sustainability
Article
Intelligent Safety Risk Analysis and Decision-Making System
for Underground Metal Mines Based on Big Data
Xingbang Qiang 1,2 , Guoqing Li 1,2 , Jie Hou 1,2, * , Xia Zhang 3 and Yujia Liu 3
Citation: Qiang, X.; Li, G.; Hou, J.;
Zhang, X.; Liu, Y. Intelligent Safety
Risk Analysis and Decision-Making
System for Underground Metal
Mines Based on Big Data.
Sustainability 2023, 15, 10086.
https://
doi.org/10.3390/su151310086
Academic Editors: Qiusong Chen,
Pingan Peng, Xianyang Qiu and
Liguan Wang
Received: 26 April 2023
Revised: 5 June 2023
Accepted: 19 June 2023
Published: 26 June 2023
Copyright: © 2023 by the authors.
Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
This article is an open access article
distributed under the terms and
conditions of the Creative Commons
Attribution (CC BY) license (https://
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/
4.0/).
Sustainability 2023, 15, 10086. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151310086
1 School of Civil and Resource Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing,
Beijing 100083, China; huberykhan@163.com (X.Q.); qqlee@ustb.edu.cn (G.L.)
2 Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Efficient Mining and Safety of Metal Mines,
University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
3 Sanshandao Gold Mine, Shandong Gold Group Mining (Laizhou) Co., Ltd., Yantai 261442, China
* Correspondence: houjie@ustb.edu.cn
Abstract: In view of the new situation faced by safety risk management in underground metal mines,
based on a comprehensive analysis of the current situation of mine safety management business
and system construction requirements, the main functional modules, overall architecture, and data
interaction mode of the intelligent safety risk analysis and decision-making system were analyzed
and designed. On the basis of elaborating the implementation process of the main functional modules
of the system, such as multi-source safety information collection and governance, and safety risk
intelligence analysis and visualization, a safety risk intelligence analysis and decision-making system
was constructed, which provided efficient and real-time intelligent application and analysis services
for safety in the production of underground metal mines and realized the whole process information
management of collection, aggregation, processing, analysis, and visual display of multi-source mine
safety risk information. The application of the system has made an essential change in the mode
of mine safety risk management, realizing the active safety management goal of shifting safety risk
management from post-analysis to pre-prevention, helping to improve the pertinence and efficiency
of safety risk management, and greatly reducing the risk of mine safety accidents.
Keywords: safety risk management; underground metal mines; big data analysis; system construction;
intelligent mining
1. Introduction
The mining industry is the pillar industry of the national economy, but it is also
one of the industries with frequent accidents and the highest rate of employee casualties;
therefore, its safety production has long been a wide concern. Due to the complex and
ever-changing labor conditions and working environment, as well as the discontinuous
main production operations and wide production coverage, underground metal mines
have extremely complex production organizations, which greatly increases the difficulty of
safety risk management.
The development of modern information technology has created conditions for the
transformation of mining safety risk management methods. Many mines have established
corresponding control systems according to their own safety management needs. In terms
of the construction of a safety monitoring system, Zhang [1] built a mining safety moni-
toring system based on GIS technology, which realized the full-process monitoring and
supervision of mining safety production. Wang [2] and Chen [3] built sensor-based min-
ing safety remote monitoring systems, which proposed a new solution for mine safety
risk management. Wu et al. [4] constructed a mobile intelligent mining early warning
platform using technologies such as the Internet of Things, mobile Internet, and intelli-
gent control theory, which effectively solved the bottleneck problem of mine information
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management and safety early warning. For the aspect of safety management business sys-
tem construction, some scholars have also conducted research, mainly focusing on safety
training management [5], occupational health management [6], and emergency rescue
management [7].
With the long-term promotion of the mine safety risk management business and the
completion and implementation of mine safety monitoring and control systems based on
multiple types of sensors, mining enterprises have accumulated a large amount of safety
production data. As a valuable asset accumulated by mines in the process of dealing with
actual safety risks, the use of intelligent analysis tools to fully explore the information of
the laws implied in safety production data and realize the in-depth utilization of safety
data assets has become an effective means to strengthen the pertinence and scientificity
of safety management and control. Current research on the in-depth utilization of safety
production data mainly focuses on safety status assessment and prediction [8–14], safety
risk identification and analysis [15–18], and safety risk pre-control [19–21]. Wu et al. [22]
established a mine safety supervision capability evaluation index system consisting of a
target layer, a criterion layer, and a sub-criterion layer, and identified effective measures
that could improve the efficiency of safety supervision by determining the weights of each
index and combining the accident causation 2–4 model. Verma et al. [23] used an ARIMA
model to predict the trend of safety events based on 45 months of incident data from a steel
plant and refined the analytical model using the Apriori algorithm. The resulting rules
mined can help the plant management department formulate safety management policies.
Guo et al. [24] used big data analysis models such as topic mining and association rule
mining to explore the internal connections between different safety risks and analyzed the
distribution patterns of risks in multiple dimensions such as time and space.
Research on the collection and application of mine safety information and the analysis,
identification, and classification of safety risks has been more in-depth at present. However,
there are still problems, such as data sources limited to a single business system, which
cannot realize personalized, intelligent, automatic evaluation, and dynamic updates of
safety risk identification and early warning based on the full volume of mine safety pro-
duction information. This is due to the lack of overall planning of the mine’s safety data
management system, resulting in incomplete collection of safety data, which seriously
restricts the effectiveness of safety risk data analysis and decision-making. Therefore,
studying the comprehensive collection and governance of mine safety production data
and realizing the standardized storage of production data are the primary conditions for
realizing the in-depth utilization of safety product information. There have been studies on
the collection and governance of heterogeneous data from multiple sources [25–27], but
they have mainly focused on the fields of finance [28], materials [29], and agriculture [30].
There are fewer studies related to the collection and governance of safety risk management
data from scattered sources and diverse formats in underground metal mines. In this situa-
tion, utilizing information and intelligent technology to comprehensively sort out safety
risk management businesses and to reorganize and utilize safety risk data has become an
important way to innovate mining safety management models.
In view of the above problems, starting from the needs of big data analysis of mine
safety risks, this paper constructed a big data governance and fusion framework by sorting
out the data resources accumulated by the existing safety management system, realizing
the collection, standardization, and normalization of multi-source heterogeneous safety
information of mines, and formed the safety data assets of underground metal mines. With
the help of big data analysis technology, an intelligent analysis and early warning model
of mine safety risks was realized, which provides support for safety risk identification
and prevention, hazard source classification, control strategy formulation, and safety
emergency disposal. Through the integrated display of business intelligence visualization
platforms, the physical application of safety risk big data analysis was achieved, and the
scientificity and effectiveness of the system were ultimately verified through a mining
instance application.
Sustainability 2023, 15, 10086 3 of 15

