@HA8�@87<4G87 4GEBC;<6�:4FGE<G<F


��'�!���J;<6;�E8FH?GF�<A�E87H687 :4FGE<6�46<7 CEB7H6G<BA �.;8�E87H687�46<7�CEB7H6G<BA�<A �'�!
?847F�GB�?BFF�B9�A8:4G<I8�9887546>�BA !�68??F��J;<6;�FH5F8DH8AG?L�64HF8F !�68?? ;LC8EC?4F<4 <A�G;8
:4FGE<6�4AGEH@ 4A7 ;LC8E:4FGE<A8@<4 *4E<8G4?�68?? 78FGEH6G<BA�4?FB�<@C4<EF <AGE<AF<6�946GBE CEB7H6G<BA
4A7�64HF8F�786E84F87 I<G4@<A���� 45FBECG<BA�<A�G;8 <?8H@��?847<A:�GB I<G4@<A���� 789<6<8A6L 4A8@<4
�C8EA<6<BHF�4A8@<4� �"BJ8I8E� <EBA�789<6<8A6L�4A8@<4 @4L�58�CE8F8AG�84E?<8E�<A�G;8�7<F84F8�6BHEF8�
7H8�GB�G;8�786E84F87�FB?H5<?<GL�B9 <EBA <A�G;8�F8GG<A:�B9�;LCB6;?BE;L7E<4

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
E - Chief cell destruction

Explanation Why

�;<89�68?? 78FGEH6G<BA�<F�F88A�<A�6;EBA<6 :4FGE<G<F J<G; @H6BF4? 4GEBC;L 4A7�JBH?7�?847�GB�<@C4<E87


CEBG8<A�7<:8FG<BA�7H8�GB�786E84F87�CEB7H6G<BA�B9 C8CF<AB:8A �J;<6;�<F�6BAI8EG87�GB C8CF<A� �-<A68
C8CF<A 6?84I8F I<G4@<A���� 9EB@�9BB7 CEBG8<AF��4 C8CF<A 789<6<8A6L�64A�<@C4<E�G;8�45FBECG<BA�B9
CEBG8<A�5BHA7 I<G4@<A������J;<6;�JBH?7�@4A<98FG�J<G; @46EB6LG<6�4A8@<4 �"BJ8I8E� 6;<89�68??
78FGEH6G<BA�JBH?7�ABG�49986G :4FGE<A CEB7H6G<BA�BE�64HF8�G;8 !�68?? ;LC8EC?4F<4 F88A�;8E8

F - I cell destruction

Explanation Why

#�68?? 78FGEH6G<BA�JBH?7�?847�GB�4�786E84F87�F86E8G<BA�B9 6;B?86LFGB><A<A��J;<6;�ABE@4??L�<A6E84F8F


C4A6E84G<6 F86E8G<BA��@87<4G8F :4??5?4778E 6BAGE46G<BA��4A7�<A;<5<GF�:4FGE<6�8@CGL<A: ��86E84F87
F86E8G<BA�B9 6;B?86LFGB><A<A JBH?7�ABG�8KC?4<A�G;8 4A8@<4� <A9?4@@4G<BA B9�G;8 :4FGE<6�5B7L 4A7
9HA7HF��8?8I4G87 :4FGE<A CEB7H6G<BA��BE !�68?? ;LC8EC?4F<4 F88A�<A�G;<F�C4G<8AG

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Question # 14

� ���L84E�B?7 JB@4A�6B@8F�GB�G;8�C;LF<6<4A�9BE�EBHG<A8 9B??BJ�HC 8I4?H4G<BA �-;8�;4F�4�;<FGBEL�B9


CBBE?L�6BAGEB??87 4FG;@4��9BE�J;<6;�F;8�HF8F�4?5HG8EB?�4A7�9?HG<64FBA8�<A;4?8EF �"8E�@BG;8E�7<87�4G
���L84EF B9�6B@C?<64G<BAF�9EB@ 8@C;LF8@4 �&45BE4GBEL�4A4?LF<F�F;BJF�786E84F87�?8I8?F�B9�4 CEBG84F8
<A;<5<GBE�G;4G�<A;<5<GF�8?4FG<A�78:E474G<BA �1;<6;�B9�G;8�?458?87�457B@<A4?�BE:4AF�<F�@BFG�?<>8?L�GB�58
<AIB?I87�<A�G;8�C4G;B:8A8F<F�B9�G;<F�C4G<8AG�F�6BA7<G<BA�

Answer Image

� �

� �

� �

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Answer Image

� �

� �

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Hint

.;<F�JB@4A�F 94@<?L�;<FGBEL 4A7�786E84F87�?8I8?F�B9 U��4AG<GELCF<A �CEBG84F8�<A;<5<GBE G;4G�<A;<5<GF


8?4FG<A 78:E474G<BA��<A7<64G8�4�7<4:ABF<F�B9 U��4AG<GELCF<A�789<6<8A6L ���.��

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Correct Answer

A-A

Explanation Why

���G;8 FGB@46;��<F�4A <AGE4C8E<GBA84?��@<7?<A8��4A7 4AG8E<BE BE:4A�G;4G�B9G8A�4CC84EF�4F�4�6<E6H?4E��:E8L


G<FFH8�78AF<GL�J<G;�4A�<AA8E�4<E�9?H<7�?8I8?�BA�4 �.�F64A �#G�<F�:8A8E4??L�HA49986G87�5L ��.�

B-B

Explanation Why

���G;8 ?<I8E��<F�I<F<5?8�<AGE4C8E<GBA84??L�4F�4A�B9G8A�GE<4A:H?4E��;B@B:8ABHF�:E8L� FB9G�G<FFH8 78AF<GL�BA


G;8�C4G<8AG�F�E<:;G�F<78�BA�4A�4K<4? �.�F64A �.;8 ?<I8E C?4LF�4�68AGE4?�EB?8�<A�G;8�C4G;B:8A8F<F�B9
��.� �'HG4G<BAF�<A�G;8 ��. :8A8 ?847�GB�G;8�CEB7H6G<BA�B9�4�@<F9B?787�CEBG8<A�J<G;<A ;8C4GB6LG8F
.;8�78986G<I8 ��. 64AABG�58�F86E8G87�4A7�4::E8:4G8F��J;<6;�64HF8F�;8C4G<6�74@4:8�4A7�CBFF<5?L
6<EE;BF<F 4A7�BE�CE<@4EL ?<I8E�64A68E "<FGBC4G;B?B:L F;BJF�G;8�CEBG8<A�4::E8:4G<BAF�4F
*�-�CBF<G<I8��FC;8E<64? <A6?HF<BA�5B7<8F <A�C8E<CBEG4? ;8C4GB6LG8F

C-C

Explanation Why

���G;8 CFB4F�@4=BE�@HF6?8��<F�F<GH4G87�E8GEBC8E<GBA84??L�4?BA:�G;8 I8EG85E4?�5B7<8F .��Q&��4A7


4CC84EF�4F�4�6<E6H?4E��;B@B:8A8BHF?L�:E8L� FB9G�G<FFH8 78AF<GL�BA�4A�4K<4? �.�F64A �#G�<F�:8A8E4??L
HA49986G87�5L ��.�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
D-D

Explanation Why

���G;8�4BEG4��<F�F<GH4G87�E8GEBC8E<GBA84??L�=HFG�?89G�B9�G;8�@<7?<A8�4A7 4AG8E<BE GB�G;8 FC<A8 4A7�4CC84EF


4F�4�6<E6H?4E��;B@B:8A8BHF?L�:E8L�G<FFH8�78AF<GL �#G�<F�:8A8E4??L�HA49986G87�5L ��.�

E-E

Explanation Why

���G;8�?89G ><7A8L��4CC84EF�E8GEBC8E<GBA84??L�4F�4�584A�F;4C87��:E4L� FB9G�G<FFH8 78AF<GL�J<G;�68AGE4?


4E84F�B9 ;LCB78AF<GL BA�4 �.�F64A �#G�<F�:8A8E4??L�HA49986G87�5L ��.�

F-F

Explanation Why

��G;8 FC?88A��<F�I<F<5?8�<AGE4C8E<GBA84??L�BA�4 �.�F64A 4F�4A�B5?BA:��;B@B:8A8BHF?L�:E4L� FB9G�G<FFH8


78AF<GL�BA�G;8�C4G<8AG�F�?89G�F<78 �#G�<F�:8A8E4??L�HA49986G87�5L ��.�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Question # 15

� ���L84E�B?7 @4A�6B@8F�GB�G;8�C;LF<6<4A�9BE�4 9B??BJ�HC 8K4@<A4G<BA �-8EH@�FGH7<8F�F;BJ�

�FC4EG4G8�4@<ABGE4AF98E4F8 ����/�&

�?4A<A8�4@<ABGE4AF98E4F8 ����/�&

V�!?HG4@L?GE4AF98E4F8 ���/�&��(����Q���

"8C4G<G<F���FHE9468�4AG<:8A CBF<G<I8

� C;BGB@<6EB:E4C;�B9�4�FC86<@8A�B5G4<A87�BA�?<I8E�5<BCFL <F�F;BJA �.;8F8�5<BCFL�9<A7<A:F�4E8�@BFG


6;4E46G8E<FG<6�B9�J;<6;�B9�G;8�9B??BJ<A:�GLC8F�B9�<A9?4@@4GBEL�E846G<BAF�

Answer Image

� �6HG8�<A9?4@@4G<BA

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Answer Image

� #F6;8@<6�A86EBF<F

� '4?<:A4AG�GE4AF9BE@4G<BA

� !E4AH?B@4GBHF�<A9?4@@4G<BA

� �;EBA<6�<A9?4@@4G<BA

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Hint

.;8�C4G<8AG�F 5<BCFL F;BJF�F<:AF�B9�G<FFH8�78FGEH6G<BA�4A7�E8C4<E��J<G; C<868@84?�A86EBF<F 4A7 :EBHA7


:?4FF�;8C4GB6LG8F �.B:8G;8E�J<G;�G;8�F8EH@�FGH7<8F�CBF<G<I8�9BE ;8C4G<G<F�� FHE9468 4AG<:8A �"�F�:��
8?8I4G87 �-.��&.��4A7�8?8I4G87 !!.��G;<F�FH::8FGF�I<E4? ;8C4G<G<F

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Correct Answer

A - Acute inflammation

Explanation Why

1;<?8�G;<F�C4G<8AG�F�F8EH@�9<A7<A:F��<A6?H7<A:�G;8�CE8F8A68�B9 "�F�: 4A7�8?8I4G87 GE4AF4@<A4F8F�


6BH?7�58�F88A�<A 46HG8�I<E4?�;8C4G<G<F��G;<F�C4G<8AG�F ?<I8E�5<BCFL ?46>F�>8L�984GHE8F�FH6;�4F
8BF<ABC;<?<6�F<A:?8�68?? A86EBF<F ��BHA6<?@4A�5B7L���FG8??4G8�68??F��4A7�7<99HF8 4CBCGBF<F �.;8
C<868@84?�A86EBF<F F88A�;8E8�<F�ABG�6BAF<FG8AG�J<G;�46HG8 <A9?4@@4G<BA

B - Ischemic necrosis

Explanation Why

#F6;8@<6�A86EBF<F BA ?<I8E�5<BCFL <F�6B@@BA?L�F88A�<A�C4G<8AGF�CE8F8AG<A:�J<G;�46HG8 ;8C4G<G<F 4A7


JBH?7�4CC84E�4F A86EBG<6 ;8C4GB6LG8F 4EBHA7�G;8�68AGE4? I8AH?8F �.;<F�C4G<8AG�F 5<BCFL��;BJ8I8E�
F;BJF C<868@84?�A86EBF<F��J;<6;�<F�ABG�6BAF<FG8AG�J<G; <F6;8@<6�A86EBF<F � HEG;8E@BE8��F8EH@
FGH7<8F�4E8�FH::8FG<I8�B9�I<E4? ;8C4G<G<F

C - Malignant transformation

Explanation Why

'4?<:A4AG�GE4AF9BE@4G<BA��8 : ��78I8?BC@8AG�B9 ;8C4GB68??H?4E�64E6<AB@4��@4L�B66HE�4F�4


6BAF8DH8A68�B9 ;8C4G<G<F���<A986G<BA��J;<6;�G;<F�C4G<8AG�;4F �"BJ8I8E��8KC86G87 5<BCFL 9<A7<A:F
JBH?7�<A6?H78�F<:AF�B9 AH6?84E�4GLC<4 BE 787<998E8AG<4G<BA��J;<6;�4E8�ABG�CE8F8AG�;8E8

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
D - Granulomatous inflammation

Explanation Why

"8C4G<6 :E4AH?B@4F JBH?7�4CC84E�4F�BE:4A<M87�6B??86G<BAF�B9�46G<I4G87 @46EBC;4:8F �8C<G;8?<B<7


;<FG<B6LG8F��BA 5<BCFL �.;<F�9<A7<A:�<F�@BFG�6B@@BA?L�F88A�<A .� 4A7 F6;<FGBFB@<4F<F <A986G<BAF
.;<F�C4G<8AG�F 5<BCFL��;BJ8I8E��7B8F�ABG�F;BJ�4AL :E4AH?B@4F 4A7�F8EH@�9<A7<A:F�4E8�FH::8FG<I8�B9
I<E4? ;8C4G<G<F

E - Chronic inflammation

Explanation Why

.;8�C4G<8AG�F 5<BCFL F;BJF ?L@C;B6LG<6 <A9<?GE4G8F� C<868@84?�A86EBF<F��4A7 :EBHA7�:?4FF


;8C4GB6LG8F��J;<6;�4E8�GLC<64?�B9�6;EBA<6�I<E4? ;8C4G<G<F ��;EBA<6 <A9?4@@4G<BA B9�4AL�G<FFH8�GLC<64??L
F;BJF�@BABAH6?84E�68??�<A9<?GE4G<BA��8 : � ?L@C;B6LG8F� C?4F@4�68??F� @46EBC;4:8F��4A7 9<5EBF<F @4L
58�CE8F8AG�F<@H?G4A8BHF?L�4F�J8??

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Question # 16

� ���L84E�B?7 JB@4A�6B@8F�GB�G;8�C;LF<6<4A�9BE�4 9B??BJ�HC 8K4@<A4G<BA�49G8E�4�6B?BABF6BCL�F;BJ87


�� ;4@4EGB@4GBHF CB?LCF �.;8�C;LF<64?�8K4@<A4G<BA 9<A7<A:F�4E8�F;BJA�<A�G;8�C;BGB:E4C; �1;<6;�B9
G;8�9B??BJ<A:�6BA7<G<BAF�<F�@BFG�?<>8?L�GB�78I8?BC�<A�G;<F�C4G<8AG�

Answer Image

� '4A7<5H?4E�BFG8B@4

� *;8B6;EB@B6LGB@4

� '87H??B5?4FGB@4

� (BA�"B7:><A�?L@C;B@4

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Answer Image

� *4A6E84G<6�64E6<AB@4

'4?<:A4AG�@8?4AB@4

! "8C4GB68??H?4E�64E6<AB@4

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Hint

"4@4EGB@4GBHF�GH@BEF�4E8�7<FBE:4A<M87�:EBJG;F�B9�J8??�7<998E8AG<4G87�G<FFH8�<A�G;8<E�A4G<I8�?B64G<BA �#A
6B@5<A4G<BA�J<G;�@H6B6HG4A8BHF ;LC8EC<:@8AG4G<BA��@H?G<C?8 ;4@4EGB@4GBHF�CB?LCF 4E8�6BAF<FG8AG
J<G; *8HGM�$8:;8EF FLA7EB@8��*$-�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Correct Answer

A - Mandibular osteoma

Explanation Why

*8HGM�$8:;8EF�FLA7EB@8 <F�ABG�4FFB6<4G87�J<G;�4A�<A6E84F87�E<F>�B9�@4A7<5H?4E BFG8B@4F �'4A7<5H?4E


BFG8B@4F 4A7 FB9G�G<FFH8 GH@BEF��8 : � 78F@B<7�GH@BEF� F85468BHF�6LFGF��4E8�4FFB6<4G87�J<G; !4E7A8E
FLA7EB@8��4�I4E<4AG�B9 94@<?<4?�478AB@4GBHF�CB?LCBF<F � �*���J;<6;�JBH?7�CE8F8AG�J<G; 6B?BA<6
CB?LCF �"BJ8I8E��G;8�CB?LCF�<A �* JBH?7�58�478AB@4GBHF�E4G;8E�G;4A�;4@4EGB@4GBHF��4A7�C4G<8AGF
J<G; �* JBH?7�GLC<64??L�;4I8�G;BHF4A7F�B9�CB?LCF

B - Pheochromocytoma

Explanation Why

*8HGM�$8:;8EF�FLA7EB@8 <F�ABG�4FFB6<4G87�J<G;�4A�<A6E84F87�E<F>�B9 C;8B6;EB@B6LGB@4 �.;8�E<F>�B9


C;8B6;EB@B6LGB@4 <F�<A6E84F87�<A A8HEB9<5EB@4GBF<F�GLC8�� �( ��� IBA�"<CC8?�&<A74H�7<F84F8
�0"&���4A7 @H?G<C?8�8A7B6E<A8�A8BC?4F<4 �'�(��GLC8�� ( � 64A�64HF8 ;LC8EC<:@8AG87 @46H?8F
�649N�4H�?4<G�FCBGF���<AG8FG<A4? A8HEB@4F��4A7�;4@4EGB@4GBHF�AB7H?8F�<A�G;8 <E<F �&<F6;�AB7H?8F���5HG
G;8 649N�4H�?4<G�FCBGF JBH?7�58�F88A�BA�G;8�GEHA>�<A�4FFB6<4G<BA�J<G;�6HG4A8BHF A8HEB9<5EB@4F��4A7
;4@4EGB@4GBHF <AG8FG<A4?�CB?LCF JBH?7�ABG�58�8KC86G87 '�(�GLC8��� 64A�64HF8�<AG8FG<A4? A8HEB@4F
4A7 0"& 64A�64HF8�<AG8FG<A4?�64I8EABHF ;8@4A:<B@4F��5HG�A8<G;8E '�(�GLC8��� ABE 0"& JBH?7�58
4FFB6<4G87�J<G; ;4@4EGB@4GBHF�CB?LCF BE�C8E<BE4? ;LC8EC<:@8AG87 @46H?8F

C - Medulloblastoma

Explanation Why

*8HGM�$8:;8EF�FLA7EB@8 <F�ABG�4FFB6<4G87�J<G;�4A�<A6E84F87�E<F>�B9 @87H??B5?4FGB@4 �E4<A�GH@BEF


FH6;�4F @87H??B5?4FGB@4 4A7 :?<B@4F 4E8�4FFB6<4G87�J<G; .HE6BG�FLA7EB@8��4�I4E<4AG�B9 94@<?<4?
478AB@4GBHF�CB?LCBF<F � �*���J;<6;�JBH?7�@4A<98FG�J<G; 6B?BA<6�CB?LCF �"BJ8I8E��G;8�CB?LCF�<A
�* JBH?7�58�478AB@4GBHF�E4G;8E�G;4A�;4@4EGB@4GBHF�4A7�C4G<8AGF�J<G; �* JBH?7�GLC<64??L�;4I8
G;BHF4A7F�B9�CB?LCF

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
D - Non-Hodgkin lymphoma

Explanation Why

*8HGM�$8:;8EF�FLA7EB@8 <F�ABG�4FFB6<4G87�J<G;�4A�<A6E84F87�E<F>�B9 ABA�"B7:><A�?L@C;B@4


-85BEE;8<6�>8E4GBF<F 64A�4CC84E�4F�4�C<:@8AG87 @46H?8��4A7�@H?G<C?8 F85BEE;8<6�>8E4GBF8F �&8F8E�
.E8?4G�F<:A��64A�58�4�;4E5<A:8E�B9�?L@C;B<7�@4?<:A4A6<8F��8 : � ABA�"B7:><A�?L@C;B@4��BE
:4FGEB<AG8FG<A4?�@4?<:A4A6<8F �"BJ8I8E� F85BEE;8<6�>8E4GBF8F GLC<64??L�4CC84E�BA�G;8�;847��GEHA>��4A7
8KGE8@<G<8F��<A�6BAGE4FG�GB�G;8�C8E<BE4?�C<:@8AG87 @46H?8F F88A�<A�G;<F�C4G<8AG

E - Pancreatic carcinoma

Explanation Why

*8HGM�$8:;8EF�FLA7EB@8 �*$-��<F�4�E4E8 4HGBFB@4?�7B@<A4AG 6BA7<G<BA�64HF87�5L�4�;LC8E46G<I8


F8E<A8�G;E8BA<A8 ><A4F8 7H8�GB�4 :4<A�B9�9HA6G<BA�@HG4G<BA BA�G;8 STK11 :8A8 BA 6;EB@BFB@8 ��
*4G<8AGF�J<G; *$- 78I8?BC�@8?4ABG<6 @46H?8F BA�G;8 ?<CF��5H664? @H6BF4��:8A<G4?<4��C4?@F��4A7�FB?8F
4F�J8??�4F�:4FGEB<AG8FG<A4? ;4@4EGB@4GBHF�CB?LCF 6;4E46G8E<M87�5L�ABE@4? 6B?BA<6 8C<G;8?<H@ 4A7
5E4A6;<A: @HF6H?4E<F�@H6BF48 �*BFF<5?8�6B@C?<64G<BAF�B9�G;8 ;4@4EGB@4GBHF�CB?LCF <A6?H78
5?887<A:�4A7 <AGHFFHF68CG<BA �#A7<I<7H4?F�J<G; *$- 4E8�4?FB�4G�<A6E84F87�E<F>�B9�@4?<:A4A6<8F�FH6;�4F
6B?BE86G4?� C4A6E84G<6��BI4E<4A��4A7 5E84FG�64A68E

F - Malignant melanoma

Explanation Why

.;8�@8?4ABG<6 @46H?8F 4FFB6<4G87�J<G; *8HGM�$8:;8EF�FLA7EB@8 ;4I8�ABG�588A�>ABJA�GB�78I8?BC


<AGB�4 @8?4AB@4 BE�4AL�BG;8E�6HG4A8BHF @4?<:A4A6L &LA6;�FLA7EB@8 <F�4FFB6<4G87�J<G;�F85468BHF
6HG4A8BHF A8BC?4F@F 4A7 6B?BE86G4?�64A68E��5HG &LA6;�FLA7EB@8 7B8F�ABG�@4A<98FG�J<G;�<AG8FG<A4?
CB?LCBF<F

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
G - Hepatocellular carcinoma

Explanation Why

*8HGM�$8:;8EF�FLA7EB@8 <F�4FFB6<4G87�J<G;�4A�<A6E84F87�E<F>�B9 :4??5?4778E�64E6<AB@4 5HG�ABG


;8C4GB68??H?4E�64E6<AB@4 �.;8�E<F>�B9 ;8C4GB68??H?4E�64E6<AB@4 <F�<A6E84F87�<A�6BA7<G<BAF�FH6;�4F
1<?FBA�7<F84F8 4A7 ;8@B6;EB@4GBF<F��5BG;�B9�J;<6;�64A�64HF8 ;LC8EC<:@8AG4G<BA �"BJ8I8E�
;LC8EC<:@8AG4G<BA <A 1<?FBA�7<F84F8 CE87B@<A4AG?L�49986GF�G;8 F><A��4A7�C4G<8AGF�J<G;
;8@B6;EB@4GBF<F JBH?7�;4I8�7<99HF8�6HG4A8BHF ;LC8EC<:@8AG4G<BA��<A�6BAGE4FG�GB�G;8�C<:@8AG87
C8E<BE4? @46H?8F F88A�;8E8 �'BE8BI8E��A8<G;8E 1<?FBA�7<F84F8 ABE ;8@B6;EB@4GBF<F <F�4FFB6<4G87
J<G;�<AG8FG<A4?�CB?LCBF<F

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Question # 17

� ���L84E�B?7 @4A�6B@8F�GB�G;8�C;LF<6<4A�5864HF8�B9�4 ��J88> ;<FGBEL�B9�L8??BJ<F;�7<F6B?BE4G<BA�B9�;<F


F><A�4A7�:8A8E4?<M87�CEHE<GHF ��K4@<A4G<BA�F;BJF =4HA7<68 B9�G;8�F><A�4A7�F6?8E4?�<6G8EHF /E<A4?LF<F
F;BJF�4A�8?8I4G87�6BA68AGE4G<BA�B9�5<?<EH5<A�4A7�4�?BJ�6BA68AGE4G<BA�B9�HEB5<?<AB:8A �1;<6;�B9�G;8
9B??BJ<A:�<F�G;8�@BFG�?<>8?L�HA78E?L<A:�64HF8�B9�G;8F8�9<A7<A:F�

Answer Image

�5F8AG�/�*�

:?H6HEBABFL?GE4AF98E4F8�46G<I<GL

� #A6E84F87�;8@B:?B5<A�5E84>7BJA

'4?<:A4AG�:EBJG;�<A�G;8�C4A6E84G<6

5B7L

#A6E84F87�<AG8FG<A4?�5<?<EH5<A

E845FBECG<BA

� �8986G<I8�;8C4G<6�5<?8�8K6E8G<BA

*E8F8A68�B9�FGBA8F�J<G;<A�G;8
:4??5?4778E

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Hint

.;<F�C4G<8AG�F�5<?<EH5<AHE<4�FH::8FGF�4A�HA78E?L<A: 6BA=H:4G87�;LC8E5<?<EH5<A8@<4��4F HA6BA=H:4G87


5<?<EH5<A <F�G<:;G?L�5BHA7�GB 4?5H@<A 4A7�64AABG�58�9<?G8E87�4A7�8K6E8G87�<A�G;8 HE<A8

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Correct Answer

A - Absent UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activity

Explanation Why

�86E84F87 /�*�:?H6HEBABFL?GE4AF98E4F8 46G<I<GL�?847F�GB HA6BA=H:4G87�;LC8E5<?<EH5<A8@<4��J;<6;�<F


F88A�<A !<?58EG�FLA7EB@8 4A7 �E<:?8E�(4==4E�FLA7EB@8 �1;<?8�49986G87�C4G<8AGF�@4L�CE8F8AG�J<G;
=4HA7<68 4A7 CEHE<GHF� 5<?<EH5<A JBH?7�ABG�58�78G86G87�<A�G;8 HE<A8 �'BE8BI8E��G;8�E8?4G<I8?L�46HG8
6BHEF8�B9�G;<F�C4G<8AG�F�FL@CGB@F�@4>8F�G;<F�HA?<>8?L

B - Increased hemoglobin breakdown

Explanation Why

"8@B?LF<F 64A�4?FB�64HF8 =4HA7<68 4A7 CEHE<GHF��J;<6;�4E8�F88A�;8E8 �#A ;8@B?LF<F��78FGEH6G<BA�B9


,��F ?847F�GB�8K68FF HA6BA=H:4G87�5<?<EH5<A <A�G;8�F8EH@�4A7�BG;8E ?45BE4GBEL�F<:AF�B9�;8@B?LF<F��4F
J8??�4F�<A6E84F87�8K6E8G<BA�B9 6BA=H:4G87�5<?<EH5<A 5L�G;8�<AG8FG<A8F /E<A4?LF<F JBH?7�58�8KC86G87�GB
F;BJ�<A6E84F87 HEB5<?<AB:8A �7H8�GB�<A6E84F87�6BAI8EF<BA�9EB@ 6BA=H:4G87�5<?<EH5<A GB HEB5<?<AB:8A
<A�G;8�:HG��<AG8FG<A4?�E845FBECG<BA��4A7 E8A4?�8K6E8G<BA��4A7�ABE@4? 5<?<EH5<A��HA?<>8�J<G;�G;<F�C4G<8AG

C - Malignant growth in the pancreatic body

Explanation Why

*4A6E84G<6 ;847�GH@BEF�6B@@BA?L�CE8F8AG�J<G; =4HA7<68��:<I8A�G;8<E�CEBK<@<GL�GB�G;8�5<?<4EL�GE88�4A7


FH5F8DH8AG�CBG8AG<4?�9BE�5<?<4EL�7H6G�B5FGEH6G<BA �"BJ8I8E� C4A6E84G<6 5B7L�GH@BEF�4E8�HA6B@@BA
4A7�@H6;�?8FF�?<>8?L�GB�49986G�G;8 ?<I8E BE�64HF8 5<?8 7H6G�B5FGEH6G<BA �.;<F�C4G;B?B:L�<F�G;8E89BE8�4A
HA?<>8?L�64HF8�B9�G;<F�C4G<8AG�F�984GHE8F

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
D - Increased intestinal bilirubin reabsorption

Explanation Why

#A6E84F87�<AG8FG<A4? 5<?<EH5<A E845FBECG<BA�JBH?7�E8FH?G�<A�<A6E84F87�?8I8?F�B9 6BA=H:4G87�5<?<EH5<A


�6BA=H:4G87�;LC8E5<?<EH5<A8@<4� �1;<?8�G;<F�8K68FF�B9 5<?<EH5<A 64A�?847�GB�46HG8 =4HA7<68 4A7
CEHE<GHF� HE<A4?LF<F JBH?7�F;BJ�5BG;�<A6E84F87 5<?<EH5<A 4A7 HEB5<?<AB:8A 8K6E8G<BA �.;<F�C4G<8AG�F
HE<A4?LF<F F;BJF�4�?BJ�6BA68AGE4G<BA�B9 HEB5<?<AB:8A��J;<6;�<@C?<8F�;<F 6BA=H:4G87
;LC8E5<?<EH5<A8@<4 <F�7H8�GB�4�7<998E8AG�64HF8

E - Defective hepatic bile excretion

Image

Explanation Why

(BE@4??L� HA6BA=H:4G87�5<?<EH5<A <F�45FBE587�5L�G;8 ?<I8E 4A7�6BA=H:4G87�J<G; :?H6HEBA<6�46<7 �#G�<F


G;8A�F86E8G87�I<4�G;8 5<?8 4A7�6BAI8EG87�GB HEB5<?<AB:8A 5L�<AG8FG<A4?�546G8E<4 �#A�64F8F�B9�78986G<I8

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
;8C4G<6 5<?8 8K6E8G<BA��< 8 ��7H8�GB�4 5<?8 7H6G�FG8ABF<F�BE 6;B?87B6;B?<G;<4F<F���6BA=H:4G<BA�6BAG<AH8F
GB�G4>8�C?468��< 8 � HA6BA=H:4G87�5<?<EH5<A 6BA68AGE4G<BA�E8@4<AF�ABE@4?��5HG 6BA=H:4G87�5<?<EH5<A
64AABG�58�F86E8G87 �BA=H:4G87�5<?<EH5<A 466H@H?4G8F�<A�G;8�5?BB7��6BA=H:4G87�;LC8E5<?<EH5<A8@<4�
4A7�<F�8K6E8G87�5L�G;8 ><7A8LF �<A6E84F87 5<?<EH5<A <A HE<A4?LF<F�

F - Presence of stones within the gallbladder

Explanation Why

!4??FGBA8F ?B64G87�<A�G;8 :4??5?4778E 7B�ABG�?847�GB ;LC8E5<?<EH5<A8@<4 �)A?L�4�C4G<8AG�J<G;�4


:4??FGBA8 B5FGEH6G<A:�5<?<4EL�BHG9?BJ�JBH?7�58�FL@CGB@4G<6��<A�J;<6;�64F8 =4HA7<68� CEHE<GHF��4A7
6BA=H:4G87�;LC8E5<?<EH5<A8@<4 JBH?7�58�8KC86G87

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Question # 18

� ���L84E�B?7 JB@4A�J<G;�4 ;<FGBEL�B9�<AGE4I8ABHF�7EH:�HF8 <F�5EBH:;G�GB�G;8�8@8E:8A6L�78C4EG@8AG


5864HF8�B9�4 ��74L ;<FGBEL�B9�94G<:H8��L8??BJ�8L8F��6BA9HF<BA��4A7�5?BB7�<A�;8E�FGBB?F �-;8�4CC84EF�<??
"8E�G8@C8E4GHE8�<F �� �O������ �O � �*;LF<64?�8K4@<A4G<BA�F;BJF�C4<A�<A�G;8�E<:;G�HCC8E�DH47E4AG�
7<99HF8�=4HA7<68�J<G;�F6?8E4?�<6G8EHF��4A7�5E<:;G�E87�5?BB7�<A�G;8�E86G4?�I4H?G � HEG;8E�8I4?H4G<BA
78@BAFGE4G8F�I<E<BAF�<A�;8E�5?BB7��FB@8�B9�J;<6;�;4I8�4 C4EG<4??L 7BH5?8�FGE4A787 �(��:8AB@8 J;<?8
BG;8EF�;4I8�4 F<A:?8�FGE4A787 ,(��:8AB@8 �.;8L�4E8�9BHA7�GB�F;4E8�4A <78AG<64?�?<CBCEBG8<A�8AI8?BC8
.;<F�C4G<8AG�<F�@BFG�?<>8?L�<A986G87�J<G;�J;<6;�B9�G;8�9B??BJ<A:�C4G;B:8AF�

Answer Image

� *<6BEA4I<EHF

� �4?<6<I<EHF

� ?4I<I<EHF

� <?BI<EHF

� "8C8I<EHF

"8EC8FI<EHF

! �8?G4I<EHF

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Hint

.;<F�C4G<8AG�CE8F8AGF�J<G;�984GHE8F�B9 46HG8�I<E4?�;8C4G<G<F �8 : � 98I8E� =4HA7<68� E<:;G�HCC8E�DH47E4AG


G8A78EA8FF��4A7�;8C4G<6�94<?HE8��8 : ��6BA9HF<BA�7H8�GB 8A68C;4?BC4G;L��E86G4?�5?887<A:�7H8�GB
6B4:H?BC4G;L� �"8E�;<FGBEL�B9�<AGE4I8ABHF�7EH:�HF8�CHGF�;8E�4G�E<F>�B9�<A986G<BA�J<G; ;8C4G<G<F�� I<EHF
�"�0���J;<6;�<F�4A�8AI8?BC87�C4EG<4??L 7BH5?8�FGE4A787 �(��I<EHF �.;8�CE8F8A68�B9 I<E<BAF J<G;�4
F<A:?8�FGE4A787 ,(� :8AB@8 4A7�4A�8AI8?BC8�J<G;�<78AG<64? ?<CBCEBG8<AF 4F�G;8 "�0 I<EHF�<A7<64G8F
G;4G�G;8�C4G<8AG�<F�6BA6HEE8AG?L�<A986G87�J<G;�G;8 ;8C4G<G<F���I<EHF

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Correct Answer

A - Picornavirus

Explanation Why

*<6BEA4I<EHF8F 4E8�F<A:?8�FGE4A787 ,(��I<EHF8F 4A7�<A6?H78�G;8 ;8C4G<G<F�� I<EHF��"�0���J;<6;


JBH?7�64HF8�46HG8 ;8C4G<G<F �"BJ8I8E� C<6BEA4I<EHF8F 7B�ABG�;4I8�4A�8AI8?BC8��4A7 ?<I8E 94<?HE8
B66HEF�<A�����B9 "�0�<A986G<BA �'BE8BI8E��"�0�<F�GE4AF@<GG87�I<4�G;8�9864?XBE4?�EBHG8
�6BAG4@<A4G87�9BB7�BE�J4G8E���ABG�I<4�<A=86G<BA�7EH:�HF8

B - Calicivirus

Explanation Why

�4?<6<I<EHF8F 4E8�F<A:?8�FGE4A787 ,(��I<EHF8F (BEBI<EHF��J;<6;�<F�G;8�@BFG�6?<A<64??L�E8?8I4AG


64?<6<I<EHF��64HF8F :4FGEB8AG8E<G<F �#G�7B8F�ABG�64HF8 ;8C4G<G<F ��77<G<BA4??L� ABEBI<EHF8F 4E8�ABA�
8AI8?BC87�I<EHF8F��HA?<>8�G;8 8AI8?BC87�,(��I<EHF <A�G;<F�C4G<8AG��4A7 ABEBI<EHF <F�GE4AF@<GG87�I<4
G;8�9864?XBE4?�EBHG8��6BAG4@<A4G87�9BB7�BE�J4G8E���ABG�I<4�<A=86G<BA�7EH:�HF8

C - Flavivirus

Explanation Why

?4I<I<E<748 4E8�8AI8?BC87�F<A:?8�FGE4A787 ,(��I<EHF8F "8C4G<G<F�� I<EHF��"�0���J;<6;�<F�4


9?4I<I<EHF��64A�64HF8�46HG8 ;8C4G<G<F ��?FB� 6B<A986G<BA B9 "�0 �4�7BH5?8�FGE4A787 �(��I<EHF��J<G;
"�0 64A�B66HE�5864HF8�5BG; "�0 4A7 "�0 4E8�58�GE4AF@<GG87�5L�G;8�HF8�B9�6BAG4@<A4G87�A887?8F�
4A7�G;8�E<F>�B9 9H?@<A4AG�;8C4G<6�94<?HE8 7H8�GB�46HG8 "�0 ;8C4G<G<F <F�<A6E84F87�<9�G;8�C4G<8AG�;4F�4A
HA78E?L<A: "�0�<A986G<BA �"BJ8I8E� 9?4I<I<EHF8F 4A7 "�0 7B�ABG�F;4E8�4A�<78AG<64?�8AI8?BC8

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
D - Filovirus

Explanation Why

<?BI<EHF8F �8 : � �5B?4�I<EHF��'4E5HE:�I<EHF��4E8�8AI8?BC87�F<A:?8�FGE4A787 ,(��I<EHF8F 64A�64HF8


98I8E� ;8C4G<G<F��4A7�E86G4?�5?887<A:��I<E4?�;8@BEE;4:<6�98I8E��4A7�64A�58�GE4AF@<GG87�I<4�A887?8�FG<6>F
6BAG4@<A4G87�J<G;�5B7L�9?H<7F �"BJ8I8E� 9<?BI<EHF8F 7B�ABG�;4I8�4 ?<CBCEBG8<A 8AI8?BC8�G;4G�<F
<78AG<64?�GB�4AL �(��I<EHF �'BE8BI8E� 9<?BI<EHF <A986G<BAF�B66HE�<A�FH5�-4;4E4A��9E<64 <?BI<EHF8F
4E8�ABG 8A78@<6 GB�G;8�6BAG<A8AG4?�/- �.;8�98J�64F8F�G;4G�;4I8�588A�E8CBEG87�<A�G;8�/-�J8E8
4GGE<5HG87�GB�GE4I8?�GB�4A 8A78@<6 E8:<BA

E - Hepevirus

Explanation Why

"8C8I<EHF8F 4E8�F<A:?8�FGE4A787 ,(��I<EHF8F "8C4G<G<F���I<EHF �"�0���J;<6;�<F�G;8�@BFG�6?<A<64??L


E8?8I4AG ;8C8I<EHF��JBH?7�64HF8 46HG8�I<E4?�;8C4G<G<F �"BJ8I8E��"�0�7B8F�ABG�;4I8�4 ?<CBCEBG8<A
8AI8?BC8 �'BE8BI8E��"�0�<F�GE4AF@<GG87�I<4�G;8�9864?XBE4?�EBHG8��6BAG4@<A4G87�9BB7�BE�J4G8E���ABG
I<4�<A=86G<BA�7EH:�HF8��4A7�;8C4G<6�94<?HE8�7B8F�ABG�GLC<64??L�B66HE�J<G;�"�0 ;8C4G<G<F HA?8FF�G;8
C4G<8AG�<F�CE8:A4AG

F - Herpesvirus

Explanation Why

"8EC8FI<EHF8F 4E8�8AI8?BC87�7BH5?8�FGE4A787 �(��I<EHF8F ��8EG4<A ;8EC8FI<EHF8F FH6;�4F �'0�


��0��4A7 "-0 JBH?7�64HF8 98I8E 4A7��E4E8?L� ;8C4G<G<F��8FC86<4??L�J;8A�4FFB6<4G87�J<G; 6B<A986G<BA
5L "#0��J;<6;�<F�4A�8AI8?BC87�F<A:?8�FGE4A787 ,(��I<EHF �"BJ8I8E� "#0 4A7 ;8EC8FI<EHF8F 7B�ABG
F;4E8�4A�<78AG<64? ?<CBCEBG8<A 8AI8?BC8 �'BE8BI8E��C4G<8AGF�J;B�;4I8�588A�<A986G87�46HG8?L�5L�4AL�B9
G;8�49BE8@8AG<BA87 ;8EC8FI<EHF8F JBH?7�4?FB�;4I8�BG;8E�6;4E46G8E<FG<6�6?<A<64?�984GHE8F��8 : �
C;4ELA:<G<F 4A7 ?L@C;478ABC4G;L <A�G;8�64F8�B9 ��0�<A986G<BA��I8F<6H?4E�E4F;�<A�G;8�64F8�B9 "-0
<A986G<BA�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
G - Deltavirus

Explanation Why

"8C4G<G<F���I<EHF �"�0��4A7 ;8C4G<G<F���I<EHF �"�0��4E8�GE4AF@<GG87�F8KH4??L��C4E8AG8E4??L��8 : �


6BAG4@<A4G87�F;4E87�A887?8F���BE�C8E<A4G4??L �6HG8�"�0�<A986G<BA <F�HFH4??L�@<?7�BE�4FL@CGB@4G<6
4A7�E8FB?I8F�J<G;<A�4�98J�J88>F�BE�@BAG;F �"BJ8I8E�����B9�47H?G�C4G<8AGF�J<??�78I8?BC 6;EBA<6
"�0�<A986G<BA "�0��BA�G;8�BG;8E�;4A7��<F�4�78986G<I8�I<EHF�G;4G�<F�78C8A78AG�BA�G;8 "�F�: 6B4G�B9
"�0 9BE�8AGEL�<AGB ;8C4GB6LG8F �.;8E89BE8� "�0 64A�BA?L�64HF8�<A986G<BA�<9�F<@H?G4A8BHF�<A986G<BA
J<G; "�0 B66HEF�BE�<9�G;8�C4G<8AG�4?E847L�;4F�4 6;EBA<6�"�0�<A986G<BA �-<@H?G4A8BHF�<A986G<BA�B9
"�0 J<G; "�0 HFH4??L�;4F�4�CEBGE46G87�6BHEF8�5HG FHC8E<A986G<BA 5L "�0 <A�4�C4G<8AG�J<G;�CE8�
8K<FG<A: "�0�<A986G<BA B9G8A�;4F�4�E4C<7�6BHEF8�6;4E46G8E<M87�5L 9H?@<A4AG�;8C4G<6�94<?HE8��4F�F88A
;8E8

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Question # 19

� ���L84E�B?7 @4A�6B@8F�GB�G;8�C;LF<6<4A�5864HF8�B9�4 ��74L ;<FGBEL�B9�CEB9HF8 J4G8EL�7<4EE;84 4A7


457B@<A4?�6E4@CF � BHE�74LF�4:B��;8�E8GHEA87�9EB@�4�546>C46><A:�GE<C�46EBFF�-BHG;84FG��F<4 �*;LF<64?
8K4@<A4G<BA�F;BJF�7EL�@H6BHF�@8@5E4A8F�4A7�786E84F87�F><A�GHE:BE �-GBB?�6H?GHE8�F;BJF
:E4@�A8:4G<I8� BK<74F8�CBF<G<I8��6HEI87�EB7F�G;4G�;4I8�4�F<A:?8�CB?4E�9?4:8??H@ �.;8�C4G;B:8A
E8FCBAF<5?8�9BE�G;<F�C4G<8AG�F�6BA7<G<BA�@BFG�?<>8?L�;4F�J;<6;�B9�G;8�9B??BJ<A:�6;4E46G8E<FG<6F�

