CREATIVE WRITING REVIEWER

INTERTEXUALITY-is the shaping of a texts meaning by another text. Intertextual figures include
allusion, quotation, calque, plagiarism, translation pastiche and parody.
TYPES OF INTERTEXUALITY
Intertextuality and intertextual relationship can be separated into three types: obligatory , optional and
accidental.

 Obligatory intertextuality- in when the writer deliberately involves a comparison or

association between two or more texts.
 Optional intertextuality- has a less vital impact on the significance of the hypertext. It
is a possible, but not essential, intertextual relationship that if recognized , the
connection will slightly shift the understanding of the text.
 Accidental intertextuality - is when readers often connect a text with another text

SIGNIFICANCE OF INTERTEXUALITY – recognizing and understanding

intertextuality leads to a much richer reading experience which invites new interpretations
as it brings another context, idea, story into the text at hand.

INTERTEXUALITY AND PLAGIARISM- Plagiarism is defined as “presenting someone else’s work

or ideas as your own, with or without their consent, by incorporating it into your work without full
acknowledgement " .It is ,however , often mistaken for intertextuality , which is used a given text may
have with other texts .

ONE -ACT PLAY - one-act play is a play that has only one act, as distinct from plays that occur over
several acts. One-act plays may consist of one or more scenes. The 20–40-minute play has emerged as a
popular subgenre of the one-act play, especially in writing competitions. One act plays make up the
overwhelming majority Fringe Festival shows including at the Edinburgh Fringe Festival
STRUCTURE OF ONE ACT PLAY

Definition of one-act play in literature

A one-act play, as the name suggests, is a play that has only one act in it as opposed to the popular format
involving three or more acts. One-act plays typically run between 15 minutes to an hour. Any play that is
shorter in duration and lasts around 10 minutes falls under the category of ten-minute play.

One-act play: a dramatic composition that contains only one act.

A distinct feature of one-act plays is that they are performed without disruption or intervals. A one-act
play is usually shorter in duration than a full-length multi-act play and may contain one or more scenes
within the act. Sometimes one-act plays may only have one character.

Although it sounds easier to write and produce than the longer format, theatre artists and playwrights
attest to the fact that writing and performing one-act plays is extremely difficult and demanding due to
limitations of the time frame and stage direction.

One-act play: story

The one-act play tends to focus on a single theme or situation unfolding over the course of the play. The
structure of the play is concise and close-knit. For the same reason, to be successful, the writer of a one-
act play must be careful to avoid unnecessary details and scenes.

Despite having only one act, one-act plays might follow the same dramatic structure as full-length plays,
with different parts like introduction, rise, climax, fall, and resolution. In contrast to a full-length play,
these may not be as distinct and elaborate in a one-act play.

Five elements of dramatic structure: Freytag's model

A popular model of dramatic structure proposed by the German playwright Gustav Freytag delineates five
elements or components of dramatic structure: introduction, rising action, climax, falling action,
and denouement or resolution.
One-act plays also have a fewer number of characters, and the character development might be limited
due to constraints of time and space.

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One-act play: drama

Like any work of literature, one-act plays may belong to different genres such as satire, romance,
comedy, tragedy, realistic plays, fantasy plays, and so on. The earliest record of a one-act play in the
history of Western drama is Cyclops by Euripedes. The date of composition of this play is unknown, but
it is believed to have been performed at a drama festival in Athens in 5 BCE. Cyclops is a short satire
based on an episode from the Homeric epic Odyssey (800 BCE).

Satire: the use of humour, irony and exaggeration in works of literature to ridicule and critique a person or
society.
Homeric epic: ancient Greek epic poems attributed to Homer.
In Britain, the one-act plays were staged along with other plays during the fifteenth century but there was
a gradual decline in the number of one-act plays being staged compared to the rising popularity of full-
length plays.

English one-act plays

In the Tudor period (1485-1603), it was a practice to perform short dramatic pieces during intervals
between different events or different acts of full-length performances. These were known as interludes.
Interludes were performed by both amateurs and minstrels. The subject of the interludes varied, and the
plays were farcical or allegorical in nature. Many of the plays that were performed as interludes are
currently considered to be morality plays because of their religious themes and allegorical language. It is
important to remember that even though these are closely associated, not all interludes were morality
plays and vice versa.

Farce: a comedic performance that uses absurd and exaggerated displays and theatrics that borders on
buffoonery. Farce is used in theatre as a tool for social commentary.
Allegory: a poem or a story with a hidden meaning or a moral lesson.