2. Analysis of System Business Requirements

Since the beginning of the new century, new equipment and information technology
have developed rapidly and have been widely applied in the field of mining production,
leading to profound changes in production processes and management modes. The opera-
tion of production systems has become complex and changeable. The subjects that generate
safety risks have become more decentralized and diversified and have shown significant
dynamic change characteristics. This has resulted in an increasingly prominent problem
of traditional safety management methods being incompatible and inconsistent with in-
telligent production methods. With the continuous promotion of intelligent mining, the
management of safety risks in underground metal mines faces the following new demands:
(1) Integration and governance of safety risk information:
The continuous promotion of information technology in mining safety management
has accumulated a large amount of information such as safety monitoring and control,
safety hazard investigation and rectification, and personnel safety records in mines, which
are massive, growing rapidly, and diverse in types. However, the particularity and com-
plexity of mining safety production management results in numerous dimensions and
huge content of corresponding mining safety information, which limits its in-depth uti-
lization. Therefore, it is necessary to build an efficient big data acquisition and integration
governance system to achieve the standardization and storage of safety risk information.
(2) In-depth utilization of mining safety risk data:
Making safety management proactive, purposeful, and focused has been a long-
standing challenge for mine safety managers. The development of technologies such as big
data analysis and artificial intelligence has brought new avenues for the deep utilization of
safety risk data and the in-depth exploration of safety risk patterns. By utilizing intelligent
means, providing scientific theoretical, technical support, and decision-making model
reference for the comprehensive transformation of safety management from extensive to
accurate, from post-event to prevention, and from local to overall has been considered an
effective way to achieve the intrinsic safety of mines.
(3) Interpretation and integrated visualization of safety issues:
Traditional safety data analysis and display is mainly based on text description and
simple chart display. Not only is the form of data display single, but also the dimensions of
data presentation are not comprehensive and in-depth enough, which is not conducive to
the interpretation and discovery of safety problems by managers. For this reason, mine
safety data visualization needs to fully combine the characteristics of the analysis results
and select the visualization graphics that can present the internal mode, association, and
structure of the data, so that complex safety risk information can be easily understood
and applied.