Answer Image

� ,8DH<E8F�?BJ�<A986G<BHF�7BF8�GB�8FG45?<F;�<A986G<BA

� �6GF�5L�46G<I4G<BA�B9�:H4AL?4G8�6L6?4F8

� �4HF8F�A86EBF<F�B9�*8L8E�C4G6;8F�B9�7<FG4?�<?8H@

� #A986G<BA�6B@@BA?L�CE86878F�!H<??4<A��4EEN�FLA7EB@8

� !EBJF�J8??�<A�@87<H@�J<G;�C"�B9��

BE@F�FCBE8F�<A�HA94IBE45?8�8AI<EBA@8AG

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Hint

.;<F�C4G<8AG�F FGBB?�@<6EBF6BCL 9<A7<A:F�6BEE8FCBA7�J<G;�G;8�@BEC;B?B:<64?�4CC84E4A68�B9 Vibrio


cholerae

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Correct Answer

A - Requires low infectious dose to establish infection

Explanation Why

Shigella <F�4A�8K4@C?8�B9�4�546G8E<H@�G;4G�<F�;<:;?L�E8F<FG4AG�4:4<AFG FGB@46;�46<7��4A7�G;HF�<G


E8DH<E8F�4�I8EL�?BJ�<A986G<BHF�7BF8�GB�8FG45?<F; :4FGEB8AG8E<G<F �"BJ8I8E��5?BB7L 7<4EE;84 JBH?7�58
8KC86G87��J;8E84F�G;<F�C4G<8AG�E8CBEG87�CEB9HF8�J4G8EL 7<4EE;84 � HEG;8E@BE8��4?G;BH:; Shigella
546G8E<4�JBH?7�4CC84E�4F�:E4@�A8:4G<I8�EB7F�BA FGBB?�6H?GHE8��G;8L�4E8�ABG�6HEI87��7B�ABG�;4I8
9?4:8??4��4A7�4E8 BK<74F8�A8:4G<I8

B - Acts by activation of guanylate cyclase

Explanation Why

�AG8EBGBK<:8A<6 E. coli ��.����64HF8F GE4I8?8E�F�7<4EE;84 �#G�CEB7H68F ;84G�?45<?8�GBK<A 4A7 ;84G


FG45?8�GBK<A��J;<6;�E8FC86G<I8?L�46G<I4G8 478AL?4G8�6L6?4F8 4A7 :H4AL?4G8�6L6?4F8��E8FH?G<A:�<A�J4G8EL
7<4EE;84 �"BJ8I8E��4?G;BH:; �.�� JBH?7�4CC84E�4F�4�:E4@�A8:4G<I8�EB7�BA FGBB?�6H?GHE8��<G�<F�ABG
6HEI87��;4F�AB 9?4:8??4��4A7�<F BK<74F8�A8:4G<I8 Vibrio cholerae C8E@4A8AG?L�46G<I4G8F 478AL?4G8
6L6?4F8��ABG :H4AL?4G8�6L6?4F8

C - Causes necrosis of Peyer patches of distal ileum

Explanation Why

Salmonella typhi 4A7 Yersinia enterocolitica 4E8�8K4@C?8F�B9 :E4@�A8:4G<I8 546G8E<4�G;4G�4E8�>ABJA


GB�@<:E4G8�<AGB *8L8E�C4G6;8F B9�G;8 7<FG4? <?8H@��J;<6;�64A�?847�GB A86EBF<F 4A7�E8FH?G�<A�5?BB7L
7<4EE;84 �*4G<8AGF�J<G; Salmonella typhi <A986G<BA�CE8F8AG�J<G; 98I8E 4A7 6BAFG<C4G<BA 9B??BJ87�5L
7<4EE;84��J;<?8�C4G<8AGF�J<G; Yersinia enterocolitica <A986G<BA�CE8F8AG�J<G; :4FGEB8AG8E<G<F 4A7�BE
@8F8AG8E<6�?L@C;478A<G<F��J;<6;�@4L�@<@<6 46HG8�4CC8A7<6<G<F �.;8F8�BE:4A<F@F�7B�ABG�@4G6;�G;8
CEB9HF8�J4G8EL 7<4EE;84 E8CBEG87�<A�G;<F�C4G<8AG � HEG;8E@BE8��HA?<>8�G;8�C4G;B:8A�<FB?4G87�9EB@�G;<F
C4G<8AG�F�FGBB?��5BG; S. typhi 4A7 Y. enterocolitica 4E8 BK<74F8�A8:4G<I8 BE:4A<F@F�J<G; C8E<GE<6;BHF
9?4:8??4

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
D - Infection commonly precedes Guillain-Barré syndrome

Explanation Why

!H<??4<A��4EEN�FLA7EB@8 GLC<64??L�9B??BJF :4FGEB8AG8E<G<F 7H8�GB Campylobacter jejuni ��?G;BH:; C.


jejuni 4CC84E�4F�:E4@�A8:4G<I8�4A7 BK<74F8�CBF<G<I8 546G8E<4�J<G; CB?4E�9?4:8??4 HA78E�G;8
@<6EBF6BC8��G;8L�4E8�F�F;4C87�E4G;8E�G;4A�6HEI87��4A7�C4G<8AGF�B9G8A�;4I8�5?BB7L�E4G;8E�G;4A�CEB9HF8
J4G8EL 7<4EE;84

E - Grows well in medium with pH of 9

Explanation Why

Vibrio cholerae <F�4 :E4@�A8:4G<I8� BK<74F8�CBF<G<I8��6HEI87�EB7 �#G�CEB7H68F�4A 8AG8EBGBK<A��J;<6;


C8E@4A8AG?L�46G<I4G8F�4�!- CEBG8<A�4A7�G;8E85L�E8FH?GF�<A�<A6E84F87�<AGE468??H?4E 6�'* ?8I8?F �.;<F
?847F�GB�F86E8G<BA�B9 6;?BE<78 <BAF�4A7�J4G8E�<A�G;8�<AG8FG<A8F��E8FH?G<A:�<A�G;8�GLC<64?�E<68�J4G8E
7<4EE;84 V. cholerae <F�46<7�?45<?8��:EBJ<A:�J8??�<A�4A�4?>4?<A8�@87<H@��8 : �J<G;�4�C"�B9���
�66BE7<A:?L� FGB@46; 46<7<GL�CEBI<78F�4�A4GHE4?�54EE<8E�4:4<AFG V. cholera��FB�G;4G�4�;<:;�4@BHAG�B9
C4G;B:8AF�4E8�E8DH<E87�GB�64HF8�<A986G<BA��;<:;�<A986G<BHF�7BF8� ���786E84F8�<A�:4FGE<6�46<7<GL��8 : �
7H8�GB�GE84G@8AG�J<G; CEBGBA�CH@C�<A;<5<GBEF��E87H68F�G;8�<A986G<BHF�7BF8�F<:A<9<64AG?L

F - Forms spores in unfavorable environment

Explanation Why

Clostridioides difficile <F�4A B5?<:4G8�4A48EB58 G;4G�64A�9BE@�FCBE8F�<A�HA94IBE45?8�8AI<EBA@8AGF �#G


64A�64HF8 CF8H7B@8@5E4ABHF�6B?<G<F��J;<6;�6B@@BA?L�@4A<98FGF�J<G;�457B@<A4?�6E4@CF�4A7
J4G8EL 7<4EE;84 �"BJ8I8E� C. difficile <F�4�:E4@�CBF<G<I8�EB7��4F�BCCBF87�GB�G;8�:E4@�A8:4G<I8
C4G;B:8A�<FB?4G87 �'BE8BI8E� C. difficile <A986G<BA�GLC<64??L�9B??BJF 4AG<5<BG<6 GE84G@8AG

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Question # 20

� ���L84E�B?7 @4A�6B@8F�GB�G;8�C;LF<6<4A�9BE�G;8�8I4?H4G<BA�B9 :8A8E4?<M87�94G<:H8��@L4?:<4��4A7�4


CEHE<G<6�F><A�E4F; 9BE�G;8�C4FG ��@BAG;F ��F�4�6;<?7��;8�J4F�<AIB?I87�<A�4�@BGBE�I8;<6?8�466<78AG�4A7
E8DH<E87�F8I8E4?�5?BB7�GE4AF9HF<BAF �*;LF<64?�8K4@<A4G<BA�F;BJF E<:;G�HCC8E�457B@<A4?�G8A78EA8FF�
F6?8E4?�<6G8EHF��4A7 J8??�78@4E64G87��CHEC?8��CB?L:BA4?�C4CH?8F�BA�G;8�JE<FGF�5<?4G8E4??L �&45BE4GBEL
FGH7<8F�F;BJ�4A�8?8I4G87�E8C?<64G<BA�E4G8�B9�4 ;8C4GBGEBC<6�I<EHF � HEG;8E�4A4?LF<F�F;BJF�;<:;�I4E<45<?<GL
<A�G;8�:8A8G<6�F8DH8A68�G;4G�8A6B78F�G;8�:?L6BFL?4G87�8AI8?BC8�CEBG8<AF�CEB7H687�5L�G;<F�I<EHF �1;<6;
B9�G;8�9B??BJ<A:�<F�G;8�@BFG�?<>8?L�8KC?4A4G<BA�9BE�G;8�I4E<45<?<GL�<A�G;8�:8A8G<6�F8DH8A68�B9�G;8F8
CEBG8<AF�

Answer Image

� (8HGE4?<M<A:�;BFG�4AG<5B7<8F�<A7H68�I<E4?�:8AB@8�@HG4G<BAF

� 0<E4?�,(��CB?L@8E4F8�?46>F�CEBB9E847<A:�45<?<GL

� #A6BECBE4G<BA�B9�8AI8?BC8�CEBG8<AF�9EB@�4�F86BA7�I<EHF

� #AG8:E4G<BA�B9�I<E4?�:8A8F�<AGB�;BFG�68??�:8AB@8

� #A986G<BA�J<G;�@H?G<C?8�I<E4?�:8ABGLC8F

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Hint

.;<F�C4G<8AG�CE8F8AGF�J<G;�F<:AF�4A7�FL@CGB@F�B9�I<E4? ;8C4G<G<F �"<F�;<FGBEL�B9 5?BB7�GE4AF9HF<BAF 589BE8


������G;8�L84E�<A�J;<6;�F6E88A<A:�9BE�G;8 ;8C4G<G<F���I<EHF �"�0��<A�7BABE�5?BB7�58:4A��FH::8FGF
6;EBA<6�<A986G<BA�J<G; ;8C4G<G<F�� �.;8 CEHE<G<6 F><A E4F;�BA�G;8�JE<FGF�<F�@BFG�?<>8?L ?<6;8A�C?4AHF��4
6B@@BA�8KGE4;8C4G<6�@4A<98FG4G<BA�B9�6;EBA<6�<A986G<BA

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Correct Answer

A - Neutralizing host antibodies induce viral genome mutations

Explanation Why

�864HF8 "�0 6BAG<AHBHF?L�CEB7H68F�4AG<:8A<64??L�HA<DH8 I<E<BAF��;BFG 4AG<5B7<8F 64AABG�6BA98E


<@@HA<GL GB�G;8�I<EHF �'84AJ;<?8��G;8�CEB7H6G<BA�B9�;BFG 4AG<5B7<8F 7B8F�ABG�7E<I8�G;8�I<EHF�GB�6E84G8
4AG<:8A<64??L�HA<DH8 I<E<BAF �.;8F8 4AG<5B7<8F 4E8�HA45?8�GB�8K8EG�F8?86G<BA�CE8FFHE8��J;<6;�JBH?7
BG;8EJ<F8�8A6BHE4:8�I<E4?�@HG4G<BAF �#AFG847��G;8�I<EHF�<AA4G8?L�@HG4G8F�4A7�CEB7H68F�4AG<:8A<64??L
HA<DH8 I<E<BAF G;4G�7E<I8�G;8�6BAG<AH87�CEB7H6G<BA�B9�HA<DH8 4AG<5B7<8F 5L�G;8�;BFG

B - Viral RNA polymerase lacks proofreading ability

Explanation Why

"8C4G<G<F���I<EHF ,(��78C8A78AG�,(��CB?L@8E4F8 ;4F�4�I8EL�CBBE CEBB9E847<A: @86;4A<F@�


?847<A:�GB�9E8DH8AG�8EEBEF�<A�I<E4? :8A8F �.;8F8�8EEBEF�@4A<98FG�4F�I4E<4G<BAF�<A�G;8�FGEH6GHE8�B9�I<E4?
CEBG8<AF �'HG4G<BAF�<A�G;8�I<E4?�:?L6BCEBG8<A�8AI8?BC8�4??BJ�9BE 4AG<:8A<6 I4E<4G<BA�4A7�8I4F<BA�B9
G;8�;BFG 4AG<5B7L E8FCBAF8�GB�G;8F8�8AI8?BC8 CEBG8<AF �#A�477<G<BA� "�0 E8C?<64G8F�I8EL�DH<6>?L�
J;<6;�8A;4A68F�G;8�89986G�B9�CBBE CEBB9E847<A: 4A7�4668?8E4G8F�G;8�CEB7H6G<BA�B9�4AG<:8A<64??L
7<FG<A6G�8AI8?BC8F

C - Incorporation of envelope proteins from a second virus

Explanation Why

#A6BECBE4G<BA�B9�8AI8?BC8 CEBG8<AF 9EB@�4�F86BA7�I<EHF�7B8F�ABG�49986G�G;8�45<?<GL�B9 ;8C4G<G<F��


I<E<BAF GB�8I478�G;8�;BFG <@@HA8�FLFG8@ "8C4G<G<F���I<EHF��9BE�8K4@C?8��?46>F�G;8 :8A8F E8DH<E87�GB
FLAG;8F<M8�4A�8AI8?BC8��FB�<G�E8?<8F�BA�G;8�8AI8?BC8�B9�G;8 ;8C4G<G<F���I<EHF 9BE�8AGEL�<AGB�;BFG
;8C4GB6LG8F �.;8E89BE8� ;8C4G<G<F�� I<E4?�<A986G<BA�64A�BA?L�B66HE�4F�4 6B<A986G<BA �5BG; ;8C4G<G<F��
4A7���F<@H?G4A8BHF?L��BE FHC8E<A986G<BA �;8C4G<G<F�� 49G8E ;8C4G<G<F����J<G; ;8C4G<G<F��

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
D - Integration of viral genes into host cell genome

Explanation Why

#AG8:E4G<BA�B9�I<E4? :8A8F <AGB�G;8�;BFG�68?? :8AB@8 <F�ABG�4�984GHE8�B9�G;8 "�0 ?<986L6?8�BE


C4G;BC;LF<B?B:L

E - Infection with multiple viral genotypes

Explanation Why

#A986G<BA�J<G;�@H?G<C?8�I<E4? :8ABGLC8F <F�CBFF<5?8�<A�C4G<8AGF�J<G; "�0 5864HF8�G;8E8�4E8�F<K


:8ABGLC8F B9�G;8�I<EHF �*4G<8AGF�<A986G87�J<G;�@H?G<C?8�FGE4<AF�@BFG�6B@@BA?L�;4I8�4�;<FGBEL�B9
<AGE4I8ABHF�7EH:�HF8 �#G�<F�HA?<>8?L�G;4G�G;<F�C4G<8AG�6BAGE46G87�@BE8�G;4A�BA8 :8ABGLC8 B9 "�0 9EB@
;<F�CE8I<BHF 5?BB7�GE4AF9HF<BAF ��?FB��<A986G<BA�J<G;�@BE8�G;4A�BA8�I<E4?�FGE4<A�7B8F�ABG�8KC?4<A�G;8
I4E<45<?<GL�<A�G;8�:8A8G<6�F8DH8A68�B9�G;8F8�I<E4? CEBG8<AF

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Question # 21

� ���L84E�B?7 @4A�6B@8F�GB�G;8�C;LF<6<4A�5864HF8�B9�4 ��J88> ;<FGBEL�B9 ABA5?BB7L�7<4EE;84�


457B@<A4?�7<F6B@9BEG��4A7�5?B4G<A: �1;8A�G;8�FL@CGB@F�58:4A��F8I8E4?�B9�;<F 6BJBE>8EF�;47�F<@<?4E
FL@CGB@F�5HG�BA?L�9BE�45BHG ��74LF ��57B@<A4?�8K4@<A4G<BA�F;BJF�7<99HF8�G8A78EA8FF�J<G;�AB�:H4E7<A:
BE�E85BHA7 �-GBB?�F4@C?<A:�E8I84?F�4 786E84F87�FGBB?�C" �1;<6;�B9�G;8�9B??BJ<A:�<F�G;8�@BFG�?<>8?L
HA78E?L<A:�64HF8�B9�G;<F�C4G<8AG�F�CEB?BA:87�FL@CGB@F�

Answer Image

� #AG8FG<A4?�GLC8���;8?C8E�.�68??F

� �AG<�8A7B@LF<4?�4AG<5B7<8F

� "84G�?45<?8�GBK<A

� �46G8E<4?�FHC8E<A986G<BA

� &46G4F8�789<6<8A6L

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Hint

��?B64?<M87�BHG5E84>�B9 ABA5?BB7L 7<4EE;84 G;4G�BA?L�?4FGF�4�98J�74LF�<F�@BFG�?<>8?L�7H8�GB�I<E4?


:4FGEB8AG8E<G<F �� F@4??�<AG8FG<A8 5<BCFL B9�G;8�C4G<8AG�JBH?7�F;BJ�4�?BFF�B9�<AG8FG<A4?�5EHF;�5BE78E

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Correct Answer

A - Intestinal type 1 helper T cells

Explanation Why

�6G<I4G<BA�B9�<AG8FG<A4?�GLC8�� ;8?C8E�.�68??F <F�<AIB?I87�<A�G;8�C4G;B:8A8F<F�B9 �EB;A�7<F84F8��J;<6;


64A�@4A<98FG�J<G;�ABA5?BB7L 7<4EE;84��457B@<A4?�7<F6B@9BEG� 5?B4G<A:��4A7�?BFF�B9�G;8�<AG8FG<A4?
5EHF;�5BE78E��I<??BHF 4GEBC;L��BA F@4??�<AG8FG<A8 5<BCFL �"BJ8I8E��49986G87�<A7<I<7H4?F�HFH4??L�;4I8
68EG4<A :8A8G<6�@4E>8EF �8 : ��@HG4G<BA�B9�G;8 ()�� :8A8� "&����� 4FFB6<4G<BA���4A7 �EB;A�7<F84F8
JBH?7�ABG�B66HE�F86BA74E<?L�GB�I<E4? :4FGEB8AG8E<G<F � HEG;8E@BE8��FGBB?�F4@C?<A:�JBH?7�ABG�E8I84?�4
786E84F87�FGBB?�C"

B - Anti-endomysial antibodies

Explanation Why

�AG<�8A7B@LF<4?�4AG<5B7<8F 4E8�F88A�<A 68?<46�7<F84F8��J;<6;�64HF8F�ABA5?BB7L 7<4EE;84��457B@<A4?


7<F6B@9BEG��4A7 5?B4G<A: �8?<46�7<F84F8 JBH?7�4?FB�@4A<98FG�J<G;�?BFF�B9�G;8�<AG8FG<A4?�5EHF;�5BE78E
�I<??BHF 4GEBC;L��BA F@4??�<AG8FG<A8 5<BCFL �"BJ8I8E��<G�HFH4??L�4?FB�CE8F8AGF�J<G;�FL@CGB@F�B9
@4?45FBECG<BA �8 : � I<G4@<A�789<6<8A6<8F� 4A8@<4��94G<:H8��78?4L87�:EBJG;� BFG8BCBEBF<F BE�J8<:;G
?BFF��4A7�JBH?7�ABG�58�F86BA74EL�GB�I<E4? :4FGEB8AG8E<G<F � HEG;8E@BE8��FGBB?�F4@C?<A:�JBH?7�ABG
E8I84?�4�786E84F87�FGBB?�C"

C - Heat-labile toxin

Explanation Why

"84G�?45<?8�GBK<A�<F�CEB7H687�5L�8AG8EBGBK<:8A<6 E. coli ��.�����J;<6;�64A�64HF8�ABA5?BB7L


7<4EE;84��457B@<A4?�7<F6B@9BEG��4A7 5?B4G<A:��4A7��<A�FB@8�F8I8E8�64F8F��?BFF�B9�G;8�<AG8FG<A4?�5EHF;
5BE78E��I<??BHF 4GEBC;L��BA F@4??�<AG8FG<A8 5<BCFL �"BJ8I8E��<G�HFH4??L�B66HEF�<A�C4G<8AGF�J<G;�4
;<FGBEL�B9�E868AG�GE4I8?��GE4I8?8E�F�7<4EE;84���ABG�F86BA74E<?L�GB�I<E4? :4FGEB8AG8E<G<F �'BE8BI8E��FGBB?
F4@C?<A:�JBH?7�ABG�E8I84?�4�786E84F87�FGBB?�C"

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
D - Bacterial superinfection

Explanation Why

�46G8E<4? FHC8E<A986G<BA��8 : ��J<G; C. difficile��64A�64HF8 Clostridioides difficile 6B?<G<F��J;<6;�JBH?7


@4A<98FG�J<G;�ABA5?BB7L 7<4EE;84��457B@<A4?�7<F6B@9BEG� 5?B4G<A:��4A7�CBG8AG<4?�?BFF�B9�G;8�<AG8FG<A4?
5EHF;�5BE78E��I<??BHF 4GEBC;L��BA F@4??�<AG8FG<A8 5<BCFL �"BJ8I8E��<G�<F�HFH4??L�64HF87�5L 4AG<5<BG<6
HF8��ABG�I<E4? :4FGEB8AG8E<G<F �'BE8BI8E��FGBB?�F4@C?<A:�JBH?7�ABG�E8I84?�4�786E84F87�FGBB?�C"

E - Lactase deficiency

Explanation Why

&46G4F8�789<6<8A6L <F�G;8�@BFG�?<>8?L�64HF8�B9�G;<F�C4G<8AG�F�CEB?BA:87�FL@CGB@F�B9�457B@<A4?
7<F6B@9BEG� 7<4EE;84��4A7 5?B4G<A: �-86BA74EL ?46G4F8�789<6<8A6L 64A�58�7H8�GB�HA78E?L<A:�7<FBE78EF
B9�G;8 F@4??�<AG8FG<A8 G;4G�E8FH?G�<A @H6BF4? 74@4:8��8 : ��I<E4? :4FGEB8AG8E<G<F &46G4F8 <F�9BHA7
7<FG4??L�<A�G;8 <AG8FG<A4?�I<??<��J;<6;�4E8�C4EG<6H?4E?L�49986G87�5L @H6BF4? 74@4:8 &46GBF8�<AGB?8E4A68
E8FH?GF�<A�G;8�C4FF<A:�B9�HA7<:8FG87��BF@BG<64??L�46G<I8 ?46GBF8 GB�G;8 ?4E:8�<AG8FG<A8��J;8E8�<G�5<A7F
J4G8E�4A7�<F�78:E4787�5L�G;8�A4G<I8�9?BE4�B9�G;8�<AG8FG<A8��64HF<A:�<A6E84F87�:4F��9?4GH?8A68��4A7
F;BEGX6;4<A 94GGL�46<7 9BE@4G<BA��7<4EE;84�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Question # 22

� �����: ���?5��98@4?8�A8J5BEA�78?<I8E87�4G ���J88>FT :8FG4G<BA�FG4EGF�IB@<G<A:�4A7�586B@8F


<A6BAFB?45?8 ���;BHEF 49G8E�5<EG; �.;8 A8J5BEA�;4F�ABG�C4FF87�;8E�9<EFG�FGBB?�L8G ��K4@<A4G<BA�F;BJF
457B@<A4?�7<FG8AG<BA�4A7 ;<:;�C<G6;87 5BJ8?�FBHA7F �� J4G8E�FB?H5?8 6BAGE4FG�8A8@4�FGH7L�F;BJF
@<6EB6B?BA �-8EH@�FGH7<8F�F;BJ <A6E84F87�?8I8?F�B9�<@@HABE846G<I8�GELCF<AB:8A �1;<6;�B9�G;8
9B??BJ<A:�<F�G;8�@BFG�?<>8?L�477<G<BA4?�?45BE4GBEL�9<A7<A:�

Answer Image

�86E84F87�;L7EB:8A�<BA�6BA68AGE4G<BA�<A�E8A4?�6B??86G<A:

7H6G

� #A6E84F87�6;?BE<78�6BA68AGE4G<BA�<A�4?I8B?4E�9?H<7

� #A6E84F87�F8EH@�64?6<H@�6BA68AGE4G<BA

#A6E84F87�5<64E5BA4G8�6BA68AGE4G<BA�<A�C4A6E84G<6

F86E8G<BAF

� #A6E84F87�FB7<H@�6BA68AGE4G<BA�<A�FJ84G

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Hint

.;<F A8J5BEA�F�<A45<?<GL�GB�C4FF�;8E�9<EFG�FGBB?��@BFG�?<>8?L�64HF87�5L @86BA<H@�<?8HF��4A7�<A6E84F87


F8EH@ <@@HABE846G<I8�GELCF<AB:8A 4E8�<A7<64G<I8�B9 6LFG<6�9<5EBF<F 4F�G;8�HA78E?L<A:�7<F84F8

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Correct Answer

A - Decreased hydrogen ion concentration in renal collecting duct

Explanation Why

�86E84F87�;L7EB:8A�<BA�6BA68AGE4G<BA�<A�G;8�E8A4? 6B??86G<A:�7H6G JBH?7�ABG�58�8KC86G87�<A�G;<F


C4G<8AG ��F�4�E8FH?G�B9�G;<F A8BA4G8�F�IB@<G<A:��F;8�<F�@BFG�?<>8?L ;LCBIB?8@<6 J<G;�4 6BAGE46G<BA
4?>4?BF<F �#A�64F8F�B9 6BAGE46G<BA�4?>4?BF<F� 4?7BFG8EBA8 46GF�BA�G;8 7<FG4? GH5H?8�GB�<A6E84F8�F86E8G<BA
B9�;L7EB:8A�4A7�CBG4FF<H@�<BAF�<A�8K6;4A:8�9BE�<A6E84F87�E845FBECG<BA�B9�FB7<H@�<BAF �.;8E89BE8�
F;8�JBH?7�58�8KC86G87�GB�;4I8�4A�<A6E84F87��ABG�786E84F87�;L7EB:8A�<BA�6BA68AGE4G<BA �LFG<6
9<5EBF<F <GF8?9�7B8F�ABG�49986G�E8A4?�8?86GEB?LG8�6BA68AGE4G<BAF�5864HF8�G;8 � ., CEBG8<A�<F�ABG
8KCE8FF87�<A�G;8 ><7A8LF

B - Increased chloride concentration in alveolar fluid

Explanation Why

#A6E84F87 6;?BE<78 6BA68AGE4G<BA�<A�4?I8B?4E�9?H<7�<F�ABG�8KC86G87�<A�64F8F�B9 6LFG<6�9<5EBF<F �;?BE<78


6BA68AGE4G<BA�<A�G;8�4?I8B?4E�9?H<7�<F�8FG45?<F;87�G;EBH:;�G;8�46G<BA�B9 � ., 6;4AA8?F��J;<6;
46G<I8?L�GE4AFCBEG 6;?BE<78 <BAF�<AGB�G;8�4?I8B?< ���78986G�B9�G;8 � ., CEBG8<A�<A 6LFG<6�9<5EBF<F
<@C4<EF�G;8�GE4AFCBEG�B9 6;?BE<78 <BAF�<AGB�G;8�4?I8B?<�4A7�?847F�GB�4�786E84F8��ABG�4A�<A6E84F8��<A
4?I8B?4E 6;?BE<78 6BA68AGE4G<BA ��F�4�E8FH?G�B9�G;8�7<@<A<F;87 6;?BE<78 GE4AFCBEG��J4G8E�@B?86H?8F�4E8
ABG�F86E8G87�4A7�G;8�E8FH?G<A:�@H6HF�<F�;LC8EI<F6BHF��?847<A:�GB�@H6HF�C?H:�9BE@4G<BA

C - Increased serum calcium concentration

Explanation Why

#A6E84F87�F8EH@�64?6<H@�6BA68AGE4G<BA <F�ABG�8KC86G87�<A 6LFG<6�9<5EBF<F �#AFG847��C4G<8AGF�J<G;


�47I4A687� 6LFG<6�9<5EBF<F B9G8A�CE8F8AG�J<G;�F<:AF�4A7�FL@CGB@F�B9 @4?45FBECG<BA��<A6?H7<A:
<@C4<E87�45FBECG<BA�B9 I<G4@<A�� ��864HF8 I<G4@<A�� <F�8FF8AG<4?�9BE�E8A4?�4A7�<AG8FG<A4?
E845FBECG<BA�B9�64?6<H@� I<G4@<A���789<6<8A6L E8FH?GF�<A 786E84F87�F8EH@�64?6<H@�6BA68AGE4G<BAF �#A
G;<F A8BA4G8��F8EH@�64?6<H@�6BA68AGE4G<BAF�4E8�@BFG�?<>8?L�J<G;<A�G;8 E898E8A68�E4A:8

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
D - Increased bicarbonate concentration in pancreatic secretions

Explanation Why

�A�<A6E84F8�<A 5<64E5BA4G8 6BA68AGE4G<BA�<A C4A6E84G<6 F86E8G<BAF�B66HEF�4F�4�ABE@4?�E8FCBAF8�GB�9BB7


<AG4>8��<G�JBH?7�ABG�58�8KC86G87�<A 6LFG<6�9<5EBF<F �.;8�78986G<I8 � ., CEBG8<A�<A 6LFG<6�9<5EBF<F
<@C4<EF�G;8�F86E8G<BA�B9 6;?BE<78��FB7<H@��4A7 5<64E5BA4G8 <BAF�9EB@�G;8 C4A6E84F��786E84F<A:�G;8
J4G8E�6BAG8AG�B9 C4A6E84G<6 F86E8G<BAF �#A A8J5BEAF J<G; 6LFG<6�9<5EBF<F��786E84F87�J4G8E�6BAG8AG�B9
C4A6E84G<6 F86E8G<BAF�6BAGE<5HG8F�GB�G;8�78I8?BC@8AG�B9�E864?6<GE4AG @86BA<H@ ��F�C4G<8AGF�J<G;�G;<F
6BA7<G<BA�4:8��G;8�;LC8EI<F6BHF C4A6E84G<6 F86E8G<BAF�?847�GB F6?8EBF<F B9�G;8 C4A6E84G<6�7H6GF 4A7�
H?G<@4G8?L� 8KB6E<A8�C4A6E84G<6�<AFH99<6<8A6L

E - Increased sodium concentration in sweat

Image

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Explanation But

&8I8?F�B9 <@@HABE846G<I8�GELCF<AB:8A �#,.��4E8�@84FHE87�4F�C4EG�B9 A8BA4G4?�F6E88A<A: 9BE 6LFG<6


9<5EBF<F ��?8I4G87�?8I8?F�B9 #,. <A�;88?�CE<6>�5?BB7�<A7<64G8�G;4G�<G�;4F�ABG�588A�6BAI8EG87�GB�<GF�46G<I8
9BE@��GELCF<A���4F�4�E8FH?G�B9�<@C4<E87�E8?84F8�B9 C4A6E84G<6�8AML@8F

Explanation Why

#A6E84F87�FB7<H@�6BA68AGE4G<BA�<A�FJ84G�<F�4�E8FH?G�B9�<@C4<E87 6;?BE<78 <BA�GE4AFCBEG� 6;?BE<78


GE4AFCBEG�<F�@87<4G87�5L�G;8 � ., 6;4AA8?�4A7�G;8 :8A8 9BE�G;<F�6;4AA8?�<F�@HG4G87�<A 6LFG<6�9<5EBF<F
#A�G;8�@BFG�6B@@BA � .,�:8A8 @HG4G<BA��G;8�@8@5E4A8�GE4AFCBEG8E�@<F9B?7F��64HF<A:�<G�GB�58
E8G4<A87�<A�G;8 EBH:;�8A7BC?4F@<6�E8G<6H?H@ ��F�4�E8FH?G� 6;?BE<78 <F�ABG�CEBC8E?L�E845FBE587�4A7
E8@4<AF�<A�G;8�?H@8A�B9�G;8 4CB6E<A8�FJ84G�:?4A7 �*BF<G<I8?L�6;4E:87�FB7<H@�<BAF�4E8�4?FB
C4G;B?B:<64??L�GE4CC87�<A�FJ84G�5L�G;8�A8:4G<I8?L�6;4E:87 6;?BE<78 <BAF�<A�BE78E�GB�54?4A68�G;8�A8G
8?86GE<6�6;4E:8��E8FH?G<A:�<A�;LC8EGBA<6�FJ84G

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Question # 23

� ���L84E�B?7 JB@4A 6B@8F�GB�G;8�C;LF<6<4A�J<G;�4 ��@BAG; ;<FGBEL�B9�@<?7 457B@<A4?�C4<A��A4HF84�


4A7�F8I8E4?�8C<FB78F�B9�IB@<G<A: �-;8�B9G8A 988?F�9H??�49G8E�84G<A:�BA?L�4�F@4??�4@BHAG�B9�9BB7
�57B@<A4?�8K4@<A4G<BA�F;BJF�@<?7�E<:;G�HCC8E�DH47E4AG�G8A78EA8FF�4A7�4�?<I8E�FC4A�B9 ���6@
/?GE4FBAB:E4C;L�F;BJF�4 ��K���6@ ;LC8E86;B<6�@4FF�<A�G;8�?89G�?B58�B9�G;8�?<I8E �.;8�@4FF�<F�FHE:<64??L
8K6<F87 ���C;BGB@<6EB:E4C;�B9�G;8�E8F86G87�FC86<@8A�<F�F;BJA �1;<6;�B9�G;8�9B??BJ<A:�<F�G;8�@BFG
?<>8?L�7<4:ABF<F�

Answer Image

� "8C4GB68??H?4E�478AB@4

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Answer Image

� �?I8B?4E�86;<AB6B66BF<F

� *B?L6LFG<6�><7A8L�7<F84F8

� �4I8EABHF�;8@4A:<B@4

� B64?�AB7H?4E�;LC8EC?4F<4

�A:<BF4E6B@4

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Answer Image

! "8C4GB68??H?4E�64E6<AB@4

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Hint

.;8�C;BGB@<6EB:E4C;�F;BJF�AH@8EBHF�6LFG<6�FC468F�?<A87�5L�4�F<A:?8�?4L8E�B9 8A7BG;8?<H@ �.;8�6LFGF


6BAG4<A 8ELG;EB6LG8F 4A7�@H?G<C?8 G;EB@5BF8F �.;8E8�<F�AB�8I<78A68�B9�ABE@4?�;8C4G<6 C4E8A6;L@4

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Correct Answer

A - Hepatocellular adenoma

Image

Explanation Why

"8C4GB68??H?4E�478AB@4 �"���<F�4 58A<:A�GH@BE B9�G;8 ?<I8E G;4G�<F�GLC<64??L�F88A�<A�JB@8A�4:87


��Q���L84EF �"��@4<A?L�B66HEF�<A�<A7<I<7H4?F�BA�?BA:�G8E@�HF8�B9 BE4?�6BAGE468CG<I8F BE FG8EB<7F
"��<F�HFH4??L�4FL@CGB@4G<6�4A7�<F�B9G8A�78G86G87�<A6<78AG4??L �)A FBAB:E4C;L��"��<F�F88A�4F�4�J8??�
78@4E64G87��;8G8EB86;B<6�<AGE4C4E8A6;L@4?�?8F<BA �"<FGBC4G;B?B:<64?�984GHE8F�B9�"��<A6?H78
8A?4E:87�58A<:A ;8C4GB6LG8F G;4G�6BAG4<A :?L6B:8A 4A7�?<C<7�78CBF<GF��J;<6;�4E8�ABG�F88A�<A�G;<F
FC86<@8A

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
B - Alveolar echinococcosis

Explanation Why

�?I8B?4E�86;<AB6B66BF<F <F�4�E4E8�C4E4F<G<6�<A986G<BA�G;4G�@BFG?L�49986GF�G;8 ?<I8E 4A7�64HF8F


<AGE4C4E8A6;L@4?�?8F<BAF �"8C4G<6�?8F<BAF�64A�@4A<98FG�J<G;�HCC8E�457B@<A4? C4<A 4A7
;8C4GB@8:4?L��J;<6;�4E8�F88A�<A�G;<F�C4G<8AG �#@4:<A:�JBH?7�F;BJ 4A86;B<6 6LFGF�J<G;�BE�J<G;BHG
F8CG48�4A7�4E84F�B9�64?6<9<64G<BA �)A ;<FGBC4G;B?B:L��G;8�J4??F�B9�86;<AB6B664?�6LFGF�4E8�F88A�4F
?4@8??4G87�@8@5E4A8F��FHEEBHA787�5L�6;EBA<64??L�<A9?4@87�;8C4G<6 C4E8A6;L@4��4A7�4E84F�B9
64?6<9<64G<BA ��BG;�B9�G;8F8�984GHE8F�4E8�45F8AG�<A�G;<F�FC86<@8A

C - Polycystic kidney disease

Explanation Why

'BFG�<A7<I<7H4?F����Q�����J<G; CB?L6LFG<6�><7A8L�7<F84F8 �*%���4?FB�;4I8�@H?G<C?8 ;8C4G<6�6LFGF


G;4G�GLC<64??L�@4A<98FG�J<G;�E<:;G�HCC8E�457B@<A4? C4<A 4A7 ;8C4GB@8:4?L��J;<6;�4E8�F88A�<A�G;<F
C4G<8AG �/A?<>8�G;8�FC86<@8A�;8E8��;BJ8I8E� ;8C4G<6�6LFGF <A�*%��4E8�F88A�4F�@H?G<C?8 4A86;B<6
HA<?B6H?4E�6LFGF�BA FBAB:E4C;L��4A7 ;<FGBC4G;B?B:L JBH?7�F;BJ�6LFGF�?<A87�J<G;�6H5B<74?�5<?<4EL
8C<G;8?<H@ 4A7�FHEEBHA787�5L�ABE@4?�;8C4G<6 C4E8A6;L@4

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
D - Cavernous hemangioma

Image

Explanation Why

.;<F�C4G<8AG�F 5<BCFL FC86<@8A�F;BJF�4�58A<:A�I4F6H?4E GH@BE��J;<6;�6BA9<E@F�G;8�7<4:ABF<F�B9


64I8EABHF ;8C4G<6�;8@4A:<B@4 �4I8EABHF�;8@4A:<B@4�B9�G;8�?<I8E <F�G;8�@BFG�6B@@BA�58A<:A
;8C4G<6 GH@BE 4A7�<F�GLC<64??L�F88A�<A�JB@8A�4:87���Q���L84EF �1;<?8�@BFG�C4G<8AGF�J<G; ;8C4G<6
;8@4A:<B@4F 4E8�4FL@CGB@4G<6��4�?4E:8 ;8C4G<6�;8@4A:<B@4 64A�6B@CE8FF�G;8�47=468AG�5BJ8?
�64HF<A:�84E?L�F4G<8GL��4A7�FGE8G6;�G;8 !?<FFBA�64CFH?8 �64HF<A:�HCC8E�457B@<A4? C4<A� ��864HF8
;8C4G<6�;8@4A:<B@4F 4E8�;<:;?L�I4F6H?4E��G;8L�GLC<64??L�4CC84E�4F�;LC8E86;B<6�@4FF8F�BA
H?GE4FBAB:E4C;L �(887?8 4FC<E4G<BA BE 5<BCFL F;BH?7�58�4IB<787�<A�G;8�7<4:ABFG<6�JBE>HC�B9 ;8C4G<6
;8@4A:<B@4F 7H8�GB�G;8�E<F>�B9�;8@BEE;4:8

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
E - Focal nodular hyperplasia

Image

Explanation Why

B64?�AB7H?4E�;LC8EC?4F<4 � ("��<F�4 58A<:A�GH@BE B9�G;8 ?<I8E G;4G�<F�GLC<64??L�F88A�<A�JB@8A�4:87


��Q���L84EF ���?4E:8 (" GH@BE 64A�64HF8 ;8C4GB@8:4?L��457B@<A4? C4<A��4A7�84E?L�F4G<8GL��F<@<?4E
GB�G;8�984GHE8F�F88A�<A�G;<F�C4G<8AG �"BJ8I8E��BA�<@4:<A:� (" <F�F88A�4F�4A�<AGE4;8C4G<6�@4FF�B9
I4E<45?8�86;B:8A<6<GL��B9G8A�J<G;�4�68AGE4? F64E �#A�477<G<BA��4 5<BCFL B9 (" JBH?7�F;BJ�58A<:A
;8C4GB6LG8F 4EE4A:87�<A�AB7H?8F �.;8F8�AB7H?8F�JBH?7�58�F8C4E4G87�5L�9<5EBHF�F8CG4�6BAG4<A<A:
458EE4AG�5?BB7�I8FF8?F �<?8 7H6GH?8F�4A7 %HC998E�68??F JBH?7�4?FB�58�F88A

F - Angiosarcoma

Explanation Why

"8C4G<6 4A:<BF4E6B@4 <F�4�E4E8 GH@BE B9�G;8 ?<I8E G;4G�<F�GLC<64??L�F88A�<A�@8A������L84EF�B9�4:8�J;B

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
;4I8�588A�8KCBF87�GB 4EF8A<6� I<AL?�6;?BE<78��BE�G;BE<H@�7<BK<78 "8C4G<6�4A:<BF4E6B@4 64A�@4A<98FG
J<G;�HCC8E�457B@<A4? C4<A��84E?L�F4G<8GL��4A7 ;8C4GB@8:4?L��J;<6;�4E8�F88A�<A�G;<F�C4G<8AG��5HG
HFH4??L�4?FB�64HF8F�J8<:;G�?BFF��94G<:H8��BE 4F6<G8F �/A?<>8�G;8�FC86<@8A�;8E8� ;8C4G<6�4A:<BF4E6B@4
HFH4??L�4CC84EF�4F�@H?G<C?8��?4E:8��<AGE4C4E8A6;L@4?�?8F<BAF�J<G; A86EBG<6 4E84F�BA FBAB:E4C;L
"<FGBC4G;B?B:L JBH?7�F;BJ�I4F6H?4E�FC468F�?<A87�J<G; 7LFC?4FG<6 8A7BG;8?<H@ G;4G�<A9<?GE4G8F�G;8
;8C4G<6�6BE7F�4A7�F<AHFB<7F

G - Hepatocellular carcinoma

Image

Explanation Why

"8C4GB68??H?4E�64E6<AB@4 �"����<F�G;8�@BFG�6B@@BA�CE<@4EL ?<I8E�64A68E �1;<?8 "�� 64A�@4A<98FG


J<G;�HCC8E�457B@<A4? C4<A��84E?L�F4G<8GL��4A7 ;8C4GB@8:4?L��G;8�@BFG�<@CBEG4AG E<F>�946GBE 9BE "��
<F�6;EBA<6 ?<I8E 7<F84F8��8 : � ?<I8E�6<EE;BF<F��6;EBA<6 ;8C4G<G<F��� 6;EBA<6�;8C4G<G<F���
;8@B6;EB@4GBF<F���J;<6;�G;<F�C4G<8AG�7B8F�ABG�;4I8 �)A FBAB:E4C;L� "�� 4CC84EF�4F�4A
<AGE4C4E8A6;L@4?�@4FF�B9�I4E<45?8�86;B:8A<6<GL�J<G;�4E84F�B9 A86EBF<F 4A7�64?6<9<64G<BA
"<FGBC4G;B?B:L JBH?7�F;BJ C?8B@BEC;<6 ;8C4GB6LG8F J<G;�8BF<ABC;<?<6 6LGBC?4F@��CEB@<A8AG
AH6?8B?<��4A7 @<GBG<6�9<:HE8F��4F�J8??�4F�4E84F�B9 A86EBF<F 4A7 A8BI4F6H?4E<M4G<BA��J;<6;�<F�ABG
6BAF<FG8AG�J<G;�G;<F�C4G<8AG�F 5<BCFL 9<A7<A:F

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Question # 24

� ���L84E�B?7 @4A�6B@8F�GB�G;8�C;LF<6<4A�5864HF8�B9�4 ��@BAG; ;<FGBEL�B9 5HEA<A:�8C<:4FGE<6�C4<A��7EL


6BH:;��4A7�B664F<BA4?�E8:HE:<G4G<BA �.;8�C4<A�<F�4::E4I4G87�5L�84G<A:�4A7�?L<A:�7BJA �*;LF<64?
8K4@<A4G<BA�F;BJF�4�FB9G��ABA�G8A78E�457B@8A �/CC8E�8A7BF6BCL�F;BJF�;LC8E8@<4�<A�G;8�7<FG4?�G;<E7�B9
G;8�8FBC;4:HF �1;<6;�B9�G;8�9B??BJ<A:�7EH:F�<F�@BFG�?<>8?L�GB 7<E86G?L�<A;<5<G�G;8�6B@@BA�C4G;J4L�B9
:4FGE<6�46<7�F86E8G<BA�

