Valve materials

–Pressure-containing parts
–Non-pressure-containing parts
–Valve trim
–Seals: gaskets, packing
 Valve materials

Valve balls
A valve ball is also used for severe duty, high-pressure,
high-tolerance applications. They are typically made of
stainless steel, titanium, Stellite, Hastelloy, brass, or nickel.
They can also be made of different types of plastic, such as
ABS, PVC, PP or PVDF.

Stellite alloy :
is a range of cobalt-chromium alloys designed for wear
resistance. It may also contain tungsten or molybdenum
and a small but important amount of carbon. It is a
trademarked name of the Deloro Stellite Company and was
invented by Elwood Haynes in the early 1900s as a
substitute for cutlery that stained (or that had to be
constantly cleaned).
 Valve materials

Spring
Many valves have a spring for spring-loading, to
normally shift the disc into some position by default
but allow control to reposition the disc. Relief
valves commonly use a spring to keep the valve
shut, but allow excessive pressure to force the valve
open against the spring-loading. Coil springs are
normally used. Typical spring materials include zinc
plated steel, stainless steel, and for high
temperature applications Inconel X750.

Inconel is a family of austenitic nickel-chromium-

based superalloys. the name is a trademark of
Special Metals Corporation.
 Valve materials

Metal-seated valve trims

 Valve materials

Trim
The internal elements of a valve are collectively referred to as a valve's trim.
According to API Standards 600, "Steel Gate Valve-Flanged and Butt-welding
Ends, Bolted Bonnets", the trim consists of stem, seating surface in the body,
gate seating surface, bushing or a deposited weld for the backseat and stem
hole guide, and small internal parts that normally contact the service fluid,
excluding the pin that is used to make a stem-to-gate connection (this pin
shall be made of an austenitic stainless steel material).

Gaskets
Gaskets are the mechanical seals, or packings, used to prevent the
leakage of a gas or fluids from valves.
 Valve materials

Valve trim materials

Soft seated: elastomeric polymers such as EPDM and plastic
polymers such as Teflon
–Advantage: tight seating closure
–Disadvantages: wide temperature range and easily damaged

Metal seated: bronze, stainless and hard facings

–Advantages: high temp and not easily damaged
–Disadvantage: harder to get bubble-tight closure
Valve materials
Valve materials
Valve materials
Valve materials
 Valve materials

Types of Valve gaskets

flat teflon reinforced

flat graphite steel laminate sheet Oval corrugated soft metal formulation
 Valve materials

pressure energized gasket

Valve materials
Valve materials
Valve materials
Valve materials
 Valve materials

Valve body materials

Popular pressure-containing materials
–Bronze
–Cast and ductile iron
–Carbon steel
–Low alloy steel (up to 9 Cr)
–Stainless steels
–Exotic, high and super alloys
Valve materials
Valve materials
Valve materials
Valve materials
Valve materials
Valve materials
Valve materials

24
 Valve actuation

Actuator Types :
• The actuator provides the power to vary the orifice area of the valve in
response to a signal received.
• An actuator is classified according to its input signal and its output to
the power element (valve etc.). It maybe mechanical, pneumatic,
electrohydraulic, or electro-pneumatic.
• It can receive its operating air signal from a pneumatic controller
either directly or through an auxiliary device such as a valve
positioner. The input signal usually varies between 0.2 and 1 Bar,
acting on the effective area of the actuator. This results in a force
which is used to position the control valve.
 Valve actuation

Introduction
Valve actuators are selected based upon a number of factors
including torque necessary to operate the valve and the need for
automatic actuation. Types of actuators include manual hand
wheel, manual lever, electrical motor, pneumatic, solenoid,
hydraulic piston, and self-actuated. All actuators except manual
hand wheel and lever are adaptable to automatic actuation.

7/5/2021 26
 Valve actuation

Methods of Actuation :

By use of the correct failure mode of the actuator, the valve can be
made to FAIL TO OPEN or FAIL TO CLOSE depending on the fail-safe
requirements of the process.
The main actuator types available are:

1- Spring Type Diaphragm Actuator.

2- Piston Type Actuator .
3- Valve Positioners.
4- Solenoid Actuators .
 Valve actuation

Manual valve actuation

• Manual gears
–Help reduce opening and closing operating
torques to easily manageable amounts.
• Bevel gears
–Used for rising stem valves such as gates and
globes.
• Worm gears
–Used for quarter-turn valves such as ball, plug
and butterfly valves
 Valve actuation

Manual valve actuation

Manual, Fixed, and Hammer

Actuators
Manual actuators are capable of
placing the valve in any position but
do not permit automatic operation.
The most common type mechanical
actuator is the hand wheel. This type
includes hand wheels fixed to the
stem, hammer hand wheels, and Fixed Hand wheel
hand wheels connected to the stem
through gears.

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 Valve actuation
Manual valve actuation
Gears
If additional mechanical
advantage is necessary for a
manually-operated valve, the valve
bonnet is fitted with manually-
operated gear heads as illustrated
in the Figure . A special wrench or
hand wheel attached to the pinion
shaft permits one individual to
operate the valve when two Manual Gear Head
individuals might be needed
without the gear advantage.

7/5/2021 30
 Valve actuation

Automatic valve actuation

Uses
–Frequently operated valves
–Control or regulating operations
–Valves in hazardous locations
–Valves in remote locations
–Difficult to operate valves

Automatic actuator types

–Pneumatic powered
–Hydraulic powered
–Electric motor powered
–Electric solenoid powered
 Valve actuation

pneumatic valve actuator

• With Diaphragm
 Valve actuation

pneumatic valve actuator

• A pneumatic actuator operates by air pressure. A pneumatic
valve actuator is attached to the valve. The valve stem
connects the valve disc to a diaphragm inside the actuator.

33
 Valve actuation
pneumatic valve actuator
• With rack & pinion
 Valve actuation

Hydraulic valve actuator

• Piston, spring linear actuator
 Valve actuation
Hydraulic valve actuator
• With rack & pinion
 Valve actuation

Hydraulic valve actuator

• multi direction hydraulic valve actuator
 Valve actuation

Hydraulic valve actuator

• multi direction hydraulic valve actuator
 Valve actuation

Electric multi-turn actuator with controls

Robust asynchronous three-phase AC
motors are mostly used as the driving
force, for some applications also single-
phase AC or DC motors are used. These
motors are specially adapted for valve
automation as they provide higher
torques from standstill than comparable
conventional motors, a necessary
requirement to unseat sticky valves
 Valve actuation

Electric solenoid actuator with controls

A solenoid valve is an electromechanically

operated valve. The valve is controlled by an
electric current through a solenoid: in the case
of a two-port valve the flow is switched on or
off; in the case of a three-port valve, the
outflow is switched between the two outlet
ports. Multiple solenoid valves can be placed
together on a manifold.
 Valve actuation

Electric solenoid actuator with controls