3. System Design
3.1. Function System Design
In view of the new requirements of safety risk management and control under the
background of intelligent mines, the main functions of the intelligent analysis and decision-
making system for safety risks in underground metal mines were designed using system
engineering theory, which mainly includes the modules of safety data collection and gover-
nance, big data analysis models and algorithm libraries, safety information visualization
display, and system management and maintenance. The specific functions are shown in
Figure 1.
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Figure 1. Functional system of intelligent safety risk analysis and decision-making system.
Figure 1. Functional system of intelligent safety risk analysis and decision-making system.
(1)(1) Data
Data Collection
Collection and
andGovernance:
Governance: The system
The system has full
has process
full processmanagement
management functions
func-
fortions
multi-source safety risk data collection and governance, can extract
for multi-source safety risk data collection and governance, can extract mining safety
monitoring
mining safetysystem and business
monitoring system system data through
and business system data interfaces,
data through anddataachieves
inter-
the standardized governance of multi-source data based on data
faces, and achieves the standardized governance of multi-source data based on specifications.
(2) Big dataData Analysis Model: The system can use encapsulated big data analysis models
specifications.
(2) toBiganalyze the governed
Data Analysis Model:safety risk data,
The system can souseasencapsulated
to completebig thedata
intelligent
analysisidentifica-
models
to analyze
tion of hazardthe sources
governedandsafety risk data,
in-depth so as toofcomplete
analysis the intelligent
the distribution, identification
evolution, and cor-
of hazard sources and
relation of safety risks. in-depth analysis of the distribution, evolution, and correlation
(3) Data of safety risks.
Visualization Display: The system has built-in rich data visualization tools,
(3) which
Data support
Visualization Display:
visually The system
integrated query andhas display
built-in of
rich data risk
safety visualization tools,
big data analysis
whichand
results support visually integrated
standardized storage ofquery and display of safety
multi-dimensional riskrisk
safety big information,
data analysis as
results and standardized storage of multi-dimensional safety risk information, as well
well as data penetration and linkage analysis functions.
as data penetration and linkage analysis functions.
(4) System Management and Maintenance: This module is used for the maintenance of
(4) System Management and Maintenance: This module is used for the maintenance
the overall system framework, and all settings related to basic information settings
of the overall system framework, and all settings related to basic information
and parameter
settings configuration
and parameter are completed
configuration in this module,
are completed mainly including
in this module, mainly in-the
maintenance
cluding the and management
maintenance and of users, roles,of
management permissions,
users, roles,menus, and logs.
permissions, menus,
and logs.
3.2. System Architecture Design
3.2.According
System Architecture Design of data to information, model to service, and management
to the process
According to the
to decision-making, process
the of architecture
overall data to information, model risk
of the safety to service, and management
intelligent analysis andtode-
decision-making, the overall architecture of the safety risk intelligent analysis
cision-making system is formed, including the infrastructure layer, data resource and decision-
layer,
making system is formed, including the infrastructure layer, data
data governance layer, decision analysis layer, and comprehensive display resource layer, data as
layer,
governance layer, decision analysis layer, and comprehensive display layer, as shown in
shown in Figure 2.
Figure 2.
(1) Infrastructure layer: as the underlying technology and hardware support of the
platform, it mainly includes supporting facilities for data collection and governance,
basic technologies, and network guarantees for system operation.
(2) Data resource layer: the main data sources for intelligent analysis of mine safety risks,
including safety risk data formed in the process of safety risk management business
and safety monitoring.
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(3) Data governance layer: with the support of data governance facilities and technologies,
it provides standardized data resources for the system and forms a core data resource
library for multi-dimensional data integration.
(4) Decision analysis layer: using big data analysis and other technical means, comprehen-
sively analyze the distribution, correlation, and evolution of safety risks and provide
decision-making assistance for mine safety production management.
(5) Comprehensive display layer: by utilizing various information display terminals,
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multi-scenario security risk analysis and display can be achieved to meet the decision-
making needs of security management personnel at all levels.

Figure 2. System architecture.