Answer Image

� *<E8AM8C<A8

� ,4A<G<7<A8

� �?H@<AH@�;L7EBK<78

� &4AFBCE4MB?8

� -H6E4?94G8

)6GE8BG<78

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Hint

.;<F�C4G<8AG�CE8F8AGF�J<G;�6?4FF<64?�984GHE8F�B9 :4FGEB8FBC;4:84?�E89?HK�7<F84F8��8 : � ;84EG5HEA G;4G�<F


4::E4I4G87�5L�84G<A:�4A7�?L<A:�7BJA �.*�78C8A78AG F86E8G<BA�B9�"� <BAF�<AGB�G;8�:4FGE<6�?H@8A�<F
@87<4G87�5L�G;8 "��%� �.*4F8 ?B64G87�BA :4FGE<6�C4E<8G4?�68??F 4A7�E8CE8F8AGF�G;8�6B@@BA�9<A4?
C4G;J4L�B9 :4FGE<6�46<7 F86E8G<BA

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Correct Answer

A - Pirenzepine

Explanation Why

�AG<6;B?<A8E:<6F FH6;�4F�C<E8AM8C<A8�E87H68 :4FGE<6�46<7 F86E8G<BA�5L�5?B6><A:


468GL?6;B?<A8�@87<4G87 :4FGE<6�F86E8G<BA �"BJ8I8E� 4AG<6;B?<A8E:<6F 7B�ABG�5?B6>�46<7�F86E8G<BA
FG<@H?4G87�I<4�BG;8E�EBHG8F��FH6;�4F :4FGE<A BE ;<FG4@<A8

B - Ranitidine

Explanation Why

"��E868CGBE�5?B6>8EF FH6;�4F E4A<G<7<A8 @4L�58�HF87�9BE�@<?7 !�,� FL@CGB@F�4F�G;8L�<A;<5<G


;<FG4@<A8�78C8A78AG :4FGE<6�46<7 F86E8G<BA�5L�4AG4:BA<M<A: "��E868CGBEF <A :4FGE<6�C4E<8G4?�68??F
"BJ8I8E��G;8L�7B�ABG�5?B6>�46<7�F86E8G<BA�FG<@H?4G87�I<4�BG;8E�EBHG8F��FH6;�4F :4FGE<A BE
468GL?6;B?<A8

C - Aluminum hydroxide

Explanation Why

�AG46<7F FH6;�4F�4?H@<AH@�;L7EBK<78�4E8�HF87�9BE�FL@CGB@4G<6�E8?<89�<A�@<?7��<AG8E@<GG8AG !�,� 4F


G;8L�7<E86G?L�A8HGE4?<M8 :4FGE<6�46<7 �"BJ8I8E� 4AG46<7F 7B�ABG�49986G :4FGE<6�46<7 F86E8G<BA

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
D - Lansoprazole

Image

Explanation Why

*EBGBA�CH@C�<A;<5<GBEF �**#F��?<>8�?4AFBCE4MB?8�4E8�G;8�9<EFG�?<A8�GE84G@8AG�9BE�@B78E4G8�GB�F8I8E8
!�,� **#F 7<E86G?L�<A;<5<G�G;8 "��%� �.*4F8��@4><A:�G;8@�G;8�@BFG�89986G<I8�4:8AGF�9BE�G;8
GE84G@8AG�B9�!�,�

E - Sucralfate

Explanation Why

-H6E4?94G8 <F�HF87�4F�4A�47=HA6G�GE84G@8AG�9BE C8CG<6�H?68E�7<F84F8 4F�<G�8A;4A68F�G;8 @H6BF4? 54EE<8E


<A�C4EG<6H?4E?L�46<7<6�4E84F�B9�G;8 FGB@46; 4A7 7HB78AH@��46G<A:�4F�4A�46<7�5H998E�4A7�CEB@BG<A:
"�)�� CEB7H6G<BA �"BJ8I8E� FH6E4?94G8 7B8F�ABG�49986G :4FGE<6�46<7 F86E8G<BA

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
F - Octreotide

Explanation Why

)6GE8BG<78��4 FB@4GBFG4G<A 4A4?B:��<F�HF87�<A�G;8�@4A4:8@8AG�B9 :4FGE<6�46<7 F86E8G<BA�F86BA74EL�GB


;LC8E:4FGE<A8@<4 �8 :� 3B??<A:8E���??<FBA�FLA7EB@8� )6GE8BG<78 F<:A<9<64AG?L�E87H68F :4FGE<A
F86E8G<BA��J;<6;�786E84F8F :4FGE<6�46<7 F86E8G<BA �"BJ8I8E��<G�7B8F�ABG�5?B6>�46<7�F86E8G<BA
FG<@H?4G87�I<4�BG;8E�EBHG8F��FH6;�4F ;<FG4@<A8 4A7 468GL?6;B?<A8

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Question # 25

� ���L84E�B?7 @4A�6B@8F�GB�G;8�C;LF<6<4A�9BE�4 9B??BJ�HC 8I4?H4G<BA�B9�6;EBA<6��E8GEBFG8EA4?�6;8FG�C4<A


.;8�C4<A�<F�JBEF8�4G�A<:;G�4A7�49G8E�;84IL�@84?F �"8�;4F�G4>8A�BE4?�C4AGBCE4MB?8�9BE�F8I8E4?�@BAG;F
J<G;BHG�4AL�E8?<89�B9�;<F�FL@CGB@F �/CC8E�8A7BF6BCL�F;BJF�H?68E4G<BAF�<A�G;8�7<FG4?�8FBC;4:HF�4A7�4
CEBK<@4??L�7<F?B64G87 3�?<A8 ���5<BCFL�B9�G;8�7<FG4?�8FBC;4:HF�F;BJF�@4GHE8 6B?H@A4E�8C<G;8?<H@�J<G;
:B5?8G�68??F �1;<6;�B9�G;8�9B??BJ<A:�@<6EBF6BC<6�9<A7<A:F�HA78E?<8F�G;8�F4@8�C4G;B@86;4A<F@�4F�G;8
68??H?4E�6;4A:8F�F88A�<A�G;<F�C4G<8AG�

Answer Image

*F8H7BFGE4G<9<87�6B?H@A4E

8C<G;8?<H@�<A�G;8�5EBA6;<

-DH4@BHF�8C<G;8?<H@�<A�G;8

5?4778E

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Answer Image

� *4A8G;�68??F�<A�G;8�7HB78AH@

�E4A6;<A:�@HF6H?4E<F�@H6BF4�<A

G;8�=8=HAH@

� �;<89�68??F�<A�G;8�<?8H@

-<@C?8�6B?H@A4E�8C<G;8?<H@�<A
G;8�8A7B68EI<K

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Hint

.;8 5<BCFL 9<A7<A:F�<A�G;<F�C4G<8AG��6B?H@A4E�8C<G;8?<H@ J<G; :B5?8G�68??F��6BA9<E@�4�7<4:ABF<F�B9


�4EE8GG�8FBC;4:HF��J;<6;�<F�6;4E46G8E<M87�5L @8G4C?4F<4 9EB@ FDH4@BHF�8C<G;8?<H@ GB�<AG8FG<A4?
6B?H@A4E�8C<G;8?<H@ 4F�4�E8FH?G�B9�6;EBA<6 :4FGE<6�46<7 8KCBFHE8

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Correct Answer

A - Pseudostratified columnar epithelium in the bronchi

Image

Explanation Why

.;8�CE8F8A68�B9 CF8H7BFGE4G<9<87 6B?H@A4E�8C<G;8?<H@ <A�G;8 5EBA6;< �4A7�G;8 GE46;84��<F�4�ABE@4?


9<A7<A: �#A�6BAGE4FG� �4EE8GG�8FBC;4:HF <F�4A�8K4@C?8�B9 @8G4C?4F<4 �.;8�CE8F8A68�B9 FGE4G<9<87
FDH4@BHF�8C<G;8?<H@ <A�G;8 5EBA6;< �8 : ��9EB@�6;EBA<6�F@B>8�8KCBFHE8��JBH?7�58�4A�8K4@C?8�B9
@8G4C?4F<4

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
B - Squamous epithelium in the bladder

Image

Explanation But

�ABG;8E�8K4@C?8�B9 @8G4C?4F<4 <F�G;8�GE4AF9BE@4G<BA�B9�G;8�E8FC<E4GBEL 6<?<4G87�6B?H@A4E�8C<G;8?<H@


GB�4 FGE4G<9<87 FDH4@BHF�8C<G;8?<H@ 4F�4�E8FH?G�B9�6;EBA<6�F@B>8�8KCBFHE8

Explanation Why

.;8 5?4778E <F�ABE@4??L�?<A87�5L GE4AF<G<BA4?�8C<G;8?<H@ ��;EBA<6�<EE<G4G<BA�B9�G;8 5?4778E J4??��8 : �


9EB@ Schistosoma <A986G<BA� HE<A4EL�64?6H?<��BE�<A7J8??<A:�64G;8G8EF��64A�E8FH?G�<A�4�GE4AF9BE@4G<BA�B9
GE4AF<G<BA4?�GB FDH4@BHF�8C<G;8?<H@ ��8??H?4E�GE4AF9BE@4G<BA�7H8�GB�6;EBA<6�FGE8FF��@8G4C?4F<4�
B66HEF�J;8A FG8@�68??F E8CEB:E4@�GB�E8C?468�BA8�@4GHE8�68??�GLC8�J<G;�4ABG;8E�G;4G�474CGF�GB�G;8
6;EBA<6�FGE8FF ��4E?L @8G4C?4FG<6 6;4A:8F�4E8�E8I8EF<5?8�<9�8KCBFHE8�GB�G;8�<EE<G4AG�FGBCF �"BJ8I8E�
7LFC?4FG<6 6;4A:8F�64A�B66HE�<9�6;EBA<6�<EE<G4G<BA�C8EF<FGF

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
C - Paneth cells in the duodenum

Image

Explanation Why

.;8�CE8F8A68�B9 *4A8G;�68??F <A�G;8 7HB78AH@ <F�4�ABE@4?�9<A7<A: �#A�6BAGE4FG� �4EE8GG�8FBC;4:HF <F


4A�8K4@C?8�B9 @8G4C?4F<4 �.;8�CE8F8A68�B9 *4A8G;�68??F <A�G;8 FGB@46; �8 : ��4F�4�E8FH?G�B9�6;EBA<6 H.
pylori <A986G<BA��JBH?7�58�4A�8K4@C?8�B9 @8G4C?4F<4

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
D - Branching muscularis mucosa in the jejunum

Image

Explanation Why

�E4A6;<A:�B9�G;8 @HF6H?4E<F�@H6BF4 <F�4�6;4E46G8E<FG<6�984GHE8�B9 ;4@4EGB@4GBHF�CB?LCF��J;<6;�4E8


4FFB6<4G87�J<G; *8HGM�$8:;8EF�FLA7EB@8 4A7�64A�B66HE�4G�4AL�?B64G<BA�4?BA:�G;8 :4FGEB<AG8FG<A4?
GE46G "4@4EGB@4F 4E8�7<FBE:4A<M87�BI8E:EBJG;F�B9�G<FFH8�<A�G;8<E�A4G<I8�?B64G<BA �4EE8GG�8FBC;4:HF
<F�6;4E46G8E<M87�5L @8G4C?4F<4��ABG ;4@4EGB@4F

E - Chief cells in the ileum

Explanation Why

.;8�CE8F8A68�B9 :4FGE<6�6;<89�68??F <A�G;8 <?8H@ 64A�58�F88A�<A�FB@8�9BE@F�B9 '86>8?�7<I8EG<6H?H@ ��


'86>8?�7<I8EG<6H?H@ J<G;�:4FGE<6�G<FFH8�<F�4A�8K4@C?8�B9�4 6;BE<FGB@4��J;<6;�E898EF�GB�4A 86GBC<6
<F?4A7�B9�ABE@4?�G<FFH8�<A�4A�45ABE@4?�?B64G<BA ��;BE<FGB@4F�4E8�G;8�E8FH?G�B9 @8G4C?4FG<6 6;4A:8F

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
7HE<A: 8@5ELBA<6�78I8?BC@8AG �#A�6BAGE4FG� �4EE8GG�8FBC;4:HF <F�6;4E46G8E<M87�5L�CBFGA4G4?
@8G4C?4F<4

F - Simple columnar epithelium in the endocervix

Image

Explanation Why

.;8�CE8F8A68�B9�F<@C?8 6B?H@A4E�8C<G;8?<H@ <A�G;8 8A7B68EI<K <F�4�ABE@4?�9<A7<A: �#A�6BAGE4FG�


�4EE8GG�8FBC;4:HF <F�4A�8K4@C?8�B9 @8G4C?4F<4 �.;8 8A7B68EI<K C;LF<B?B:<64??L�HA78E:B8F @8G4C?4F<4
<A�G;8 68EI<64?�GE4AF9BE@4G<BA�MBA8 �FDH4@B6B?H@A4E�=HA6G<BA���J;8E8�G;8�F<@C?8 6B?H@A4E
8C<G;8?<H@ 78I8?BCF�<AGB FDH4@BHF�8C<G;8?<H@ 4F�4�E8FH?G�B9�8KCBFHE8�GB�G;8�46<7�I4:<A4?�C"

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Question # 26

� ���L84E�B?7 JB@4A�6B@8F�GB�G;8�C;LF<6<4A�9BE�4�EBHG<A8 9B??BJ�HC 8K4@<A4G<BA �-;8�J4F�7<4:ABF87


J<G;�C8CG<6�H?68E�7<F84F8�BA8�L84E�4:B�4A7�G4>8F C4AGBCE4MB?8�74<?L �-8EH@�FGH7<8F�F;BJ�4 94FG<A:
:4FGE<A�?8I8?�B9 ����C:�@& �( ������ �.;<F�?45BE4GBEL�9<A7<A:�<F�@BFG�?<>8?L�64HF87�5L�<A6E84F87
;BE@BA8�CEB7H6G<BA�9EB@�68??F�G;4G�4E8�CE87B@<A4AG?L�?B64G87�<A�J;<6;�B9�G;8�9B??BJ<A:�?458?87�4E84F�

Answer Image

� �

� �

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Answer Image

� �

� �

� �

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Hint

&BA:G8E@ **# HF8�FG<@H?4G8F�G;8�CEB7H6G<BA�B9 :4FGE<A 5L !�68??F

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Correct Answer

A-A

Explanation Why

.;<F�E8:<BA�<F�G;8 7<FG4? 8FBC;4:HF��J;<6;�<F�ABE@4??L�?<A87�5L�ABA>8E4G<A<M87 FGE4G<9<87 FDH4@BHF


8C<G;8?<H@ �#G�7B8F�ABG�;4I8 !�68??F

B-B

Explanation Why

.;<F�E8:<BA�<F�G;8 :4FGE<6�64E7<4��J;<6;�;4F�@H6BHF�68??F� C4E<8G4?�68??F� :4FGE<6�6;<89�68??F��4A7�68EG4<A


8AG8EB8A7B6E<A8�68??F �8 : � ��& 68??F� :;E8?<A 68??F� �#G�7B8F�ABG�6BAG4<A !�68??F

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
C-C

Image

Explanation Why

.;<F�E8:<BA�<F�G;8 :4FGE<6�4AGEH@��J;<6;�6BAG4<AF�@BFG�B9�G;8 :4FGE<A�F86E8G<A: !�68??F <A�G;8�5B7L


-@4??8E�AH@58EF�B9 !�68??F 4E8�9BHA7�<A�G;8 CL?BE<6�64A4?� 7HB78AH@��4A7 C4A6E84F � 46GBEF�G;4G
<A6E84F8 :4FGE<A F86E8G<BA�<A6?H78�7<FG8AG<BA�B9�G;8 FGB@46;� :4FGE<A�E8?84F<A:�C8CG<78��<A6E84F8�<A
:4FGE<6�C"��8 : ��6;EBA<6 4GEBC;<6�:4FGE<G<F� **# HF8���4A7�G;8�CE8F8A68�B9 4@<AB�46<7F <A�G;8 FGB@46;
#A6E84F87 :4FGE<A F86E8G<BA�<F�4?FB�F88A�J<G; :4FGE<A�F86E8G<A:�GH@BEF��:4FGE<AB@4� !4FGE<A <A6E84F8F
:4FGE<6�46<7 F86E8G<BA��:4FGE<6 @H6BF4? :EBJG;��4A7�:4FGE<6�@BG<?<GL ��?G;BH:;�G;8 :4FGE<6�4AGEH@ 4?FB
;4F�F<:A<9<64AG�AH@58EF�B9�@H6BHF�F86E8G<A:�68??F�4A7 ��68??F��<G�<F�E8?4G<I8?L�789<6<8AG�<A C4E<8G4?
68??F� :4FGE<6�6;<89�68??F��4A7�68EG4<A�BG;8E 8AG8EB8A7B6E<A8�68??F �8 : � ��&�68??F� :;E8?<A 68??F��J;8A
6B@C4E87�GB�@BE8 CEBK<@4? E8:<BAF�B9�G;8 FGB@46;

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
D-D

Explanation Why

.;<F�E8:<BA�<F�G;8 CL?BE<6�64A4? ��?G;BH:;�FB@8 !�68??F 4E8�?B64G87�;8E8��G;8L�4E8�CE87B@<A4AG?L


?B64G87�<A�4�7<998E8AG�E8:<BA

E-E

Explanation Why

.;<F�E8:<BA�<F�G;8 :4FGE<6�5B7L��J;<6;�;4F�@H6BHF�F86E8G<A:�68??F� C4E<8G4?�68??F� :4FGE<6�6;<89�68??F�


4A7�68EG4<A 8AG8EB8A7B6E<A8�68??F �8 : � ��& 68??F� :;E8?<A 68??F� �#G�7B8F�ABG�6BAG4<A !�68??F

F-F

Explanation Why

.;<F�E8:<BA�<F�G;8 :4FGE<6�9HA7HF��J;<6;�;4F�@H6BHF�F86E8G<A:�68??F� C4E<8G4?�68??F� :4FGE<6�6;<89�68??F�


4A7�68EG4<A 8AG8EB8A7B6E<A8�68??F �8 : � ��& 68??F� :;E8?<A 68??F� �#G�7B8F�ABG�6BAG4<A !�68??F

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Question # 27

� ���L84E�B?7 JB@4A�<F�5EBH:;G�GB�G;8�8@8E:8A6L�78C4EG@8AG�5864HF8�B9�4 ��;BHE ;<FGBEL�B9�A4HF84�


IB@<G<A:��4A7�E8GEBFG8EA4?�C4<A�G;4G�E47<4G8F�GB�G;8�546> ��57B@<A4?�8K4@<A4G<BA�F;BJF�G8A78EA8FF�GB
C4?C4G<BA�<A�G;8�8C<:4FGE<6�4E84 �� �.�F64A B9�G;8�C4G<8AG�F�6;8FG�<F�F;BJA �1;<6;�B9�G;8�9B??BJ<A:�<F�G;8
@BFG�?<>8?L�7<4:ABF<F�

Answer Image

� �FBC;4:84?�EHCGHE8

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Answer Image

� *H?@BA4EL�8@5B?<F@

� �BEG<6�7<FF86G<BA

� �6HG8�@LB64E7<4?�<A94E6G<BA

� *A8H@BG;BE4K

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Answer Image

'4??BEL�18<FF�FLA7EB@8

! �FC<E4G<BA�CA8H@BA<4

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Hint

.;8 �.�F64A F;BJF�8KGE4?H@<A4?�:4F�<A�G;8 @87<4FG<AH@ �< 8 � CA8H@B@87<4FG<AH@�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Correct Answer

A - Esophageal rupture

Image

Explanation Why

�B8E;44I8�FLA7EB@8 <F�@BFG�6B@@BA?L�64HF87�5L�8K68FF<I8�IB@<G<A:�4A7�E8G6;<A:��8 : ��4F�4�E8FH?G


B9�;<:;�4?6B;B?�<AG4>8� �#A6E84F87�<AGE4G;BE46<6�CE8FFHE8�E8FH?GF�<A�8?8I4G87�<AGE48FBC;4:84?�CE8FFHE8
G;4G�64A�?847�GB�9H??�G;<6>A8FF�EHCGHE8�B9�G;8�8FBC;4:84?�J4?? �*4G<8AGF�GLC<64??L�;4I8�4�;<FGBEL�B9
IB@<G<A:�4A7�78I8?BC�F8I8E8��E8GEBFG8EA4? C4<A G;4G�E47<4G8F�GB�G;8�546> ��;8FG 4HF6H?G4G<BA B9G8A
E8I84?F�4�6E46>?<A:�BE�6EHA6;<A:�FBHA7��"4@@4A�F<:A��7H8�GB�G;8�CE8F8A68�B9�4<E�<A FB9G�G<FFH8
FC468F �.;<F�C4G<8AG�F�;<FGBEL��FL@CGB@F��4A7�6;8FG �.�F64A G;4G�F;BJF�8KGE4?H@<A4?�:4F�<A�G;8
@87<4FG<AH@ �< 8 � CA8H@B@87<4FG<AH@��4E8�6BAF<FG8AG�J<G;�4�7<4:ABF<F�B9�9H??�G;<6>A8FF 8FBC;4:84?
EHCGHE8

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
B - Pulmonary embolism

Image

Explanation Why

*H?@BA4EL�8@5B?<F@ 64A�64HF8�FH778A�BAF8G��F8I8E8 6;8FG�C4<A 4F�F88A�<A�G;<F�64F8 ��77<G<BA4?


@4A<98FG4G<BAF�<A6?H78 7LFCA84� 6BH:;� G46;L64E7<4��4A7 ;LCBG8AF<BA �. <@4:<A:��;8?<64?�FC<E4?��.�
�. CH?@BA4EL�4A:<B:E4C;L��6?4FF<64??L�F;BJF�4A�<AGE4?H@<A4?�9<??<A:�78986G�B9�G;8 CH?@BA4EL
4EG8E<8F��G;8�CE8F8A68�B9�4�J87:8�F;4C87 <A94E6G<BA J<G; C?8HE4?�899HF<BA <F�4�;<:;?L�FC86<9<6�9<A7<A:
,47<B?B:<6�FGH7<8F�JBH?7�ABG�F;BJ CA8H@B@87<4FG<AH@

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
C - Aortic dissection

Image

Explanation Why

�BEG<6�7<FF86G<BA 64A�64HF8�E8GEBFG8EA4? C4<A G;4G�E47<4G8F�GB�G;8�546>�4F�F88A�<A�G;<F�64F8 �*4G<8AGF


GLC<64??L�;4I8�4�;<FGBEL�B9 ;LC8EG8AF<BA 4A7�HFH4??L�CE8F8AG�J<G;�F8I8E8?L 8?8I4G87�5?BB7�CE8FFHE8 �BE
;LCBG8AF<BA <A�64F8F�B9 F;B6> 4A7�BE 64E7<46�G4@CBA478� ��77<G<BA4?�@4A<98FG4G<BAF�<A6?H78
4FL@@8GE<64?�5?BB7�CE8FFHE8�E847<A:F�58GJ88A�G;8�4E@F�4A7 FLA6BC8 �.�F64A B9�C4G<8AGF�J<G; 4BEG<6
7<FF86G<BA F;BJF�4A <AG<@4? 9?4C�G;4G�F8C4E4G8F�4�GEH8�4A7�94?F8�?H@8A��ABG CA8H@B@87<4FG<AH@

D - Acute myocardial infarction

Explanation Why

�6HG8�@LB64E7<4?�<A94E6G<BA 64A�64HF8�A4HF84��IB@<G<A:��4A7�E8GEBFG8EA4? C4<A 4F�F88A�<A�G;<F�64F8


.;BH:;�G;8�HF8�B9 �. <@4:<A:��8 : ��6BEBA4EL �.�4A:<B:E4C;L��<F�ABG�6B@@BA?L�HF87�GB�8I4?H4G8

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
46HG8�6BEBA4EL�FLA7EB@8��<G�64A�F;BJ 4G;8EBF6?8EBG<6�C?4DH8F 4A7 6BEBA4EL�4EG8EL FG8ABF<F �#G�JBH?7
ABG CA8H@B@87<4FG<AH@

E - Pneumothorax

Image

Explanation Why

*A8H@BG;BE4K 64A�64HF8�FH778A�BAF8G��F8I8E8 6;8FG�C4<A 4F�F88A�<A�G;<F�64F8��5HG�C4G<8AGF�4?FB


GLC<64??L�;4I8�F8I8E8 7LFCA84 �#A�477<G<BA� C;LF<64?�8K4@<A4G<BA B9�C4G<8AGF�J<G; CA8H@BG;BE4K
F;BJF�E87H687�BE�45F8AG�5E84G;�FBHA7F��;LC8EE8FBA4A68�BA�C8E6HFF<BA��4A7�786E84F87 9E8@<GHF BA�G;8
<CF<?4G8E4? F<78��ABG�8C<:4FGE<6�G8A78EA8FF �'BE8BI8E� �.�F64A F;BJF�4<E�CB6>8GF�<A�G;8 C?8HE4?�FC468�
ABG CA8H@B@87<4FG<AH@

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
F - Mallory-Weiss syndrome

Image

Explanation Why

'4??BEL�18<FF�FLA7EB@8 64A�78I8?BC�<A�C4G<8AGF�J<G;�4�;<FGBEL�B9�9BE689H?�IB@<G<A:��8 : ��9EB@


4?6B;B?�HF8�7<FBE78E��4A7�64HF8�E8GEBFG8EA4? 6;8FG�C4<A 4A7�8C<:4FGE<6�G8A78EA8FF�4F�F88A�<A�G;<F�64F8
"BJ8I8E��C4G<8AGF�GLC<64??L�;4I8 ;8@4G8@8F<F �#A�477<G<BA��G;8�CE898EE87�E47<B?B:<6�FGH7L�GB�7<4:ABF8
'4??BEL�18<FF�FLA7EB@8 <F 8FBC;4:B:4FGEB7HB78ABF6BCL��J;<6;�GLC<64??L�F;BJF�4�F<A:?8�
?BA:<GH7<A4?�G84E�<A�G;8 @H6BF4 4G�G;8�8FBC;4:B:4FGE<6�=HA6G<BA �,47<B?B:<6�FGH7<8F�JBH?7�ABG�F;BJ
CA8H@B@87<4FG<AH@

G - Aspiration pneumonia

Explanation Why

�FC<E4G<BA�CA8H@BA<4 �8 : ��7H8�GB 4FC<E4G<BA B9�IB@<G��64A�64HF8 6;8FG�C4<A 4F�F88A�<A�G;<F�64F8

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
"BJ8I8E��G;<F�6BA7<G<BA�4?FB�GLC<64??L�@4A<98FGF�J<G; 7LFCA84� 6BH:;� 98I8E� 6E46>?8F BA
4HF6H?G4G<BA��4A7 ;LCBK8@<4��ABG�8C<:4FGE<6�G8A78EA8FF �'BE8BI8E��E47<B?B:<6�FGH7<8F�B9 4FC<E4G<BA
CA8H@BA<4 B9G8A�F;BJ�<A9<?GE4G8F�<A�G;8�78C8A78AG�C4EGF�B9�G;8 ?HA:��ABG CA8H@B@87<4FG<AH@

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Question # 28

��CE8I<BHF?L�;84?G;L ���L84E�B?7 JB@4A�6B@8F�GB�G;8�C;LF<6<4A�9BE�4 ��J88> ;<FGBEL�B9�4?G8EA4G<A:


6BAFG<C4G<BA�4A7�7<4EE;84�J<G;�5?BB7�<A�;8E�FGBB? �-;8�;4F�ABG�;47�4AL�98I8EF�BE�J8<:;G�?BFF �"8E 94G;8E
7<87�B9�:4FGE<6�64A68E 4G ���L84EF B9�4:8 �*;LF<64?�8K4@<A4G<BA�F;BJF 5?H8�:E4L @46H?8F�BA�G;8�?<CF�4A7
C4?@F B9�5BG;�;4A7F ��B?BABF6BCL�F;BJF @H?G<C?8�CB?LCF G;EBH:;BHG�G;8�F@4??�5BJ8?�4A7�6B?BA�J<G;
BA8�H?68E4G87�CB?LC�4G�G;8�?8I8?�B9�G;8�F<:@B<7�6B?BA �'H?G<C?8�5<BCFL�FC86<@8AF�4E8�6B??86G87 �.;8F8
CB?LCF�4E8�@BFG�?<>8?L�GB�58�6;4E46G8E<M87�4F�J;<6;�B9�G;8�9B??BJ<A:�;<FGB?B:<64?�FH5GLC8F�

Answer Image

� "LC8EC?4FG<6

� �78AB@4GBHF

� 'H6BF4?

� -8EE4G87

� "4@4EGB@4GBHF

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Hint

.;8�6B@5<A4G<BA�B9�@H?G<C?8�:4FGEB<AG8FG<A4?�CB?LCF��@H6B6HG4A8BHF�7<F6B?BE4G<BA��4A7�4 94@<?L�;<FGBEL
B9�:4FGEB<AG8FG<A4? @4?<:A4A6L <F�6BAF<FG8AG�J<G; *8HGM�$8:;8EF�FLA7EB@8 �*$-�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Correct Answer

A - Hyperplastic

Explanation Why

"LC8EC?4FG<6�CB?LCF 4E8�F@4??�:EBJG;F�G;4G�4E8�@BFG�6B@@BA?L�9BHA7�<A�G;8�E86GBF<:@B<7 6B?BA


�?G;BH:;�@BFG ;LC8EC?4FG<6�CB?LCF 4E8�58A<:A��FB@8�@4L�8IB?I8�<AGB�CE8@4?<:A4AG F8EE4G87�CB?LCF�
G;8E89BE8��E8@BI4?�<F�E86B@@8A787 "LC8EC?4FG<6�CB?LCF 4E8�ABG�4FFB6<4G87�J<G;�@H6B6HG4A8BHF
7<F6B?BE4G<BA�BE�4 94@<?L�;<FGBEL B9�:4FGEB<AG8FG<A4? @4?<:A4A6L��5BG;�B9�J;<6;�4E8�CE8F8AG�<A�G;<F
C4G<8AG

B - Adenomatous

Image

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Explanation Why

�78AB@4F 4E8�G;8�@BFG�6B@@BA�GLC8�B9 A8BC?4FG<6 @H6BF4?�CB?LC �.;8L�<A6?H78 GH5H?4E�478AB@4F�


GH5H?BI<??BHF 478AB@4F��4A7 I<??BHF�478AB@4F �J<G;�I<??BHF�984GHE8F�<A7<64G<A:�4�;<:;8E�@4?<:A4AG
CBG8AG<4?� �#A�C4G<8AGF�J<G;�@H?G<C?8�6B?BE86G4? 478AB@4F BE�G;BF8�J;B�;4I8�78I8?BC87�@H?G<C?8
478AB@4F 4G�4A�84E?L�4:8� 94@<?<4?�478AB@4GBHF�CB?LCBF<F FLA7EB@8�F;BH?7�58�FHFC86G87 �.;<F
C4G<8AG�F�6?<A<64?�8K4@�9<A7<A:F�4E8�@BE8�6BA68EA<A:�9BE *$-��J;<6;�<F�6;4E46G8E<M87�5L 6B?BA<6
CB?LCF B9�4�7<998E8AG�;<FGB?B:<6�GLC8

C - Mucosal

Explanation Why

'H6BF4?�CB?LCF 4E8�F@4??��HFH4??L�����@@�<A�F<M8��4A7�58A<:A �.;8L�4E8�ABG�4FFB6<4G87�J<G; *$-

D - Serrated

Explanation Why

-8EE4G87�CB?LCF��J;<6;�64A�58�6?4FF<9<87�4F�8<G;8E GE47<G<BA4?�F8EE4G87�478AB@4F BE F8FF<?8�F8EE4G87


CB?LCF��;4I8�@B78E4G8�CBG8AG<4?�GB�HA78E:B�@4?<:A4AG�GE4AF9BE@4G<BA ��?G;BH:; F8EE4G87�CB?LCF 4E8
4FFB6<4G87�J<G;�BA6B:8A<6�@HG4G<BAF��FH6;�4F �,� ��G;8E8�<F�AB�>ABJA�6BAA86G<BA�GB *$-

E - Hamartomatous

Explanation Why

"4@4EGB@4GBHF�CB?LCF 4E8�G;8�@BFG�?<>8?L�GLC8�GB�58�9BHA7�<A�G;<F�C4G<8AG�J<G; *$-��4�6BA7<G<BA�G;4G


<F�6;4E46G8E<M87�5L�AH@8EBHF�;4@4EGB@4GBHF 6B?BA<6�CB?LCF��@H6B6HG4A8BHF ;LC8EC<:@8AG4G<BA�
4A7�4A�<A6E84F87�E<F>�B9�:4FGEB<AG8FG<A4? @4?<:A4A6L �#A *$-��CB?LCF�6B@@BA?L�B66HE�<A�G;8 F@4??
<AG8FG<A8 5HG�64A�58�9BHA7�<A�4AL�C4EG�B9�G;8 !#�GE46G ��?G;BH:; ;4@4EGB@4F 4E8�B9G8A�58A<:A��4�F@4??
E<F>�B9�@4?<:A4AG�GE4AF9BE@4G<BA�<F�CE8F8AG �)A ;<FGBC4G;B?B:L� ;4@4EGB@4F 6BAG4<A�4 CEB?<98E4G<BA B9
F@BBG;�@HF6?8 8KG8A7<A:�<AGB�G;8 ?4@<A4�CEBCE<4 J<G;�ABE@4?�BI8E?L<A: 8C<G;8?<H@

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Question # 29

�A�<AI8FG<:4GBE�<F�FGH7L<A:�G;8�F86E8G<BA�B9�:4FGEB<AG8FG<A4?�;BE@BA8F�589BE8�4A7�49G8E�9BB7�<AG4>8 �-;8
<FB?4G8F�4�;BE@BA8�G;4G 4668?8E4G8F�G;8�8@CGL<A:�B9�:4FGE<6�6BAG8AGF�<AGB�G;8�7HB78A4?�5H?5 �.;8�<FB?4G87
;BE@BA8�<F�@BFG�?<>8?L�J;<6;�B9�G;8�9B??BJ<A:�

Answer Image

� !?H64:BA�?<>8�C8CG<78

� !4FGE<A

� �;B?86LFGB><A<A

� 04FB46G<I8�<AG8FG<A4?�C8CG<78

� -86E8G<A

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Hint

.;8�68??F�F86E8G<A:�G;<F ;BE@BA8 4E8�CE87B@<A4AG?L�?B64G87�<A�G;8 7HB78AH@ 4A7 :4FGE<6�4AGEH@

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Correct Answer

A - Glucagon-like peptide

Explanation Why

!?H64:BA�?<>8�C8CG<78 �!&*��<F�F86E8G87�5L &�68??F ?B64G87�G;EBH:;BHG�G;8�<AG8FG<A8 �/A?<>8�G;8


;BE@BA8 <FB?4G87�;8E8��!&*�CEB@BG8F�:4FGE<6�E8?4K4G<BA�4A7 CL?BE<6 6BAGE46G<BA��G;8E85L�E87H6<A:
:4FGE<6�8@CGL<A: �!&*�4?FB�C?4LF�4A�<@CBEG4AG�EB?8�4F�4A <A6E8G<A��;8?C<A:�GB�E87H68�F8EH@�:?H6BF8
?8I8?F

B - Gastrin

Explanation Why

!4FGE<A <F�4 ;BE@BA8 CEB7H687�5L�G;8 !�68??F B9�G;8 :4FGE<6�4AGEH@ 4A7 7HB78AH@ �#G�8A;4A68F
:4FGE<6�@BG<?<GL�5L�<A6E84F<A:�4AGE4?�6BAGE46G<BAF�4A7�CEBC8??<A: FGB@46; 6BAG8AGF�GBJ4E7F�G;8
CL?BEHF J;<?8�F<@H?G4A8BHF?L�E8?4K<A:�G;8 CL?BE<6�FC;<A6G8E FB�G;4G�:4FGE<6�6BAG8AGF�4E8�@B5<?<M87
<AGB�G;8 7HB78AH@ �)G;8E�9HA6G<BAF�B9 :4FGE<A <A6?H78�<A6E84F87�F86E8G<BA�B9 ;L7EB6;?BE<6�46<7 I<4
C4E<8G4?�68?? FG<@H?4G<BA��FG<@H?4G<BA�B9 C8CF<A E8?84F8�9EB@ 6;<89�68??F��4A7�CEB@BG<BA�B9�:4FGE<6
@H6BF4? :EBJG;

C - Cholecystokinin

Explanation Why

.;8�CE8F8A68�B9�9BB7�@4G8E<4?�<A�G;8 7HB78AH@ 4A7 =8=HAH@ 64HF8F #�68??F GB�F86E8G8 6;B?86LFGB><A<A


���%���J;<6;�E87H68F�:4FGE<6�6BAGE46G<BAF�4A7�CEB@BG8F CL?BE<6 6?BFHE8��G;8E85L�786E84F<A:�:4FGE<6
8@CGL<A: �)G;8E�@4=BE�9HA6G<BAF�B9 ��% <A6?H78�<A6E84F<A: C4A6E84G<6 4A7�5<?<4EL�F86E8G<BAF�4A7
E8?4K<A:�G;8 FC;<A6G8E�B9�)77<

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
D - Vasoactive intestinal peptide

Explanation Why

04FB46G<I8�<AG8FG<A4?�C8CG<78 �0#*��<A6E84F8F 5<64E5BA4G8 4A7�J4G8E�F86E8G<BA�<A�G;8 F@4??�<AG8FG<A8


#A�:8A8E4?� 0#* 64HF8F�J<78FCE847 F@BBG;�@HF6?8 E8?4K4G<BA��<A6?H7<A:�:4FGE<6�E8?4K4G<BA ��F�4
E8FH?G� 0#* 786E84F8F��E4G;8E�G;4A�<A6E84F8F��:4FGE<6�@BG<?<GL�4A7�46<7�F86E8G<BA

E - Secretin

Explanation Why

-86E8G<A <F�E8?84F87�5L -�68??F B9�G;8 7HB78AH@ <A�E8FCBAF8�GB�G;8�CE8F8A68�B9�46<7<6�:4FGE<6�6BAG8AG


<A�G;8 F@4??�<AG8FG<A8 -86E8G<A E87H68F�46<7�F86E8G<BA��:4FGE<6�@BG<?<GL��4A7�:4FGE<6�8@CGL<A:�J;<?8
<A6E84F<A:�G;8�F86E8G<BA�B9 5<64E5BA4G8�E<6;�9?H<7�9EB@�G;8 C4A6E84F

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Question # 30

� ���L84E�B?7 @4A�6B@8F�GB�G;8�C;LF<6<4A�5864HF8�B9�4 ��J88> ;<FGBEL�B9 7<4EE;84�4A7�457B@<A4?


5?B4G<A: �"<F�FGBB?F�4E8 5H?>L� 9BH?�F@8??<A:��4A7�7<99<6H?G�GB�9?HF; �)I8E�G;8�C4FG ��@BAG;F��;8�;4F�;47
E86HEE8AG�7H??�8C<:4FGE<6�C4<A�G;4G�<F�GE<::8E87�5L�@84?F�4A7�?4FGF�9BE�4�98J�74LF �"8�7E<A>F ��GB���588EF
74<?L ��57B@<A4?�8K4@<A4G<BA�F;BJF�@<?7�8C<:4FGE<6�G8A78EA8FF�J<G;�AB�E85BHA7�BE�:H4E7<A: ����.
F64A�B9�G;8�457B@8A�<F�F;BJA �.;8�FGEH6GHE8�<A7<64G87�5L�G;8�4EEBJF�<F�@BFG�?<>8?L�?<A87�5L�J;<6;�B9�G;8
9B??BJ<A:�

Answer Image

� -<@C?8�7H6G4?�8C<G;8?<H@

� �4?6<9<87�7H6G4?�68??F

� !E4AH?4G<BA�G<FFH8

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Answer Image

� *LB:8A<6�@8@5E4A8

� �B?H@A4E�@H6<ABHF�8C<G;8?<H@

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Hint

.;8�?4E:8�6LFG<6�?8F<BA�9BHA7�BA �.�F64A B9�G;<F�C4G<8AG�J<G;�4�;<FGBEL�B9�6;EBA<6 4?6B;B?�45HF8�


FG84GBEE;84 �5H?>L� 9BH?�F@8??<A:� 7<99<6H?G�GB�9?HF; FGBB?F���4A7�E86HEE8AG�8C<:4FGE<6 C4<A <F�@BFG�?<>8?L�4
C4A6E84G<6�CF8H7B6LFG G;4G�;4F�9BE@87�4F�4�E8FH?G�B9 6;EBA<6�C4A6E84G<G<F

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Correct Answer

A - Simple ductal epithelium

Explanation Why

-<@C?8�7H6G4? 8C<G;8?<H@ ?<A<A:�4�6LFG<6�?8F<BA�BA�G;8 C4A6E84F <F�4 C4A6E84G<6�E8G8AG<BA�6LFG �.;8F8


4E8�@BFG�B9G8A�F?BJ�:EBJ<A:��F@4??��4FL@CGB@4G<6��58A<:A�?8F<BAF �.;8�?4E:8�6LFG�?<>8�?8F<BA�9BHA7
<A�G;<F�C4G<8AG�J<G;�4�;<FGBEL�B9�4?6B;B?�HF8�<F�@H6;�@BE8�?<>8?L�GB�58�4 C4A6E84G<6�CF8H7B6LFG

B - Calcified ductal cells

Explanation Why

�4?6<9<87�7H6G4?�68??F�J<G;<A�G;8 C4A6E84F 4E8�FGEBA:?L�4FFB6<4G87�J<G; 6;EBA<6�C4A6E84G<G<F 7H8�GB


;84IL�4?6B;B?�6BAFH@CG<BA �-<:AF�B9 6;EBA<6�C4A6E84G<G<F <A6?H78 C4A6E84G<6 <AFH99<6<8A6L �?847<A:�GB
FG84GBEE;84 4A7�94G�FB?H5?8 I<G4@<A�789<6<8A6<8F��4A7 8A7B6E<A8�C4A6E84F <AFH99<6<8A6L��E8FH?G<A:�<A
7<458G8F�@8??<GHF� ��?G;BH:;�G;<F�C4G<8AG�F CF8H7B6LFG 9BE@4G<BA�<F�@BFG�?<>8?L�E8?4G87�GB 6;EBA<6
C4A6E84G<G<F 4A7�G;8E8�4E8�?<>8?L�64?6<9<87�7H6G4?�68??F�J<G;<A�G;8 C4A6E84F <GF8?9��G;8F8�68??F�JBH?7�ABG
58�9BHA7�?<A<A:�G;8 CF8H7B6LFG

C - Granulation tissue

Explanation Why

!E4AH?4G<BA�G<FFH8 8A64CFH?4G8F C4A6E84G<6�CF8H7B6LFGF��E8G4<A<A:�8AML@8�E<6; C4A6E84G<6 9?H<7F


.;8F8 CF8H7B6LFGF ?46>�CEBC8E 8C<G;8?<4? ?<A<A:��<A�6BAGE4FG�GB�GEH8�6LFGF��4A7�4E8�<AFG847�J4??87�B99
5L�47=468AG <AGE4C8E<GBA84? FGEH6GHE8F��8 : � FGB@46; BE B@8AGH@� �-H6;�?8F<BAF�4E8�7H8�GB�4
7<FEHCG<BA�B9�G;8 C4A6E84G<6 7H6G4?�FLFG8@�4A7�8KGE4I4F4G<BA�B9�9?H<7F��HFH4??L�4F�4�E8FH?G�B9�46HG8�BE
6;EBA<6�C4A6E84G<G<F �'BFG CF8H7B6LFGF E8@4<A�4FL@CGB@4G<6�5HG�?4E:8�?8F<BAF�64A�64HF8 @4FF�89986G�
E8FH?G<A:�<A�457B@<A4? C4<A��5<?<4EL�B5FGEH6G<BA��4A7�CBG8AG<4??L :4FGEB<AG8FG<A4?�5?887F <9�A84E5L
5?BB7�I8FF8?F�4E8�<AIB?I87

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
D - Pyogenic membrane

Explanation Why

*LB:8A<6 @8@5E4A8F�9BE@�G;8�BHG8E�J4??�B9 45F68FF8F��8A6?BF<A: CHF 4A7�546G8E<4 *4A6E84G<6


45F68FF8F GLC<64??L�B66HE�4F�4�6B@C?<64G<BA�B9 46HG8�C4A6E84G<G<F��J;8E85L�?84>4:8�B9 C4A6E84G<6
8AML@8F ?847F�GB�FHEEBHA7<A:�G<FFH8 A86EBF<F G;4G�<F�FH5F8DH8AG?L�<A986G87 *4A6E84G<6�CF8H7B6LFGF
@4L�586B@8�FHC8E<A986G87�4A7�CEB:E8FF�<AGB 45F68FF8F��5HG�G;<F�CEB:E8FF<BA�JBH?7�58�466B@C4A<87
5L�6?<A<64?�8I<78A68�B9�<A986G<BA�FH6;�4F 98I8E BE�6;<??F��A8<G;8E�B9�J;<6;�G;<F�C4G<8AG�;4F

E - Columnar mucinous epithelium

Explanation Why

.;8�6B?H@A4E @H6<ABHF 8C<G;8?<H@ 6B@CE<F8F�G;8�?<A<A:�B9 @H6<ABHF 6LFG478AB@4 B9�G;8 C4A6E84F��4


58A<:A�GH@BE G;4G�CE898E8AG<4??L�B66HEF�BA�G;8�5B7L�BE�G4<?�B9�G;8 C4A6E84F 4A7�7B8F�ABG�6B@@HA<64G8
J<G;�G;8 C4A6E84G<6 7H6G4?�FLFG8@ �'BFG�B9�G;8F8�?8F<BAF�4E8�4FL@CGB@4G<6�4A7�F?BJ�:EBJ<A:��G;BH:;
I8EL�?4E:8�?8F<BAF�@4L�8K;<5<G�FL@CGB@F�B9 @4FF�89986G �8 : ��8C<:4FGE<6�9H??A8FF��A4HF84��4A7
IB@<G<A:��4A7�CBF8�FB@8�G;E84G�B9�@4?<:A4AG�GE4AF9BE@4G<BA �.;8�?4E:8�9?H<7�6B??86G<BA�BA�G;<F
C4G<8AG�F�<@4:<A:�7B8F�ABG�8@4A4G8�9EB@�G;8�5B7L�BE�G4<?�B9�G;8 C4A6E84F��4A7�;<F�?BA:�;<FGBEL�B9
4?6B;B?�HF8�@4>8F�4 C4A6E84G<6�CF8H7B6LFG @H6;�@BE8�?<>8?L

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Question # 31

� ���L84E�B?7 5BL�<F�5EBH:;G�GB�G;8�8@8E:8A6L�78C4EG@8AG�5L�;<F�@BG;8E�5864HF8�B9�4 ��;BHE ;<FGBEL�B9


E<:;G�?BJ8E�DH47E4AG�C4<A��IB@<G<A:��4A7�457B@<A4?�7<FG8AG<BA ��K4@<A4G<BA�F;BJF�4�C4?C45?8�@4FF�<A
G;8�E<:;G�?BJ8E�DH47E4AG�B9�G;8�457B@8A ��A K�E4L B9�G;8�457B@8A�F;BJF�4�7<?4G87�4F68A7<A:�6B?BA�J<G;
4A 4<E�9?H<7 ?8I8?�<A�G;8�F@4??�<AG8FG<A8 ���G8FG�<F�C8E9BE@87�<A�J;<6;�8?86GEB78F�4E8�C?4687�BA�G;8�A4F4?
8C<G;8?<H@�4A7�G;8�ABF8�<F�C8E9HF87�J<G;�F8I8E4?�7<998E8AG�FB?HG<BAF �1;8A�4 6;?BE<78�9E88 FB?HG<BA�<F
47@<A<FG8E87��;LC8ECB?4E<M4G<BA�46EBFF�G;8�A4F4?�8C<G;8?<H@�<F�45F8AG �1;<6;�B9�G;8�9B??BJ<A:�<F�G;8�@BFG
6B@@BA�64HF8�B9�@BEG4?<GL�<A�C4G<8AGF�J<G;�G;8�6BA7<G<BA�78F6E<587�;8E8�

Answer Image

� &<I8E�6<EE;BF<F

� *H?@BA4EL�8@5B?<F@

� �<458G8F�@8??<GHF

� *H?@BA4EL�<A986G<BA

� (8C;EB?<G;<4F<F

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Hint

.;<F�C4G<8AG�;4F�6?<A<64?�9<A7<A:F�6BAF<FG8AG�J<G; 7<FG4?�<AG8FG<A4?�B5FGEH6G<BA�FLA7EB@8 �457B@<A4?