HOW TO WRITE ONE ACT PLAY-A one-act play is usually between 10-40 pages long, and is
often called a “tenner” because of the short length. Writing one-acts can be an excellent way for new
playwrights to learn the basics of story and character construction. While there are no set rules for how to
write a one-act play, some basic guidelines may help clear away any confusing format or content
problems and truly allow the writer to get their script out.

Traditional plays, and often one-act plays, sometimes conform to the unities of drama as discussed by the
philosopher Aristotle. These guidelines suggest that a play should take place with a unity of location, time
and action. In other words, plays should have one location, be set over a period of no more than one day,
and have one central plot. These unities are somewhat more helpful in writing one-acts, as the 10-40
minute running time will not leave a lot of room for set changes or subplots.

DIFFERENT STAGING MODALITIES

1. Found Stage
A found stage is one of the simplest stages available. Also referred to as a found space or profile theater,
found stages are non-theatrical areas that are converted into theater spaces. The beauty of found stages is
that one can effectively create a theater in any context. These stages typically place audiences on risers
facing the “stage.” They do not require staging such as props, lighting or other theatrical elements.
In many cases, a found stage isn’t used in a traditionally theatrical space. A basketball court can act as a
found stage as it provides a surface for performance and houses an audience that can face the stage from a
single direction. You can create a found stage out of any space, but they are most effective in long,
narrow spaces such as a store front, alleyway or patch of green space adjacent to a building.

2. Proscenium Stage
Of all the different types of theater stages, the proscenium stage is perhaps the most readily recognizable.
Though many may not know it by name, this stage’s iconic design immediately comes to mind when you
envision a stage. One of the traditional features of a proscenium stage is the proscenium arch — an
architectural frame around the stage which doesn’t necessarily need to be in an arch shape.
Proscenium stages are usually deep from front to back. The back of the stage may be raked so the stage
slightly inclines as it moves away from the audience. The front of the stage may also extend beyond the
proscenium frame into the audience, creating what’s known as an apron or forestage. Other common
features of proscenium stages include orchestra pits below the front-center of the stage and a fly tower
above the stage for moving set pieces and lighting.
There are many benefits of proscenium stages, as they can accommodate a number of performance arts
that require minimal or extensive space for sets and lighting. The proscenium stage is also regarded as a
“classic” theatrical stage, which may be the preferred choice for auditorium spaces in schools or larger
community centers.

3. End Stage
An end stage theater, which can also be referred to as an end on stage theater, is a type of setup in which
the audience sits opposite of the stage. The audience is faced in a single direction and is usually
rectangular or square in shape. A proscenium arch theater can feature an end stage, but that doesn’t mean
all end stages are within proscenium theaters.
End stages do not need to be limited to a square or rectangular design. These stages could be round,
triangular or another irregular shape. For instance, a triangular end stage is referred to as a corner stage
theater, while an irregularly shaped end stage is called an extended stage theater. The only requirement is
that the audience is seated in a single group on only one side of the stage
One benefit to an end stage theater is that the entire audience is solely focused on the events on stage.
Aspects of the production are simplified, such as blocking for actors, because they are only playing
towards one direction. However, some theater managers do not like that the audience cannot see other
members of the audience in their direct field of vision. To resolve this problem, the audience seating may
be constructed in a bell or horseshoe shape.

4. Thrust Stage
The end stage and the thrust stage are very similar. Both are typically square or rectangular, but could be
of varying shapes. While the end stage has the audience only on one side of the stage, the thrust stage
features audience members on three sides of the stage. This is because the stage thrusts out past the
proscenium and into the audience. The size of the thrust stage could encompass the entire stage or
essentially a large extension of the forestage or apron.
A famous example of the thrust stage would be the Globe Theatre in London, England. One of the
benefits of thrust stages is that they encourage a deeper connection between the audience and performers.
While the audience is typically looking “in” at the performance on a proscenium stage, the performers are
effectively looking “out” at the audience on a thrust stage.
The thrust stage is a great option for event spaces that want to prioritize intimacy between those on stage
and those in the audience. William Shakespeare’s plays, for example, were written for this type of stage
setup. This stage is also great for other events outside of theatrical performances, including worship
services, motivational speaking engagements and events for children.