Figure 2. System architecture.
(1) Design
3.3. Infrastructure layer: as the
of Data Interaction underlying technology and hardware support of the plat-
Methods
form, it mainly includes supporting facilities for data collection and governance,
The intelligent mining safety risk analysis and decision-making system interacts with
basic technologies, and network guarantees for system operation.
other existing systems in the mine, including safety monitoring, safety business, human
(2) Data resource layer: the main data sources for intelligent analysis of mine safety risks,
resources, material and equipment management systems, etc. At the same time, it is
including
necessary safety
to sort riskinternal
out the data formed in the
data flow process
mode ofsystem
of the safety risk management
to create business
conditions for the
and safety monitoring.
implementation of the system. The specific information interaction process is shown in
(3) Data
Figure 3. governance layer: with the support of data governance facilities and technolo-
gies, it provides standardized data resources for the system and forms a core data
resource library for multi-dimensional data integration.
(4) Decision analysis layer: using big data analysis and other technical means, compre-
hensively analyze the distribution, correlation, and evolution of safety risks and pro-
vide decision-making assistance for mine safety production management.
(5) Comprehensive display layer: by utilizing various information display terminals,
multi-scenario security risk analysis and display can be achieved to meet the deci-
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resources, material and equipment management systems, etc. At the same time, it is nec-
essary to sort out the internal data flow mode of the system to create conditions for the
6 of 15
implementation of the system. The specific information interaction process is shown in
Figure 3.
Figure 3. Data interaction methods in the system.
Figure 3. Data interaction methods in the system.
(1) The mine safety monitoring system mainly provides personnel location early warn-
(1) The mine safety monitoring system mainly provides personnel location early warning
ing information, environmental monitoring information, equipment monitoring in-
information, environmental monitoring information, equipment monitoring informa-
formation, etc., which are used for real-time analysis of the mine safety operation
tion, etc., which are used for real-time analysis of the mine safety operation status.
status.
(2) The safety risk business management system mainly provides hidden danger investi-
(2) The safety risk business management system mainly provides hidden danger inves-
gation data, equipment maintenance, repair data, occupational safety data, etc., while
tigation data, equipment maintenance, repair data, occupational safety data, etc.,
the data center can provide data support for the business system.
while the data center can provide data support for the business system.
(3) Human resources, equipment, material systems, etc. provide corresponding archival
(3) Human resources, equipment, material systems, etc. provide corresponding archival
information as master data throughout the entire intelligent safety risk analysis and
information as master data throughout the entire intelligent safety risk analysis and
decision-making system.
(4) The Safety Risk system.
decision-making Data Center provides standardized datasets for big data analysis.
(4) The
AfterSafety Riskare
the data Data Center provides
processed standardized
by big data datasets
analysis models, thefor bigsafety
mine data analysis.
analysis
After the data are processed by big data analysis models, the mine safety analysis
results are output, and finally integrated and displayed through a visual interface.
results are output, and finally integrated and displayed through a visual interface.
4. Implementation of System Core Functions
4.1. Collection and Governance of Multi-Source Safety Risk Information
The construction of the system requires the sharing of data from existing human
resources, equipment, materials, and other systems in the mine. To avoid duplicate con-
struction, it is necessary to design a unified data collection interface and data conversion
method to achieve standardized services for basic data. At the same time, to achieve
in-depth utilization of mine safety monitoring data and business management data, it
is first necessary to achieve the collection, governance, and storage of a large amount of
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multi-source and heterogeneous safety data in mines, providing a dataset with a certain
degree of integration and expressiveness for subsequent big data analysis.
(1) Data Collection
Based on the different storage characteristics of safety business data and safety moni-
toring data, different data integration methods were designed. By building standardized
data interfaces, cross-device integration, cross-application integration, and cross-network
integration of safety risk data were realized.
(2) Data Governance
Determining the perspective of data observation and the path of knowledge mining
are the premise and foundation of big data analysis, which requires the dimensionalization
and standardization of a large amount of risk information. Therefore, after achieving the
integration and collection of safety risk data, the entire process of data governance needs
to be carried out. The processing of the collected safety production information mainly
involves data cleaning, reduction, and conversion.
(1) Data cleaning: Used to delete duplicate information and correct existing errors, mainly
including consistency checks, missing value handling, error value handling, etc.
(2) Data reduction: Data reduction refers to minimizing the amount of data while main-
taining the integrity of the original data as much as possible, mainly using methods
such as feature induction and sample reduction.
(3) Data conversion: Data transformation is the process of redesigning and organizing
data representation. The main methods include standardization, discretization, and
semantic transformation.
After data governance, safety risk data form a five-layer hierarchical structure of
subject
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Taking security risk management data as an example, the hierarchical structure after
governance is shown in Figure 4.