7<FG8AG<BA� ,&+ C4<A��4A7�4 ,&+ @4FF���@BFG�?<>8?L�7H8�GB�45ABE@4? 6;?BE<78 GE4AF@8@5E4A8�GE4AFCBEG

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Correct Answer

A - Liver cirrhosis

Explanation Why

.;8 ?<I8E <F�B9G8A�49986G87�<A 6LFG<6�9<5EBF<F��J<G;�@4A<98FG4G<BAF�<A6?H7<A: 6;B?8FG4F<F� ;8C4G<6


FG84GBF<F� CBEG4?�;LC8EG8AF<BA��4A7 ?<I8E�6<EE;BF<F �"BJ8I8E� ?<I8E�6<EE;BF<F <F�ABG�4�6B@@BA�64HF8�B9
784G;�<A�G;<F�C4G<8AG�:EBHC

B - Pulmonary embolism

Explanation Why

*4G<8AGF�J<G; 6LFG<6�9<5EBF<F 4E8�4G�4�;<:;8E�E<F>�B9�78I8?BC<A: CH?@BA4EL�8@5B?<F@ 6B@C4E87�GB�G;8


:8A8E4?�CBCH?4G<BA��5HG�<G�<F�ABG�4�6B@@BA�64HF8�B9�784G;�<A�G;<F�C4G<8AG�:EBHC

C - Diabetes mellitus

Explanation Why

*4A6E84G<6 G<FFH8�<AIB?I8@8AG�<F�6B@@BA�<A 6LFG<6�9<5EBF<F �*EB:E8FF<I8�78FGEH6G<BA�B9 C4A6E84G<6


58G4�68??F 64A�E8FH?G�<A�4�F<:A<9<64AG CEBCBEG<BA B9�47H?G�C4G<8AGF�@4A<98FG<A:�J<G; 7<458G8F�@8??<GHF
"BJ8I8E� 7<458G8F�@8??<GHF <F�ABG�4�6B@@BA�64HF8�B9�784G;�<A�C4G<8AGF�J<G; 6LFG<6�9<5EBF<F

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
D - Pulmonary infection

Image

Explanation Why

.;8 A4F4?�CBG8AG<4?�7<998E8A68�G8FG 6BA7H6G87�;8E8�6BA9<E@F�G;8�7<4:ABF<F�B9 6LFG<6�9<5EBF<F <A�G;<F


C4G<8AG �*4G<8AGF�J<G; 6LFG<6�9<5EBF<F ;4I8�;LC8EI<F6BHF 8KB6E<A8�:?4A7 F86E8G<BAF��J;<6;�64A�G;<6>8A
FGBB?�4A7�64HF8 7<FG4? <AG8FG<A4?�B5FGEH6G<BA��4F�F88A�;8E8 �"LC8EI<F6BHF�E8FC<E4GBEL�F86E8G<BAF�4A7
789<6<8AG @H6B6<?<4EL�6?84E4A68 ?847�GB�E86HEE8AG�CH?@BA4EL�<A986G<BAF �.;<F��6B@5<A87�J<G;�@H?G<C?8
8C<FB78F�B9 4AG<5<BG<6�G;8E4CL��?847F�GB�G;8�78I8?BC@8AG�B9�@BE8�F8I8E8��E8F<FG4AG�<A986G<BAF��8 : �
Pseudomonas aeruginosa��4A7�FGEH6GHE4? ?HA: 6;4A:8F��8 : � 5EBA6;<86G4F<F� 8@C;LF8@4���J<G;
8I8AGH4?�CEB:E8FF<BA�GB E8FC<E4GBEL�94<?HE8

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
E - Nephrolithiasis

Explanation Why

(8C;EB?<G;<4F<F <F�@BE8�6B@@BA�<A�C4G<8AGF�J<G; 6LFG<6�9<5EBF<F G;4A�<A�G;8�:8A8E4?�CBCH?4G<BA��4A7


6;EBA<6 A8C;EB?<G;<4F<F 64A�?847�GB E8A4?�94<?HE8 4A7�BE HEBF8CF<F �"BJ8I8E��<G�<F�ABG�4�6B@@BA�64HF8
B9�784G;�<A�G;<F�C4G<8AG�:EBHC

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Question # 32

� ��L84E�B?7 :<E?�<F�5EBH:;G�GB�G;8�8@8E:8A6L�78C4EG@8AG�5L�;8E�94G;8E�9BE�G;8�8I4?H4G<BA�B9�457B@<A4?
C4<A�9BE ��;BHE 49G8E�7E<A><A:�4�5BGG?8�B9�EHFG�E8@BI8E �.;8�94G;8E�E8CBEGF�G;4G�F;8 IB@<G87�BA68 BA�G;8
J4L�GB�G;8�;BFC<G4?�4A7�G;4G�;8E�IB@<G�J4F�ABG�5?BB7L �.;8�C4G<8AG�;4F�C4<A�J<G;�FJ4??BJ<A: �-;8
4CC84EF�HA6B@9BEG45?8 �)E4?�8K4@<A4G<BA�F;BJF�@<?7 8ELG;8@4�B9�G;8�8C<:?BGG<F�4A7�;84IL�F4?<I4G<BA
1;<6;�B9�G;8�9B??BJ<A:�<F�G;8�@BFG�?<>8?L ?BA:�G8E@ 6B@C?<64G<BA�<A�G;<F�C4G<8AG�

Answer Image

� �FBC;4:84?�J85F

� �FBC;4:84?�FGE<6GHE8F

� �4EE8GG�8FBC;4:HF

� .;LEB:?BFF4?�9<FGH?4

� '4??BEL�18<FF�G84EF

)E4?�64I<GL�64A68E

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Hint

.;<F�C4G<8AG�F�FL@CGB@F��457B@<A4? C4<A��A4HF84��IB@<G<A:� B7LABC;4:<4��4A7�;84IL�F4?<I4G<BA��58:4A


F;BEG?L�49G8E�G;8�<A:8FG<BA�B9�EHFG�E8@BI8E��FH::8FG<A: 64HFG<6�?<DH<7 CB<FBA<A:

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Correct Answer

A - Esophageal webs

Explanation Why

�FBC;4:84?�J85F 4E8�G;<A�@8@5E4A8F�B9�ABE@4?�8FBC;4:84?�G<FFH8�G;4G�CEBGEH78�<AGB�G;8 8FBC;4:HF


.;8F8�J85F�64A�64HF8�FL@CGB@F�FH6;�4F 7LFC;4:<4� B7LABC;4:<4��4A7�9BB7�<@C46G<BA �FBC;4:84?
J85F @4L�58�6BA:8A<G4?��*?H@@8E�0<AFBA�FLA7EB@8��BE�46DH<E87��8 : ��AHGE<G<BA4?�789<6<8A6<8F���5HG
G;8L�4E8�ABG�64HF87�5L 64HFG<6�4:8AG <A=HEL

B - Esophageal strictures

Explanation Why

.;8�@BFG�6B@@BA�?BA:�G8E@�6B@C?<64G<BA�B9 64HFG<6�?<DH<7 <A:8FG<BA�<F�G;8�78I8?BC@8AG�B9


8FBC;4:84?�FGE<6GHE8F �'BFG�FGE<6GHE8F�78I8?BC�4CCEBK ���@BAG;F�49G8E�G;8�<A<G<4?�<A=HEL �FBC;4:84?
7LF@BG<?<GL 64HF87�5L�FGE<6GHE8F�4A7�A8HEB@HF6H?4E�74@4:8�64A�?847�GB�F8I8E8 7LFC;4:<4 �)G;8E
6B@C?<64G<BAF�B9 64HFG<6�?<DH<7 <A:8FG<BA�<A6?H78�8FBC;4:84? H?68EF 4A7 8FBC;4:84?�64A68E

C - Barrett esophagus

Explanation Why

�4EE8GG�8FBC;4:HF <F�4�6B@C?<64G<BA�B9�6;EBA<6 :4FGEB8FBC;4:84?�E89?HK ��;EBA<6 :4FGEB8FBC;4:84?


E89?HK @4L�B66HE�F86BA74EL�GB 64HFG<6�4:8AG <A=HEL�5HG �4EE8GG�8FBC;4:HF <F�ABG�4�6B@@BA
6B@C?<64G<BA

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
D - Thyroglossal fistula

Explanation Why

� G;LEB:?BFF4?�9<FGH?4 <F�4�6BA:8A<G4?�E8@A4AG�B9�G;8 G;LEB<7�7<I8EG<6H?H@ �#G�JBH?7�ABG�58�8KC86G87


GB�78I8?BC�4F�4�E8FH?G�B9 64HFG<6�?<DH<7 <A=HEL '87<4FG<A4? 4A7 GE46;8B8FBC;4:84?�9<FGH?4F @4L
78I8?BC�<A�C4G<8AGF�J<G;�F8I8E8 64HFG<6�?<DH<7 <A=HEL��8FC86<4??L�<A�G;BF8�J<G; 8FBC;4:84?�C8E9BE4G<BA

E - Mallory-Weiss tears

Image

Explanation Why

'4??BEL�18<FF G84EF 4E8�GE4H@4G<6 @H6BF4? 4A7 FH5@H6BF4? 8FBC;4:84?�G84EF�4G�G;8 :4FGEB8FBC;4:84?


=HA6G<BA �.;8F8�G84EF�HFH4??L�@4A<98FG�J<G; ;8@4G8@8F<F��4A7�G;8L�4E8�GLC<64??L�G;8�E8FH?G�B9�F8I8E8�
E8C84G87�E8G6;<A:�4A7�BE�IB@<G<A: �#A�@BFG�49986G87�<A7<I<7H4?F� '4??BEL�18<FF G84EF�;84?
FCBAG4A8BHF?L ��BA7<G<BAF�G;4G�CE87<FCBF8�<A7<I<7H4?F�GB '4??BEL�18<FF G84EF�<A6?H78 4?6B;B?<F@�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
5H?<@<4�A8EIBF4��4A7 :4FGEB8FBC;4:84?�E89?HK�7<F84F8��5HG�ABG 64HFG<6�4:8AG <A=HEL

F - Oral cavity cancer

Explanation Why

)E4?�64I<GL�64A68E <F�4FFB6<4G87�J<G;�?BA:�G8E@�BE4?�GB5466B�HF8��F@B><A:��BE�4?6B;B?�6BAFH@CG<BA�4F
J8??�4F�CBBE�BE4?�;L:<8A8�4A7�BE ;H@4A�C4C<??B@4I<EHF �8 : � "*0 ������������4A7�����<A986G<BA
�4HFG<6�4:8AG <A=HEL�<F�4FFB6<4G87�J<G;�4A�<A6E84F87�E<F>�B9 8FBC;4:84?�64A68E E4G;8E�G;4A BE4?�64I<GL
64A68E

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Question # 33

��CE8I<BHF?L�;84?G;L ���L84E�B?7 @4A�6B@8F�GB�G;8�C;LF<6<4A�J<G;�4 ��@BAG; ;<FGBEL�B9�94G<:H8��J8<:;G


?BFF��4A7�457B@<A4?�C4<A �"8�7E<A>F ��BM B9�4?6B;B?�BA�G;8�J88>8A7F�4A7�7B8F�ABG�F@B>8 �"8�<F�E8G<E87
5HG�CE8I<BHF?L JBE>87�<A�4�946GBEL�G;4G�CEB7H68F�C?4FG<6�C<C8F ��57B@<A4?�8K4@<A4G<BA�F;BJF�E<:;G
HCC8E�DH47E4AG�G8A78EA8FF��G;8�?<I8E�87:8�<F�C4?C45?8 ��6@ 58?BJ�G;8�E<5F ���?<I8E�5<BCFL�FC86<@8A
F;BJF C?8B@BEC;<6�FC<A7?8�68??F�G;4G�8KCE8FF *���'�� BA�G;8<E�FHE9468 �1;<6;�B9�G;8�9B??BJ<A:�<F�G;8
@BFG�?<>8?L�7<4:ABF<F�

Answer Image

� �4I8EABHF�;8@4A:<B@4

� %4CBF<�F4E6B@4

� �A:<BF4E6B@4

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Answer Image

� "8C4GB68??H?4E�64E6<AB@4

� "8C4G<6�478AB@4

�;B?4A:<B64E6<AB@4

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Hint

.;<F�C4G<8AG�F�FL@CGB@F�GB:8G;8E�J<G;�;<F�;<FGBEL�B9�JBE><A:�4G�4�C?4FG<6�946GBEL�FH::8FGF�4�GLC8�B9 ?<I8E
64A68E 4FFB6<4G87�J<G;�B66HC4G<BA4?�8KCBFHE8�GB I<AL?�6;?BE<78 0<AL?�6;?BE<78 <F�HF87�GB�@4>8�I4E<BHF
CB?LI<AL?�6;?BE<78 �*0���C?4FG<6�CEB7H6GF��<A6?H7<A:�C<C8F

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Correct Answer

A - Cavernous hemangioma

Image

Explanation Why

�4I8EABHF ;8@4A:<B@4 <F�G;8�@BFG�6B@@BA�GLC8�B9 58A<:A�GH@BE B9�G;8 ?<I8E �#G�<F�GLC<64??L


4FL@CGB@4G<6��5HG�?4E:8 ;8C4G<6�;8@4A:<B@4F 64A�64HF8�ABAFC86<9<6�FL@CGB@F��8 : ��457B@<A4?
7<F6B@9BEG��84E?L�F4G<8GL��A4HF84� �)A ;<FGB?B:L� 8A7BG;8?<H@�?<A87�5?BB7�9<??87�F<AHF8F�G;4G�FG4<A
CBF<G<I8�9BE 8A7BG;8?<4? @4E>8EF��<A6?H7<A: *���'����4E8�6;4E46G8E<FG<6 �"BJ8I8E��ABE@4?�9?4G
8A7BG;8?<4? 68??F�E4G;8E�G;4A C?8B@BEC;<6 FC<A7?8�68??F JBH?7�58�F88A �'BE8BI8E��64I8EABHF
;8@4A:<B@4F 4E8�@BFG�6B@@BA�<A�47H?GF�58GJ88A���Q���L84EF�B9�4:8�4A7��:<I8A�G;8<E�58A<:A�A4GHE8�
JBH?7�58�HA?<>8?L�GB�64HF8 F<:A<9<64AG�J8<:;G�?BFF BE ;8C4GB@8:4?L

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
B - Kaposi sarcoma

Image

Explanation Why

%4CBF<�F4E6B@4 <F�4�@4?<:A4AG FC<A7?8�68?? GH@BE 4FFB6<4G87�J<G; ;H@4A�;8EC8FI<EHF�� G;4G�GLC<64??L


49986GF�G;8 F><A 5HG�@4L�B664F<BA4??L�4?FB�<AIB?I8�G;8 :4FGEB<AG8FG<A4?�GE46G� BE4?�64I<GL��BE�G;8
E8FC<E4GBEL�FLFG8@ �*4G<8AGF�:8A8E4??L�CE8F8AG�J<G;�FB?<G4EL�BE�@H?G<C?8�CHEC?<F;��AB7H?4E� FH5@H6BF4?�
4A7�C4<A?8FF C?4DH8F��ABA8�B9�J;<6;�4E8�CE8F8AG�;8E8 �#A�477<G<BA� %4CBF<�F4E6B@4 B66HEF
CE87B@<A4AG?L�<A <@@HABFHCCE8FF87 <A7<I<7H4?F��8 : � �#�- C4G<8AGF� � <A4??L� I<AL?�6;?BE<78
8KCBFHE8�<F�ABG�4�>ABJA E<F>�946GBE 9BE %4CBF<�F4E6B@4

C - Angiosarcoma

Explanation But

#A�6BAGE4FG��ABA;8C4G<6 4A:<BF4E6B@4F 4E8�C4EG<6H?4E?L�E4E8

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Explanation Why

"8C4G<6 4A:<BF4E6B@4F 4E8�G;8�G;<E7�@BFG�6B@@BA�GLC8�B9�CE<@4EL�;8C4G<6 @4?<:A4A6L��4A7�G;8<E


B66HEE8A68�<F�4FFB6<4G87�J<G;�8KCBFHE8�GB I<AL?�6;?BE<78��J;<6;�<F�?<>8?L�4A�B66HC4G<BA4?�;4M4E7�<A
G;<F�C4G<8AG��4F�J8??�4F 4EF8A<6 4A7 G;BE<H@�7<BK<78 "8C4G<6�4A:<BF4E6B@4F ;4I8�4�CBBE�CEB:ABF<F
7H8�GB�G;8<E�;<:;�E86HEE8A68�E4G8�4A7�E8F<FG4A68�GB 6;8@BG;8E4CL 4A7 E47<BG;8E4CL
#@@HABC;8ABGLC<A: B9 GH@BE 68??F�<A ;8C4G<6�4A:<BF4E6B@4 J<??�58�CBF<G<I8�9BE *���'�� �4?FB
>ABJA�4F �������4�I4F6H?4E 4AG<:8A G;4G�<A7<64G8F�G;8�CE8F8A68�B9 8A7BG;8?<4? 68??F

D - Hepatocellular carcinoma

Image

Explanation Why

"8C4GB68??H?4E�64E6<AB@4 �"����F;BH?7�58�FHFC86G87�C4G<8AGF�J<G; ?<I8E @4FF8F�4A7�4�;<FGBEL�B9


;8C4G<G<F�� 4A7�BE��� 1<?FBA�7<F84F8� U��4AG<GELCF<A�789<6<8A6L� BE�4?6B;B?<6 ?<I8E�6<EE;BF<F ��KCBFHE8
GB 49?4GBK<A 4A7�FB@8 FLAG;8G<6�4MB�7L8F 4?FB�<F�4FFB6<4G87�J<G;�G;8�78I8?BC@8AG�B9 ;8C4GB68??H?4E
64E6<AB@4 �"BJ8I8E� I<AL?�6;?BE<78 <F�ABG�4�>ABJA E<F>�946GBE 9BE "�� 4A7�4 5<BCFL F4@C?8�B9 "��
JBH?7�ABG�FG4<A�CBF<G<I8�9BE *���'��

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
USMLE e e r m h nne s
Me est i e s: https://t.me/USMLEMe est

K p n ssr m i e s: https://t.me/USMLEK p n

USMLE i e s Step : https://t.me/USMLE Step

e ker i e s: https://t.me/USMLE e ker

r s e n i e s Step : https://t.me/USMLE r sAn e n

r s e n i e s Step K: https://t.me/USMLE r sAn e n Step K

Ph se i e s: https://t.me/USMLEPh se

Pi ri e i e s: https://t.me/USMLEPi ri e

P th m i e s: https://t.me/USMLEP th m

nA i s i h it : https://t.me/USMLE nA i s

Am ss r p: https://t.me/USMLEAm ss

Le t ri nk: https://t.me/USMLELe t ri

En p int P s: https://t.me/USMLEEn p int

USMLE MEs: https://t.me/USMLE ME

L E Me E : https://t.me/USMLE n ineMe E

USMLE r Step : https://t.me/USMLE r Step

USMLE r Step K: https://t.me/USMLE r Step K

USMLE r Step nk: https://t.me/USMLE r Step

USMLE Anki: https://t.me/USMLEAnki

KissPrep: https://t.me/USMLEKissPrep

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
E - Hepatic adenoma

Explanation Why

"8C4G<6�478AB@4 <F�4�E4E8� 58A<:A�?<I8E�GH@BE @BFG�6B@@BA?L�4FFB6<4G87�J<G;�<A6E84F87�?8I8?F�B9


8FGEB:8A �.;HF��<G�HFH4??L�49986GF�JB@8A�4:87���Q���BA BE4?�6BAGE468CG<I8�C<??F��ABG�8?78E?L�@8A �.;8
HF8�B9 4A45B?<6�FG8EB<7F 4A7�68EG4<A�7<F84F8F��FH6;�4F :?L6B:8A�FGBE4:8�7<FBE78EF 4A7 <EBA�BI8E?B47
7<FBE78EF��4E8�4?FB�4FFB6<4G87�J<G;�G;8�78I8?BC@8AG�B9 ;8C4G<6�478AB@4F 0<AL?�6;?BE<78 8KCBFHE8�
;BJ8I8E��<F�ABG�4�>ABJA E<F>�946GBE 9BE ;8C4G<6�478AB@4��4A7�G;8�CE8F8A68�B9 *���'�� BA 5<BCFL
FH::8FGF�4�7<998E8AG�7<4:ABF<F

F - Cholangiocarcinoma

Image

Explanation Why

�;B?4A:<B64E6<AB@4 <F�4 64E6<AB@4 B9�G;8 5<?8 7H6GF�G;4G�64A�B66HE�<AGE4;8C4G<64??L�4F�J8??�4F

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
8KGE4;8C4G<64??L ��?4FF<6�FL@CGB@F�B9�G;<F GH@BE <A6?H78 6;B?8FG4F<F��4�C4<A?8FF?L�8A?4E:87
:4??5?4778E ��BHEIB<F<8E�F<:A���4A7�7<99HF8�457B@<A4?�7<F6B@9BEG��ABA8�B9�J;<6;�G;<F�C4G<8AG�;4F
HEG;8E@BE8��G;<F�C4G<8AG�?46>F�4AL�CE<@4EL E<F>�946GBEF 9BE�G;<F�7<F84F8��8 : � CE<@4EL�F6?8EBF<A:
6;B?4A:<G<F� 6;B?87B6;4?�6LFG���4A7�G;8�CE8F8A68�B9 *���'�� BA 5<BCFL FH::8FGF�4�7<998E8AG
7<4:ABF<F

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Question # 34

� ���L84E�B?7 :<E?�<F�5EBH:;G�GB�G;8�C;LF<6<4A�5L�;8E�@BG;8E�9BE�4 ��74L ;<FGBEL�B9 457B@<A4?�C4<A�


A4HF84��IB@<G<A:��7<4EE;84��4A7�786E84F87�4CC8G<G8 �"8E�?4FG�@8AFGEH4?�C8E<B7�J4F ��J88>F 4:B �"8E
G8@C8E4GHE8�<F��� �O����� �O � ��57B@<A4?�8K4@<A4G<BA�F;BJF G8A78EA8FF�GB�C4?C4G<BA�J<G;�:H4E7<A:�<A
G;8�E<:;G�?BJ8E�DH47E4AG �&45BE4GBEL�FGH7<8F�F;BJ�4�?8H>B6LG8�6BHAG�B9 �������@@� �1;<6;�B9�G;8
9B??BJ<A:�<F�G;8�@BFG�?<>8?L�HA78E?L<A:�64HF8�B9�G;<F�C4G<8AG�F�6BA7<G<BA�

Answer Image

� �46G8E<4?�@8F8AG8E<6�?L@C;478A<G<F

*F8H7B@8@5E4ABHF�C?4DH8�9BE@4G<BA�<A

G;8�6B?BA

� �<I8EG<6H?4E�<A9?4@@4G<BA

�BA:8A<G4?�4AB@4?L�B9�G;8

B@C;4?B@8F8AG8E<6�7H6G

� &L@C;4G<6�G<FFH8�;LC8EC?4F<4

!8FG4G<BA�<A�G;8�94??BC<4A�GH58

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Hint

.;8 <A6<78A68 B9�G;<F�C4G<8AG�F�6BA7<G<BA�C84>F�58GJ88A ��Q���L84EF B9�4:8

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Correct Answer

A - Bacterial mesenteric lymphadenitis

Explanation Why

�46G8E<4? @8F8AG8E<6�?L@C;478A<G<F <F�G;8�HA78E?L<A:�8G<B?B:L�B9 CF8H7B4CC8A7<6<G<F �.;8�7<F84F8


@4A<98FGF�J<G; E<:;G�?BJ8E�DH47E4AG C4<A� 98I8E��IB@<G<A:��4A7 ?8H>B6LGBF<F��<78AG<64?�GB�G;8�9<A7<A:F
B5F8EI87�<A�G;<F�C4G<8AG �"BJ8I8E� CF8H7B4CC8A7<6<G<F CE<@4E<?L�49986GF�6;<?7E8A�HA78E���L84EF�B9�4:8

B - Pseudomembranous plaque formation in the colon

Explanation Why

*F8H7B@8@5E4ABHF C?4DH8 9BE@4G<BA�<A�G;8 6B?BA <F�4�7<FG<A6G<I8�984GHE8�B9 Clostridioides difficile


6B?<G<F �.;8�7<F84F8�@4A<98FGF�J<G; 7<4EE;84� 98I8E��457B@<A4? C4<A��4A7 ?8H>B6LGBF<F��F<@<?4E�GB�G;8
FL@CGB@F�F88A�<A�G;<F�C4G<8AG �"BJ8I8E� C. difficile 6B?<G<F <F�CE87B@<A4AG?L�4A 4AG<5<BG<6�4FFB6<4G87
7<4EE;84��4A7�G;<F�C4G<8AG�;4F�AB�;<FGBEL�B9 4AG<5<BG<6 <AG4>8 �'BE8BI8E� Clostridioides difficile 6B?<G<F
CE<@4E<?L�B66HEF�<A�C4G<8AGF�B?78E�G;4A����L84EF��B9G8A�49G8E�E868AG�;BFC<G4?<M4G<BA��4A7�JBH?7�58
HA?<>8?L�<A�G;<F����L84E�B?7�C4G<8AG

C - Diverticular inflammation

Explanation Why

�<I8EG<6H?4E <A9?4@@4G<BA �7<I8EG<6H?<G<F��64A�@4A<98FG�J<G;�?BJ�:E478 98I8EF��?BFF�B9�4CC8G<G8�


7<4EE;84��IB@<G<A:��4A7�457B@<A4? C4<A �GLC<64??L ?89G�?BJ8E�DH47E4AG C4<A� �"BJ8I8E� 7<I8EG<6H?<G<F
CE<@4E<?L�B66HEF�<A�C4G<8AGF�B?78E�G;4A����L84EF�4A7�JBH?7�58�HA?<>8?L�<A�G;<F����L84E�B?7�C4G<8AG

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
D - Congenital anomaly of the omphalomesenteric duct

Explanation Why

��6BA:8A<G4?�4AB@4?L�B9�G;8 B@C;4?B@8F8AG8E<6�7H6G <F�G;8�HA78E?L<A:�64HF8�B9 '86>8?


7<I8EG<6H?H@ �.;<F GEH8�7<I8EG<6H?H@ @4L�6BAG4<A�:4FGE<6�4A7�BE C4A6E84G<6 G<FFH8 �.;8 86GBC<6
46G<I<GL�B9�G;8F8�G<FFH8F�64A�E8FH?G�<A�457B@<A4? C4<A� A4HF84�4A7�IB@<G<A:��4A7�?BFF�B9�4CC8G<G8
"BJ8I8E��@BFG�64F8F�B9 '86>8?�7<I8EG<6H?4 E8@4<A�4FL@CGB@4G<6 �-L@CGB@4G<6 '86>8?�7<I8EG<6H?4
@BFG�6B@@BA?L�CE8F8AG�J<G;�C4<A?8FF :4FGEB<AG8FG<A4?�5?887<A:��J;<6;�G;<F�C4G<8AG�7B8F�ABG�;4I8
'BE8BI8E��C4G<8AGF�J<G; '86>8?�7<I8EG<6H?4 4E8�@BFG�?<>8?L�GB�CE8F8AG�J<G;�FL@CGB@F�<A�G;8�9<EFG�GJB
L84EF�B9�?<98

E - Lymphatic tissue hyperplasia

Image

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Explanation But

&8FF�6B@@BA�8G<B?B:<8F�B9 4CC8A7<6<G<F <A6?H78�B5FGEH6G<BA�7H8�GB�9BE8<:A�5B7<8F��JBE@�<A98FG4G<BAF�


4A7�GH@BEF��8 : � 64E6<AB<7�GH@BE�

Explanation Why

.;<F�C4G<8AG�@BFG�?<>8?L�CE8F8AGF�J<G; 46HG8�4CC8A7<6<G<F �&L@C;4G<6�G<FFH8 ;LC8EC?4F<4 <F�G;8�CE<@4EL


8G<B?B:L�B9 4CC8A7<6<G<F <A�6;<?7E8A� 9864?<G; B5FGEH6G<BA�<F�G;8�@BFG�6B@@BA�8G<B?B:L�<A�47H?GF
)5FGEH6G<BA�J<G;<A�G;8 4CC8A7<K E8FH?GF�<A�@H6HF�4A7�9?H<7F�FG4F<F��4??BJ<A:�546G8E<4?�BI8E:EBJG;�4A7
H?G<@4G8?L�64HF<A: <A9?4@@4G<BA B9�G;8�BE:4A �*4G<8AGF�J<G; 4CC8A7<6<G<F GLC<64??L�CE8F8AG�J<G;
457B@<A4? C4<A �7H??�@<:E4GBEL�C8E<H@5<?<64? C4<A G;4G�CEB:E8FF8F�GB�F;4EC E<:;G�?BJ8E�DH47E4AG
C4<A�� 98I8E��?BFF�B9�4CC8G<G8��A4HF84��4A7 ?8H>B6LGBF<F��4F�F88A�<A�G;<F�C4G<8AG

F - Gestation in the fallopian tube

Explanation Why

!8FG4G<BA <A�G;8 94??BC<4A�GH58 E8FH?GF�<A 86GBC<6�CE8:A4A6L �*4G<8AGF�J<G; 86GBC<6�CE8:A4A6L B9G8A


8KC8E<8A68�?BJ8E�HA<?4G8E4?�457B@<A4? C4<A E8FH?G<A:�<A�:H4E7<A:��IB@<G<A:��4A7�4�?BFF�B9�4CC8G<G8
"BJ8I8E� 86GBC<6�CE8:A4A6<8F HFH4??L�586B@8�FL@CGB@4G<6�45BHG��Q��J88>F�49G8E�G;8�?4FG @8AF8F�
4A7�G;<F�C4G<8AG�;47�;8E�?4FG @8AF8F BA?L���J88>F�4:B

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Question # 35

��98@4?8�A8J5BEA�78?<I8E87�4G ���J88>FT :8FG4G<BA�<F�8I4?H4G87�9BE�457B@<A4?�7<FG8AG<BA�4A7 5<?<BHF


IB@<G<A: ���;BHEF 49G8E�78?<I8EL �.;8�CE8:A4A6L�4A7�78?<I8EL�J8E8�HA6B@C?<64G87 �-;8�4CC84EF�?8G;4E:<6
4A7�;8E�9BAG4A8??8F�4E8�FHA>8A ��A K�E4L B9�G;8�457B@8A�<F�F;BJA �.;<F�<A94AG�@BFG�?<>8?L�;4F�4
6BA:8A<G4?�B5FGEH6G<BA�49986G<A:�J;<6;�B9�G;8�9B??BJ<A:�4A4GB@<6�FGEH6GHE8F�

Answer Image

� �FBC;4:HF

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Answer Image

� �B@@BA�5<?8�7H6G

� #?8H@

� *L?BEHF

� �HB78AH@

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Hint

.;<F�6BA7<G<BA�<F�FGEBA:?L�4FFB6<4G87�J<G; GE<FB@L���

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Correct Answer

A - Esophagus

Image

Explanation Why

�BA:8A<G4?�B5FGEH6G<BA�B9�G;8 8FBC;4:HF @BFG�6B@@BA?L�B66HEF�6BA6HEE8AG?L�J<G;�4


GE46;8B8FBC;4:84?�9<FGH?4 ��?G;BH:;�G;8E8�@4L�58�IB@<G<A:�9EB@�8FBC;4:84?�B5FGEH6G<BA�4A7�:4FGE<6
7<FG8AF<BA�9EB@�4<E�C4FF<A:�9EB@�G;8 GE46;84 <AGB�G;8 7<FG4? 8FBC;4:84?�F8:@8AG�4F�F88A�<A�G;<F�64F8�
G;8�6BA7<G<BA�JBH?7�@4A<98FG�<@@87<4G8?L�49G8E 5<EG; 4A7�G;8�IB@<GHF�JBH?7�58�ABA�5<?<BHF

B - Common bile duct

Explanation Why

)5FGEH6G<BA�B9�G;8 6B@@BA�5<?8�7H6G��4F�F88A�<A 5<?<4EL�4GE8F<4��64HF8F 6;B?8FG4G<6�=4HA7<68 �.;<F

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
C4G<8AG�;4F 5BJ8?�B5FGEH6G<BA��4F�8I<78A687�5L�;8E�457B@<A4?�7<FG8AF<BA��IB@<G<A:� 78;L7E4G<BA��4A7
7<?4G87�5BJ8?�BA K�E4L��5HG�AB�984GHE8F�B9�5<?<4EL�B5FGEH6G<BA

C - Ileum

Explanation Why

�BA:8A<G4? 4GE8F<4 B9�G;8 <?8H@ JBH?7�@4A<98FG�J<G;�457B@<A4?�7<FG8AF<BA�4A7�IB@<G<A:�<A�G;8�9<EFG


98J�74LF�B9�?<98��4F�F88A�<A�G;<F�64F8 �"BJ8I8E��4A K�E4L JBH?7�F;BJ�7<?4G87�?BBCF�B9 F@4??�5BJ8?
8KG8A7<A:�GB�G;8�?8I8?�B9�G;8�B5FGEH6G<BA �.;8 K�E4L ;8E8�F;BJF�BA?L�4�I8EL�F;BEG�F86G<BA�B9�7<?4G87
F@4??�5BJ8?

D - Pylorus

Image

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Explanation Why

)5FGEH6G<BA�4G�G;8 CL?BEHF��J;<6;�<F�F88A�<A ;LC8EGEBC;<6�CL?BE<6�FG8ABF<F��E8FH?GF�<A�IB@<G<A:�4A7


:4FGE<6�7<FG8AF<BA��5HG�G;8�IB@<GHF�JBH?7�58�ABA�5<?<BHF F<A68�G;8�B5FGEH6G<BA�<F CEBK<@4? GB�G;8
@4=BE 7HB78A4? 4@CH??4 ��A K�E4L JBH?7�F;BJ�4 FGB@46; 7<FG8A787�J<G;�4<E��5HG�ABG�4<E�<A�G;8
7HB78AH@ 4F�F88A�<A�G;<F�C4G<8AG � HEG;8E@BE8� ;LC8EGEBC;<6�CL?BE<6�FG8ABF<F 586B@8F�FL@CGB@4G<6
?4G8E���Q��J88>F�49G8E 5<EG;

E - Duodenum

Explanation Why

.;<F�C4G<8AG�;4F�6BA:8A<G4? 7HB78A4?�4GE8F<4��J;<6;�64HF8F 5BJ8?�B5FGEH6G<BA =HFG 7<FG4? GB�G;8�@4=BE


7HB78A4? 4@CH??4�?847<A:�GB�457B@<A4?�7<FG8AF<BA� 5<?<BHF IB@<G<A:��4A7�984GHE8F�B9 78;L7E4G<BA
�8 : ��FHA>8A 4AG8E<BE�9BAG4A8??8� �"8E K�E4L F;BJF�G;8�6?4FF<6�R7BH5?8�5H55?8�F<:AS�B9�4<E�<A�4
7<FG8A787 FGB@46; 4A7 CEBK<@4? 7HB78AH@��J;<6;�4E8�F8C4E4G87�5L�G;8 CL?BEHF��J<G;�AB�:4F�<A�G;8
@BE8 7<FG4? 5BJ8? ��CCEBK<@4G8?L�����B9�64F8F�4E8�4FFB6<4G87�J<G; GE<FB@L���

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Question # 36

� ���L84E�B?7 @4A�6B@8F�GB�G;8�C;LF<6<4A�5864HF8�B9�4 ��J88> ;<FGBEL�B9�457B@<A4?�C4<A�4A7�4A�<G6;L


E4F;�BA�;<F�5HGGB6>F �"8�4?FB�;4F 98I8E��A4HF84��4A7�7<4EE;84�J<G;�@H6B<7�FGBB?F �)A8�J88>�4:B��G;8
C4G<8AG�E8GHEA87�9EB@ #A7BA8F<4��J;8E8�;8�J8AG�9BE�I464G<BA �*;LF<64?�8K4@<A4G<BA�F;BJF 8ELG;8@4GBHF�
F8EC<:<ABHF�?8F<BAF�?B64G87�<A�G;8�C8E<4A4?�E8:<BA 4A7�G;8�CBFG8E<BE�G;<:;F �"<F�?8H>B6LG8�6BHAG�<F�������
@@� J<G; ����8BF<ABC;<?F � HEG;8E�8I4?H4G<BA�<F�@BFG�?<>8?L�GB�F;BJ�J;<6;�B9�G;8�9B??BJ<A:�9<A7<A:F�

Answer Image

� ,;457<G<9BE@�?4EI48�BA�FGBB?�@<6EBF6BCL

� �::F�BA�G4C8�G8FG

� )B6LFGF�BA�46<7�94FG�FGBB?�FG4<A

!<4E7<4�?4@5?<4�4AG<5B7<8F�BA�FGBB?