5. Arena Theater
An end on stage has audiences on a single side, a thrust stage has audiences on three sides and an arena
stage features audiences on all four sides. These types of stages are used when no background is required
and when the audience needs to engage with the performance from all sides. Although the arena theater
can accommodate theatrical performances, this theater type is better suited for other types of events, such
as concerts.
Despite its name, this type of theater stage doesn’t need to be set up within an arena to be considered an
“arena” theater. Normally these setups also feature tiered seating like you would see in a football stadium.
An arena theater is a good choice for event spaces like a stadium that put on concerts or other
engagements that will allow audiences to view the event from all sides.

6. Theaters In-The-Round
Many people tend to refer to an arena theater and a theater in-the-round as the same type of stage.
However, they do have distinctions that set them apart. We’ve defined arena stages as those that are
surrounded on all sides by an audience. We can define a theater in-the-round in a similar way — a stage
configuration in which an audience surrounds the performance area on all four sides. Like an arena
theater that isn’t located in an arena, theaters in-the-round do not need to be round.
What’s the key difference between an arena theater and a theater in-the-round? Essentially, it’s the types
of performances they host. Arena theaters are often built to accommodate expansive crowds, such as a
sports arena, while theaters in-the-round cater to a much smaller audience.
In some ways, theaters in-the-round are similar to flexible theater performances, as they seek to engage
the audience in a more intimate way than a typical performance on a proscenium stage. Theaters in-the-
round use limited props and scenery to avoid blocking the audience’s view. Instead of arriving from
backstage, actors enter and exit through the aisles between the audience’s seating. This type of stage setup
is great for immersive productions in which the performers interact with the audience.

7. Flexible Theater
Although many stage spaces and theaters are designed to feature lighting, props and other elements used
in a performance, there are other stages that cater to a minimalist style of performance. One example is a
flexible theater. Also known as a studio theater or a black box theater, the flexible theater is designed to
accommodate a wide range of needs. Unlike other types of stages and theaters, flexible theaters aren’t
fixed.
The flexible theater allows the creative team to design both the stage and audience setup to their specific
desires. Within minutes, the stage and seating configurations can be set up, rearranged or taken down. In
some cases, the flexible theater may not use a stage at all and may have the performers featured on the
floor at the same level as the audience.
These spaces are referred to as black box theaters because the walls of the room are typically painted
black. Whether or not the performers use the stage, they may opt to use few set pieces or props, instead
engaging the audience’s imagination with their actions and speech. The flexible theater is ideal for spaces
that don’t normally put on events or those that desire a budget-friendly temporary stage setup.

8. Platform Stages
In most cases, a platform stage is simply a raised platform located at the end of a room facing an
audience. You can usually tell the difference between a platform stage and another type of stage due to its
location. Platform stages are traditionally located in areas that are not primarily used as theaters. This
could include multipurpose spaces in event halls, churches, colleges and more.
Platform stages can be referred to as open stages, especially if they don’t have curtains, backstage areas or
other hallmarks of the traditional theatrical stage. One benefit of platform stages is they usually don’t
need to follow the same International Building Codes and fire codes that a theatrical stage with curtains
and lighting would. This can make platform stages an effective solution for venues that want a
performance area but don’t plan on using it for elaborate events.

9. Hippodrome
One unique type of theater that isn’t commonly found in modern times is the hippodrome.
The hippodrome dates back to ancient Greece and was an outdoor arena used for chariot races and horse
races. Racers would run around an oval track, which was surrounded by spectators on tiered seating. The
track and audience were typically separated by a pit or screen. The Romans used a similar outdoor theater
that they called a circus.
Hippodrome theaters were quite unique in their construction. They were typically dug into the side of a
hill. Their shape was oblong, and though one end was curved like a modern day track, the opposite end
was squared off. There are many hippodromes preserved throughout European cities where ancient Greek
or Roman settlements once were. Today, these types of theaters don’t serve a practical use and are not
newly constructed for any public or private events.

10. Open Air Theaters

An open air theater is an event space that hosts performances in an open air setting, meaning the venue is
open to the sky. These theaters, also commonly known as amphitheaters, can include multiple forms of
stages, such as theaters in-the-round. In many examples, an awning covers part of the stage or audience to
protect them from wind, rain and sunlight. An appropriate theater to envision would be an ancient Greek
or Roman amphitheater or hippodrome.
Open air theaters can come in many shapes and sizes, but must be located outdoors. They can include
small platforms or flexible stages, more permanent proscenium stages, or thrust stages located in a local
park, fairground or other event space. Lighting and other elements can be integrated into the stage
configuration, or the stage could operate with natural light to offer a unique experience for theatergoers.
The largest open air theater in the world is Regent’s Park Open Air Theater in London, England. The
natural light, temperature and fresh outdoor air create a sensory experience that is unlike any other type of
performance. An open air theater is an excellent choice for warm climates that can utilize the stage year-
round

ESSAY

Essays are brief, non-fiction compositions that describe, clarify, argue, or analyze a subject. Students
might encounter essay assignments in any school subject and at any level of school, from a personal
experience "vacation" essay in middle school to a complex analysis of a scientific process in graduate
school. Components of an essay include an introduction, thesis statement, body, and conclusion.