Figure 4. Hierarchical
Figure structure
4. Hierarchical structureof
ofsafety riskmanagement
safety risk management data.
data.

(3) Data Storage and Services

After completing the collection and governance of safety risk data, it is necessary to
complete the storage of large-scale data after governance to form highly aggregated,
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(3) Data Storage and Services

After completing the collection and governance of safety risk data, it is necessary
to complete the storage of large-scale data after governance to form highly aggregated,
standardized, and integrated data assets, as shown in Table 1, and establish a standardized
data publishing interface to provide data support for data analysis and knowledge mining.

Table 1. List of mining safety risk data assets.

Subject Domain
No. Subject Domain
Grouping
1 Safety Risk Grading Risk Points, Hazard Sources, Graded Control List
Hidden Danger Investigation Plan, Hidden Danger Investigation List,
2 Hazard Investigation and Governance
Information on Hidden Danger Rectification, and Review
Education and Training
3 Education and Training Plan, Education, and Training Records
Management
Safety Investment Investment Plan, Investment Monthly Report,
4
Management Safety Production Cost Extraction
Special Equipment Equipment File Management, Equipment Use Management,
5
Management Equipment Maintenance Management
Emergency Response Emergency Plan, Emergency Drill Plan, Emergency Materials,
6
Management Emergency Experts
Labor Protection Labor Protection Articles Information, Issuance Records,
7
Articles Management Satisfaction Evaluation
Occupational Health Occupational Health Examination, Occupational Disease
8
Management Identification, Occupational Disease Patient Management
Monitoring and Control Equipment Profile, Monitoring Equipment
9 Monitoring and Control Management
Operating Data
Employee Information, Department Information, Equipment
10 Basic Element Management
Information, Shift Information

4.2. Intelligent Analysis Model for Safety Risk

By constructing safety risk big data analysis models and algorithms, researching and
investigating new approaches to the scientific management of mine safety risks, and fully
exploring the potential value of mine safety production data, the overall implementation
process of safety risk intelligence analysis and early warning is performed, as shown
in Figure 5. Based on the standardized safety business data and monitoring data, the
existing big data analysis models and algorithms were modularized, encapsulated, and
materialized to rapidly respond to data analysis requirements. Finally, the integrated
display of risk information was achieved through business intelligence tools and data
visualization algorithms.
(1) Quantitative Processing of Text-based Data
After standardized processing, such as data cleaning and governance, safety monitor-
ing data can be analyzed and mined based on data mining algorithms. However, a large
number of text data represented by safety hazard investigation data in the process of mine
safety management have great differences due to the influence of the language habits of
inspectors, which brings difficulty to safety knowledge mining. It needs to be standardized
and quantified first before subsequent mining analysis can be carried out. Through the
construction of a standard semantic thesaurus suitable for safety risk data in underground
metal mines, the essential separation of safety risk text data is realized, and a safety risk
multi-dimensional dataset is formed. Finally, the quantitative processing of text safety risk
data is completed through word vector mapping.
(2) Materialization of analytical models
The safety risk identification, hazard source grading, safety prevention and control
strategies, and safety emergency response were realized based on big data analysis such as
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safety risk theme clustering, intelligent identification of safety risks, mining of safety risk
Basic Element Manage- Employee Information, Department Information, Equip-
association
10 laws, generation and distribution laws of safety risks, evolution analysis and
ment ment Information, Shift Information
early warning of safety risks facing different dimensions. All of the data analysis models
were encapsulated as scripts. The models and algorithms for the data analysis application
4.2.shown
are Intelligent Analysis
in Table 2. Model for Safety Risk
By constructing
(3) Data safety
Visualization riskonbig
Based data analysis
Business models and algorithms, researching and
Intelligence
investigating new approaches to the scientific management of mine safety risks, and fully
The visualization system was built through business intelligence analysis tools. By
exploring the potential value of mine safety production data, the overall implementation
connecting with the data center, massive amounts of data can be extracted and combined.
process of safety risk intelligence analysis and early warning is performed, as shown in
Finally, through the application of visualization technology, various analysis charts, and
Figure 5. Based on the standardized safety business data and monitoring data, the existing
models formed by the physical application of safety risk big data analysis were integrated
big data analysis models and algorithms were modularized, encapsulated, and material-
and displayed. The system supports data penetration and linkage functions for key data
ized to rapidly respond to data analysis requirements. Finally, the integrated display of
and dynamically monitors the status of mine safety operations. The integrated visualization
risk information was achieved through business intelligence tools and data visualization
architecture of the safety risk information is shown in Figure 6.
algorithms.