<@@HAB4FF4L

�E4A6;<A:�F8CG4G8�;LC;48�BA�%)"

CE8C4E4G<BA

�AG4@B4854�;<FGB?LG<64�4AG<5B7<8F�BA
FGBB?�<@@HAB4FF4L

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Hint

.;<F�C4G<8AG�F 98I8E��:4FGEB<AG8FG<A4?�FL@CGB@F��457B@<A4? C4<A��A4HF84��4A7 7<4EE;84�� F8EC<:<ABHF E4F;�


8BF<ABC;<?<4��4A7�E868AG�GE4I8?�GB�4�GEBC<64?�4E84�4E8�;<:;?L�FH::8FG<I8�B9 FGEBA:L?B<7<4F<F

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Correct Answer

A - Rhabditiform larvae on stool microscopy

Explanation Why

�8G86G<BA�B9�E;457<G<9BE@�?4EI48�BA FGBB?�@<6EBF6BCL <F�7<4:ABFG<6�B9 FGEBA:L?B<7<4F<F Strongyloides


stercoralis <F�GE4AF@<GG87�5L�?4EI4?�C8A8GE4G<BA�B9�<AG46G F><A �HFH4??L�J;8A�54E8�988G�6B@8�<AGB
6BAG46G�J<G;�6BAG4@<A4G87�FB<?� �&4EI48�GE4I8?�GB�G;8�4?I8B?<�G;EBH:;�G;8�5?BB7FGE84@��J;8E8�G;8L
4F68A7�G;8�CH?@BA4EL�FLFG8@�GB�G;8 C;4ELAK 589BE8�58<A:�6BH:;87�HC�4A7�FJ4??BJ87 �)A68�<A�G;8
!#�GE46G��G;8L�78I8?BC�<AGB�47H?G�98@4?8�JBE@F�4A7�E8CEB7H68�I<4�C4EG;8AB:8A8F<F��J<G;�G;8�8::F
;4G6;<A:�4F�E;457<G<9BE@�?4EI48 �,;457<G<9BE@�?4EI48�G;8A�78I8?BC�<AGB�<A986G<I8�9<?4E<9BE@�?4EI48�
C8A8GE4G<A:�<AG8FG<A4? @H6BF4 BE�G;8 F><A B9�G;8�C8E<4A4?�E8:<BA��J;<6;�6B@C?8G8F�G;8�CEB68FF�B9
4HGB<A986G<BA �.;<F�C4G<8AG�F F8EC<:<ABHF E4F;�4A7�:4FGEB<AG8FG<A4?�FL@CGB@F�4E8�@4A<98FG4G<BAF�B9�G;8
6HG4A8BHF�4A7�<AG8FG<A4?�C;4F8F�B9�<A986G<BA

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
B - Eggs on tape test

Image

Explanation Why

�8G86G<BA�B9�8::F�BA�4 G4C8�G8FG <F�7<4:ABFG<6�B9 8AG8EB5<4F<F��J;<6;�64HF8F�A4HF84��457B@<A4? C4<A�


4A7 CEHE<GHF �"BJ8I8E� CEHE<GHF <A 8AG8EB5<4F<F <F�GLC<64??L�?<@<G87�GB�G;8�C8E<4A4?�E8:<BA�4A7�<F�ABG
4FFB6<4G87�J<G;�4A 8ELG;8@4GBHF� F8EC<:<ABHF E4F;�8KG8A7<A:�BAGB�G;8�5HGGB6>F�4A7�G;<:;F
HEG;8E@BE8��G;<F�6BA7<G<BA�<F�@BFG�6B@@BA?L�F88A�<A�C87<4GE<6�C4G<8AGF

C - Oocysts on acid-fast stool stain

Explanation Why

�8G86G<BA�B9�BB6LFGF�BA 46<7�94FG�FG4<A <F�7<4:ABFG<6�B9 6ELCGBFCBE<7<BF<F ��57B@<A4? C4<A��A4HF84�


4A7 C8EF<FG8AG�7<4EE;84 4E8�984GHE8F�B9 6ELCGBFCBE<7<BF<F 4A7�BHG5E84>F�B66HE�JBE?7J<78��<A6?H7<A:
#A7BA8F<4��8FC86<4??L�4@BA:�GE4I8?8EF �"BJ8I8E� 6ELCGBFCBE<7<BF<F JBH?7�ABG�8KC?4<A�G;<F�C4G<8AG�F

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
8BF<ABC;<?<4 4A7 8ELG;8@4GBHF� F8EC<:<ABHF E4F;�BA�;<F�G;<:;F�4A7�5HGGB6>F

D - Giardia lamblia antibodies on stool immunoassay

Explanation Why

�8G86G<BA�B9 Giardia lamblia 4AG<5B7<8F <A�G;8�FGBB?�<F�7<4:ABFG<6�B9 :<4E7<4F<F ��57B@<A4? C4<A 4A7


7<4EE;84 4E8�984GHE8F�B9 :<4E7<4F<F 4A7�<A986G<BA�<F�@BE8�?<>8?L�49G8E�GE4I8?�GB�4�GEBC<64?�E8:<BA��8 : �
#A7BA8F<4� �"BJ8I8E� :<4E7<4F<F JBH?7�ABG�8KC?4<A�G;<F�C4G<8AG�F 8BF<ABC;<?<4 BE 8ELG;8@4GBHF�
F8EC<:<ABHF E4F;�BA�;<F�G;<:;F�4A7�5HGGB6>F

E - Branching septate hyphae on KOH preparation

Explanation Why

�8G86G<BA�B9�5E4A6;<A:�F8CG4G8 ;LC;48 BA�4 %)"�CE8C4E4G<BA <F�7<4:ABFG<6�B9�4 78E@4GBC;LG8


<A986G<BA �< 8 � G<A84���J;<6;�GLC<64??L�@4A<98FGF�4F�4 CEHE<G<6 E4F; �"BJ8I8E��G;8�E4F;�F88A�<A G<A84 <F
6;4E46G8E<M87�5L CEHE<G<6 C?4DH8F J<G;�68AGE4?�6?84E<A:�4A7�E4<F87�5BE78EF��<A�6BAGE4FG�GB�G;8
8ELG;8@4GBHF� F8EC<:<ABHF E4F;�F88A�<A�G;<F�C4G<8AG � HEG;8E@BE8� G<A84 <A986G<BA�7B8F�ABG�GLC<64??L
64HF8�FLFG8@<6�FL@CGB@F�FH6;�4F 98I8E BE�<AG8FG<A4?�FL@CGB@F�FH6;�4F�457B@<A4? C4<A��A4HF84��BE
7<4EE;84

F - Entamoaeba histolytica antibodies on stool immunoassay

Explanation Why

�8G86G<BA�B9 Entamoeba histolytica 4AG<5B7<8F BA�FGBB?�<@@HAB4FF4L�<F�7<4:ABFG<6�B9 4@85<4F<F�


J;<6;�64HF8F 98I8E��457B@<A4? C4<A��4A7 7<4EE;84 �1;<?8�G;8 7<4EE;84 ;4F�4�@H6B<7�6B@CBA8AG��<G�<F
4?FB�4FFB6<4G87�J<G;�5E<:;G�E87�5?BB7��J;<6;�<F�ABG�F88A�<A�G;<F�C4G<8AG � HEG;8E@BE8� 4@85<4F<F JBH?7
ABG�8KC?4<A�G;<F�C4G<8AG�F 8ELG;8@4GBHF� F8EC<:<ABHF E4F;�BI8E�G;8�G;<:;F�4A7�5HGGB6>F

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Question # 37

� ���L84E�B?7 @4A�6B@8F�GB�G;8�C;LF<6<4A�5864HF8�B9�94G<:H8�4A7�<A6E84F87�FGE4<A<A:�7HE<A:�789864G<BA
9BE ��@BAG;F ��HE<A:�G;<F�G<@8��;8�;4F�?BFG ��>: ����?5��78FC<G8�AB�6;4A:8�<A�4CC8G<G8 �"8�;4F�4 94@<?L
;<FGBEL�B9�6B?BA�64A68E�<A�;<F�@4G8EA4?�HA6?8�4A7�@4G8EA4?�:E4A794G;8E �"<F @BG;8E�7<87�B9�BI4E<4A
64A68E 4G�G;8 4:8�B9��� �*;LF<64?�8K4@<A4G<BA�F;BJF�6BA=HA6G<I4?�C4??BE �"<F�;8@B:?B5<A�6BA68AGE4G<BA
<F �� ��:�7&��;8@4GB6E<G�<F������4A7�@84A�6BECHF6H?4E�IB?H@8�<F ���W@� ��B?BABF6BCL�F;BJF�4A
8KBC;LG<6�@4FF�<A�G;8�4F68A7<A:�6B?BA �*4G;B?B:<6�8K4@<A4G<BA�B9�G;8�E8F86G87�@4FF�F;BJF�4�CBBE?L
7<998E8AG<4G87 478AB64E6<AB@4 �!8A8G<6�4A4?LF<F�F;BJF�4 @HG4G<BA�<A�G;8 MSH2 :8A8 �1;<6;�B9�G;8
9B??BJ<A:�<F�G;8�@BFG�?<>8?L�7<4:ABF<F�

Answer Image

� 4@<?<4?�478AB@4GBHF�CB?LCBF<F

� &<� E4H@8A<�FLA7EB@8

� .HE6BG�FLA7EB@8

� *8HGM�$8:;8EF�FLA7EB@8

� !4E7A8E�FLA7EB@8

&LA6;�FLA7EB@8

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Hint

'HG4G<BAF�<A�G;8 MSH2 �(��@<F@4G6;�E8C4<E�:8A8 ?847�GB @<6EBF4G8??<G8�<AFG45<?<GL �#A�477<G<BA�GB


;4I<A:�4A�<A6E84F87�E<F>�B9 6B?BE86G4?�64A68E��<A7<I<7H4?F�J<G;�G;<F�@HG4G<BA�4E8�@BE8�?<>8?L�GB�78I8?BC
BG;8E�64A68EF�FH6;�4F 8A7B@8GE<4?��BI4E<4A��4A7 :4FGE<6�64E6<AB@4F

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Correct Answer

A - Familial adenomatous polyposis

Explanation Why

4@<?<4?�478AB@4GBHF�CB?LCBF<F � �*��<F�4A 4HGBFB@4?�7B@<A4AG 6BA7<G<BA�64HF87�5L�4�@HG4G<BA�<A


G;8 GH@BE�FHCCE8FFBE�:8A8 APC ��9986G87�<A7<I<7H4?F�;4I8�;HA7E87F�B9 6B?BA<6�CB?LCF G;4G�GLC<64??L
78I8?BC�<A�G;8�F86BA7�4A7�G;<E7�786478F�B9�?<98 �.;8�?<98G<@8�E<F>�B9 6B?BE86G4?�64A68E <F������5L���
L84EF�B9�4:8 �.;<F�C4G<8AG�F MSH2 :8A8 @HG4G<BA�4A7�?46>�B9�CB?LCF�BA 6B?BABF6BCL 4E8�<A6BAF<FG8AG
J<G; �*

B - Li-Fraumeni syndrome

Explanation Why

&<� E4H@8A< FLA7EB@8�<F�4A 4HGBFB@4?�7B@<A4AG 6BA7<G<BA�64HF87�5L�4�@HG4G<BA�<A�G;8 p53 GH@BE


FHCCE8FFBE�:8A8 �-H5F8DH8AG ?BFF�B9�;8G8EBML:BF<GL E8FH?GF�<A�G;8�78I8?BC@8AG�B9�@H?G<C?8
@4?<:A4A6<8F��8 : � F4E6B@4F� 47E8A4?�:?4A7 4A7 5E84FG�64A68E� ?8H>8@<4��4G�4A�84E?L�4:8 �.;<F
C4G<8AG�F MSH2 :8A8 @HG4G<BA�<F�6BAF<FG8AG�J<G;�4�7<998E8AG�6BA7<G<BA

C - Turcot syndrome

Explanation Why

.HE6BG�FLA7EB@8 <F�4�I4E<4AG�B9�8<G;8E 94@<?<4?�478AB@4GBHF�CB?LCBF<F � �*��BE &LA6;�FLA7EB@8 �#G


<F�4FFB6<4G87�J<G;�4A�<A6E84F87�E<F>�9BE 6B?BE86G4?�64A68E 4F�J8??�4F�@4?<:A4AG �(- GH@BEF��8 : �
@87H??B5?4FGB@4 J<G; �*� :?<B@4 J<G; &LA6;�FLA7EB@8� ��?G;BH:; MSH2 @HG4G<BAF�64A�58�9BHA7
<A�C4G<8AGF�J<G; .HE6BG�FLA7EB@8��?46>�B9�8I<78A68�B9�4 �(- GH@BE <A�G;<F�C4G<8AG�@4>8F�G;<F
7<4:ABF<F�HA?<>8?L

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
D - Peutz-Jeghers syndrome

Explanation Why

*8HGM�$8:;8EF FLA7EB@8��*$-��<F�4A 4HGBFB@4?�7B@<A4AG 6BA7<G<BA�4FFB6<4G87�J<G;�4�@HG4G<BA�<A�G;8


STK11 :8A8 *$- @4A<98FGF�J<G;�@H?G<C?8 ;4@4EGB@4GBHF�CB?LCF G;EBH:;BHG�G;8 :4FGEB<AG8FG<A4?�GE46G
�CE87B@<A4AG?L�<A�G;8 =8=HAH@��4A7�@H6B6HG4A8BHF ;LC8EC<:@8AG4G<BA B9�G;8 ?<CF��5H664?�@H6BF4F�
C4?@F��4A7�FB?8F �#A7<I<7H4?F�J<G; *$- ;4I8�4A�<A6E84F87�E<F>�9BE 6B?BE86G4?�64A68E �������?<98G<@8
E<F>��4F�J8??�4F�9BE�8KGE4<AG8FG<A4?�64A68EF��8 : ��BI4E<4A� 5E84FG� C4A6E84G<6�64A68E� �.;<F�C4G<8AG�F
MSH2 :8A8 @HG4G<BA��?46>�B9�CB?LCF�BA 6B?BABF6BCL��4A7�45F8A68�B9�@H6B6HG4A8BHF
;LC8EC<:@8AG4G<BA 4E8�<A6BAF<FG8AG�J<G; *$-

E - Gardner syndrome

Explanation Why

!4E7A8E�FLA7EB@8 <F�4�FH5GLC8�B9 94@<?<4?�478AB@4GBHF�CB?LCBF<F � �*��64HF87�5L�4A 4HGBFB@4?


7B@<A4AG @HG4G<BA�<A�G;8 GH@BE�FHCCE8FFBE�:8A8 APC !4E7A8E�FLA7EB@8 <F�6;4E46G8E<M87�5L�G;8
CE8F8A68�B9�;HA7E87F�B9 6B?BA<6�CB?LCF GB:8G;8E�J<G;�5BAL�4A7�BE FB9G�G<FFH8 GH@BEF��8 : � BFG8B@4F�
78F@B<7�GH@BEF� ?<CB@4F� 9<5EB@4F� �.;8�?<98G<@8�E<F>�B9�78I8?BC<A: 6B?BE86G4?�64A68E <F����� �.;<F
C4G<8AG�F MSH2 :8A8 @HG4G<BA��?46>�B9�CB?LCF�BA 6B?BABF6BCL��4A7�45F8A68�B9�8KGE46B?BA<6�5BAL�4A7�
BE FB9G�G<FFH8 GH@BEF�4E8�<A6BAF<FG8AG�J<G; !4E7A8E�FLA7EB@8

F - Lynch syndrome

Explanation Why

&LA6;�FLA7EB@8 <F�4�94@<?<4?�64A68E�FLA7EB@8�64HF87�5L 4HGBFB@4?�7B@<A4AG @HG4G<BAF�<A �(�


@<F@4G6;�E8C4<E�:8A8F �8 : � MSH2, MLH1� �#A7<I<7H4?F�J<G;�G;<F�FLA7EB@8�;4I8�4A�������?<98G<@8
E<F>�B9�78I8?BC<A: 6B?BE86G4?�64A68E �GLC<64??L�<A�G;8 CEBK<@4? 6B?BA� �1;<?8�:8A8G<6�G8FG<A:�<F�G;8�G8FG
B9�6;B<68�GB�6BA9<E@�G;8�7<4:ABF<F��G;8�94@<?L�;<FGBEL�54F87 �@FG8E74@�##�6E<G8E<4 64A�58�HF87�GB
<78AG<9L�<A7<I<7H4?F�J;B�4E8�?<>8?L�GB�58�49986G87��R������EH?8S��&LA6;�FLA7EB@8�4FFB6<4G87�64A68E�<A
P���94@<?L�@8@58EF��J<G;<A���:8A8E4G<BAF��4A7�<A���E8?4G<I8�HA78E����L84EF�B9�4:8� �.;<F�C4G<8AG

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
9H?9<??F�G;8 �@FG8E74@�##�6E<G8E<4

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Question # 38

� ���L84E�B?7 JB@4A� :E4I<74��� C4E4����4G ���J88>F� :8FG4G<BA 6B@8F�GB�G;8�C;LF<6<4A�5864HF8�B9


A4HF84�4A7�E86HEE8AG�5HEA<A:�8C<:4FGE<6�7<F6B@9BEG 9BE ��@BAG; �"8E�FL@CGB@F�4E8�JBEF8�49G8E�;84IL
@84?F �-;8�7B8F�ABG�F@B>8�BE�7E<A>�4?6B;B? ��K4@<A4G<BA�F;BJF�4�HG8EHF�6BAF<FG8AG�<A�F<M8�J<G;�4
���J88> :8FG4G<BA �*4?C4G<BA�B9�G;8�457B@8A�8?<6<GF�@<?7�8C<:4FGE<6�G8A78EA8FF �.;8�C;LF<6<4A�CE8F6E<58F
;8E�@87<64G<BA�GB�4??8I<4G8�;8E�FL@CGB@F �.E84G@8AG�J<G;�J;<6;�B9�G;8�9B??BJ<A:�7EH:F�F;BH?7�58
4IB<787�<A�G;<F�C4G<8AG�

Answer Image

� *4AGBCE4MB?8

� '<FBCEBFGB?

� '4:A8F<H@�;L7EBK<78

� �<@8G<7<A8

� -H6E4?94G8

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Hint

.;8�@87<64G<BA�G;4G�F;BH?7�58�4IB<787�9BE�GE84G@8AG�B9�G;<F�C4G<8AG�F 7LFC8CF<4 <F�FB@8G<@8F�HF87


B99�?458? GB�<A7H68 ?45BE 5L�E<C8A<A:�G;8 68EI<K

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Correct Answer

A - Pantoprazole

Explanation Why

*4AGBCE4MB?8�4A7�BG;8E�6B@@BA?L�HF87 CEBGBA�CH@C�<A;<5<GBEF �**#F��4E8�F498�GB�HF8�G;EBH:;BHG


CE8:A4A6L 4A7�4E8�4�CE898EE87�GE84G@8AG�BCG<BA�9BE 7LFC8CF<4 <A�CE8:A4AG�JB@8A

B - Misoprostol

Explanation Why

'<FBCEBFGB? <F�6BAGE4<A7<64G87�7HE<A: CE8:A4A6L 5864HF8�<G�<F�4FFB6<4G87�J<G;�4A�<A6E84F87�E<F>�B9


45BEG<BA�4A7�6BA:8A<G4? @4?9BE@4G<BAF '<FBCEBFGB? <F�4 CEBFG4:?4A7<A �*!����4A4?B:�G;4G�64A
CE8I8AG (-�#��<A7H687 C8CG<6�H?68E 9BE@4G<BA�5L�<A6E84F<A:�G;8�CEB7H6G<BA�B9�G;8�:4FGE<6�@H6HF
54EE<8E�4A7�786E84F<A: :4FGE<6�46<7 F86E8G<BA �#A CE8:A4A6L� @<FBCEBFGB? 64A�58�HF87 B99�?458? 9BE
68EI<64?�E<C8A<A:�<A ?45BE <A7H6G<BA�4A7�<A�6B@5<A4G<BA�J<G;�4 CEB:8FG8EBA8 4AG4:BA<FG 9BE @87<64?
45BEG<BA

C - Magnesium hydroxide

Explanation Why

'4:A8F<H@�;L7EBK<78 A8HGE4?<M8F :4FGE<6�46<7 <A�G;8 FGB@46; 4A7�4?FB�46GF�4F�4A BF@BG<6�?4K4G<I8


.4>8A�BE4??L��4�F@4??�4@BHAG�B9 @4:A8F<H@ <F�45FBE587�FLFG8@<64??L�<AGB�G;8�@4G8EA4?�F8EH@�4A7�<F
45?8�GB�6EBFF�G;8 C?468AG4 �"BJ8I8E��AB�47I8EF8�98G4?�F<78�89986GF�4FFB6<4G87�J<G;�G;8�BE4?�<AG4>8�B9
@4:A8F<H@�;L7EBK<78 ;4I8�588A�E8CBEG87��@4><A:�<G�F498�GB�HF8�7HE<A: CE8:A4A6L 9BE�G;8�GE84G@8AG
B9 7LFC8CF<4 4A7�BE 6BAFG<C4G<BA

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
D - Cimetidine

Explanation Why

�<@8G<7<A8 <F�4A "��5?B6>8E G;4G�E87H68F :4FGE<6�46<7 CEB7H6G<BA ��?G;BH:;�<G�6EBFF8F�G;8 C?468AG4��AB


47I8EF8�98G4?�89986GF�4FFB6<4G87�J<G;�G;8�HF8�B9�G;<F�7EH:�;4I8�588A�E8CBEG87 "��5?B6>8EF 4E8�4
CE898EE87�GE84G@8AG�BCG<BA�9BE 7LFC8CF<4 <A�CE8:A4AG�JB@8A

E - Sucralfate

Explanation Why

-H6E4?94G8 46GF�5L�9BE@<A:�4�CEBG86G<I8�54EE<8E�BI8E�G;8�:4FGE<6�7HB78A4? @H6BF4 �)A?L�4�I8EL�F@4??


CBEG<BA�<F�45FBE587�4A7 FH6E4?94G8 64A�58�HF87�GB�GE84G 7LFC8CF<4 G;EBH:;BHG CE8:A4A6L

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Question # 39

� ��L84E�B?7 5BL�<F�5EBH:;G�GB�G;8�C;LF<6<4A�5L�;<F�@BG;8E�5864HF8�B9�4 ��@BAG; ;<FGBEL�B9 @<?7


8C<FB7<6�457B@<A4?�C4<A �.;8�8C<FB78F�B66HE�8I8EL �Q��@BAG;F 4A7�?4FG�9BE�4�98J�;BHEF �.;8�C4<A�<F
?B64G87�<A�G;8�8C<:4FGE<H@��E47<4G8F�GB�;<F�546>��4A7�<F�B664F<BA4??L�4FFB6<4G87�J<G;�@<?7�A4HF84 �"<F
@BG;8E�<F�6BA68EA87�G;4G�;<F�6BA7<G<BA�@<:;G�58�;8E87<G4EL�5864HF8�;<F�B?78E�F<FG8E�J4F�7<4:ABF87�J<G;
6BA:8A<G4?�;84EG�7<F84F8 �"8�<F BG;8EJ<F8�;84?G;L�4A7�;4F�@8G�4??�78I8?BC@8AG4?�@<?8FGBA8F �"8�<F�4G�G;8
��G; C8E68AG<?8 9BE�;8<:;G�4A7�G;8 ��G; C8E68AG<?8 9BE�J8<:;G �*;LF<64?�8K4@<A4G<BA�F;BJF�AB�457B@<A4?
7<FG8AG<BA��:H4E7<A:��BE�E85BHA7�G8A78EA8FF �1;<6;�B9�G;8�9B??BJ<A:�6BA:8A<G4?�6BA7<G<BAF�JBH?7�58FG
8KC?4<A�G;<F�C4G<8AG�F�FL@CGB@F�

Answer Image

� �HB78A4?�4GE8F<4

"LC8EGEBC;<6

CL?BE<6�FG8ABF<F

� �<?<4EL�6LFG

.E46;8B8FBC;4:84?

9<FGH?4

#AG8FG<A4?

@4?EBG4G<BA

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Answer Image

*4A6E84F�7<I<FH@

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Hint

.;<F�C4G<8AG�F�8C<FB7<6�A4HF84�J<G;�8C<:4FGE<6 C4<A G;4G�E47<4G8F�GB�G;8�546>�FH::8FGF�E86HEE8AG 46HG8


C4A6E84G<G<F

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Correct Answer

A - Duodenal atresia

Explanation Why

�HB78A4?�4GE8F<4 @4A<98FGF�J<G;<A�G;8�9<EFG��Q��74LF�B9�?<98�J<G;�78?4L87 @86BA<H@ C4FF4:8�


IB@<G<A:��8C<:4FGE<6�7<FG8AG<BA��4A7�4 F64C;B<7 ?BJ8E�457B@8A �,86HEE8AG�8C<:4FGE<6 C4<A <A�4���L84E�
B?7�C4G<8AG�<F�ABG�6BAF<FG8AG�J<G;�G;<F�7<4:ABF<F

B - Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis

Explanation Why

"LC8EGEBC;<6�CL?BE<6�FG8ABF<F GLC<64??L�@4A<98FGF�J<G; CBFGCE4A7<4?��ABA5<?<BHF CEB=86G<?8�IB@<G<A:�


I<F<5?8�8C<:4FGE<6 C8E<FG4?G<6 J4I8F��4A7�4�C4?C45?8�B?<I8�F;4C87�FGEH6GHE8�<A�G;8�8C<:4FGE<H@�J<G;<A
G;8�9<EFG�98J�J88>F�B9�?<98 �,86HEE8AG�8C<:4FGE<6 C4<A <A�4���L84E�B?7�C4G<8AG�<F�ABG�6BAF<FG8AG�J<G;�G;<F
7<4:ABF<F

C - Biliary cyst

Explanation Why

� 5<?<4EL�6LFG 64A�64HF8�E86HEE8AG 46HG8�C4A6E84G<G<F 7HE<A:�6;<?7;BB7�4F�4�E8FH?G�B9 C4A6E84G<6�7H6G


B5FGEH6G<BA�4A7�C4A6E84G<6B5<?<4EL�E89?HK �"BJ8I8E��C4G<8AGF�J<G; C4A6E84G<G<F 7H8�GB�4 5<?<4EL�6LFG
JBH?7�4?FB�;4I8 B5FGEH6G<I8�=4HA7<68 4A7�4�C4?C45?8�E<:;G�;LCB6;BA7E<4?�@4FF��J;<6;�4E8�ABG�CE8F8AG
;8E8 ���7<998E8AG�7<4:ABF<F�<F�@BE8�?<>8?L�<A�G;<F�C4G<8AG

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
D - Tracheoesophageal fistula

Explanation Why

� GE46;8B8FBC;4:84?�9<FGH?4 GLC<64??L�@4A<98FGF�<@@87<4G8?L�49G8E 5<EG; �9B??BJ<A:�G;8�9<EFG�9887<A:�


J<G;�984GHE8F�B9 4FC<E4G<BA �8 : ��6;B><A:� 6BH:;<A:� 6L4ABF<F� �,86HEE8AG�8C<:4FGE<6 C4<A <A�4���L84E�
B?7�5BL�<F�ABG�6BAF<FG8AG�J<G;�G;<F�7<4:ABF<F

E - Intestinal malrotation

Explanation Why

#AG8FG<A4?�@4?EBG4G<BA 64A�@4A<98FG�<A�LBHA:�6;<?7E8A�J<G;�E86HEE8AG�8C<FB78F�B9�457B@<A4? C4<A 4F�4


E8FH?G�B9�6;EBA<6 @<7:HG�IB?IH?HF BE�6;EBA<6 7HB78A4? B5FGEH6G<BA �"BJ8I8E��C4G<8AGF�J<G;�6;EBA<6
@<7:HG�IB?IH?HF JBH?7�;4I8�6?<A<64?�984GHE8F�B9 @4?45FBECG<BA�FLA7EB@8 �8 : � 7<4EE;84� 94<?HE8�GB
G;E<I8��4A7�C4G<8AGF�J<G;�6;EBA<6 7HB78A4? B5FGEH6G<BA�JBH?7�;4I8�8C<FB78F�B9 5<?<BHF IB@<G<A:��G;8
45F8A68�B9�G;8F8�984GHE8F�4A7�G;8�CE8F8A68�B9�8C<:4FGE<6 C4<A J<G;�E47<4G<BA�GB�G;8�546>�FH::8FG�4
7<998E8AG�7<4:ABF<F

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
F - Pancreas divisum

Image

Explanation Why

*4A6E84F�7<I<FH@ <F�4�6BA:8A<G4? @4?9BE@4G<BA G;4G�<F�64HF87�5L�4�94<?HE8�B9�9HF<BA�B9�G;8 I8AGE4? 4A7


7BEF4?�C4A6E84G<6�7H6GF��J;<6;�ABE@4??L�=B<A�4G���J88>F�B9 :8FG4G<BA *4A6E84F�7<I<FH@ <F�CE8F8AG�<A
45BHG�����B9�G;8�CBCH?4G<BA�4A7�<F�HFH4??L�4FL@CGB@4G<6��5HG�4�@<ABE<GL�B9�64F8F�64A�78I8?BC
6;EBA<6�457B@<A4? C4<A BE�E86HEE8AG�8C<FB78F�B9 46HG8�C4A6E84G<G<F��4F�F88A�;8E8 *4A6E84F�7<I<FH@
64A�58�7<4:ABF87�5L 8A7BF6BC<6�H?GE4FBAB:E4C;L BE ',�*��J;<6;�JBH?7�F;BJ�4 I8AGE4?�C4A6E84G<6
7H6G G;4G�7E4<AF�4?BA:�J<G;�G;8 6B@@BA�5<?8�7H6G <AGB�G;8 @4=BE�7HB78A4?�C4C<??4 4A7�4 7BEF4?
C4A6E84G<6�7H6G G;4G�7E4<AF�F8C4E4G8?L�<AGB�G;8 7HB78AH@ I<4�G;8 @<ABE�7HB78A4?�C4C<??4

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Question # 40

� ���L84E�B?7 JB@4A�6B@8F�GB�G;8�8@8E:8A6L�78C4EG@8AG�5864HF8�B9�4 ��;BHE ;<FGBEL�B9�7<99HF8��F8I8E8


457B@<A4?�C4<A��A4HF84��4A7�IB@<G<A: �-;8�E8CBEGF�G;4G�G;8E8�<F�AB�5?BB7�BE�5<?8�<A�G;8�IB@<GHF �.JB
J88>F�4:B��F;8�FG4EG87�;4I<A:�@<?7�46;<A: 8C<:4FGE<6�C4<A��J;<6;�<@CEBI87�J<G;�84G<A: �-<A68�G;8A��F;8
;4F�:4<A87 � ��>: ���?5� �-;8�;4F�4 ��L84E ;<FGBEL�B9�BFG8B4EG;E<G<F�B9�5BG;�>A88F��9BE�J;<6;�F;8 G4>8F
<5HCEB98A �-;8�7E<A>F �Q��:?4FF8F B9�J<A8�74<?L �-;8�<F�?L<A:�FHC<A8�J<G;�;8E�>A88F�7E4JA�HC�4A7�4IB<7F
4AL�@BI8@8AG �"8E�G8@C8E4GHE8�<F��� �O������ �O ���CH?F8�<F�����@<A��E8FC<E4G<BAF�4E8����@<A��4A7
5?BB7�CE8FFHE8�<F �������@@�": �*;LF<64?�8K4@<A4G<BA�F;BJF 457B@<A4?�G8A78EA8FF�4A7�:H4E7<A:�
5BJ8?�FBHA7F�4E8�786E84F87 ��A K�E4L B9�G;8�6;8FG�<F�F;BJA �1;<6;�B9�G;8�9B??BJ<A:�<F�G;8�@BFG�?<>8?L
64HF8�B9�G;<F�C4G<8AG�F�6HEE8AG�FL@CGB@F�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Answer Image

� *8E9BE4G87�C8CG<6�H?68E

� �6HG8�C4A6E84G<G<F

� �6HG8�@8F8AG8E<6�<F6;8@<4

� !4FGE<6�64A68E

� !4FGEB8FBC;4:84?�E89?HK�7<F84F8

�;B?86LFGB?<G;<4F<F

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Hint

.;8 6;8FG�K�E4L F;BJF�9E88�4<E�58?BJ�G;8�7<4C;E4:@

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Correct Answer

A - Perforated peptic ulcer

Image

Explanation Why

*8E9BE4G<BA�B9�4 C8CG<6�H?68E 64A�@4A<98FG�J<G;�46HG8��7<99HF8�457B@<A4? C4<A��A4HF84��IB@<G<A:�


98I8E��4A7 G46;L64E7<4��4??�B9�J;<6;�4E8�F88A�<A�G;<F�C4G<8AG �.;8 6;8FG�K�E4L 9<A7<A:�B9
CA8H@BC8E<GBA8H@ 9HEG;8E�FHCCBEGF�G;<F�7<4:ABF<F ��K4@<A4G<BA�9<A7<A:F�4E8�GLC<64?�9BE F86BA74EL
C8E<GBA<G<F �457B@<A4?�:H4E7<A:��4A7�78I8?BC<A: C4E4?LG<6�<?8HF �786E84F87�5BJ8?�FBHA7F� �.;<F
C4G<8AG�F�E868AG�;<FGBEL�B9�8C<:4FGE<6 C4<A E8?<8I87�5L�9BB7�<AG4>8�<A�6B@5<A4G<BA�J<G;�E8:H?4E�4?6B;B?
6BAFH@CG<BA�4A7 <5HCEB98A HF8�<A7<64G8F�4A�HA78E?L<A: 7HB78A4?�H?68E �*8E9BE4G<BA�<F�G;8�F86BA7
@BFG�6B@@BA�6B@C?<64G<BA�B9 C8CG<6�H?68E�7<F84F8 �49G8E :4FGEB<AG8FG<A4?�5?887<A:��4A7�@BFG�B9G8A
B66HEF�<A 7HB78A4?�H?68EF B9�G;8 4AG8E<BE J4??��J;<6;�4E8�?8FF�CEBG86G87�G;4A�BG;8E�GLC8F�B9 H?68EF 5L
FHEEBHA7<A:�4A4GB@<64?�FGEH6GHE8F

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
B - Acute pancreatitis

Explanation Why

�6HG8�C4A6E84G<G<F GLC<64??L�@4A<98FGF�J<G;�F8I8E8�457B@<A4? C4<A �HFH4??L�E47<4G<A:�GB�G;8�546>��


A4HF84��4A7�IB@<G<A:��4A7�<G�64A�58�GE<::8E87�5L�4?6B;B?�HF8 ��K4@<A4G<BA�9<A7<A:F�@4L�<A6?H78
98I8E� G46;L64E7<4��457B@<A4?�G8A78EA8FF� F<:AF�B9�C8E<GBA<G<F �457B@<A4?�:H4E7<A:���4A7�E87H687
5BJ8?�FBHA7F��<A7<64G<A: <?8HF���4F�F88A�;8E8 �.;<F�C4G<8AG�F 6;8FG�K�E4L 9<A7<A:F�B9�9E88
<AGE4457B@<A4?�:4F��;BJ8I8E��4E8�ABG�FH99<6<8AG?L�8KC?4<A87�5L 46HG8�C4A6E84G<G<F �'BE8BI8E��G;<F
C4G<8AG�;4F�4�;<FGBEL�B9�8C<:4FGE<6 C4<A G;4G�<F�E8?<8I87�J<G;�9BB7�<AG4>8�J;8E84F C4<A <A C4A6E84G<G<F
HFH4??L�JBEF8AF�49G8E�@84?F

C - Acute mesenteric ischemia

Explanation Why

�6HG8�@8F8AG8E<6�<F6;8@<4 @4L�@4A<98FG�J<G;�7<99HF8�457B@<A4? C4<A��A4HF84��4A7�IB@<G<A:��4??�B9


J;<6;�4E8�F88A�;8E8 ��K4@<A4G<BA�9<A7<A:F�@4L�F;BJ 98I8E� G46;L64E7<4��4A7�457B@<A4?�G8A78EA8FF
"BJ8I8E� 6;8FG�K�E4L 9<A7<A:F�B9�9E88�:4F�<A�G;8�457B@<A4?�64I<GL�4E8�ABG�4�GLC<64?�984GHE8�B9�G;<F
6BA7<G<BA �#AFG847��457B@<A4? K�E4L 9<A7<A:F�<A 46HG8�@8F8AG8E<6�<F6;8@<4 JBH?7�@BE8�?<>8?L�58
ABE@4?�<A�84E?L�FG4:8F��J<G;�7<FG8A787�<AG8FG<A4?�?BBCF�4A7�F@4??�:4F�8A6?BFHE8F�<AF<78�G;8�J4??�B9�G;8
<AG8FG<A8��<A7<64G<A: GE4AF@HE4? <F6;8@<4��4CC84E<A:�<A�?4G8E�FG4:8F

D - Gastric cancer

Explanation Why

!4FGE<6�64A68E @4L�@4A<98FG�J<G;�457B@<A4? C4<A��A4HF84��4A7�IB@<G<A:��4??�B9�J;<6;�4E8�F88A�;8E8


"BJ8I8E��G;8�46HG8�JBEF8A<A:�B9�G;<F�C4G<8AG�F�FL@CGB@F��4F�J8??�4F�G;8 6;8FG�K�E4L 9<A7<A:F�B9�9E88
:4F�<A�G;8�457B@<A4?�64I<GL�@4>8 :4FGE<6�64A68E ?8FF�?<>8?L�G;4A�4ABG;8E�6BA7<G<BA � HEG;8E@BE8�
C4G<8AGF�J<G; :4FGE<6�64A68E CE8F8AG�J<G;�J8<:;G�?BFF�E4G;8E�G;4A�J8<:;G�:4<A

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
E - Gastroesophageal reflux disease

Explanation Why

!4FGEB8FBC;4:84?�E89?HK�7<F84F8 �!�,���@4L�@4A<98FG�J<G;�457B@<A4? C4<A��A4HF84��4A7�IB@<G<A:�


4??�B9�J;<6;�4E8�F88A�;8E8 �#A�477<G<BA��4?6B;B?�6BAFH@CG<BA�<F�4�6B@@BA�GE<::8E�B9�G;<F�6BA7<G<BA
*4G<8AGF�GLC<64??L�CE8F8AG�J<G;�6;EBA<6�8C<:4FGE<6 C4<A G;4G�JBEF8AF�49G8E�84G<A: �.;<F�C4G<8AG�
;BJ8I8E��;4F�4�;<FGBEL�B9�8C<:4FGE<6 C4<A G;4G�<F�E8?<8I87�J<G;�9BB7�<AG4>8 � HEG;8E@BE8��G;8 6;8FG�K�
E4L 9<A7<A:F�B9�9E88�:4F�<A�G;8�457B@<A4?�64I<GL�4E8�ABG�8KC?4<A87�5L !�,�

F - Cholecystolithiasis

Explanation Why

�;B?86LFGB?<G;<4F<F <F�4�6BA7<G<BA�G;4G�<F�GLC<64??L�4FL@CGB@4G<6 ���@<ABE<GL�B9�C4G<8AGF�@4L�78I8?BC


5<?<4EL�6B?<6��J;<6;�64A�@4A<98FG�J<G; E<:;G�HCC8E�DH47E4AG�8C<:4FGE<6 C4<A��A4HF84��4A7�IB@<G<A:
.;8 C4<A 9EB@ 5<?<4EL�6B?<6 <F�GE<::8E87�5L�84G<A: �.;<F�C4G<8AG��;BJ8I8E��;4F�4�;<FGBEL�B9�8C<:4FGE<6
C4<A G;4G�<F�E8?<8I87�J<G;�9BB7�<AG4>8 �'BE8BI8E� 6;B?86LFGB?<G;<4F<F 4A7 5<?<4EL�6B?<6 7B�ABG
FH99<6<8AG?L�8KC?4<A�G;8 6;8FG�K�E4L 9<A7<A:F�B9�9E88�<AGE4457B@<A4?�:4F

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Question # 1

�=�8=E4BC860C>A�8B�BCD3H8=6�C74�45542CB�>5�38554A4=C�60BCA>8=C4BC8=0;�A46D;0C>AH�BD1BC0=24B ���740;C7H
BD1942C�8B 0B:43�C>�40C�0�<40;�0C�7>DA����0=3�C74 ? �>5�C74�BC><027�2>=C4=CB�0=3�C74�A0C4�>5�BC><027�0283
B42A4C8>=B�0A4�<40BDA43�>E4A�C74�=4GC���7>DAB �+74�A4BD;CB�>5�C74�BCD3H�0A4�B7>F= �.7827�>5�C74
5>;;>F8=6�<4270=8B<�<>BC�;8:4;H�2>=CA81DC4B�C>�C74�270=64�8=�CA0942C>AH�>5�C74�6A0?7�0C�C74�?>8=C�<0A:43
1H�C74�0AA>F�

Answer Image

� !=2A40B43�E060;�BC8<D;0C8>=

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Answer Image

� !=2A40B43�02C8E8CH�>5���24;;B

� !=2A40B43�02C8E0C8>=�>5� � A424?C>AB

!=2A40B43�02C8E8CH�>5�4=C4A>27A><0558=�

;8:4�24;;B

� !=2A40B43�02C8E8CH�>5�!�24;;B

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Hint

�C�C74�?>8=C�>5�C74�6A0?7�<0A:43�1H�0=�0AA>F��C74�A0C4�>5 BC><027�0283 B42A4C8>=�342A40B4B

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Correct Answer

A - Increased vagal stimulation

Explanation Why

-060; BC8<D;0C8>=��F7827�8B�4;828C43�1H�C74�C7>D67C� B<4;;��0=3 C0BC4 >5�5>>3��02C8E0C4B <DB20A8=82


A424?C>AB 0=3�8=2A40B4B 60BCA82�0283 B42A4C8>=�1H�BC8<D;0C8=6 ?0A84C0;�24;;B �+78B�BC8<D;0C8>=�A4BD;CB�8=
0=�8=2A40B43 60BCA8= A4;40B4�0=3�8=7818C43 B><0C>BC0C8= B42A4C8>= �'A8>A�C>�C74�8=2A40B4�8= 60BCA82�0283
B42A4C8>=��C74�? �>5 BC><027 2>=C4=CB�A0?83;H�CDA=B�<>A4�0;:0;8=4�3D4�C>�C74�1D554A8=6�45542C�>5�5>>3
0AA8E8=6�8=�C74 BC><027 ��B 60BCA82�0283 B42A4C8>=�8=2A40B4B��C74�? �B;>F;H�142><4B�<>A4�028382 �+74
8=8C80;�8=2A40B8=6�B;>?4�>5 60BCA82�0283 B42A4C8>=�8B�2>=B8BC4=C�F8C7 E060; BC8<D;0C8>=��C74�342A40B4
05C4A�C74�0AA>F�8B�=>C

B - Increased activity of D cells

Image

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Explanation Why

��24;;B B42A4C4 B><0C>BC0C8= 8=�A4B?>=B4�C>�8=2A40B43 60BCA8= 2>=24=CA0C8>=�0=3�>A�342A40B43 BC><027


? ��C74A41H�342A40B8=6 60BCA82�0283 B42A4C8>= *><0C>BC0C8= A4;40B4�8=7818CB 78BC0<8=4 0=3��C>�0�;4BB4A
4GC4=C��0;B>�8=7818CB 60BCA8= A4;40B4��F7827�2>AA4B?>=3B�F8C7�C74�270=64�8=�CA0942C>AH�<0A:43�1H�C74
0AA>F�8=�C74�6A0?7 �+74�270=64B�C> 60BCA82�0283 B42A4C8>=�0A4�2;0BB820;;H�20C46>A8I43�8=C>�C7A44�?70B4B�
24?70;82��60BCA82��0=3�8=C4BC8=0; �.78;4 60BCA82�0283 B42A4C8>=�8B�8=2A40B43�3DA8=6�C74 24?70;82�?70B4
�8=�A4B?>=B4�C>�C74�C7>D67C��B867C��0=3 B<4;; >5�5>>3��0=3�C74 60BCA82�?70B4 �3D4�C>�C74�4=CAH�>5�5>>3
8=C>�C74 BC><027���C74�?A43><8=0=C�45542C�3DA8=6�C74 8=C4BC8=0;�?70B4 8B�8=7818C>AH��3D4�C>�C74�A4;40B4
>5 B><0C>BC0C8=� B42A4C8=� �!'��0=3 27>;42HBC>:8=8=�

C - Increased activation of H2 receptors

Explanation Why

�2C8E0C8>=�>5�78BC0<8=4A682 � A424?C>AB >= ?0A84C0;�24;;B 8=2A40B4B 60BCA82�0283 B42A4C8>=�0=3�>22DAB


3DA8=6�C74 60BCA82�?70B4��F7827�8B�A4?A4B4=C43�8=�C74�6A0?7�1H�C74�8=8C80;�8=2A40B8=6�B;>?4�>5 60BCA82
0283 B42A4C8>= �+74�0AA>F�<0A:B�0�?>8=C�8=�C74�6A0?7�F74A4 60BCA82�0283 B42A4C8>=�342A40B4B��F7827�8B
=>C�2>=B8BC4=C�F8C7�02C8E0C8>=�>5�78BC0<8=4A682�A424?C>AB

D - Increased activity of enterochromaffin-like cells

Explanation Why

�=C4A>27A><0558=�;8:4 24;;B�B42A4C4 78BC0<8=4 8=�A4B?>=B4�C>�BC8<D;0C8>=�1H 60BCA8=��C74A41H


02C8E0C8=6�78BC0<8=4A682 ��A424?C>AB >= ?0A84C0;�24;;B 0=3�8=2A40B8=6 60BCA82�0283 B42A4C8>= �+78B
>22DAB�3DA8=6�C74 60BCA82�?70B4��F7827�8B�A4?A4B4=C43�1H�C74�8=8C80;�8=2A40B8=6�B;>?4�>5 60BCA82�0283
B42A4C8>=�8=�C74�6A0?7 �+74�0AA>F�<0A:B�0�?>8=C�>=�C74�6A0?7�F74A4�C74�A0C4�>5 60BCA82�0283 B42A4C8>=
1468=B�C>�342A40B4

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
E - Increased activity of I cells

Explanation Why

!�24;;B ;>20C43�8=�C74 3D>34=D< 0=3 949D=D< B42A4C4 27>;42HBC>:8=8= ���"��8=�A4B?>=B4�C> 50CCH�0283B


0=3 0<8=>�0283B ��" BC8<D;0C4B ?0=2A40C82 4G>2A8=4�B42A4C8>=� 60;;1;0334A 2>=CA02C8>=��0=3
B?78=2C4A�>5�&338 A4;0G0C8>= ��" 20=�8=2A40B4�>A�342A40B4 60BCA82�0283 B42A4C8>=�10B43�>=�C74�CH?4
>5�A424?C>A�8C�02CB�>=��1DC ��" F>D;3�=>C�70E4�703�0B�?A>=>D=243�>5�0=�45542C�>=�? �B>�B>>=�05C4A
C74�8=64BC8>=�>5�5>>3�0B�C70C�B44=�8=�C78B�6A0?7 ��=>C74A�<4270=8B<�70B�0�<D27�BCA>=64A�8<?02C�>=
60BCA82�? �A46D;0C8>=

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Question # 2

� ���H40A�>;3 F><0=�2><4B�C>�C74�?7HB8280=�1420DB4�>5�0= ��7>DA 78BC>AH�>5�2>;82:H�013><8=0;�?08=


0=3�=0DB40 �+74�?08=�F>AB4=43�05C4A�B74�0C4�0�B0=3F827��0=3�B74�70B�E><8C43�>=24 �*74�70B�=>�78BC>AH
>5�B4A8>DB�<43820;�8;;=4BB � 4A C4<?4A0CDA4�8B��� �J����� �J����?D;B4�8B����<8=��0=3�1;>>3�?A4BBDA4�8B
�������<<� 6 �'7HB820;�4G0<8=0C8>=�B7>FB�B2;4A0;�82C4ADB�0=3�3855DB4�C4=34A=4BB�8=�C74�D??4A
013><4= �*4AD<�BCD384B�B7>F�

+>C0;�18;8AD18= � ��<6�3#

�*+ ���,�#

�#+ ���,�#

�;:0;8=4�?7>B?70C0B4 ����,�#

N��;DC0<H;CA0=B54A0B4 ���,�#��%����K���

,;CA0B>=>6A0?7H�8B�<>BC�;8:4;H�C>�B7>F�0�BC>=4�;>20C43�8=�F7827�>5�C74�5>;;>F8=6�BCAD2CDA4B�

Answer Image

� �><<>=�18;4�3D2C

�><<>=�74?0C82

3D2C

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Answer Image

� �HBC82�3D2C

� �0;;1;0334A�=42:

� �0;;1;0334A�5D=3DB

� '0=2A40C82�3D2C

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Hint

+78B�?0C84=C�?A4B4=CB�F8C7 18;80AH�2>;82 �?>BC?A0=380;��2>;82:H�013><8=0; ?08=��=0DB40��E><8C8=6� �+74


?A>;>=643�4?8B>34�>5 ?08=��B86=B�>5�4GCA074?0C82 27>;4BC0B8B �B2;4A0;�82C4ADB��4;4E0C43 ?0A0<4C4AB�>5
27>;4BC0B8B���0=3�01B4=24�>5 54E4A 8=3820C4 27>;43>27>;8C780B8B

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Correct Answer

A - Common bile duct

Image

Explanation But

�7>;43>27>;8C780B8B 8B�CA40C43�F8C7�B?0B<>;HC82B� 0=0;64B80��0=3�A4<>E0;�>5�C74�BC>=4��DBD0;;H�E80


4=3>B2>?82�A4CA>6A034�27>;0=68>?0=2A40C>6A0?7H ��=�4;42C8E4 ;0?0A>B2>?82�27>;42HBC42C><H 8B
2><<>=;H�8=3820C43�C>�?A4E4=C�0�A42DAA4=24

Explanation Why

�7>;43>27>;8C780B8B 8B�C74�?A4B4=24�>5 60;;BC>=4B 8=�C74 2><<>=�18;4�3D2C 0=3�8B�<>BC�2><<>=;H�0


A4BD;C�>5�C74�?0BB064�>5 60;;BC>=4B 5A><�C74 60;;1;0334A �+78B�?0C84=C�B�B86=B�0=3�BH<?C><B�0A4�3D4�C>
2><<>=�18;4�3D2C >1BCAD2C8>=��;4038=6�C>�4;4E0C43 ?0A0<4C4AB�>5�27>;4BC0B8B BD27�0B�N�
6;DC0<H;CA0=B54A0B4� 0;:0;8=4�?7>B?70C0B4��0=3 38A42C�18;8AD18=��0=3�2>=B4@D4=C 18;80AH�CA02C B?0B<B
!=�0338C8>=�C>�C74�>22;D38=6 60;;BC>=4� D;CA0B>=>6A0?7H CH?820;;H�B7>FB�0�38;0C43 2><<>=�18;4�3D2C
F8C7�?>BB81;4�8=CA074?0C82�18;80AH�38;0C0C8>=

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
B - Common hepatic duct

Explanation Why

&1BCAD2C8>=�>5�C74 2><<>=�74?0C82�3D2C 20=�<0=854BC�F8C7�013><8=0; ?08=� B2;4A0;�82C4ADB��0=3


4;4E0C43 ?0A0<4C4AB�>5�27>;4BC0B8B��0;;�>5�F7827�0A4�B44=�74A4 � >F4E4A� 2><<>=�74?0C82�3D2C
>1BCAD2C8>=�8B�A0A4;H�3D4�C>�8=CA0;D<8=0; 60;;BC>=4B��A0C74A��8C�8B�20DB43�1H�4GCA8=B82�2><?A4BB8>=�1H�0
60;;BC>=4 8<?02C43�8=�C74 2HBC82�3D2C >A 60;;1;0334A =42:��8 4 � $8A8II8�BH=3A><4�

C - Cystic duct

Image

Explanation Why

� 60;;BC>=4 >1BCAD2C8=6�C74 2HBC82�3D2C 20=�20DB4 02DC4�27>;42HBC8C8B��F7827�CH?820;;H�<0=854BCB�F8C7


?>BC?A0=380; 013><8=0; ?08=��=0DB40��0=3�E><8C8=6��0;;�>5�F7827�0A4�B44=�74A4 �+78B�?0C84=C��7>F4E4A�
3>4B�=>C�?A4B4=C�F8C7�2;0BB82�540CDA4B�>5 02DC4�27>;42HBC8C8B��BD27�0B 54E4A 0=3�0�?>B8C8E4 $DA?7H

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
B86= �!=�0338C8>=� B2;4A0;�82C4ADB��0=3�4;4E0C43 ?0A0<4C4AB�>5�27>;4BC0B8B 0A4�D=2><<>=�8=
D=2><?;820C43 02DC4�27>;42HBC8C8B 1420DB4�C74�5;>F�>5 18;4 5A><�C74 ;8E4A 8=C>�C74 3D>34=D< 8B
DBD0;;H�=>C�>1BCAD2C43

D - Gallbladder neck

Explanation Why

� 60;;BC>=4 >1BCAD2C8=6�C74 60;;1;0334A =42:�20=�20DB4 02DC4�27>;42HBC8C8B��F7827�CH?820;;H�<0=854BCB


F8C7 ?>BC?A0=380; 013><8=0; ?08=��=0DB40��0=3�E><8C8=6��0;;�>5�F7827�0A4�B44=�74A4 �+78B�?0C84=C�
7>F4E4A��3>4B�=>C�?A4B4=C�F8C7�2;0BB82�540CDA4B�>5 02DC4�27>;42HBC8C8B��BD27�0B 54E4A 0=3�0�?>B8C8E4
$DA?7H�B86= �!=�0338C8>=� B2;4A0;�82C4ADB��0=3�4;4E0C43 ?0A0<4C4AB�>5�27>;4BC0B8B 0A4�D=2><<>=�8=
D=2><?;820C43 02DC4�27>;42HBC8C8B 1420DB4�C74�5;>F�>5 18;4 5A><�C74 ;8E4A 8=C>�C74 3D>34=D< 8B
DBD0;;H�=>C�>1BCAD2C43

E - Gallbladder fundus

Image

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Explanation Why

�7>;4;8C780B8B 8B�C74�?A4B4=24�>5 60;;BC>=4B 8=�C74 60;;1;0334A �4 6 ��C74�5D=3DB� �7>;4;8C780B8B 8B


DBD0;;H�0BH<?C><0C82�1DC�20=�<0=854BC�F8C7 ?>BC?A0=380; 013><8=0; ?08=��=0DB40��0=3�E><8C8=6��0;;
>5�F7827�0A4�B44=�74A4 � >F4E4A� ?08= ;0BC8=6�5>A�<>A4�C70=���7>DAB� B2;4A0;�82C4ADB��0=3�4;4E0C43
?0A0<4C4AB�>5�27>;4BC0B8B 0A4�8=2>=B8BC4=C�F8C7 27>;4;8C780B8B

F - Pancreatic duct

Explanation Why

&1BCAD2C8>=�>5�C74 ?0=2A40C82�3D2C 20=�20DB4 02DC4�?0=2A40C8C8B��F7827�20=�<0=854BC�F8C7 ?>BC?A0=380;


013><8=0; ?08=��=0DB40��E><8C8=6��0=3��8=�C74�20B4�>5�2>=2><8C0=C�18;80AH�>1BCAD2C8>=� B2;4A0;�82C4ADB
0=3�4;4E0C43 ?0A0<4C4AB�>5�27>;4BC0B8B � >F4E4A��F74= ?0=2A40C8C8B 8B�20DB43�1H�0 60;;BC>=4��C74
60;;BC>=4 8B�BCD2:�8=�C74 2><<>=�18;4�3D2C 9DBC�?0BC�C74 0<?D;;0�>5�-0C4A��=>C�8=B834�C74 ?0=2A40C82
3D2C

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Question # 3

� ���H40A�>;3 F><0=�2><4B�C>�C74�?7HB8280=�5>A�0 ��<>=C7 78BC>AH�>5�6A03D0;�BF4;;8=6�>=�C74�A867C�B834


>5�74A�5024 �*74�70B�B<>:43 ��?02: >5�2860A4CC4B�308;H�5>A�C74�?0BC ���H40AB �'7HB820;�4G0<8=0C8>=�B7>FB
0 A867C�B8343��<>E01;4�50280;�<0BB�C70C�8B�=>=C4=34A�C>�?0;?0C8>= �+74A4�8B�0�E8B81;4�?A>CADB8>=�>5�C74
A867C�;0C4A0;�F0;;�>5�C74�>A>?70AH=G �+74�?0C84=C�8B�01;4�C>�5D;;H�>?4=�74A�<>DC7 �+74A4�8B�=>�24AE820;
;H<?7034=>?0C7H ��A0=80;�=4AE4B�0A4�8=C02C ��=�$)!�B7>FB�0 � ��2< B70A?;H�34<0A20C43��;>1D;0C43
7H?4A8=C4=B4�<0BB�0A8B8=6�5A><�C74�A867C ?0A>C83�6;0=3 �+74�;4B8>=�8B�BDAA>D=343�1H�0�7H?>8=C4=B4
20?BD;4 ���18>?BH�>5�C74�<0BB�B7>FB =4BCB�>5�4?8C74;80;�24;;B�<8G43�F8C7�0�27>=3A><HG>83�BCA><0
.7827�>5�C74�5>;;>F8=6�8B�C74�<>BC�;8:4;H�3806=>B8B�

Answer Image

� $D2>4?834A<>83�20A28=><0

� ';4><>A?782�034=><0

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Answer Image

� '0?8;;0AH�2HBC034=><0�;H<?7><0C>BD<

� �34=>83�2HBC82�20A28=><0

� �A0=D;><0C>DB�B80;034=8C8B

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Hint

� F4;;�4=20?BD;0C43 <0BB��8=�C74�01B4=24�>5�B86=B�>5 CD<>A 8=E0B8>=�8=C>�C74�BDAA>D=38=6�C8BBD4B��4 6 �


50280;�=4AE4�?0;BH� CA8B<DB��>A�;H<?70C82�B?A403��BD664BCB�0�14=86=�;4B8>=�>5�C74 ?0A>C83�6;0=3

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Correct Answer

A - Mucoepidermoid carcinoma

Image

Explanation Why

$D2>4?834A<>83�20A28=><0 8B�C74�<>BC�2><<>=�<0;86=0=C�B0;8E0AH�6;0=3 CD<>A 0=3�20=�<0=854BC�0B


0�6A03D0;;H�6A>F8=6��?08=;4BB�D=8;0C4A0;�<0BB�0A8B8=6�5A><�C74 ?0A>C83�6;0=3 � >F4E4A��<0;86=0=C
B0;8E0AH�6;0=3�CD<>AB�DBD0;;H�8=E034�8=C>�C74�BDAA>D=38=6�C8BBD4B�0=3�?A4B4=C�0B�0�58G43�0=3
=>=<>18;4�<0BB��0;>=6�F8C7�24AE820; ;H<?7034=>?0C7H� 50280;�=4AE4�?0;BH��0=3�>A CA8B<DB��D=;8:4�C78B
?0C84=C�B�?A4B4=C0C8>= �$>A4>E4A��0 18>?BH >5�0 <D2>4?834A<>83�20A28=><0 F>D;3�B7>F�0=�03<8GCDA4
>5 <D28=�?A>3D28=6�2>;D<=0A�24;;B�0=3�4?834A<>83�24;;B��F7827�0A4�=>C�B44=�74A4

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
B - Pleomorphic adenoma

Image

Explanation But

� ?;4><>A?782�034=><0 20=�A42DA�85�8=2><?;4C4;H�A4B42C43 �!=�0�?0C84=C�F8C7 ?;4><>A?782�034=><0�


A0?83�4=;0A64<4=C�>5�C74�<0BB�>A�C74�34E4;>?<4=C�>5 50280;�=4AE4�?0;BH B7>D;3�A08B4�2>=24A=�5>A
<0;86=0=C�CA0=B5>A<0C8>=

Explanation Why

��6A03D0;;H�6A>F8=6��?08=;4BB��<>18;4��0=3�F4;;�4=20?BD;0C43�D=8;0C4A0;�<0BB�0A8B8=6�5A><�C74
?0A>C83�6;0=3 F8C7>DC 50280;�=4AE4�?0;BH B7>D;3�A08B4�BDB?828>=�5>A�0 ?;4><>A?782�034=><0��C74�<>BC
2><<>= 14=86=�CD<>A >5�C74�B0;8E0AH�6;0=3B ��=�03<8GCDA4�>5 4?8C74;80; 2><?>=4=CB�0=3
27>=3A><HG>83�BCA><0�0A4 ?0C7>6=><>=82 5>A ?;4><>A?782 034=><0B ��420DB4�C74B4�14=86=
6A>FC7B�70E4�C74�?>C4=C80;�C>�D=34A6>�<0;86=0=C�CA0=B5>A<0C8>=��2><?;4C4�A4B42C8>=�8B�A42><<4=343

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
C - Papillary cystadenoma lymphomatosum

Image

Explanation Why

'0?8;;0AH�2HBC034=><0�;H<?7><0C>BD< �.0AC78=�CD<>A��<>BC�2><<>=;H�>22DAB�0<>=6�B<>:4AB
0=3�F>D;3�?A4B4=C�0B�0�6A03D0;;H�6A>F8=6��?08=;4BB��<>18;4��0=3�F4;;�4=20?BD;0C43�<0BB�0A8B8=6�5A><
C74 ?0A>C83�6;0=3 F8C7>DC 50280;�=4AE4�?0;BH��F7827�8B�2>=B8BC4=C�F8C7�C78B�?0C84=C�B�?A4B4=C0C8>=
>F4E4A��0 18>?BH >5�0 .0AC78=�CD<>A F>D;3�A4E40;�2HBC82�2><?>=4=CB��01D=30=C ;H<?7>2HC4B�
64A<8=0;�24=C4AB��0=3 ;H<?7 =>34�;8:4�BCA><0��F7827�0A4�=>C�B44=�74A4

D - Adenoid cystic carcinoma

Explanation Why

�34=>83�2HBC82�20A28=><0 ������20=�<0=854BC�0B�0�6A03D0;;H�6A>F8=6��?08=;4BB�D=8;0C4A0;�<0BB
0A8B8=6�5A><�C74 ?0A>C83�6;0=3 � >F4E4A��<0;86=0=C�B0;8E0AH�6;0=3�CD<>AB�DBD0;;H�8=E034�8=C>�C74

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
BDAA>D=38=6�C8BBD4B�0=3�?A4B4=C�0B�0�58G43�0=3�=>=<>18;4�<0BB��0;>=6�F8C7�24AE820;
;H<?7034=>?0C7H� 50280;�=4AE4�?0;BH��0=3�>A CA8B<DB��D=;8:4�C78B�?0C84=C�B�?A4B4=C0C8>= �$>A4>E4A��0
18>?BH >5�����F>D;3�B7>F�0=�03<8GCDA4�>5�3D2C0;�0=3 <H>4?8C74;80;�24;;B 38B?;0H8=6 2A81A85>A<�
CD1D;0A��>A�B>;83�6A>FC7�?0CC4A=B��F7827�0A4�=>C�B44=�74A4

E - Granulomatous sialadenitis

Explanation Why

��?08=;4BB�0=3�<>18;4 ?0A>C83 BF4;;8=6�F8C7>DC 50280;�=4AE4�?0;BH��0B�B44=�74A4��8B�2>=B8BC4=C�F8C7


6A0=D;><0C>DB�B80;034=8C8B � >F4E4A��C78B�2>=38C8>=�8B�270A02C4A8I43�1H =>=20B40C8=6�6A0=D;><0C>DB
8=5;0<<0C8>= �8 4 � <02A>?7064B� 4?8C74;>83�24;;B��0=3 <D;C8=D2;40C43�680=C�24;;B BDAA>D=343�1H
;H<?7>2HC4B���F7827�8B�=>C�?A4B4=C�8=�C78B�?0C84=C

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Question # 4

� ���H40A�>;3 <0=�8B�1A>D67C�C>�C74�4<4A64=2H�34?0AC<4=C ���<8=DC4B 05C4A�148=6�8=E>;E43�8=�0


7867�B?443 <>C>A�E4782;4�022834=C�0B�0�A4BCA08=43�3A8E4A � 8B�?D;B4�8B�����<8=�0=3�1;>>3�?A4BBDA4�8B
�������<<� 6 �'7HB820;�4G0<8=0C8>=�B7>FB�30A:�1AD8B8=6�0=3�38B2>;>A0C8>=�>E4A�C74�A867C�D??4A
@D03A0=C�>5�78B�013><4=�0=3�A867C�5;0=: �+74�013><4=�8B�6D0A343�0=3�<0A:43;H�C4=34A�C>�?0;?0C8>= ��
�+�B20= >5�C74�274BC�0=3�013><4=�B7>FB�;024A0C8>=B�0=3�2><?A4BB8>=�8=9DA84B�8=�C74�A867C�;>14�>5�C74
;8E4A ��=�4<4A64=2H ?0AC80;�74?0C42C><H 8B�?4A5>A<43 �,;CA0B>=>6A0?7H�>= 5>;;>F�D? 4G0<8=0C8>=
��<>=C7B ;0C4A�B7>FB�C70C�C74 ;8E4A�70B�6A>F=�102:�C>�0;<>BC�C74�>A868=0;�B8I4 �$82A>B2>?82�4G0<8=0C8>=
>5�C74�=4F;H�5>A<43�;8E4A�C8BBD4�8B�<>BC�;8:4;H�C>�B7>F�F7827�>5�C74�5>;;>F8=6�58=38=6B�

Answer Image

� )464=4A0C8E4�=>3D;4B

� H?4ACA>?782�74?0C>2HC4B

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Answer Image

� 'A>;854A0C8=6�581A>1;0BCB

� %>A<0;�74?0C82�C8BBD4

� !=5;0<<0C>AH�8=58;CA0C4

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Hint

4?0C>2HC4B��;8:4�C74�24;;B�>5�<0=H�>C74A�6;0=3B��0A4 BC01;4�24;;B C70C�0A4�20?01;4�>5�<D;C8?;H8=6�05C4A


142><8=6�30<0643

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Correct Answer

A - Regenerative nodules

Image

Explanation Why

)464=4A0C8E4�=>3D;4B�0A4�0=�8AA4E4AB81;4�A4B?>=B4�C>�27A>=82 ;8E4A 8=9DAH��4 6 ��3D4�C> 74?0C8C8B�� >A


0;2>7>;�DB4�38B>A34A� �+74�=>3D;4B�0A4�5>A<43�1H 1A8368=6�581A>B8B��F7827�>22DAB�E80�BC4;;0C4�24;;B�
2>=C8=D43 581A>B8B ;403B�C> 28AA7>B8B >5�C74 ;8E4A 85�C74�BC8<D;DB�8B�=>C�A4<>E43 �+74�34E4;>?<4=C�>5
A464=4A0C8E4�=>3D;4B�8=7818CB�74?0C82�5D=2C8>=�0=3�;403B�C>�B7A8=:064�>5�C74 ;8E4A��=>C�A46A>FC7

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
B - Hypertrophic hepatocytes

Image

Explanation Why

H?4ACA>?7H >5 74?0C>2HC4B 8B�0�24;;D;0A�A4B?>=B4�DBD0;;H�20DB43�1H�3AD6B�>A�C>G8=B ��;C7>D67


74?0C>2HC4 7H?4ACA>?7H 20=�0;B>�B><4C8<4B�14�B44=�8=�A4<=0=C�C8BBD4�05C4A ;8E4A A4B42C8>=��=4F;H�
5>A<43 ;8E4A C8BBD4�3>4B�=>C�CH?820;;H�B7>F�8=2A40B43�24;;�B8I4 ��338C8>=0;;H� 7H?4ACA>?7H 0;>=4
F>D;3�=>C�14�BD558284=C�C>�02784E4�5D;; A464=4A0C8>= >5�C74 ;8E4A

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
C - Proliferating fibroblasts

Image

Explanation Why

�G24BB8E4 ?A>;854A0C8>= >5 581A>1;0BCB 8B�B44=�8= ;8E4A�28AA7>B8B �4 6 ��3D4�C>�8=542C8>=�>A 0;2>7>;�DB4


38B>A34A� �+74�?A4B4=24�>5 2HC>:8=4B 0=3�>C74A�<4C01>;8C4B�20DB4B�74?0C82�24;;B��4 6 ��BC4;;0C4�24;;B��C>
CA0=B5>A<�8=C> <H>581A>1;0BCB �+74�A4BD;C8=6�A4<>34;8=6�>5 ;8E4A C8BBD4�;403B�C>�8=2A40B43�BC855=4BB
�3D4�C>�4G24BB8E4�BH=C74B8B�>5�2>;;064=>DB�5814AB��0=3�B7A8=:064�>5�C74 ;8E4A��=>C�A46A>FC7 �'0AC80;
;8E4A A4B42C8>=�F>D;3�=>C�;403�C>�4G24BB8E4 581A>1;0BC ?A>;854A0C8>=

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
D - Normal hepatic tissue

Image

Explanation Why

#8E4A C8BBD4�70B�C74�D=8@D4�018;8CH�C>�A464=4A0C4�05C4A�A4B42C8>=�>A�CA0D<0�C7A>D67�A4?;820C8>=�>5
A4<08=8=6 74?0C>2HC4B 0=3�A4?>?D;0C8>=�5A><�?A>64=8C>A�24;;B��BD27�C70C�A464=4A0C43�0A40B�F8;;�B7>F
=>A<0;�74?0C82�C8BBD4�>=�<82A>B2>?82�4G0<8=0C8>= �*C8<D;0C8>=�>5 BC01;4�24;;B �4 6 ��8=9DA43
74?0C>2HC4B��A4BD;CB�8=�C74�CA0=B8C8>=�5A><�C74��� C> �� ?70B4 )464=4A0C8>= 1468=B�0C�C74 ?4A8?>AC0;
I>=4��03E0=24B�C>�C74�<83�I>=0; 74?0C>2HC4B��C74=�C>�C74 24=CA8;>1D;0A�I>=4��0=3�4=3B�0C�C74 24=CA0;
E48=B ��5C4A A464=4A0C8>=��18;80AH 4?8C74;80; 0=3 4=3>C74;80; 24;;B�?A>;854A0C4�0=3�0= 4GCA024;;D;0A
<0CA8G 8B�?A>3D243�1H�BC4;;0C4�24;;B �+7A>D67�C78B�?A>24BB��C74 ;8E4A 20=�A4BC>A4�8CB4;5�C>�8CB�5D;;�<0BB
0=3�?A4B4AE4�8CB�4BB4=C80;�<4C01>;82�5D=2C8>=B

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
E - Inflammatory infiltrate

Explanation Why

�=�8=5;0<<0C>AH�8=58;CA0C4�34E4;>?B�8=�A4B?>=B4�C>�8=542C8>=B�>A�C>G8=B ��;C7>D67 ;8E4A A4B42C8>=B�20=


20DB4 8=5;0<<0C8>= �4 6 ��3D4�C>�4=CAH�>5�8=542C8>DB�064=CB�3DA8=6�BDA64AH���C78B�F>D;3�<0=854BC
40A;84A�8=�C74�?>BC�BDA6820;�2>DAB4��30HB�C>�F44:B�A0C74A�C70=�<>=C7B���0=3 54E4A F>D;3�14�4G?42C43
!=5;0<<0C>AH�24;;B�<0H�14�27A>=820;;H�?A4B4=C�8=�A4B?>=B4�C>�C>G8=B��4 6 ��8=�27A>=82�0;2>7>;�DB4�
>F4E4A��27A>=82 8=5;0<<0C8>= F>D;3�;403�C>�0=�8=2A40B4�>5 <H>581A>1;0BCB 8= ;8E4A C8BBD4��20DB8=6
581A>B8B 0=3�B7A8=:064�A0C74A�C70=�A46A>FC7

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Question # 5

� ���H40A�>;3 F><0=�2><4B�C>�C74�?7HB8280=�1420DB4�>5�?A>5DB4 F0C4AH�380AA740 5>A�C74�;0BC ��30HB �*74


A4?>ACB�70E8=6�D?�C> ��;>>B4 BC>>;B�?4A�30H �*74�70B�=>C�703�0=H�54E4A��=0DB40��>A�E><8C8=6 �*74�8B
>C74AF8B4�740;C7H�0=3�C0:4B�=>�<43820C8>=B � 4A�C4<?4A0CDA4�8B �� �J����� �J����?D;B4�8B�����<8=�
A4B?8A0C8>=B�0A4����<8=��0=3�1;>>3�?A4BBDA4�8B �������<<� 6 �'7HB820;�4G0<8=0C8>=�B7>FB�?>>A�B:8=
CDA6>A��0�20?8;;0AH�A458;;�C8<4�>5 ��B42>=3B��0=3�3AH�<D2>DB�<4<1A0=4B ��AC4A80;�1;>>3�60B�0=0;HB8B�>=
A>><�08A�B7>FB�0 ? >5�� �� �+78B�?0C84=C�8B�<>BC�;8:4;H�C>�70E4�F7827�>5�C74�5>;;>F8=6�0338C8>=0;
;01>A0C>AH�58=38=6B�

Answer Image

� �42A40B43�B4AD<�$6��

� �42A40B43�B4AD<�%0�

� !=2A40B43�0AC4A80;�?�&�

� �42A40B43�B4AD<� �&��

� �42A40B43�B4AD<��;�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Hint

+78B�?0C84=C�70B�0 <4C01>;82�0283>B8B 20DB43�1H�74A 380AA740

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Correct Answer

A - Decreased serum Mg2+

Explanation Why

�80AA740 20=�20DB4�342A40B43�B4AD<�$6�� 2>=24=CA0C8>=B � >F4E4A��C74B4�58=38=6B�0A4�<>A4


2><<>=�5>A�2>=38C8>=B�>5 27A>=82�380AA740 0BB>280C43�F8C7 BC40C>AA740 1420DB4�$6�� 8>=B�8=�C74
8=C4BC8=0;�;D<4=�2><18=4�F8C7 50CCH�0283B C>�5>A<�8=B>;D1;4�B>0?B��F7827�0A4�4G2A4C43�F8C7�C74�BC>>;
+78B�?0C84=C�70B 02DC4�380AA740��F7827�8B�;4BB�;8:4;H�C>�05542C�C74�B4AD<�$6�� 2>=24=CA0C8>= �!=
0338C8>=� 0283>B8B 0=3 347H3A0C8>=��F7827�0A4�0;B>�B44=�8=�C78B�?0C84=C��3>�=>C�DBD0;;H�70E4�0
B86=85820=C�8<?02C�>=�B4AD<�$6�� 2>=24=CA0C8>=

B - Decreased serum Na+

Explanation Why

�;D83�;>BB4B�5A>< 380AA740 20=�;403�C> �� A4;40B4�C>�5028;8C0C4�A401B>A?C8>=�>5�F0C4A�8=�C74 :83=4HB


!5�B>38D<�8=C0:4�8B�2>=2DAA4=C;H�342A40B43��C78B�B24=0A8>�20=�A4BD;C�8= 7H?>>B<>;0A�7H?>=0CA4<80
>F4E4A��8C�8B�<D27�<>A4�2><<>=�5>A 380AA740 C>�A4BD;C�8= 7H?4A=0CA4<80 1420DB4�F0C4A�8B�CH?820;;H
;>BC�8=�4G24BB�>5�%0� 8>=B

C - Increased arterial pCO2

Explanation Why

!=2A40B43�0AC4A80; ?�&� 20=�20DB4�0�342A40B4�8=�? ��A4B?8A0C>AH�0283>B8B� � >F4E4A��C78B�?0C84=C�B


78BC>AH�0=3�2;8=820;�<0=854BC0C8>=B�3>�=>C�BD664BC�0=�D=34A;H8=6�20DB4�>5 A4B?8A0C>AH�0283>B8B �4 6 �
27A>=82�>1BCAD2C8E4�?D;<>=0AH�38B40B4��<43820C8>=B�C70C�20DB4�A4B?8A0C>AH�34?A4BB8>=� � 4A
A4B?8A0C>AH�A0C4 8B�8=2A40B43��F7827�8=3820C4B�0�346A44�>5�A4B?8A0C>AH 2><?4=B0C8>= �E80
7H?4AE4=C8;0C8>=��5>A�D=34A;H8=6 <4C01>;82�0283>B8B��F7827�;403B�C>�0�342A40B43��=>C�8=2A40B43�
0AC4A80; ?�&�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
D - Decreased serum HCO3-

Explanation But

�2DC4��B4E4A4�F0C4AH 380AA740 8B�0BB>280C43�F8C7�0�B86=85820=C�;>BB�>5�"� 8>=B�C7A>D67�C74�BC>>; ��C


C74�B0<4�C8<4� 0283>B8B 20=�20DB4 7H?4A:0;4<80 C7A>D67�0�B785C�>5�"� 8>=B�8=C>�C74�4GCA024;;D;0A�B?024
8=�4G270=64�5>A� � 8>=B��F7827�0A4�1D554A43�8=CA024;;D;0A;H �+74�=4C�10;0=24�>5�B4AD<�"�
2>=24=CA0C8>=B�8=�?0C84=CB�F8C7 <4C01>;82�0283>B8B 0=3 380AA740 8B�385582D;C�C>�?A4382C��1DC�<>BC
2><<>=;H��B4AD<�"� 2>=24=CA0C8>=B�0A4�342A40B43

Explanation Why

*4E4A4 380AA740 CH?820;;H�20DB4B <4C01>;82�0283>B8B C7A>D67�0�;>BB�>5 �&�� 8>=B�F8C7�C74�BC>>;


'7HB8>;>6820;;H� �&�� 8>=B�0A4�B42A4C43�8=C>�C74 B<0;;�8=C4BC8=4 C>�=4DCA0;8I4�028382 27H<4 0=3�0A4
;0C4A�A401B>A143�8=�C74�5>A<�>5�>A60=82�0=8>=�B0;CB�8=�C74 4=C4A>74?0C82�28A2D;0C8>= �!=�?0C84=CB�F8C7
380AA740��A401B>A?C8>=�8B�342A40B43�3D4�C>�8=2A40B43�<>C8;8CH�>5�C74�8=C4BC8=4B��342A40B43 2>;>=�CA0=B8C
C8<4��F78;4�B42A4C8>=�A4<08=B�2>=BC0=C �*4AD< �&�� 2>=24=CA0C8>=B�BD1B4@D4=C;H�342A40B4��F7827
20DB4B�0=�8=2A40B4�8=�B4AD<��;� 2>=24=CA0C8>=B��7H?4A27;>A4<82�<4C01>;82�0283>B8B��8=�>A34A�C>
<08=C08=�1;>>3�4;42CA>=4DCA0;8CH

E - Decreased serum Cl-

Explanation Why

�42A40B43�B4AD<��;� 2>=24=CA0C8>=B��8=�0BB>280C8>=�F8C7 <4C01>;82�0;:0;>B8B��20=�>22DA�8=�C74�B4CC8=6


>5�B4E4A4�E><8C8=6 � >F4E4A��C78B�?0C84=C�70B�0 <4C01>;82�0283>B8B 5A>< 380AA740��F7827�8B�CH?820;;H
0BB>280C43�F8C7�8=2A40B43�B4AD<��;� 2>=24=CA0C8>=B �.74=�0=8>=B�0A4�;>BC�C7A>D67�C74�BC>>;�0=3
B4AD<�2>=24=CA0C8>=B�342A40B4���;� 8>=B�B785C�8=C>�C74�4GCA024;;D;0A�B?024�8=�>A34A�C>�<08=C08=�=4C
1;>>3�4;42CA>=4DCA0;8CH �!=�0338C8>=��E>;D<4�2>=CA02C8>=�0=3��;� A4C4=C8>=�1H�C74 :83=4H 8=�C74�B4CC8=6
>5 347H3A0C8>= 5DAC74A�2>=CA81DC4�C>�0=�8=2A40B43�B4AD<��;� 2>=24=CA0C8>=

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Question # 6

� ���H40A�>;3 <0=�F8C7�0 ��H40A 78BC>AH�>5 2>=BC8?0C8>= 2><4B�C>�C74�?7HB8280=�5>A�0 5>;;>F�D?


4G0<8=0C8>= � 4�70B�1>F4;�<>E4<4=CB �K��C8<4B 0�F44:�0=3�B><4C8<4B�70B�C>�DB4�78B�58=64AB�5>A�BC>>;
4E02D0C8>= ��45420C8>=�8B�?08=5D;�0=3�?A424343�1H�0�B4=B4�>5�1>F4;�>1BCAD2C8>= ��;4G81;4�B86<>83>B2>?H
CF>�<>=C7B�?A8>A�B7>F43�=>A<0;�A4BD;CB � 8B�2DAA4=C�<43820C8>=�8B�0�;0G0C8E4 ��13><8=0;�4G0<8=0C8>=
B7>FB�=>�01=>A<0;8C84B �868C0;�4G0<8=0C8>=�>5�C74�A42CD<�B7>FB�0=�8=2A40B43�A4BC8=6�0=3�B@D44I8=6
C>=4�>5�C74�0=0;�B?78=2C4A �+78B�?0C84=C�B�BH<?C><B�0A4�<>BC�;8:4;H�20DB43�1H�3HB5D=2C8>=�>5�F7827�>5
C74�5>;;>F8=6�?A>24BB4B�

Answer Image

!=E>;D=C0AH�A4;0G0C8>=�>5�C74�4GC4A=0;�0=0;

B?78=2C4A

!=E>;D=C0AH�A4;0G0C8>=�>5�C74�8;8>2>22H64DB

<DB2;4

!=E>;D=C0AH�A4;0G0C8>=�>5�C74

?D1>2>22H64DB�<DB2;4

->;D=C0AH�A4;0G0C8>=�>5�C74�8=C4A=0;�0=0;

B?78=2C4A

->;D=C0AH�A4;0G0C8>=�>5�C74�?D1>A42C0;8B

<DB2;4

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Answer Image

->;D=C0AH�A4;0G0C8>=�>5�C74�2>22H64DB

<DB2;4

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Hint

+78B�?0C84=C�<>BC�;8:4;H�70B ?A8<0AH�2>=BC8?0C8>= 3D4�C>�0=�8=018;8CH�C>�2>>A38=0C4�A4;0G0C8>=�>5�C74


?4;E82�<DB2;4B�C70C�0A4�8=E>;E43�8=�345420C8>=

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Correct Answer

A - Involuntary relaxation of the external anal sphincter

Explanation Why

)4;0G0C8>=�>5�C74 4GC4A=0;�0=0;�B?78=2C4A 0;;>FB�4G?D;B8>=�>5�BC>>;�8=C>�C74 0=0;�20=0; 3DA8=6�C74


345420C8>=�?A>24BB ��HB5D=2C8>=�8=�A4;0G0C8>=�>5�C74 4GC4A=0;�0=0;�B?78=2C4A 0;B>�;403B�C>�8=2A40B43
C>=DB 3DA8=6 3868C0;�A42C0;�4G0<8=0C8>= 0=3�20=�20DB4 2>=BC8?0C8>=��1>C7�>5�F7827�0A4�B44=�8=�C78B
?0C84=C � >F4E4A��C74 4GC4A=0;�0=0;�B?78=2C4A 8B�0�E>;D=C0AH��=>C�0=�8=E>;D=C0AH��<DB2;4

B - Involuntary relaxation of the iliococcygeus muscle

Explanation Why

+74 8;8>2>22H64DB�<DB2;4 8B�?0AC�>5�C74 ;4E0C>A�0=8��0�<DB2;4�6A>D?�C70C�8B�8<?>AC0=C�5>A�<08=C08=8=6


2>=C8=4=24�0=3�?A>E838=6�BC018;8CH�>5�C74�013><8=0;�0=3�?4;E82�>A60=B �+74 8;8>2>22H64DB�<DB2;4 8B
E>;D=C0AH��=>C�8=E>;D=C0AH��0=3�70B�=>�A>;4�8=�C74 345420C8>=�?A>24BB��<0:8=6�8C�0=�D=;8:4;H�20DB4�>5
C78B�?0C84=C�B�8=2A40B43�A42C0; C>=DB 0=3 2>=BC8?0C8>=

C - Involuntary relaxation of the pubococcygeus muscle

Explanation Why

+74 ?D1>2>22H64DB�<DB2;4 8B�?0AC�>5�C74 ;4E0C>A�0=8��0�<DB2;4�6A>D?�C70C�8B�8<?>AC0=C�5>A


<08=C08=8=6�2>=C8=4=24�0=3�?A>E838=6�BC018;8CH�>5�C74�013><8=0;�0=3�?4;E82�>A60=B 'D1>2>22H64DB
<DB2;4 3HB5D=2C8>=��508;DA4�C>�A4;0G��20=�;403�C>�8=2A40B43 C>=DB >= 3868C0;�A42C0;�4G0<8=0C8>=
>F4E4A��C74�?D1>2>22H640;�<DB2;4�8B�=>C�38A42C;H�8=E>;E43�8=�345420C8>=�0=3�8B��C74A45>A4��D=;8:4;H
C>�14�A4B?>=B81;4�5>A�C78B�?0C84=C�B�27A>=82 2>=BC8?0C8>= ��338C8>=0;;H��C74 ?D1>2>22H64DB 8B�0
E>;D=C0AH��=>C�0=�8=E>;D=C0AH�<DB2;4

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
D - Voluntary relaxation of the internal anal sphincter

Explanation Why

)4;0G0C8>=�>5�C74 8=C4A=0;�0=0;�B?78=2C4A >22DAB�>=24�8=C4BC8=0;�2>=C4=CB�70E4�A402743�C74 A42CD< ��C


C78B�BC064��0�B<0;;�0<>D=C�>5�A42C0;�2>=C4=C�8B�4G?4;;43�8=C>�C74 0=0;�20=0; 5>A 0=0;�B0<?;8=6
�HB5D=2C8>=�8=�A4;0G0C8>=�>5�C74 8=C4A=0;�0=0;�B?78=2C4A F>D;3�0;B>�;403�C>�8=2A40B43 C>=DB >= 3868C0;
A42C0;�4G0<8=0C8>= 0=3 2>=BC8?0C8>= � >F4E4A��C74 8=C4A=0;�0=0;�B?78=2C4A 8B�0=�8=E>;D=C0AH��=>C�0
E>;D=C0AH�<DB2;4

E - Voluntary relaxation of the puborectalis muscle

Image

Explanation But

.40:4=8=6�>5�C74 ?D1>A42C0;8B�<DB2;4 8B�0BB>280C43�F8C7�5420;�8=2>=C8=4=24

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Explanation Why

+74 ?D1>A42C0;8B�<DB2;4��?0AC�>5�C74 ;4E0C>A�0=8�<DB2;4 6A>D?��<DBC�14�E>;D=C0A8;H�A4;0G43�C>


5028;8C0C4�345420C8>= �+78B�?0C84=C�<>BC�;8:4;H�70B ?4;E82�3HBBH=4A680��F7827�;403B�C>�8=2A40B43
B?78=2C4A C>=DB 0=3�8=018;8CH�C>�4<?CH�C74 0=0;�20=0; �%>A<0;;H��345420C8>=�8B�4=01;43�1H
B8<D;C0=4>DB�E>;D=C0AH�2>=CA02C8>=�>5�013><8=0;�<DB2;4B�0=3�A4;0G0C8>=�>5�C74 4GC4A=0;�0=0;
B?78=2C4A 0=3 ?D1>A42C0;8B�<DB2;4

F - Voluntary relaxation of the coccygeus muscle

Explanation Why

+74 2>22H64DB�<DB2;4 8B�?0AC�>5�C74 ?4;E82�5;>>A��BD??>ACB�0=3�BC018;8I4B�8=CA0013><8=0;�>A60=B��0=3


?D;;B�C74 2>22HG 5>AF0A3�05C4A�345420C8>= ��420DB4�C78B�<DB2;4�8B�=>C�38A42C;H�8=E>;E43�8=�C74
345420C8>=�?A>24BB��8C�8B�D=;8:4;H�C>�14�C74�20DB4�>5�C78B�?0C84=C�B�8=2A40B43�A42C0; C>=DB 0=3
2>=BC8?0C8>=

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Question # 7

� ���H40A�>;3 <0=�2><4B�C>�C74�?7HB8280=�1420DB4�>5�0 ��<>=C7 78BC>AH�>5 H4;;>F�38B2>;>A0C8>=�>5�C74


B:8= � 4�A4?>ACB�0�;>BB�>5�0??4C8C4 � 4�;8E4B�F8C7�78B�F854�0=3�C7A44�278;3A4=�8=�0�ADA0;�C>F=�F74A4�74
F>A:B�0B�0�B054CH�8=B?42C>A�0C�C74�;>20; =D2;40A�?>F4A�?;0=C � 4�8B�=>C�?7HB820;;H�02C8E4�0=3�78B�384C
2>=B8BCB�<>BC;H�>5�3>=DCB�0=3�7867;H�20;>A82�?A>24BB43�5>>3 � 4�3>4B�=>C�B<>:4�1DC�3A8=:B ��20=B >5
144A�308;H � 4�8B ����2<����5C� C0;;�0=3�F4867B ����:6������;1�� �$!�8B ���:6�<� � 8B�E8C0;�B86=B�0A4
F8C78=�=>A<0;�;8<8CB �'7HB820;�4G0<8=0C8>=�B7>FB 90D=3824 >5�C74�B:8=�0=3 B2;4A0;�82C4ADB �+74A4�8B�0
?0;?01;4� =>=C4=34A�<0BB 14;>F�C74�A867C�2>BC0;�<0A68= *2A0C27�<0A:B 0A4�B44=�>=�C74�4GCA4<8C84B
.7827�>5�C74�5>;;>F8=6�8B�C74�<>BC�;8:4;H�20DB4�>5�C78B�?0C84=C�B�BH<?C><B�

Answer Image

� !=542C8>=

� #8C780B8B

� 4<>;HB8B

� *C40C>B8B

� %4>?;0B80

� �DC>8<<D=4�38B40B4

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Hint

+74�*?A8=6584;3�*7>??4A�A4?>ACB�C70C��D55��34@D0C4�144A�<0H�70E4�144=�2>=C0<8=0C43�F8C7�DA0=8D<�5>A
H40AB

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Correct Answer

A - Infection

Explanation Why

+78B�?0C84=C�B�;>BB�>5�0??4C8C4�0=3 90D=3824 <0H�A4BD;C�5A><�74?0C>18;80AH�8=542C8>=��4 6 ��E8A0;