Figure 5. Intelligent safety risk analysis and decision-making system implementation process.
Figure 5. Intelligent safety risk analysis and decision-making system implementation process.
(1) Quantitative Processing of Text-based Data
After standardized processing, such as data cleaning and governance, safety moni-
toring data can be analyzed and mined based on data mining algorithms. However, a
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Figure 6. Integrated visualization of safety risk information.

Figure 6. Integrated visualization of safety risk information.

5. Case Study and Results

Table 2. Data analysis models and algorithms.
5.1. System Instance Verification
Analysis Topic Algorithm Model Python Library Version
This article takes a large underground gold mine in China as a pilot unit, which has
SVM scikit-learn
successively built a personnel positioning system, a monitoring and 0.24.0
control system, and
Classification of Safety Risks KNN self-prepared 1.0
an integrated safety production
ANN management system,
self-prepared which provides a basic guarantee
1.0
for mine production Apriori
Association rules Analysis
safety. Figures 7 and 8 mlxtend
illustrate the business management
0.18.0 interface
FP-Growth
for hierarchical safety mlxtendapplication of the relevant
risk control. The long-term 0.18.0 information
Regression statsmodels 0.12.2
system has accumulated
Evolution Trends of Risks
ARIMA a large amount of safety risk management0.12.2
statsmodels data for the mine,
which
Cluster Analysis of Risks provides data support
K-Means for the construction
scipy of the system described
1.7.1 in this paper.
LDA gensim 4.0.1
Topic Mining
BTM self-prepared 1.0

5. Case Study and Results

5.1. System Instance Verification
This article takes a large underground gold mine in China as a pilot unit, which
has successively built a personnel positioning system, a monitoring and control system,
and an integrated safety production management system, which provides a basic guar-
antee for mine production safety. Figures 7 and 8 illustrate the business management
interface for hierarchical safety risk control. The long-term application of the relevant
information system has accumulated a large amount of safety risk management data
for the mine, which provides data support for the construction of the system described
in this paper.
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(a) (b)
(a) (b)
Figure
Figure 7.
7. Mobile
Mobile risk
risk grading
grading management
management and control interface. (a) Interface of Home; (b) Interface
Interface
Figure 7. Mobile risk grading management and control interface. (a) Interface of Home; (b) Interface
of
of WorkBench.
WorkBench.
of WorkBench.

Figure 8. Desktop-side risk grading management and control interface.

Figure 8. Desktop-side risk grading management and control interface.
Figure 8. Desktop-side risk grading management and control interface.
Based on the system design and construction of the key functional modules of the
Based on
Based on the
the system
system design
design and
and construction
construction of of the
the key
key functional modules
modules of of the
the
system, the collection and governance of safety risk data were functional
completed on the basis of
system,
system, the
the collection
collection and
and governance
governance of
ofsafety
safetyrisk
riskdata
datawere
werecompleted
completedon onthe basis
the of
basis
the construction of a data center. Distributed, diverse, and heterogeneous safety risk in-
the construction
of the constructionof a data center.
of a data Distributed,
center. Distributed,diverse, and
diverse, heterogeneous
and heterogeneous safety risk in-
formation was organically integrated, and the entity and systematization of bigsafety risk
data anal-
formation was
information wasorganically
organicallyintegrated, andand
integrated, the the
entity and and
entity systematization of bigofdata
systematization big anal-
data
ysis functions were achieved. The main functional interface for intelligent analysis and
ysis functions were achieved. The main functional interface for intelligent analysis and
decision-making of security risks is shown in Figure 9.
decision-making of security risks is shown in Figure 9.
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analysis functions were achieved. The main functional interface for intelligent analysis and
decision-making of security risks is shown in Figure 9.

Figure 9. Intelligent safety risk analysis and decision-making.

Figure 9. Intelligent safety risk analysis and decision-making.
The typical application scenarios of the system are as follows:
The typical application scenarios of the system are as follows:
(1) Intelligent identification of hazard sources. The big data analysis method is used to
(1) Intelligent identification of hazard sources. The big data analysis method is used to
intelligently identify the main hazard sources in the production process of mines and
intelligently identify the main hazard sources in the production process of mines and
provide a basis for mines to find the content and area of major risk points.
provide a basis for mines to find the content and area of major risk points.
(2) Analysis of safety risk trends. The trend chart is used to analyze the changing trend
(2) Analysis of safety risk trends. The trend chart is used to analyze the changing trend
of safety risks in different dimensions such as time, space, and category.
of safety risks in different dimensions such as time, space, and category.
(3)
(3) Mining
Mining ofof safety
safety risk
risk association
association rules.
rules. Hierarchical
Hierarchical edge
edge binding
binding and
and force-oriented
force-oriented
layouts
layouts were used to characterize the correlation law and co-association law
were used to characterize the correlation law and co-association law between
between
major safety risks in mines.
major safety risks in mines.
(4)
(4) Intelligent
Intelligent early
early warning
warning of of safety
safety accidents.
accidents. The
The accident
accident tree
tree is
is used
used to
to visualize the
visualize the
generation path of mine safety accidents, and to a certain extent, the early warning
generation path of mine safety accidents, and to a certain extent, the early warning of
of safety
safety accidents
accidents is realized.
is realized.

5.2. Analysis of System Application Effect

Aiming at thethe highly
highlyconcerned
concernedissueissueofofintelligent
intelligentanalysis
analysisandanddecision-making
decision-making of
mining
of mining safety risks,
safety with
risks, thethe
with goal of integration,
goal of integration, systematization,
systematization,andandintelligence, an in-
intelligence, an
telligent analysis
intelligent analysisand
anddecision-making
decision-makingsystem systemofofsafety
safetyrisks
risks has
has been
been developed using
data analysis
big data analysisand
andbusiness
businessintelligence
intelligencetechnology.
technology.The The construction
construction andand application
application of
the system
of the system have
havegreatly
greatly strengthened
strengthenedthe thesafety
safetymanagement
managementlevellevelofofthe
the mine,
mine, making
the production
production process
processof ofthe
themine
minesmoother
smootherand andmore
moreorderly,
orderly,avoiding
avoiding thethe
instability of
instability
production
of production processes caused
processes by the
caused evolution
by the and and
evolution expansion of safety
expansion risks,risks,
of safety and effectively
and effec-
improving production
tively improving efficiency.
production Big dataBig
efficiency. analysis makes all
data analysis aspects
makes of safetyofmanagement
all aspects safety man-
clear
agementandclear
transparent, enabling enabling
and transparent, the timely thedetection, tracing, and
timely detection, handling
tracing, of various
and handling of
risks, effectively eliminating hidden hazards of accidents and reducing
various risks, effectively eliminating hidden hazards of accidents and reducing the occur- the occurrence
of casualties.
rence The trend
of casualties. The in the in
trend frequency of hidden
the frequency hazards
of hidden in the service
hazards of mine
in the service ofsafety
mine
hazard investigation
safety hazard is shown
investigation in Figure
is shown 10.
in Figure 10.
Sustainability 2023, 15, x FOR PEER REVIEW 14 of 1
Sustainability 2023, 15, 10086 13 of 15