74?0C8C8B� 02DC4�27>;0=68C8B� 02DC4�27>;42HBC8C8B� 4?0C8C8B 20=�0;B>�20DB4 ?ADA8CDB��0�540CDA4�0;B>�B44=
8=�C78B�?0C84=C � >F4E4A��=>=4�>5�C74B4�8=542C8>=B�F>D;3�4G?;08=�C74�?>B8C8E4 �>DAE>8B84A�B86=
�?0;?01;4��=>=C4=34A 60;;�1;0334A��0=3�?08=;4BB 90D=3824� �)0C74A� 02DC4�27>;42HBC8C8B 20DB4B�0�?>B8C8E4
$DA?7H�B86=� 02DC4�27>;0=68C8B 20DB4B ),( C4=34A=4BB��0=3 74?0C8C8B CH?820;;H�20DB4B�C4=34A
74?0C><460;H ��DAC74A<>A4��C78B�?0C84=C�;02:B�>C74A�540CDA4B�>5�8=542C8>=��8=2;D38=6 54E4A��=0DB40�
E><8C8=6��0=3�013><8=0; ?08=

B - Lithiasis

Explanation Why

�7>;42HBC>;8C780B8B 8B�C74�?A4B4=24�>5 60;;BC>=4B 8=�C74 60;;1;0334A ��;C7>D67�C78B�2>=38C8>=�8B


CH?820;;H�0BH<?C><0C82��B><4�8=38E83D0;B�<0H�?A4B4=C�F8C7�BH<?C><B�>5 18;80AH�2>;82��F7827�0A4
01B4=C�74A4 �7>;43>27>;8C780B8B 8B�270A02C4A8I43�1H�BC>=4B�8=�C74 2><<>=�18;4�3D2C 0=3�20=�<0=854BC
F8C7 90D=3824 0=3 ?ADA8CDB��1>C7�>5�F7827�0A4�B44=�74A4 � >F4E4A� 27>;43>27>;8C780B8B F>D;3�=>C
4G?;08=�C78B�?0C84=C�B�?>B8C8E4 �>DAE>8B84A�B86= �!=�0338C8>=��>C74A�CH?820;�540CDA4B�>5
27>;43>27>;8C780B8B �4 6 � ),( ?08=��=0DB40��E><8C8=6��?0;4�BC>>;��30A: DA8=4��0A4�01B4=C�8=�C78B
?0C84=C

C - Hemolysis

Explanation Why

4<>;HB8B��C74 1A40:3>F=�>5�)��B��8B�C74�20DB4�>5 74<>;HC82�0=4<80��F7827�20=�<0=854BC�F8C7


90D=3824 � >F4E4A� 74<>;HC82�0=4<80 F>D;3�=>C�4G?;08=�C78B�?0C84=C�B�;>BB�>5�0??4C8C4�0=3�?>B8C8E4
�>DAE>8B84A�B86= �?0;?01;4��=>=C4=34A 60;;�1;0334A��0=3�?08=;4BB 90D=3824� �$>A4>E4A��C78B�?0C84=C
;02:B�>C74A 540CDA4B�>5�0=4<80��8=2;D38=6�50C86D4��F40:=4BB��0=3 ?0;;>A

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
D - Steatosis

Explanation Why

4?0C82�BC40C>B8B 20=�>22DA�B42>=30AH�C>�0;2>7>;�DB4��8 4 � 0;2>7>;82�50CCH�;8E4A��>A�1>3H�7018CDB��8 4 �


=>=0;2>7>;82�50CCH�;8E4A���0=3�<0H�20DB4 90D=3824 � >F4E4A��?0C84=CB�F8C7 74?0C82�BC40C>B8B 0A4
64=4A0;;H�0BH<?C><0C82��D=;8:4�C78B�<0=�F7>�?A4B4=CB�F8C7�;>BB�>5�0??4C8C4� ?ADA8CDB��0=3�0�?0;?01;4
60;;�1;0334A

E - Neoplasia

Explanation Why

+78B�?0C84=C�<>BC�;8:4;H�70B =4>?;0B80 >5�C74 60BCA>8=C4BC8=0;�CA02C C70C�70B�A4BD;C43�8=�18;80AH�BHBC4<


>1BCAD2C8>=��0B�4E834=243�1H�78B ?ADA8CDB��;>BB�>5�0??4C8C4��0=3 �>DAE>8B84A�B86= �4=;0A643 60;;1;0334A
0=3�?08=;4BB 90D=3824� �'>BB81;4�4C8>;>684B�8=2;D34 ?0=2A40C82 7403 20A28=><0� 27>;0=68>20A28=><0�
0=3 74?0C>24;;D;0A�20A28=><0 � ��� ��G?>BDA4�C> 8>=8I8=6�A0380C8>= �4 6 ��5A><�F>A:8=6�0C�0�?>F4A
?;0=C��8=2A40B4B�C74�A8B:�>5 <0;86=0=2H 40EH�0;2>7>;�2>=BD<?C8>= 8B�0 A8B:�502C>A 5>A �� 0=3
?0=2A40C82�20=24A��F74A40B >14B8CH 8B�0 A8B:�502C>A 5>A ?0=2A40C82�034=>20A28=><0 ��806=>BC82
4E0;D0C8>=�B7>D;3�8=2;D34 ;8E4A�5D=2C8>=�C4BCB� ?0A0<4C4AB�>5�27>;4BC0B8B��0=3 CD<>A�<0A:4AB �4 6 �
0;?70�54C>?A>C48=� �������� ����

F - Autoimmune disease

Explanation Why

+78B�?0C84=C�70B 90D=3824� B2;4A0;�82C4ADB��0=3 ?ADA8CDB��F7827�<0H�14�8=3820C8E4�>5�0=�0DC>8<<D=4


38B40B4�BD27�0B 0DC>8<<D=4�74?0C8C8B ��! �� ?A8<0AH�18;80AH�27>;0=68C8B �'�����>A ?A8<0AH
B2;4A>B8=6�27>;0=68C8B �'*�� ��;C7>D67��! �0=3 '�� 0A4�<>A4�2><<>=�8=�F><4=� '*� 8B�<>A4
2><<>=�8=�<4= ���?>B8C8E4 �>DAE>8B84A�B86= �?0;?01;4��=>=C4=34A 60;;�1;0334A��0=3�?08=;4BB
90D=3824���7>F4E4A��8B�=>C�2>=B8BC4=C�F8C7�0=�0DC>8<<D=4�2>=38C8>= �$>A4>E4A���! � '����0=3 '*�
CH?820;;H�20DB4�50C86D4�0=3�013><8=0; ?08= �F>ABC�8=�C74 ),(���F7827�0A4�=>C�?A4B4=C�8=�C78B�?0C84=C

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Question # 8

� ���H40A�>;3 F><0=�2><4B�C>�C74�?7HB8280=�5>A 385582D;CH�BF0;;>F8=6�0=3�0�1DA=8=6�B4=B0C8>=�8=�74A


274BC 5>A�C74�?0BC ��H40AB �*74�70B�8=2A40B43�74A�5;D83�2>=BD<?C8>=�C>�74;?�F8C7�BF0;;>F8=6�F74=�40C8=6
*74�A4?>ACB�70E8=6�DB43�1>C7 >E4A�C74�2>D=C4A 0=C0283B�0=3�?0=C>?A0I>;4�5>A ��<>=C7B F8C7>DC�0=H�A4;845
>5�BH<?C><B �*74�DB4B�0�308;H ;>F�3>B4 8=70;43�2>AC82>BC4A>83�0=3�0=�0;1DC4A>;�8=70;4A�0B�=44343�5>A
0;;4A682�0BC7<0 �*74�8B ����2<����5C���8=� C0;;�0=3�F4867B ���:6������;1B���74A��$!�8B ���:6�<� � 4A�E8C0;
B86=B�0A4�F8C78=�=>A<0;�;8<8CB �'7HB820;�4G0<8=0C8>=�B7>FB�=>�01=>A<0;8C84B ��8=38=6B�>5�0=�D??4A
4=3>B2>?H�0A4�B7>F= �.7827�>5�C74�5>;;>F8=6�8B�C74�<>BC�;8:4;H�3806=>B8B�

Answer Image

� �0BCA>4B>?70640;�A45;DG�38B40B4

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Answer Image

� 4A?4B�4B>?7068C8B

� �0=3830�4B>?7068C8B

� �AD6�8=3D243�4B>?7068C8B

� �>B8=>?78;82�4B>?7068C8B

� �HC><460;>E8ADB�4B>?7068C8B

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Hint

+78B�?0C84=C�B D??4A�4=3>B2>?H B7>FB�F78C4��28A2D<54A4=C80; <D2>B0; ;4B8>=B��CA02740;8I0C8>=�>5�C74


4B>?706DB�� <D2>B0 5A068;8CH��0=3�;8=40A��;>=68CD38=0;�5DAA>FB

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Correct Answer

A - Gastroesophageal reflux disease

Image

Explanation Why

+74�?A4B4=24�>5 740AC1DA= 0=3 3HB?70680 A08B4B�BDB?828>=�5>A 60BCA>4B>?70640;�A45;DG�38B40B4


���)�� � >F4E4A��BH<?C><B�>5 ��)� DBD0;;H�8<?A>E4�F8C7 ?A>C>=�?D<?�8=7818C>A �''!��C74A0?H
��)� 2><<>=;H�05542CB�C74 38BC0; 4B>?706DB��F7827�<0H�14�=>A<0;�>A�B7>F�4E834=24�>5
4B>?7068C8B��4=3>B2>?82�4E0;D0C8>=�>5�C74�D??4A 4B>?706DB F8;;�>5C4=�14�=>A<0; �&C74A�4=3>B2>?82
58=38=6B�8=�8=38E83D0;B�F8C7�;>=6BC0=38=6 ��)� <0H�A4E40;�4B>?70640; D;24AB��BCA82CDA4B� �0AA4CC
4B>?706DB��0=3�>A 4B>?70640;�034=>20A28=><0��=>=4�>5�F7827�0A4�?A4B4=C�8=�C78B�?0C84=C

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
B - Herpes esophagitis

Image

Explanation Why

�HB?70680 0=3 740AC1DA= A45A02C>AH�C> ?A>C>=�?D<?�8=7818C>AB <0H�A08B4�BDB?828>=�5>A�74A?4B�� *-�


4B>?7068C8B � >F4E4A� *-�4B>?7068C8B 8B�DBD0;;H�?A4B4=C�8=�8=38E83D0;B�F7>�0A4
8<<D=>2><?A><8B43 �4 6 � �!�*� 8<<D=>BD??A4BB0=C <43820C8>=�DB4� �$>A4>E4A��4=3>B2>?82
4E0;D0C8>=�>5 *-�4B>?7068C8B F>D;3�B7>F�E4B82;4B�0=3�<D;C8?;4�B<0;; BD?4A58280; A>D=3�>E>83
D;24AB 8=�C74�<83 4B>?706DB C70C�<0H�2>0;4B24�C>�5>A<�3855DB4 BD?4A58280; D;24AB��F7827�0A4�=>C�B44=
74A4

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
C - Candida esophagitis

Image

Explanation Why

�HB?70680 0=3 740AC1DA= A45A02C>AH�C> ?A>C>=�?D<?�8=7818C>AB <0H�A08B4�BDB?828>=�5>A 20=3830


4B>?7068C8B � >F4E4A� 20=3830�4B>?7068C8B 8B�CH?820;;H�?A4B4=C�8=�8=38E83D0;B�F7>�0A4
8<<D=>2><?A><8B43 �4 6 � �!�*� 8<<D=>BD??A4BB0=C <43820C8>=�DB4� ��;C7>D67�C78B�?0C84=C�B
8=70;43�2>AC82>BC4A>83 8=2A40B4B�C74�A8B:�>5 >A>?70AH=640;�20=38380B8B��8C�8B�>=;H�A0A4;H�0BB>280C43�F8C7
4B>?70640;�20=38380B8B �$>A4>E4A��4=3>B2>?82�4E0;D0C8>=�>5 20=3830�4B>?7068C8B F>D;3�A4E40;�F78C4
<D2>B0; ?;0@D4�;8:4�;4B8>=B��F7827�0A4�=>C�B44=�74A4

D - Drug-induced esophagitis

Explanation Why

+74�?A4B4=24�>5 3HB?70680 0=3 740AC1DA= A45A02C>AH�C> ?A>C>=�?D<?�8=7818C>AB A08B4B�BDB?828>=�5>A

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
3AD6�8=3D243 4B>?7068C8B � >F4E4A��4=3>B2>?82�4E0;D0C8>=�>5�3AD6�8=3D243 4B>?7068C8B F>D;3�A4E40;
0�38B2A4C4�?D=2743�>DC D;24A BDAA>D=343�1H�A4;0C8E4;H�=>A<0; <D2>B0 C70C�<0H�14�<8;3;H�8=5;0<43
$>A4>E4A��2><<>=�20DB4B�>5�3AD6�8=3D243 4B>?7068C8B 8=2;D34 %*�!�B� 18B?7>B?7>=0C4B�
C4CA02H2;8=4B��?>C0BB8D< 27;>A834��0=3 8A>=��=>=4�>5�F7827�C78B�?0C84=C�8B�C0:8=6

E - Eosinophilic esophagitis

Explanation But

�>��8B�<0=0643�8=8C80;;H�1H�0E>830=24�>5�5>>3�CA8664AB��C>?820; 6;D2>2>AC82>83B �4 6 ��'& 5;DC820B>=4


>A�'& 1D34B>=834���0=3�<4270=820;�38;0C8>=�8=�C74�B4CC8=6�>5 4B>?70640;�BCA82CDA4

Explanation Why

�HB?70680 0=3 740AC1DA= A45A02C>AH�C> ?A>C>=�?D<?�8=7818C>AB 8=�0=�8=38E83D0;�F8C7�0�78BC>AH�>5 0C>?H


0A4�8=3820C8E4�>5 4>B8=>?78;82�4B>?7068C8B ��>�� ���3806=>B8B�>5��>��8B�5DAC74A�BD??>AC43�1H�C74
58=38=6B�>=�C78B�?0C84=C�B�4=3>B2>?H��CA02740;8I0C8>=�>5�C74�4B>?706DB��;>=68CD38=0;�5DAA>FB��5A801;4
<D2>B0� �!=38E83D0;B�F8C7��>��<0H�0;B>�?A4B4=C�F8C7�5>>3�8<?02C8>=��A45;DG��0=3�E><8C8=6 ��=
4=3>B2>?82�4B>?70640; 18>?BH F8;;�CH?820;;H�B7>F�0=�4>B8=>?78;82�8=58;CA0C4

F - Cytomegalovirus esophagitis

Explanation Why

�HB?70680 0=3 740AC1DA= A45A02C>AH�C> ?A>C>=�?D<?�8=7818C>AB <0H�A08B4�BDB?828>=�5>A


2HC><460;>E8ADB ��$-� 4B>?7068C8B � >F4E4A� �$-�4B>?7068C8B DBD0;;H�<0=854BCB�8=
8<<D=>2><?A><8B43 8=38E83D0;B��4 6 � �!�*� 8<<D=>BD??A4BB0=C <43820C8>=�DB4� �$>A4>E4A�
4=3>B2>?82�4E0;D0C8>=�>5 �$-�4B>?7068C8B F>D;3�B7>F�;0A64�;8=40A�D;24A0C8>=B�8=�C74 38BC0;
4B>?706DB C70C�0A4�CH?820;;H�B70;;>F��F7827�0A4�=>C�B44=�74A4

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Question # 9

� ���H40A�>;3 <0=�F8C7��A>7=�38B40B4�8B�03<8CC43�C>�C74�7>B?8C0;�C>�D=34A6>�8=C4BC8=0;�A4B42C8>=
$82A>B2>?82�4G0<8=0C8>=�>5�0 2A>BB�B42C8>=0; <82A>C><4�B;824�>5�0�A4B42C43�8=C4BC8=0;�B46<4=C�B7>FB
B@D0<>DB�<4B>C74;80;�24;;B�BDAA>D=38=6�C74�4=C8A4�B;824 �+74�<82A>C><4�B;824�F0B�<>BC�;8:4;H�>1C08=43
5A><�F7827�>5�C74�5>;;>F8=6�?0ACB�>5�C74�8=C4BC8=4�

Answer Image

'A>G8<0;

A42CD<

�B24=38=6

2>;>=

+A0=BE4AB4

2>;>=

+78A3�?0AC
� >5�C74
3D>34=D<

*42>=3
� ?0AC�>5�C74
3D>34=D<

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Hint

+74�B4A>B0�;0H4A�>5�C74�8=C4BC8=4�8B�2><?>B43�>5�B@D0<>DB <4B>C74;80; 24;;B )4CA>?4A8C>=40;�>A60=B 0A4


=>C�2><?;4C4;H�2>E4A43�1H�B4A>B0

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Correct Answer

A - Proximal rectum

Explanation Why

+74 ?A>G8<0; A42CD< 8B�0 A4CA>?4A8C>=40;�>A60= ��;C7>D67�8CB 0=C4A8>A BDA5024�8B�2>E4A43�1H�B4A>B0


�?0A84C0;�?4A8C>=4D<���8CB ?>BC4A8>A BDA5024�8B�2>E4A43�1H�03E4=C8C80��F7827�8B�2><?>B43�>5�581A>DB
2>==42C8E4�C8BBD4 A0C74A�C70=�B@D0<>DB <4B>C74;80; 24;;B

B - Ascending colon

Explanation Why

+74 0B24=38=6�2>;>= 8B�0 A4CA>?4A8C>=40;�>A60= ��;C7>D67�8CB 0=C4A8>A BDA5024�8B�2>E4A43�1H�B4A>B0


�?0A84C0;�?4A8C>=4D<���8CB ?>BC4A8>A BDA5024�8B�2>E4A43�1H�03E4=C8C80��F7827�8B�2><?>B43�>5�581A>DB
2>==42C8E4�C8BBD4 A0C74A�C70=�B@D0<>DB <4B>C74;80; 24;;B

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
C - Transverse colon

Image

Explanation Why

+74 CA0=BE4AB4�2>;>= 8B�0= 8=CA0?4A8C>=40;�>A60=��F7827�1H�3458=8C8>=�8B�2><?;4C4;H�2>E4A43�1H


E8B24A0;�?4A8C>=4D< -8B24A0;�?4A8C>=4D< 5>A<B�C74�B4A>B0�;0H4A�>5�C74 8=CA0?4A8C>=40;�>A60=B �&C74A
8=CA0?4A8C>=40; BCAD2CDA4B�8=2;D34�C74 BC><027���BC ?0AC�>5�C74 3D>34=D<� 949D=D<� 8;4D<� 242D<�
B86<>83�2>;>=� ;8E4A� 60;;�1;0334A� B?;44=��0=3�C08;�>5�C74 ?0=2A40B

D - Third part of the duodenum

Explanation Why

+74��A3 ?0AC�>5�C74 3D>34=D< 8B�0 A4CA>?4A8C>=40;�>A60= ��;C7>D67�8CB 0=C4A8>A BDA5024�8B�2>E4A43�1H


B4A>B0��?0A84C0;�?4A8C>=4D<���8CB ?>BC4A8>A BDA5024�8B�2>E4A43�1H�03E4=C8C80��F7827�8B�2><?>B43�>5

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
581A>DB 2>==42C8E4�C8BBD4 A0C74A�C70=�B@D0<>DB <4B>C74;80; 24;;B

E - Second part of the duodenum

Explanation Why

+74��=3 ?0AC�>5�C74 3D>34=D< 8B�0 A4CA>?4A8C>=40;�>A60= ��;C7>D67�8CB 0=C4A8>A BDA5024�8B�2>E4A43�1H


B4A>B0��?0A84C0;�?4A8C>=4D<���8CB ?>BC4A8>A BDA5024�8B�2>E4A43�1H�03E4=C8C80��F7827�8B�2><?>B43�>5
581A>DB 2>==42C8E4�C8BBD4 A0C74A�C70=�B@D0<>DB <4B>C74;80; 24;;B

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Question # 10

� ���H40A�>;3 F><0=�F8C7�<4C01>;82�BH=3A><4�2><4B�C>�C74�?7HB8280=�5>A�0 ��F44: 78BC>AH�>5


8=C4A<8CC4=C�380AA740��013><8=0;�38BC4=C8>=��0=3�5;0CD;4=24 �+F>�F44:B�06>��B74�F0B�?A4B2A8143�0
<43820C8>=�5>A�F4867C�;>BB �*74�8B ����2<����5C���8=� C0;;�0=3�F4867B ����:6������;1����$!�8B ���:6�<�
�420;�0=0;HB8B�B7>FB�8=2A40B43�CA86;H24A834�2>=24=CA0C8>= .7827�>5�C74�5>;;>F8=6�<43820C8>=B�F0B�<>BC
;8:4;H�?A4B2A8143�C>�C78B�?0C84=C�

Answer Image

� *4E4;0<4A

� �I4C8<814

� $86;8C>;

� &A;8BC0C

� �>;4B4E4;0<

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Hint

+78B�?0C84=C�F0B�<>BC�;8:4;H�?A4B2A8143�0 ;8?0B4 8=7818C>A��F7827�342A40B4B�C74�1A40:3>F=�>5�384C0AH


CA86;H24A834B C> 50CCH�0283B

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Correct Answer

A - Sevelamer

Explanation Why

*4E4;0<4A 20=�20DB4 >B<>C82�380AA740 0=3�013><8=0;�38B2><5>AC �+78B�3AD6�18=3B�C> ?7>B?70C4 8=


C74�8=C4BC8=0;�;D<4=��F7827�342A40B4B ?7>B?70C4 01B>A?C8>= � >F4E4A��1420DB4�8C�3>4B�=>C�05542C
;8?0B4 02C8E8CH��5420; CA86;H24A834 4G2A4C8>=�8B�=>C�8=2A40B43�8=�?0C84=CB�F7>�C0:4 B4E4;0<4A �$>A4>E4A�
B4E4;0<4A 8B�=>C�DB43�5>A�F4867C�;>BB��8C�8B�DB43�C>�CA40C 7H?4A?7>B?70C4<80

B - Ezetimibe

Explanation Why

�I4C8<814 20=�20DB4 380AA740 0=3�013><8=0;�38B2><5>AC �+78B�3AD6�8=7818CB 27>;4BC4A>; A401B>A?C8>=


0C�C74�1ADB7�1>A34A�>5 4=C4A>2HC4B��F7827�;403B�C>�8=2A40B43�5420; 27>;4BC4A>; 4G2A4C8>= � >F4E4A�
1420DB4�8C�3>4B�=>C�05542C ;8?0B4 02C8E8CH��5420; CA86;H24A834 4G2A4C8>=�8B�=>C�8=2A40B43�8=�?0C84=CB�F7>
C0:4 4I4C8<814 �$>A4>E4A� 4I4C8<814 8B�=>C�DB43�5>A�F4867C�;>BB��8C�8B�0�B42>=3�;8=4�;8?83�;>F4A8=6
064=C

C - Miglitol

Explanation Why

$86;8C>; 20=�20DB4 >B<>C82�380AA740 0=3�013><8=0;�38B2><5>AC �+78B�3AD6�8=7818CB L�6;D2>B830B4�


F7827�;403B�C>�342A40B43�8=C4BC8=0;�01B>A?C8>=�>5 <>=>B02270A834B �4 6 ��6;D2>B4��0=3�8=2A40B43
4G2A4C8>=�>5�>;86>B02270A834B�0=3 38B02270A834B � >F4E4A��1420DB4�8C�3>4B�=>C�05542C ;8?0B4 02C8E8CH�
5420; CA86;H24A834 4G2A4C8>=�8B�=>C�8=2A40B43�8=�?0C84=CB�F7>�C0:4 <86;8C>; �$>A4>E4A� <86;8C>; 8B�=>C
DB43�5>A�F4867C�;>BB��8C�8B�DB43�C>�342A40B4 ?>BC?A0=380; 7H?4A6;H24<80

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
D - Orlistat

Explanation Why

&A;8BC0C 8B�0�60BCA82�0=3 ?0=2A40C82�;8?0B4 8=7818C>A�C70C�?A4E4=CB�2><?;4C4�7H3A>;HI0C8>=�>5�384C0AH


CA86;H24A834B 8=C>�<>=>6;H24A834B�0=3 50CCH�0283B ��B�0�A4BD;C� CA86;H24A834B 0A4�=>C�01B>A143�8=�C74
60BCA>8=C4BC8=0;�CA02C��F7827�;403B�C>�8=2A40B43�5420; CA86;H24A834 4G2A4C8>=�0=3�F4867C�;>BB ��><<>=
03E4AB4�45542CB�8=2;D34 380AA740��013><8=0;�38BC4=C8>=��0=3�5;0CD;4=24��0B�B44=�8=�C78B�?0C84=C

E - Colesevelam

Explanation Why

�>;4B4E4;0< 20=�20DB4�60BCA>8=C4BC8=0;�BH<?C><B�1DC�20DB4B 2>=BC8?0C8>= <>A4�2><<>=;H�C70=


380AA740 �+78B�3AD6�18=3B�C> 18;4�0283B 8=�C74�8=C4BC8=4�0=3�5>A<B�0=�8=B>;D1;4�2><?;4G�C70C�8B�C74=
4G2A4C43�8=�5424B ��420DB4�8C�3>4B�=>C�05542C ;8?0B4 02C8E8CH��5420; CA86;H24A834 4G2A4C8>=�8B�=>C
8=2A40B43�8=�?0C84=CB�F7>�C0:4 2>;4B4E4;0< �$>A4>E4A� 2>;4B4E4;0< 8B�=>C�DB43�5>A�F4867C�;>BB��8C�8B�0
B42>=3�;8=4�;8?83�;>F4A8=6�064=C

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Question # 11

�DA8=6�0=�4G?4A8<4=C0;�BCD3H�>=�C74�<D2>B0�>5�C74�60BCA>8=C4BC8=0;�CA02C��0=�8=E4BC860C>A�58=3B�C70C E060;
BC8<D;0C8>= A46D;0C4B�C74�02C8E8CH�>5�0�24;;�CH?4�C70C�8B <08=;H�5>D=3�8=�C74�5D=3DB�0=3�1>3H�>5�C74
BC><027 ���?7>C><82A>6A0?7�>5�0�=>A<0;�60BCA82�<D2>B0�8B�B7>F=��C74�24;;�CH?4�D=34A�8=E4BC860C8>=�8B
8=3820C43�1H�C74�0AA>F �*C8<D;0C8>=�>5�C74�;014;43�24;;�8B�<>BC�;8:4;H�C>�20DB4�8=2A40B43�B42A4C8>=�>5
F7827�>5�C74�5>;;>F8=6�BD1BC0=24B�

Answer Image

� �820A1>=0C4

� �0BCA8=

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Answer Image

� !=CA8=B82�502C>A

� *><0C>BC0C8=

� 8BC0<8=4

� '4?B8=>64=

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Hint

+74�?7>C><82A>6A0?7�B7>FB�0�;0A64�4>B8=>?78;82�24;;�F8C7�0�28A2D;0A =D2;4DB �5A843�466�0??40A0=24��


F7827�8B�270A02C4A8BC82�>5 ?0A84C0;�24;;B �+74B4�24;;B�0A4�CH?820;;H�;>20C43�8=�C74�<833;4�>5�C74�60BCA82
6;0=3B

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Correct Answer

A - Bicarbonate

Explanation Why

�820A1>=0C4 8B�B42A4C43�1H <D2>B0; 24;;B��F7827�20=�14�;>20C43�8=�C74�1>3H�0=3 5D=3DB�>5�C74


BC><027 � >F4E4A��C748A�02C8E8CH�8B�A46D;0C43�1H B42A4C8= A0C74A�C70= E060; BC8<D;0C8>= �$>A4>E4A��C74
;014;43�24;;�8B�=>C�0 <D2>B0; 24;;��F7827�8B�;>20C43�0C�C74�BDA5024�>5�C74�6;0=3�0=3�DBD0;;H�70B�0
2;40A4A 2HC>?;0B<

B - Gastrin

Explanation Why

�0BCA8= 8B�B42A4C43�1H ��24;;B��F7>B4�02C8E8CH�8B�BC8<D;0C43�1H E060; BC8<D;0C8>= � >F4E4A��C74B4�24;;B


0A4�CH?820;;H�;>20C43�8=�C74 0=CAD< >5�C74 BC><027 A0C74A�C70=�C74�1>3H�0=3�5D=3DB �$>A4>E4A��C74
;014;43�24;;�8B�=>C�0 ��24;;��F7827�CH?820;;H�70B�0�2;40A4A 2HC>?;0B<

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
C - Intrinsic factor

Image

Explanation But

�DC>8<<D=4�34BCAD2C8>=�>5 ?0A84C0;�24;;B ;403B�C> ?4A=828>DB�0=4<80 0=3�27A>=82 60BCA8C8B

Explanation Why

'0A84C0;�24;;B 0A4�A4B?>=B81;4�5>A�C74�B42A4C8>=�>5 8=CA8=B82�502C>A��F7827�5028;8C0C4B E8C0<8=����


CA0=B?>AC0C8>=�0=3�01B>A?C8>=�8=�C74�C4A<8=0; 8;4D< '0A84C0;�24;;B 0;B>�B42A4C4 �;��F7827�<08=C08=B
C74�028382�4=E8A>=<4=C�>5�C74 BC><027 =424BB0AH�5>A�3864BC8>= �!=�0338C8>=��C74B4�24;;B�?;0H�0=
8<?>AC0=C�A>;4�8=�C74 7><4>BC0B8B >5�60BCA82 <D2>B0 1H�B42A4C8=6�<D;C8?;4�6A>FC7�502C>AB �+74
02C8E8CH�>5 ?0A84C0;�24;;B 8B�BC8<D;0C43�1H 024CH;27>;8=4 �E80 E060; BC8<D;0C8>=�� 78BC0<8=4��0=3 60BCA8=�
0=3�8B�8=7818C43�1H B><0C>BC0C8=� B42A4C8=� ?A>BC06;0=38=B� ��"��0=3 �!'

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
D - Somatostatin

Explanation Why

*><0C>BC0C8= 8B�B42A4C43�1H ��24;;B��F7>B4�02C8E8CH�8B�8=7818C43�1H E060; BC8<D;0C8>= � >F4E4A��C74B4


24;;B�0A4�<08=;H�;>20C43�8=�C74 0=CAD< 0=3 ?H;>ADB >5�C74 BC><027 A0C74A�C70=�C74�5D=3DB�0=3�1>3H
$>A4>E4A��C74�;014;43�24;;�8B�=>C�0 ��24;;��F7827�CH?820;;H�70B�2;40A 2HC>?;0B<

E - Histamine

Explanation Why

8BC0<8=4 8B�B42A4C43�1H 4=C4A>27A><0558=�;8:4 24;;B��F7827�0A4�<08=;H�;>20C43�8=�C74�5D=3DB�0=3


1>3H�>5�C74�BC><027 � >F4E4A��C748A�02C8E8CH�8B�A46D;0C43�1H 60BCA8= A0C74A�C70=�38A42C;H�C7A>D67 E060;
BC8<D;0C8>=��E060; BC8<D;0C8>=�3>4B�05542C 60BCA8= A4;40B4�C7>D67� �$>A4>E4A��C74�;014;43�24;;�8B�=>C�0=
4=C4A>27A><0558=�;8:4 24;;��F7827�8B�DBD0;;H�B<0;;4A��;>20C43�8=�C74�344?4A�?0ACB�>5�C74�6;0=3��0=3�70B
0�2;40A4A 2HC>?;0B<

F - Pepsinogen

Explanation Why

'4?B8=>64= 8B�B42A4C43�1H 27845�24;;B��F7827�0A4�<08=;H�;>20C43�8=�C74�5D=3DB�0=3 1>3H�>5�C74


BC><027 0=3�F7>B4�02C8E8CH�8B�A46D;0C43�1H E060; BC8<D;0C8>= � >F4E4A��C74�;014;43�24;;�8B�=>C�0 27845
24;;��F7827�8B�;>20C43�0C�C74�10B4�>5�C74�6;0=3��70B�0�6A0=D;0A 10B>?78;82 2HC>?;0B< 3D4�C> ?4?B8=>64=
6A0=D;4B��0=3�8B�CH?820;;H�?HA0<83�B70?43

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Question # 12

� ���H40A�>;3 F><0=�2><4B�C>�C74�4<4A64=2H�34?0AC<4=C�1420DB4�>5�A42DAA4=C�4?8B>34B�>5�50C86D4�
=0DB40��?0;?8C0C8>=B��0=3�380?7>A4B8B�5>A�C74�?0BC ��<>=C7B � 4A�BH<?C><B�DBD0;;H�8<?A>E4�05C4A
3A8=:8=6�9D824�1DC�3DA8=6�C74�?0BC�F44:��B74�70B�0;B>�144=�70E8=6�BH<?C><B�0??A>G8<0C4;H ��7>DAB 05C4A
<40;B �*74�70B�=>�78BC>AH�>5�B4A8>DB�8;;=4BB�0=3�C0:4B�=>�<43820C8>= ��13><8=0;�4G0<8=0C8>=�B7>FB�=>
01=>A<0;8C84B � 4A�50BC8=6�B4AD<�6;D2>B4�2>=24=CA0C8>=�8B ���<6�3#��1>C7�B4AD<�8=BD;8=�2>=24=CA0C8>=
0=3�B4AD< ��?4?C834 2>=24=CA0C8>=B�0A4�8=2A40B43 �� 2>=CA0BC�4=70=243 �+�B20=�>5�C74�013><4=�B7>FB
0 ��2<� F4;;�34<0A20C43 ;4B8>=�8=�C74�?0=2A40C82�C08; �+74�?0C84=C�8B�B2743D;43�C>�D=34A6>�;0?0A>B2>?82
CD<>A�A4B42C8>= �.7827�>5�C74�5>;;>F8=6�0AC4A84B�8B�0C�6A40C4BC�A8B:�5>A�8=9DAH�3DA8=6�C74�?A>243DA4�

Answer Image

� �><<>=�74?0C82

� *?;4=82

� #45C�60BCA82

� !=54A8>A�?0=2A40C82>3D>34=0;

� !=54A8>A�<4B4=C4A82

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Hint

+78B�8B�0 C>ACD>DB 0AC4AH C70C�0A8B4B�5A><�C74 24;802�CAD=: 0=3�1A0=274B�>55�C74 6A40C4A�2DAE0CDA4�>5�C74


BC><027 �B7>AC�60BCA82�0AC4AH� ;45C�60BCA>4?8?;>82�0AC4AH��0=3 ?0=2A40B �6A40C4A�?0=2A40C82�0AC4AH� 3>AB0;
?0=2A40C82�0AC4AH�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Correct Answer

A - Common hepatic

Explanation Why

+74 2><<>=�74?0C82�0AC4AH 1A0=274B�>55�C74 24;802�CAD=: 0=3�;84B�8=�2;>B4�?A>G8<8CH�C>�C74 58ABC�?0AC


>5�C74�3D>34=D< 0=3�C74�BD?4A8>A�1>A34A�>5�C74 ?0=2A40C82 7403 �+78B 2><<>=�74?0C82�0AC4AH 8B�
C74A45>A4��0C�A8B:�5>A�8=9DAH�3DA8=6�A4B42C8>=�>5�C74�7403�>5�C74 ?0=2A40B >A 3D>34=D< �4 6 � .78??;4
?A>243DA4��1DC�8B�D=;8:4;H�C>�14�8=9DA43�3DA8=6�A4B42C8>=�>5�C74�C08;�>5�C74 ?0=2A40B �38BC0;
?0=2A40C42C><H���F7827�F>D;3�14�?4A5>A<43�8=�C78B�?0C84=C

B - Splenic

Image

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Explanation Why

+74 B?;4=82�0AC4AH AD=B�C>�C74�78;D<�>5�C74 B?;44= C7A>D67�C74 B?;4=>A4=0;�;860<4=C��F7827�0;B>


2>=C08=B�C74 B?;4=82�E48= 0=3�C74�C08;�>5�C74 ?0=2A40B �C74�>=;H 8=CA0?4A8C>=40; ?0AC�>5�C74 ?0=2A40B�
+78B�?0C84=C�B�;>F 50BC8=6 6;D2>B4�;4E4;B��8=2A40B43�B4AD<�2>=24=CA0C8>=�>5 ��?4?C834 0=3 8=BD;8=
;4E4;B��0=3�0�<0BB�8=�C74 ?0=2A40C82 C08;�>=�8<068=6�BD664BCB�0= 8=BD;8=><0��0 =4DA>4=3>2A8=4�CD<>A
C70C�<>BC�2><<>=;H�0A8B4�5A>< ?0=2A40C82�M�24;;B �.74=�A4B42C8=6�0= 8=BD;8=><0 8=�C74�C08;�>5�C74
?0=2A40B �38BC0;�?0=2A40C42C><H���C74 BDA64>= F8;;�38BB42C�C74 B?;4=>A4=0;�;860<4=C 0=3�?>BB81;H�C74
B?;44= �1420DB4�>5�C74�7867�A8B:�>5�B?;4=82 <4C0BC0B8B 8=�C74�20B4�>5 =4DA>4=3>2A8=4�CD<>AB�
+74A45>A4��C74 B?;4=82�0AC4AH 0=3 E48= 0A4�0C�6A40C4BC�A8B:�>5�148=6�30<0643�3DA8=6�C78B�?A>243DA4

C - Left gastric

Explanation Why

+74 ;45C�60BCA82�0AC4AH 1A0=274B�>55�C74 24;802�CAD=:��AD=B�D?F0A3�F8C78=�C74 60BCA>74?0C82�;860<4=C�


0=3 0=0BC><>B4B F8C7�C74 A867C�60BCA82�0AC4AH 0;>=6�C74 ;4BB4A�2DAE0CDA4�>5�C74�BC><027 �+74 ;45C
60BCA82�0AC4AH 20=�14�8=9DA43�3DA8=6 60BCA>74?0C82�;860<4=C 38BB42C8>=��F7827�8B�?4A5>A<43�C>�608=
0224BB�C>�C74 BD?4A8>A�A424BB�>5�C74�;4BB4A�B02 �+74 ?0=2A40B 8B�?A4B4=C�8=�C74 ;4BB4A�B02�B�8=54A8>A
A424BB��F7827�8B�0224BB43�1H�0= 8=28B8>= 8=�C74 60BCA>2>;82�;860<4=C A0C74A�C70=�C74 60BCA>74?0C82
;860<4=C �+74 ;45C�60BCA82�0AC4AH 8B��C74A45>A4��D=;8:4;H�C>�14�8=9DA43�3DA8=6�C78B�?0C84=C�B�?A>243DA4

D - Inferior pancreaticoduodenal

Explanation Why

+74 8=54A8>A�?0=2A40C82>3D>34=0;�0AC4AH 1A0=274B�>55�C74 BD?4A8>A�<4B4=C4A82�0AC4AH 0=3�;84B�8=�2;>B4


?A>G8<8CH�C>�C74�D=28=0C4�?A>24BB��7403�>5�C74 ?0=2A40B��0B�F4;;�0B�C74 C78A3�?0AC�>5�C74�3D>34=D<
+74 8=54A8>A�?0=2A40C82>3D>34=0;�0AC4AH 8B��C74A45>A4��0C�A8B:�5>A�8=9DAH�3DA8=6�A4B42C8>=�>5�C74
D=28=0C4�?A>24BB��7403�>5�C74 ?0=2A40B��>A 3D>34=D< �4 6 � .78??;4�?A>243DA4��1DC�8B�D=;8:4;H�C>�64C
30<0643�3DA8=6�A4B42C8>=�>5�C74�C08;�>5�C74 ?0=2A40B �38BC0;�?0=2A40C42C><H���F7827�F>D;3�14
?4A5>A<43�8=�C78B�?0C84=C

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
E - Inferior mesenteric

Explanation Why

+74 8=54A8>A�<4B4=C4A82�0AC4AH 1A0=274B�>55�C74 013><8=0;�0>AC0 0C�C74�;4E4;�>5�C74�#� E4AC41A0��F78;4


C74�C08;�>5�C74 ?0=2A40B 8B�;>20C43�5DAC74A�0F0H�0C�C74�;4E4;�>5�C74�+�� E4AC41A0 �+74A45>A4��C74 8=54A8>A
<4B4=C4A82�0AC4AH 8B�D=;8:4;H�C>�64C�30<0643�3DA8=6�A4B42C8>=�>5�C74�C08;�>5�C74 ?0=2A40B

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Question # 13

+F>�30HB�05C4A�34;8E4AH��0 �����6 ����;1��<0;4�=4F1>A=�34E4;>?B�?>>A�54438=6�0=3�8AA8C018;8CH � 4�F0B


1>A=�0C ���F44:B� 64BC0C8>= ��4;8E4AH�F0B�2><?;820C43�1H�0�?A>;>=643�B42>=3�BC064�>5�;01>A�0=3�E02DD<
4GCA02C8>=�F0B�?4A5>A<43 � 4�0??40AB�;4C70A682 �'7HB820;�4G0<8=0C8>=�B7>FB�H4;;>F�38B2>;>A0C8>=�>5�C74
B:8=�0=3�<D2>DB�<4<1A0=4B �+74A4�8B�0�BF4;;8=6�8=�C74�>228?8C0;�A468>= � 8B�C>C0;�B4AD<�18;8AD18=
2>=24=CA0C8>=�8B �� ��<6�3# �+74�=4F1>A=�8B�?;0243�8=�0=�8=2D10C>A�F8C7�0 =>=�,-� 1;D4�6A44= ;867C
+F>�30HB�;0C4A��78B�C>C0;�B4AD<�18;8AD18=�2>=24=CA0C8>=�8B�F8C78=�C74�A454A4=24�A0=64 �.7827�>5�C74
5>;;>F8=6�?A>24BB4B�14BC�4G?;08=B�C74�342A40B4�>5�C78B�=4F1>A=�B�C>C0;�18;8AD18=�2>=24=CA0C8>=�

Answer Image

&G830C8>=�>5�2>=9D60C43�18;8AD18=

<>;42D;4B

)43D2C8>=�>5�2>=9D60C43�18;8AD18=

<>;42D;4B

!B><4A8I0C8>=�>5�D=2>=9D60C43

18;8AD18=�<>;42D;4B

'7>C>;HB8B�>5�2>=9D60C43�18;8AD18=

<>;42D;4B

�;D2DA>=830C8>=�>5�D=2>=9D60C43

18;8AD18=�<>;42D;4B

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Hint

+78B�?0C84=C�34E4;>?43 =4>=0C0;�90D=3824 <>BC�;8:4;H�0B�0�A4BD;C�>5�0 24?70;>74<0C><0 0=3�F0B


BD1B4@D4=C;H�CA40C43�BD224BB5D;;H�F8C7 ?7>C>C74A0?H

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Correct Answer

A - Oxidation of conjugated bilirubin molecules

Explanation Why

&G830C8>=�>5 18;8AD18= <>;42D;4B�;403B�C>�C74�5>A<0C8>=�>5�?7>C>>G830C8>=�?A>3D2CB�C70C�20=�14


4G2A4C43�8=�C74 DA8=4 0=3�8B�>=4�>5�C74�<4270=8B<B�1H�F7827 ?7>C>C74A0?H 8=2A40B4B 18;8AD18=
4;8<8=0C8>= � >F4E4A��C78B�?A>24BB�8B�B;>F�0=3�2>=CA81DC4B�<8=8<0;;H�C>�C74�45542C�>5 ?7>C>C74A0?H
$>A4>E4A��?7>C>>G830C8>=�8=3D243�1H ?7>C>C74A0?H 8B�0�?A>24BB�C70C�>22DAB�F8C7�D=2>=9D60C43�A0C74A
C70= 2>=9D60C43�18;8AD18=

B - Reduction of conjugated bilirubin molecules

Image

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Explanation Why

+74�A43D2C8>=�>5 2>=9D60C43�18;8AD18= <>;42D;4B�1H�102C4A80�C>�BC4A2>18;8=>64=�0=3 DA>18;8=>64=


>22DAB�8=�C74 �!�CA02C A0C74A�C70=�C74 B:8=��F74A4 ?7>C>C74A0?H 4G4ACB�8CB�45542CB

C - Isomerization of unconjugated bilirubin molecules

Explanation But

'7>C>8B><4A8I0C8>=�8B�0;B>�C74�<4270=8B<�5>A�C74�2>=E4AB8>=�>5�2DC0=4>DB ��347H3A>27>;4BC4A>; 1H
,-� ;867C�����K����=<��C> 27>;420;2854A>; �E8C0<8=����

Explanation Why

!=�C74�CH?4�>5 ?7>C>C74A0?H DB43�C>�CA40C =4>=0C0;�90D=3824�����K����=<�;867C�8B�DC8;8I43�C>�2>=E4AC


D=2>=9D60C43��F0C4A�8=B>;D1;4 18;8AD18= ��/���/�18;8AD18=��8=�C74 B:8= C>�F0C4A�B>;D1;4 8B><4AB �4 6 �
/�;D<8AD18=� �/�����18;8AD18=���F7827�20=�14�4;8<8=0C43�8= DA8=4 0=3�>A 18;4 F8C7>DC�148=6
2>=9D60C43�1H�C74�;8E4A �'7>C>8B><4A8I0C8>=�8B�C74�?A8<0AH�<4270=8B<�5>A�C74�4;8<8=0C8>=�>5
D=2>=9D60C43�18;8AD18= 3DA8=6 ?7>C>C74A0?H '7>C>C74A0?H 8B�8=3820C43�5>A =4F1>A=B F8C7�B4E4A4
D=2>=9D60C43�18;8AD18=4<80�1420DB4 D=2>=9D60C43�18;8AD18= 8B ;8?>?78;82 0=3�20=�2A>BB�C74�8<<0CDA4
1;>>3�1A08= 10AA84A�>5 =4F1>A=B��;4038=6�C> :4A=82C4ADB %4F1>A=B D=34A6>8=6 ?7>C>C74A0?H <DBC
A4248E4 4H4 ?A>C42C8>=�C>�?A4E4=C�A4C8=0;�3464=4A0C8>=�5A><�1A867C�;867C��0=3�034@D0C4�5;D83
BD??;4<4=C0C8>=�C>�?A4E4=C 347H3A0C8>=

D - Photolysis of conjugated bilirubin molecules

Explanation Why

'7>C>;HB8B��?7>C>342><?>B8C8>=��8B�C74�1A40:3>F=�>5�0�<>;42D;4�1H�;867C �!C�8B�?0AC80;;H�A4B?>=B81;4
5>A�C74�45542C8E4=4BB�>5 A038>C74A0?H 0=3�24AC08=�?7>C>C74A0?84B��BD27�0B ,-��C74A0?H 0=3 ',-�
C74A0?H �+74�CH?4�>5 ?7>C>C74A0?H DB43�C>�CA40C =4>=0C0;�90D=3824 3>4B�=>C�DB4�,-�;867C�0=3�3>4B�=>C
1A40:�3>F= 18;8AD18= <>;42D;4B��8=BC403��8C�CA0=B5>A<B�C74B4�<>;42D;4B�8=C>�<>A4�F0C4A�B>;D1;4
?A>3D2CB

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
E - Glucuronidation of unconjugated bilirubin molecules

Explanation Why

�;D2DA>=830C8>= >5�D=2>=9D60C43�C> 2>=9D60C43�18;8AD18= 1H�74?0C82 ,�'�6;D2DA>=>BH;CA0=B54A0B4


�,�'��+��8B�C74�?7HB8>;>6820;�?A>24BB�C70C�0;;>FB�5>A�C74�?A>C48=�<4380C43�CA0=B?>AC�>5 18;8AD18=
02A>BB�C74�0?820; 74?0C>2HC4 <4<1A0=4�8=C> 18;4�20=0;82D;8 5>A�4G2A4C8>= �!= =4F1>A=B� ,�'��+
02C8E8CH�8B�;>F�0=3�3>4B�=>C�2>=CA81DC4�B86=85820=C;H�C>�C74�4;8<8=0C8>=�>5 18;8AD18= '7>C>C74A0?H 8B
A4@D8A43�C>�<8C860C4�;>F ,�'��+ 02C8E8CH��0B�B44=�74A4��1DC�8C�3>4B�8=3D24 6;D2DA>=830C8>=

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Question # 14

�=�8=E4BC860C>A�8B�BCD3H8=6�C74�45542C�>5�0�=4F�3AD6�>=�60BCA82�<D2>B0�24;;B �*74�58=3B�C70C�D=34A
?7HB8>;>682�2>=38C8>=B��C74�=4F�3AD6�02CB�0B�0�2><?4C8C8E4 0=C06>=8BC�>5�0 ��?A>C48= 2>D?;43�A424?C>A
C70C�8B�;>20C43�>=�C74�24;;�<4<1A0=4�>5�?0A84C0;�24;;B �2C8E0C8>=�>5�C78B�CH?4�>5�A424?C>A�8=2A40B4B�C74
8=CA024;;D;0A�2>=24=CA0C8>=�>5�2H2;82�034=>B8=4�<>=>?7>B?70C4 �+74�<4270=8B<�>5�02C8>=�>5�C74�=4F
3AD6�8B�<>BC�B8<8;0A�C>�C70C�>5�F7827�>5�C74�5>;;>F8=6�

Answer Image

� �CA>?8=4

� &2CA4>C834

� $8B>?A>BC>;

� �8<4C838=4

� �4G;0=B>?A0I>;4

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Hint

�2C8E0C8>=�>5�C74 �B ��?A>C48= 2>D?;43�A424?C>A�BD1CH?4�20DB4B�0=�8=2A40B4�8= 2H2;82�034=>B8=4


<>=>?7>B?70C4

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Correct Answer

A - Atropine

Explanation Why

�CA>?8=4 8B�0= 0=C06>=8BC >5 <DB20A8=82�A424?C>AB 8=2;D38=6�C74 $� <DB20A8=82�8B>5>A<��F7827�0A4


0;B>�;>20C43�>= ?0A84C0;�24;;B 0=3�0A4�0�CH?4�>5 ��?A>C48=�2>D?;43�A424?C>A���'�)� � >F4E4A� $�
A424?C>AB 0A4 �@�2>D?;43 A424?C>AB ��2C8E0C8>=�>5�C78B�A424?C>A�8=2A40B4B ?7>B?7>;8?0B4�� 02C8E8CH�
F7827��8=�CDA=��8=2A40B4B�8=CA024;;D;0A 8=>B8C>;�CA8?7>B?70C4 0=3 3802H;6;H24A>; ?A>3D2C8>=�0=3
BD1B4@D4=C;H�8=2A40B4B�20;28D<�2>=24=CA0C8>=�8=�C74�24;;�0=3�?A>C48= ?7>B?7>AH;0C8>= E80 ?A>C48=
:8=0B4�� ���270=64�8=�C74�8=CA024;;D;0A�2>=24=CA0C8>=�>5 2H2;82�034=>B8=4�<>=>?7>B?70C4 F>D;3�=>C
>22DA�E80�C78B B86=0;�CA0=B3D2C8>= ?0C7F0H

B - Octreotide

Explanation Why

&2CA4>C834 8B�0= 06>=8BC 0C B><0C>BC0C8= A424?C>AB��F7827�0A4�0;B>�;>20C43�>= ?0A84C0;�24;;B 0=3�0A4 ��


?A>C48= 2>D?;43�A424?C>AB���'�)� � >F4E4A� B><0C>BC0C8= A424?C>AB�0A4 �8�2>D?;43 A424?C>AB
�2C8E0C8>=�>5�C74B4�A424?C>AB�F>D;3�342A40B4��=>C�8=2A40B4��C74�8=CA024;;D;0A�2>=24=CA0C8>=�>5 2H2;82
034=>B8=4�<>=>?7>B?70C4 �2�$'� �+74�3AD6�148=6�BCD3843�1H�C74�8=E4BC860C>A�18=3B�C>�0�CH?4�>5
�'�) C70C�8=2A40B4B�8=CA024;;D;0A 2�$' >=�02C8E0C8>=

C - Misoprostol

Explanation Why

$8B>?A>BC>; 8B�0= 06>=8BC >5 ?A>BC06;0=38=��� �'�����A424?C>AB��F7827�0A4�0;B>�;>20C43�>= ?0A84C0;


24;;B 0=3�0A4�0�CH?4�>5 ��?A>C48=�2>D?;43�A424?C>A���'�)� � >F4E4A� '��� A424?C>AB�0A4 �8�2>D?;43
A424?C>AB ��2C8E0C8>=�>5�C74B4�A424?C>AB�F>D;3�342A40B4��=>C�8=2A40B4��C74�8=CA024;;D;0A�2>=24=CA0C8>=
>5 2H2;82�034=>B8=4�<>=>?7>B?70C4 �2�$'� �+74�3AD6�148=6�BCD3843�1H�C74�8=E4BC860C>A�18=3B�C>�0
CH?4�>5 �'�) C70C�8=2A40B4B�8=CA024;;D;0A 2�$' >=�02C8E0C8>=

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
D - Cimetidine

Image

Explanation Why

�8<4C838=4 8B�0 2><?4C8C8E4�0=C06>=8BC >5 78BC0<8=4���� ���A424?C>AB��F7827�0A4�5>D=3�>= ?0A84C0;


24;;B 0=3�0A4 �B�?A>C48= 2>D?;43�A424?C>AB ��2C8E0C8>=�>5�C74B4�A424?C>AB�F>D;3�8=2A40B4 034=H;H;
2H2;0B4 02C8E8CH��F7827�;403B�C>�8=2A40B43 2H2;82�034=>B8=4�<>=>?7>B?70C4 �2�$'��;4E4;B 2�$'
02C8E0C4B ?A>C48=�:8=0B4����F7827��8=�CDA=� ?7>B?7>AH;0C4B 0=3�02C8E0C4B�C74�?A>C>=�?D<?�� ��"�
�+'0B4� ��A424?C>A�0=C06>=8BCB F>D;3��C74A45>A4��342A40B4 2�$' ;4E4;B�8= ?0A84C0;�24;;B 0=3
342A40B4 60BCA82�0283 B42A4C8>= �+74�<4270=8B<�>5�02C8>=�>5�C74�3AD6�148=6�BCD3843�1H�C74
8=E4BC860C>A�8B�<>BC�B8<8;0A�C>�C78B�2;0BB�>5�3AD6B

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
E - Dexlansoprazole

Explanation Why

�4G;0=B>?A0I>;4�8B�0 ?A>C>=�?D<?�8=7818C>A �''!���F7827�38A42C;H�8=7818CB ��"� �+'0B4 5>D=3�>=


C74�;D<8=0;�?0AC�>5 60BCA82�?0A84C0;�24;;B ''!B 3>�=>C�20DB4�0�270=64�8=�C74�8=CA024;;D;0A�2>=24=CA0C8>=
>5 2H2;82�034=>B8=4�<>=>?7>B?70C4

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Question # 15

� ���H40A�>;3 F><0=�8B�1A>D67C�C>�C74�4<4A64=2H�34?0AC<4=C�1420DB4�>5�B4E4A4�013><8=0;�?08=�5>A
��7>DA �*74�70B�7H?4AC4=B8>=�0=3�2>A>=0AH�740AC�38B40B4 �*74�70B�B<>:43 ��?02:B >5�2860A4CC4B�308;H�5>A
���H40AB � 4A�?D;B4�8B�����<8=�0=3�1;>>3�?A4BBDA4�8B ������<<� 6 �'7HB820;�4G0<8=0C8>=�B7>FB�0
?D;B0C8;4�013><8=0;�<0BB �� �+�B20= >5�C74�013><4=�B7>FB�0�AD?CDA43�013><8=0;�0>AC82�0=4DAHB< �+74
?0C84=C�8B�C0:4=�C>�C74�>?4A0C8=6�A>><�5>A�4<4A64=2H�>?4=�BDA64AH ��DA8=6�C74�?A>243DA4��0= 0AC4AH�C70C
1A0=274B�>55�5A><�C74�0>AC0��9DBC�14;>F�C74�A4=0;�0AC4A84B��0C�C74�;4E4;�>5�C74�#��E4AC41A0 8B�30<0643 �+74
0AC4A80;�BD??;H�C>�F7827�>5�C74�5>;;>F8=6�BCAD2CDA4B�8B�<>BC�;8:4;H�C>�14�8<?08A43�1H�C74�8=CA0>?4A0C8E4
E0B2D;0A�30<064�

Answer Image

� �B24=38=6�2>;>=

� #8E4A

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Answer Image

� &E0AH

� �3A4=0;�6;0=3

� �4AE8G

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Answer Image

� �4B24=38=6�2>;>=

� *?;44=

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Hint

+74�30<0643 0AC4AH ?0BB4B�C7A>D67�C74 8=5D=381D;>?4;E82�;860<4=C

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Correct Answer

A - Ascending colon

Image

Explanation Why

+74 0B24=38=6�2>;>= 8B�BD??;843�<>BC;H�1H�C74 A867C�2>;82�0AC4AH��F7827�1A0=274B�>55�5A><�C74


BD?4A8>A�<4B4=C4A82�0AC4AH �+74 BD?4A8>A�<4B4=C4A82�0AC4AH 8B�0�38A42C 1A0=27�>5�C74�013><8=0;�0>AC0
0=3�0A8B4B�BD?A0A4=0;;H�0C�C74�;4E4;�>5�C74�+�� E4AC41A0 �+74 0AC4AH 8=�@D4BC8>=��7>F4E4A��8B�;>20C43�0C
C74�;4E4;�>5�C74�#� E4AC41A0

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
B - Liver

Image

Explanation Why

+74 ;8E4A A4248E4B�����>5�8CB�1;>>3�BD??;H�5A><�C74 74?0C82�0AC4AH�?A>?4A��0�1A0=27�>5�C74 2><<>=


74?0C82�0AC4AH��F7827�8B��8=�CDA=��0�1A0=27�>5�C74 24;802�CAD=: >5�C74 013><8=0;�0>AC0 �+74 24;802�CAD=:
0A8B4B�BD?A0A4=0;;H�0C�C74�;4E4;�>5�C74�+�� E4AC41A0 �+74�8=9DA43 0AC4AH 8=�C78B�?0C84=C��7>F4E4A��0A8B4B
0C�C74�;4E4;�>5�C74�#� E4AC41A0

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
C - Ovary

Image

Explanation Why

�>C7 >E0A80=�0AC4A84B 1A0=27�>55�38A42C;H�5A><�C74 013><8=0;�0>AC0 9DBC�14;>F�C74 A4=0;�0AC4A84B 0C�C74


;4E4;�>5�C74�#� E4AC41A0 ��=�8=9DAH�C>�>=4�>5�C74 >E0A80=�0AC4A84B��0B�B44=�74A4��F>D;3�B86=85820=C;H
34?A8E4�C74�A4B?42C8E4 >E0AH >5�8CB�0AC4A80;�1;>>3�BD??;H �+74 >E0A80=�0AC4AH��F7827�5>A<B�0=
0=0BC><>B8B F8C7�C74 DC4A8=4�0AC4AH��0;B>�BD??;84B�C74 ;0C4A0; CF>�C78A3B�>5�C74 50;;>?80=�CD14 0B�F4;;
0B�C74 ?A>G8<0; ?0AC�>5�C74 DC4ADB

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
D - Adrenal gland

Image

Explanation Why

+74 03A4=0;�6;0=3B 0A4�BD??;843�1H�C7A44 0AC4A84B��C74 BD?4A8>A�BD?A0A4=0;�0AC4AH �5A><�C74 8=54A8>A


?7A4=82�0AC4AH�� <833;4�BD?A0A4=0;�0AC4AH �5A><�C74 013><8=0;�0>AC0���0=3 8=54A8>A�BD?A0A4=0;�0AC4AH
�5A><�C74 A4=0;�0AC4AH� ��;;�>5�C74B4 0AC4A84B 0A8B4�14CF44=�C74�+���0=3�C74�;>F4A�1>A34A�>5�C74�#�
E4AC41A04 �+74�8=9DA43 0AC4AH 8=�C78B�?0C84=C��7>F4E4A��0A8B4B�0C�C74�;4E4;�>5�C74�#� E4AC41A0

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
E - Cervix

Image

Explanation Why

+74 24AE8G 8B�BD??;843�1H�C74 DC4A8=4�0AC4AH��F7827�8B�0�1A0=27�>5�C74 8=C4A=0;�8;802�0AC4AH �+74 8=C4A=0;


8;802�0AC4AH 1A0=274B�>55�8=�C74�?4;E82�A468>=�5A><�C74 2><<>=�8;802�0AC4AH��F7827�0A8B4B�5A><�C74
013><8=0;�0>AC0 0C�C74�;4E4;�>5�C74�#� E4AC41A0 �+74 0AC4AH 8=9DA43�8=�C78B�?0C84=C��7>F4E4A��0A8B4B�0C
C74�;4E4;�>5�C74�#� E4AC41A0

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
F - Descending colon

Image

Explanation Why

+74 34B24=38=6�2>;>= 8B�BD??;843�<>BC;H�1H�C74 ;45C�2>;82�0AC4AH��F7827�1A0=274B�>55�5A><�C74 8=54A8>A


<4B4=C4A82�0AC4AH �+74 8=54A8>A�<4B4=C4A82�0AC4AH 8B�0�38A42C 1A0=27�>5�C74�013><8=0;�0>AC0 0=3�0A8B4B
0C�C74�;4E4;�>5�C74�#� E4AC41A0 �+74 0AC4AH 8=�@D4BC8>=��7>F4E4A��8B�;>20C43�0C�C74�;4E4;�>5�C74�#�
E4AC41A0

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
G - Spleen

Image

Explanation Why

+74 B?;44= A4248E4B�8CB�0AC4A80;�1;>>3�BD??;H�5A><�C74 B?;4=82�0AC4AH��F7827�1A0=274B�>55�5A><�C74


24;802�CAD=: �+74 24;802�CAD=:��8=�CDA=��1A0=274B�>55�5A><�C74�0>AC0�BD?A0A4=0;;H�0C�C74�BD?4A8>A�1>A34A
>5�C74�+�� E4AC41A0 �+74 0AC4AH 8=�@D4BC8>=��7>F4E4A��8B�;>20C43�0C�C74�;4E4;�>5�C74�#� E4AC41A0

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Question # 16

� ���H40A�>;3 <0=�8B�1A>D67C�C>�C74�4<4A64=2H�34?0AC<4=C�1420DB4�>5�0 ��7>DA 78BC>AH�>5�B4E4A4�6A>8=


?08=��=0DB40��0=3�E><8C8=6 � 4�A4?>ACB�C70C�74�70B�703�0�6A>8=�BF4;;8=6�C70C�F>AB4=B�F8C7�BC0=38=6�
2>D678=6��0=3�BCA08=8=6�5>A�C74�?0BC ��<>=C7B��1DC�74�70B�=>C�B>D67C�<43820;�0CC4=C8>=�5>A�8C
�G0<8=0C8>=�B7>FB�0�=>=A43D281;4�1D;68=6�<0BB�>5�C74�;45C�6A>8=�C70C�8B�B4E4A4;H�C4=34A�C>�?0;?0C8>=��C74
>E4A;H8=6�B:8=�8B�4AHC74<0C>DB ��13><8=0;�D;CA0B>D=3�B7>FB ?A>CADB8>=�>5�013><8=0;�2>=C4=CB�C7A>D67
0�34542C�<4380;�C>�C74�8=54A8>A�4?860BCA82�E4BB4;B �.7827�>5�C74�5>;;>F8=6�8B�C74�<>BC�;8:4;H�B8C4�>5
?A>CADB8>=�>5�C74�?0C84=C�B�6A>8=�<0BB�

Answer Image

!=6D8=0;

CA80=6;4

� #8=40�0;10

)42CDB
� 013><8=8B
<DB2;4

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Answer Image

�44?
� 8=6D8=0;
A8=6

!=54A8>A
� ;D<10A
CA80=6;4

�4<>A0;

A8=6

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Hint

��6A>8=�BF4;;8=6�C70C�F>AB4=B�F8C7�BC0=38=6� 2>D678=6��0=3�BCA08=8=6�8B�BD664BC8E4�>5�0 74A=80��0=3


B4E4A4 ?08= F8C7�540CDA4B�>5 1>F4;�>1BCAD2C8>= �4 6 ��=0DB40��E><8C8=6��8=3820C4B�BCA0=6D;0C8>=�>5�C78B
74A=80 �+74�CH?4�>5 74A=80 B44=�74A4�CH?820;;H�>22DAB�0B�0�A4BD;C�>5�F40:4=8=6�>5�C74 CA0=BE4AB0;8B�50B280

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Correct Answer

A - Inguinal triangle

Image

Explanation Why

+74 8=6D8=0;�CA80=6;4 � 4BB4;1027�CA80=6;4��8B�C74�B8C4�>5�?A>CADB8>=�>5 38A42C�8=6D8=0;�74A=80B��0B�B44=


74A4 �+78B�CA80=6;4�8B�1>A34A43�;0C4A0;;H�1H�C74�8=54A8>A�4?860BCA82�E4BB4;B��<4380;;H�1H�C74 ;0C4A0; 4364
>5�C74 A42CDB�013><8=8B B740C7��0=3�8=54A8>A;H�1H�C74 8=6D8=0;�;860<4=C��0=3�2>E4A43�0=C4A8>A;H�1H�C74
CA0=BE4AB0;8B�50B280� 2>=9>8=43�C4=3>=��0=3�C74 0?>=4DA>B8B >5�C74 4GC4A=0;�>1;8@D4�<DB2;4 �,=;8:4
8=38A42C�8=6D8=0;�74A=80B��F7827�?0BB�C7A>D67�1>C7�C74 BD?4A58280; 0=3�344?�8=6D8=0;�A8=6B�0=3�0A4�
C74A45>A4��2>E4A43�1H�0;;�;0H4AB�>5�C74 B?4A<0C82�2>A3� 38A42C�8=6D8=0;�74A=80B ?0BB�>=;H�C7A>D67�C74
BD?4A58280;�8=6D8=0;�A8=6 0=3��0C�C78B�?>8=C��0A4�>=;H�2>E4A43�1H�C74 4GC4A=0;�B?4A<0C82�50B280

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
B - Linea alba

Image

Explanation Why

+74�B46<4=C�>5�C74 ;8=40�0;10 14CF44=�C74 G8?7>83�?A>24BB 0=3�C74 D<18;82DB 8B�C74�B8C4�>5�?A>CADB8>=


>5�4?860BCA82 74A=80B��F7827�20DB4�BF4;;8=6�8=�C74�4?860BCA82�0A40�A0C74A�C70=�C74�6A>8=

C - Rectus abdominis muscle

Explanation Why

+74 74A=80 8=�C78B�?0C84=C�?A>CAD34B�0C�0�B8C4�C70C�8B ;0C4A0; C>�C74 A42CDB�013><8=8B�<DB2;4 0=3�2>E4A43


1H�C74 CA0=BE4AB0;8B�50B280� 2>=9>8=43�C4=3>=��0=3�C74 0?>=4DA>B8B >5�C74 4GC4A=0;�>1;8@D4�<DB2;4��8C
3>4B�=>C�?A>CAD34�C7A>D67�C74 A42CDB�013><8=8B

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
D - Deep inguinal ring

Image

Explanation Why

+74 344?�8=6D8=0;�A8=6 8B�C74�B8C4�>5�?A>CADB8>=�>5 8=38A42C�8=6D8=0;�74A=80B��F7827�<0=854BC�0B�0�6A>8=


<0BB��;8:4�C74�>=4�B44=�74A4 � >F4E4A��C74 344?�8=6D8=0;�A8=6 8B�;>20C43 ;0C4A0; C>�C74�8=54A8>A
4?860BCA82�E4BB4;B��C78B�?0C84=C��7>F4E4A��70B�0 74A=80 C70C�?A>CAD34B <4380; C>�C74B4�E4BB4;B�0=3�3>4B
=>C�?0BB�C7A>D67�C74 344?�8=6D8=0;�A8=6

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
E - Inferior lumbar triangle

Image

Explanation Why

+74 8=54A8>A�;D<10A�CA80=6;4 8B�C74�B8C4�>5�?A>CADB8>=�>5�8=54A8>A ;D<10A�74A=80B��F7827�20DB4�BF4;;8=6


8=�C74�;D<10A�A468>=�A0C74A�C70=�C74�6A>8=

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
F - Femoral ring

Image

Explanation Why

+74 54<>A0;�A8=6 8B�C74�B8C4�>5�?A>CADB8>=�>5 54<>A0;�74A=80B��F7827�<0=854BC�0B�0�6A>8=�<0BB�0=3�0A4


?A>=4 C>�BCA0=6D;0C8>=��;8:4�C74�<0BB�B44=�74A4 �4<>A0;�74A=80B��7>F4E4A��?A>CAD34�8=54A8>A�C>�C74
8=6D8=0;�;860<4=C 0=3 <4380; C>�C74 54<>A0;�E48= A0C74A�C70= <4380; C>�C74�8=54A8>A�4?860BCA82�E4BB4;B�
0=3�C74H�CH?820;;H�>22DA�8=�F><4=�A0C74A�C70=�<4=

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Question # 17

� ���30H�>;3 <0;4�=4F1>A=�8B�1A>D67C�C>�C74�?7HB8280=�1420DB4�>5 ?>>A�54438=6��;4C70A6H��0=3�0=


013><8=0;�?A>CADB8>= �+74�278;3�F0B�34;8E4A43�0C�7><4�0=3�70B�=>C�H4C�144=�4E0;D0C43�1H�0�?7HB8280=
+74�<>C74A�70B�=>C�703�A>DC8=4�?A4=0C0;�20A4 �+74�?0C84=C�8B�0C�C74 ��C7 ?4A24=C8;4 5>A�74867C�
��C7 ?4A24=C8;4 5>A�F4867C��0=3 ��C7 ?4A24=C8;4 5>A�7403�28A2D<54A4=24 �'7HB820;�4G0<8=0C8>=�B7>FB
B2;4A0;�82C4ADB��?0;4�50284B��0=3�0=�4=;0A643�C>=6D4 �+74�013><4=�8B�38BC4=343�0=3�C74A4�8B�0 ?A>CAD38=6
<0BB�0C�C74�013><8=0;�<83;8=4 �+74 B:8=�2>E4A8=6�C74�?A>CADB8>= 0??40AB�=>A<0; .74=�C74�=4F1>A=
2A84B 3DA8=6�C74�4G0<8=0C8>=��C74 <0BB�4=;0A64B�1DC�8B�40B8;H�A43D281;4 �.7827�>5�C74�5>;;>F8=6�8B�C74
<>BC�;8:4;H�20DB4�>5�C74�013><8=0;�?A>CADB8>=�

Answer Image

�08;43�2>=E4A64=24
� >5�C74�;0C4A0;
4<1AH>;>682�5>;3B

�08;43�>1;8C4A0C8>=�>5

C74�E8C4;;8=4�3D2C

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Answer Image

�>=64=8C0;�F40:=4BB

>5�C74�;8=40�0;10

'4AB8BC4=24�>5�0
� ?0C4=C�?A>24BBDB
E068=0;8B

�08;43�B?>=C0=4>DB
� 2;>BDA4�>5�C74
D<18;820;�A8=6

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Hint

+78B�?0C84=C�70B�540CDA4B�2>=B8BC4=C�F8C7 2>=64=8C0;�7H?>C7HA>838B< �?>>A�54438=6� ;4C70A6H��?A>;>=643


=4F1>A= 90D=3824��?0;4�50284B��8=2A40B43�7403�28A2D<54A4=24��013><8=0;�38BC4=C8>=��0=3 <02A>6;>BB80�
8B�<83;8=4�013><8=0;�?A>CADB8>=�8B�0 2>=64=8C0;�D<18;820;�74A=80��0�2><<>=�540CDA4�>5 2>=64=8C0;
7H?>C7HA>838B<

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Correct Answer

A - Failed convergence of the lateral embryologic folds

Image

Explanation Why

�08;43 2>=E4A64=24 >5�C74 ;0C4A0; 4<1AH>;>682�5>;3B�;403B�C>�013><8=0;�F0;;�34542CB�BD27�0B


60BCA>B278B8B >A ><?70;>24;4��F7827�20=�<0=854BC�0B�0�?A>CAD38=6�013><8=0;�<0BB�=40A�>A�8=�C74
<83;8=4��0B�B44=�74A4 � >F4E4A��8= 60BCA>B278B8B��C74�8=C4BC8=4B�74A=80C4�D=2>E4A43�1H B:8= >A
?4A8C>=4D< 0=3�8= ><?70;>24;4��C74�8=C4BC8=4B�74A=80C4�C7A>D67�C74�D<18;820;�A8=6�2>E4A43�>=;H�1H
?4A8C>=4D< �+78B�?0C84=C�B B:8=�2>E4A43�013><8=0;�?A>CADB8>=�70B�0�38554A4=C�20DB4

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
B - Failed obliteration of the vitelline duct

Image

Explanation Why

�><?;4C4�508;DA4�>5�C74 E8C4;;8=4�3D2C C>�>1;8C4A0C4�3DA8=6�C74��C7 F44:�>5�34E4;>?<4=C�20DB4B�0


E8C4;;8=4�58BCD;0��?0AC80;�508;DA4�A4BD;CB�8= $42:4;�38E4AC82D;D< �� E8C4;;8=4�58BCD;0 20DB4B <42>=8D<
38B270A64�C7A>D67�C74 D<18;82DB �� $42:4;�38E4AC82D;D< 8B�0BH<?C><0C82�8=�<>BC�20B4B�0=3
B><4C8<4B�<0=854BCB�F8C7 38E4AC82D;8C8B >A�?08=;4BB ;>F4A�60BCA>8=C4BC8=0;�1;4438=6 �%48C74A�>5�C74B4
2>=38C8>=B�F>D;3�<0=854BC�F8C7�0=�013><8=0;�?A>CADB8>=

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
C - Congenital weakness of the linea alba

Image

Explanation Why

�>=64=8C0;�F40:=4BB�>5�C74 ;8=40�0;10 8B�C74�20DB4�>5�0= 4?860BCA82�74A=80��F7827�>22DAB�8=�C74


013><8=0;�<83;8=4��14CF44=�C74 G8?7>83�?A>24BB 0=3�C74 D<18;82DB��0=3�20=�<0=854BC�F8C7�0=
013><8=0;�?A>CADB8>=�C70C�4=;0A64B�F8C7�0=�8=2A40B4�8=�013><8=0;�?A4BBDA4��4 6 ��3DA8=6�2AH8=6���0B
B44=�74A4 � >F4E4A��4?860BCA82 74A=80B CH?820;;H�<0=854BC�3DA8=6�03D;C7>>3��=>C�3DA8=6�C74�=4>=0C0;
?4A8>3 �+74�013><8=0;�?A>CADB8>=�8=�C78B�?0C84=C�70B�0�38554A4=C�20DB4

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
D - Persistence of a patent processus vaginalis

Image

Explanation Why

+74�?4AB8BC4=24�>5�0 ?0C4=C�?A>24BBDB�E068=0;8B 8B�C74�20DB4�>5�0= 8=38A42C�8=6D8=0;�74A=80��F7827


<0=854BCB�0B�0�<0BB�C70C�4=;0A64B�F8C7�8=2A40B4B�8=�013><8=0;�?A4BBDA4��4 6 ��3DA8=6�2AH8=6���0B�B44=
74A4 � >F4E4A��0= 8=38A42C�8=6D8=0;�74A=80 F>D;3�<0=854BC�8=�C74�6A>8=��=>C�C74�013><8=0;�<83;8=4

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
E - Failed spontaneous closure of the umbilical ring

Image

Explanation Why

�08;DA4�>5�C74�D<18;820;�A8=6�C>�2;>B4�3DA8=6 54C0;�34E4;>?<4=C 20DB4B 2>=64=8C0;�D<18;820;�74A=80


+74 <836DC 34E4;>?B�>DCB834�C74�013><8=0;�20E8CH�D=C8;�C74 B42>=3�CA8<4BC4A��F74=�8C�?7HB8>;>6820;;H
74A=80C4B�102:�8=C>�C74�013><4= �!5�C74�D<18;820;�A8=6�508;B�C>�2;>B4�>A�C74 50B280 8=�C78B�A468>=�8B
D=34A34E4;>?43��013><8=0;�2>=C4=C�<0H�1D;64�C7A>D67�C74 D<18;82DB ,<18;820;�74A=80B 0A4�<>A4
2><<>=�8=�278;3A4=�F8C7 27A><>B><0;�01=>A<0;8C84B �4 6 � �>F=�BH=3A><4� �3F0A3B�BH=3A><4��>A
2>=64=8C0;�7H?>C7HA>838B<��0B�B44=�74A4 �$>BC 2>=64=8C0;�D<18;820;�74A=80B A4B>;E4�B?>=C0=4>DB;H�1H
��H40AB�>5�064

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Question # 18

� ���H40A�>;3 <0=�2><4B�C>�C74�4<4A64=2H�34?0AC<4=C�1420DB4�>5 =0DB40�0=3�A4?40C43�E><8C8=6 5>A�C74


?0BC ���<8=DC4B +F>�7>DAB�06>��74�F0B�0C�0�BD<<4A�10A142D4�60C74A8=6�F74A4�74�0C4�B?82H��5A4B7;H
6A8;;43�2782:4=�C70C�F0B�5D;;H�2>>:43�C7A>D67�F8C7�B><4 A4740C43�;45C>E4A�;8<4�10B8;�A824 � 4�70B�=>C�703
380AA740 �'7HB820;�4G0<8=0C8>=�B7>FB�0�<8;3;H�C4=34A�013><4=�F8C7�=>�A86838CH�>A�A41>D=3�C4=34A=4BB
+74�=4GC�<>A=8=6��78B�BH<?C><B�70E4�A4B>;E43 �.7827�>5�C74�5>;;>F8=6�8B�C74�<>BC�;8:4;H�20DB4�>5�C78B
?0C84=C�B�BH<?C><B�

Answer Image

� '4AB>=�C>�?4AB>=�CA0=B<8BB8>=�>5�*C0?7H;>2>22DB�0DA4DB�4=C4A>C>G8=

� $D2>B0;�8=E0B8>=�1H�#8BC4A80�<>=>2HC>64=4B

� !=C4BC8=0;�8=542C8>=�F8C7�*0;<>=4;;0�4=C4A8C838B

� #D<8=0;�?A>3D2C8>=�>5�740C�BC01;4��B274A82780�2>;8�C>G8=

� �4A<8=0C8>=�>5��;>BCA838D<�?4A5A8=64=B�B?>A4B

� !=64BC8>=�>5�?A45>A<43�24A4D;834�C>G8=

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
USMLE e e r m h nne s
Me est i e s: https://t.me/USMLEMe est

K p n ssr m i e s: https://t.me/USMLEK p n

USMLE i e s Step : https://t.me/USMLE Step

e ker i e s: https://t.me/USMLE e ker

r s e n i e s Step : https://t.me/USMLE r sAn e n

r s e n i e s Step K: https://t.me/USMLE r sAn e n Step K

Ph se i e s: https://t.me/USMLEPh se

Pi ri e i e s: https://t.me/USMLEPi ri e

P th m i e s: https://t.me/USMLEP th m

nA i s i h it : https://t.me/USMLE nA i s

Am ss r p: https://t.me/USMLEAm ss

Le t ri nk: https://t.me/USMLELe t ri

En p int P s: https://t.me/USMLEEn p int

USMLE MEs: https://t.me/USMLE ME

L E Me E : https://t.me/USMLE n ineMe E

USMLE r Step : https://t.me/USMLE r Step

USMLE r Step K: https://t.me/USMLE r Step K

USMLE r Step nk: https://t.me/USMLE r Step

USMLE Anki: https://t.me/USMLEAnki

KissPrep: https://t.me/USMLEKissPrep

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Hint

+78B�?0C84=C�70B 5>>3�?>8B>=8=6 20DB43�1H�0 B?>A4�5>A<8=6 6A0<�?>B8C8E4 A>3

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
Correct Answer

A - Person-to-person transmission of Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin

Explanation Why

+A0=B<8BB8>=�>5 Staphylococcus aureus 4=C4A>C>G8=B 20=�;403�C>�0�A0?83�>=B4C�>5 =0DB40�0=3


E><8C8=6��F7827�8B�B44=�74A4 � >F4E4A��C74 S. aureus 4=C4A>C>G8= 8B�CA0=B<8CC43�E80�C74�8=64BC8>=�>5
2>=C0<8=0C43�5>>3��=>C�5A><�?4AB>=�C>�?4AB>= ��DAC74A<>A4� S. aureus 5>>3�?>8B>=8=6 8B�CH?820;;H
20DB43�1H�C74�8=034@D0C4�A45A864A0C8>=�>5�5>>3B�BD27�0B�<0H>==08B4��?>C0C>�B0;03��0=3�2DBC0A3�A0C74A
C70=�A4740C43�A824�>A�5A4B7;H�2>>:43�<40C��F7827�C78B�?0C84=C�70B�40C4=

B - Mucosal invasion by Listeria monocytogenes

Explanation Why

Listeria monocytogenes 20DB4B�0�5>>31>A=4�8;;=4BB�C70C�20=�<0=854BC�F8C7 =0DB40�0=3�E><8C8=6�


F7827�0A4�B44=�74A4 �!=38E83D0;B�F8C7 L. monocytogenes 60BCA>4=C4A8C8B CH?820;;H�142><4
BH<?C><0C82���7>DAB�C>����30HB�05C4A�8=64BC8=6�2>=C0<8=0C43�5>>3�0=3�DBD0;;H�A4?>AC 380AA740 �+78B
?0C84=C��7>F4E4A��>=;H�?A4B4=CB�F8C7�E><8C8=6����<8=DC4B�05C4A�40C8=6�2>=C0<8=0C43�5>>3 �$>A4>E4A�
L. monocytogenes 8B�CH?820;;H�CA0=B<8CC43�E80�D=?0BC4DA8I43�308AH�?A>3D2CB�>A�A403H�C>�40C�34;8
<40CB��=>C�A4740C43�A824�>A�5A4B7;H�2>>:43�<40C

C - Intestinal infection with Salmonella enteritidis

Explanation Why

Salmonella enteritidis 8=542C8>=�8B�0�5>>31>A=4�8;;=4BB�C70C�20=�<0=854BC�F8C7 =0DB40�0=3�E><8C8=6�


F7827�0A4�B44=�74A4 �*H<?C><B�DBD0;;H�34E4;>?��K��30HB�05C4A�C74�8=64BC8>=�>5�D=34A2>>:43�?>D;CAH
>A�466B �+78B�?0C84=C��7>F4E4A��34E4;>?43�BH<?C><B����<8=DC4B�05C4A�40C8=6�A4740C43�A824�0=3
?A>?4A;H�2>>:43�?>D;CAH ��DAC74A<>A4��?0C84=CB�F8C7�C78B�8=542C8>=�CH?820;;H�0;B>�?A4B4=C�F8C7 380AA740
0=3�BHBC4<82�BH<?C><B��4 6 � 54E4A��278;;B� <H0;680B���=>=4�>5�F7827�0A4�B44=�74A4

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
D - Luminal production of heat-stable Escherichia coli toxin

Explanation Why

��740C�BC01;4 4=C4A>C>G8= 8B�?A>3D243�8=�C74�8=C4BC8=0;�;D<4=�1H�4=C4A>C>G864=82 Escherichia coli


��+�����F7827�20DB4B�0�5>>31>A=4�8;;=4BB�C70C�20=�<0=854BC�F8C7 =0DB40�0=3�E><8C8=6��0B�B44=�74A4
>F4E4A� �+�� 0;B>�20DB4B�F0C4AH 380AA740 0=3�BH<?C><B�CH?820;;H�34E4;>?��K��30HB�05C4A�C74
8=64BC8>=�>5�2>=C0<8=0C43�5>>3 �+78B�?0C84=C�70B�=>C�A4?>AC43 380AA740��0=3�74�34E4;>?43�BH<?C><B
F8C78=����<8=DC4B�>5�40C8=6�2>=C0<8=0C43�5>>3

E - Germination of Clostridium perfringens spores

Explanation Why

Clostridium perfringens 4=C4A>2>;8C8B�8B�0�5>>31>A=4�8;;=4BB�C70C�?A8<0A8;H�<0=854BCB�F8C7 380AA740


�K���7>DAB�05C4A�2>=C0<8=0C43�5>>3�8B�8=64BC43 �+78B�?0C84=C��7>F4E4A��?A4B4=CB�>=;H�F8C7�E><8C8=6
���<8=DC4B�05C4A�40C8=6�2>=C0<8=0C43�5>>3 �$>A4>E4A� C. perfringens B?>A4B�0A4�2><<>=;H�5>D=3�8=
D=34A2>>:43�>A�?>>A;H�A45A864A0C43�<40C��C78B�?0C84=C�2>=BD<43�?A>?4A;H�2>>:43�<40C�0=3�A4740C43
A824

F - Ingestion of preformed cereulide toxin

Explanation Why

!<?A>?4A;H�A45A864A0C43�0=3�A4740C43�BC0A27�2>=C08=8=6�5>>3��4 6 ��A824���0B�B44=�74A4��8B�0�2><<>=
B>DA24�>5�4<4C82 Bacillus cereus 5>>3�?>8B>=8=6 B. cereus 20=�5>A<�B?>A4B��F7827�0A4�740C�A4B8BC0=C
0=3�BDAE8E4�C74�2>>:8=6�?A>24BB �!5�C74�5>>3�8B�2>>;43�C>>�B;>F;H�>A�8<?A>?4A;H�A45A864A0C43�05C4A
2>>:8=6��C74B4�B?>A4B�20=�64A<8=0C4�0=3�?A>3D24 24A4D;834��0�740C�A4B8BC0=C�4<4C82�C>G8=�C70C�20DB4B
=0DB40�0=3�E><8C8=6��>A�0�740C�;018;4 380AA740; C>G8=�C70C�20DB4B 380AA740 �>>3�?>8B>=8=6 20DB43�1H
C74�8=64BC8>=�>5�?A45>A<43 4=C4A>C>G8=B �4 6 ��5A>< B. cereus 0=3 S. aureus��;403B�C>�C74�A0?83�>=B4C
>5�BH<?C><B�F8C78=�<8=DC4B�C>�7>DAB��0B�B44=�74A4 �!=�2><?0A8B>=� 5>>3�?>8B>=8=6 20DB43�1H
102C4A80�C70C�?A>3D24 4=C4A>C>G8=B 8=B834�C74�8=C4BC8=4B��4 6 ��4=C4A>C>G864=82 E. coli� V. cholerae��70B
0�34;0H43�>=B4C��7>DAB�C>�30HB�05C4A�8=64BC8>=��0=3�CH?820;;H�<0=854BCB�F8C7�F0C4AH 380AA740
�>>31>A=4�8;;=4BB4B�C70C�<0=854BC�F8C7�1;>>3H 380AA740 DBD0;;H�8=3820C4�8=E0B8>=�>5�C74�8=C4BC8=0;

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
<D2>B0 1H�C74�?0C7>64=��4 6 � Campylobacter� Shigella, =>=CH?7>830; Salmonella�

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss
USMLE e e r m h nne s
Me est i e s: https://t.me/USMLEMe est

K p n ssr m i e s: https://t.me/USMLEK p n

USMLE i e s Step : https://t.me/USMLE Step

e ker i e s: https://t.me/USMLE e ker

r s e n i e s Step : https://t.me/USMLE r sAn e n

r s e n i e s Step K: https://t.me/USMLE r sAn e n Step K

Ph se i e s: https://t.me/USMLEPh se

Pi ri e i e s: https://t.me/USMLEPi ri e

P th m i e s: https://t.me/USMLEP th m

nA i s i h it : https://t.me/USMLE nA i s

Am ss r p: https://t.me/USMLEAm ss

Le t ri nk: https://t.me/USMLELe t ri

En p int P s: https://t.me/USMLEEn p int

USMLE MEs: https://t.me/USMLE ME

L E Me E : https://t.me/USMLE n ineMe E

USMLE r Step : https://t.me/USMLE r Step

USMLE r Step K: https://t.me/USMLE r Step K

USMLE r Step nk: https://t.me/USMLE r Step

USMLE Anki: https://t.me/USMLEAnki

KissPrep: https://t.me/USMLEKissPrep

https://t.me/USMLEAmboss https://t.me/USMLEAmboss

You might also like