Figure 10. The trend of changes in the number of hidden safety hazards.
Figure 10. The trend of changes in the number of hidden safety hazards.
As shown in the figure, before the application of the safety risk intelligence analysis
andAsdecision-making
shown in the system,
figure,the number
before theofapplication
mine safety hazards was in risk
of the safety a high-fluctuation
intelligence analys
and decision-making system, the number of mine safety hazards was in of
stage. After the system was put into application in July 2021, the number hazards
a high-fluctuatio
increased sharply within a certain period, which is due to big data analysis making the
stage. After the system was put into application in July 2021, the number of hazards in
hazard identification work more targeted, assisting the mine to focus on identifying certain
creased sharply
high-risk within
hazards, and aleading
certaintoperiod, which
an increase in is
thedue to bigofdata
number analysis
hazards. Frommaking
March the haz
ard2022,
identification
the numberwork more
of hidden targeted,
hazards began assisting
to declinethe mine to
rapidly. As focus on identifying
of August 2022, after certai
high-risk
targetedhazards, and leading
safety training and safetytorisk
angovernance,
increase inthe thenumber
number of hazards.
of hidden From
hazards March 202
has been
thesignificantly
number oflowerhidden thanhazards
the average
beganleveltobefore system
decline application,
rapidly. As ofand the safety
August 2022,level of targete
after
the mine has been effectively improved.
safety training and safety risk governance, the number of hidden hazards has been signi
icantly lower than the average level before system application, and the safety level of th
6. Conclusions
mine has been
Safety effectively
production is aimproved.
highly concerned theme in mining operations, and it is also
one of the important contents of intelligent mine construction. The construction of an
6. Conclusions
intelligent safety risk analysis and decision-making system is an active exploration of new
ideas and production
Safety systems for safety management,
is a highly making
concerned mine organization
theme and management
in mining operations, and it is als
more complete, safety management more efficient, and data utilization more in-depth,
oneforming
of the aimportant contents of intelligent mine construction. The construction of an in
new model of safety risk management suitable for modern mines. The following
telligent safety risk analysis
conclusions were obtained fromandthedecision-making system is an active exploration of new
research in this paper:
ideas
(1) and systems
Based forproduction
on safety safety management, making
data governance, mine organization
the information andsafety
related to mine managemen
more complete, safety management
has been integrated, more efficient,
and the transformation from and datasafety
massive utilization moretoin-depth
data records
forminglarge-scale
a new model of safety riskdata
and standardized management suitable
assets has been for modern
completed. mines. The
By introducing bigfollowin
data analysis
conclusions technology
were obtained andthe
from mining the value
research of safety
in this paper:data assets, the safety risk
management of mines can move from the original transaction processing to the stage
(1) Basedof bigon safety
data production
intelligence data governance, the information related to mine safet
analysis.
has been integrated, and
(2) By utilizing business intelligencethe transformation
and visualizationfrom massive
technology, thesafety dataand
systematic records t
large-scale and standardized
multi-dimensional reflection of data assets
the safety hasof
status been completed.
a mine By introducing
can form clear and intuitive big dat
safety production information to assist decision-making, which
analysis technology and mining the value of safety data assets, the safety can greatly improverisk man
the efficiency of safety control.
agement of mines can move from the original transaction processing to the stage o
(3) The application of the system has significant effects on scientific and in-depth safety
big data intelligence analysis.
analysis, clear and intuitive display of safety status, and effective and appropriate
(2) Bysafety
utilizing business
measures, whichintelligence
can effectivelyand visualization
eliminate the risk oftechnology, the systematic
mine safety accidents and an
multi-dimensional
improve the overallreflection
safety levelofofthe safety status of a mine can form clear and intu
the mine.
tive safety production information to assist decision-making, which can greatly im
prove the efficiency of safety control.
(3) The application of the system has significant effects on scientific and in-depth safet
analysis, clear and intuitive display of safety status, and effective and appropriat
safety measures, which can effectively eliminate the risk of mine safety accidents an
Sustainability 2023, 15, 10086 14 of 15

However, the current application of safety monitoring data in the system is limited to
the analysis of environmental monitoring data, and video surveillance data is not utilized.
Further research will be conducted on intelligent identification of unsafe behaviors or
states of personnel and equipment based on real-time image recognition to expand the
means of safety risk perception. For risk data visualization, the current application of
visualization methods is mainly based on two-dimensional graphics. In the future, the
safety risk integration visualization mode based on a three-dimensional refined model will
be studied to make the risk data display more intuitive and comprehensive.

Author Contributions: Methodology, G.L.; Software, J.H.; Validation, X.Q.; Resources, X.Z. and Y.L.;
Data curation, J.H. and X.Q.; Writing—original draft, X.Q.; Writing—review and editing, G.L. and
J.H.; Visualization, X.Q.; Supervision, G.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version
of the manuscript.
Funding: This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.
52074022) and National Key R&D Program of China (No. 2022YFC2903905).
Institutional Review Board Statement: Not applicable.
Informed Consent Statement: Not applicable.
Data Availability Statement: Not applicable.
Acknowledgments: Some Python libraries such as sciKit-Learn, mlxtend, statsModels, scipy, and
Genism were used in this work to build data analysis models.
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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