Writing an Introduction

The beginning of an essay can seem daunting. Sometimes, writers can start their essay in the middle or at
the end, rather than at the beginning, and work backward. The process depends on each individual and
takes practice to figure out what works best for them. Regardless of where students start, it is
recommended that the introduction begins with an attention grabber or an example that hooks the reader
in within the very first sentence.
The introduction should accomplish a few written sentences that leads the reader into the main point or
argument of the essay, also known as a thesis statement. Typically, the thesis statement is the very last
sentence of an introduction, but this is not a rule set in stone, despite it wrapping things up nicely. Before
moving on from the introduction, readers should have a good idea of what is to follow in the essay, and
they should not be confused as to what the essay is about. Finally, the length of an introduction varies and
can be anywhere from one to several paragraphs depending on the size of the essay as a whole.

Creating a Thesis Statement

A thesis statement is a sentence that states the main idea of the essay. The function of a thesis statement is
to help manage the ideas within the essay. Different from a mere topic, the thesis statement is an
argument, option, or judgment that the author of the essay makes about the topic of the essay.

A good thesis statement combines several ideas into just one or two sentences. It also includes the topic of
the essay and makes clear what the author's position is in regard to the topic. Typically found at the
beginning of a paper, the thesis statement is often placed in the introduction, toward the end of the first
paragraph or so.

Developing a thesis statement means deciding on the point of view within the topic, and stating this
argument clearly becomes part of the sentence which forms it. Writing a strong thesis statement should
summarize the topic and bring clarity to the reader.

For informative essays, an informative thesis should be declared. In an argumentative or narrative essay, a
persuasive thesis, or opinion, should be determined. For instance, the difference looks like this:

 Informative Thesis Example: To create a great essay, the writer must form a solid introduction,
thesis statement, body, and conclusion.
 Persuasive Thesis Example: Essays surrounded around opinions and arguments are so much
more fun than informative essays because they are more dynamic, fluid, and teach you a lot about
the author.

Developing Body Paragraphs

The body paragraphs of an essay include a group of sentences that relate to a specific topic or idea around
the main point of the essay. It is important to write and organize two to three full body paragraphs to
properly develop it.

Before writing, authors may choose to outline the two to three main arguments that will support
their thesis statement. For each of those main ideas, there will be supporting points to drive them
home. Elaborating on the ideas and supporting specific points will develop a full body paragraph. A
good paragraph describes the main point, is full of meaning, and has crystal clear sentences that
avoid universal statements.
Ending an Essay With a Conclusion

A conclusion is an end or finish of an essay. Often, the conclusion includes a judgment or decision that is
reached through the reasoning described throughout the essay. The conclusion is an opportunity to wrap
up the essay by reviewing the main points discussed that drives home the point or argument stated in the
thesis statement.
The conclusion may also include a takeaway for the reader, such as a question or thought to take with
them after reading. A good conclusion may also invoke a vivid image, include a quotation, or have a call
to action for readers.

What is a blog?
A blog is a web page that you update on a regular basis. Oftentimes, brands have blogs right on
their websites, making it easier for users to find and engage with your posts. Within your blog,
you can share long-form articles that over topics your target audience may want to read or learn
about. You can also include hyperlinks to internal or external web pages to enhance your users'
reading experience. Adding images or videos can also make reading your blog a more engaging
experience.

What is the purpose of a blog?

The purpose of a blog is to create a more engaging website for your brand. Along with using
your website to teach users about your products and services, you can also include a blog section
to teach consumers about topics that are relevant to your field. Along with this, a blog can help
you get more website traffic from search engines. By incorporating relevant keywords, more
people can find your blog posts through search and potentially find the rest of your website.

1. Blog : 
A blog is a type of website where content appears in reverse chronological order that means the newest
content will appear before older one. Blogger launched in 1999 was the first real blogging platform.
However, with the launch of WordPress in 2002 the total game of blogging changed. 
2. Website : 
It is a collection of web pages and multimedia content that are tied up under one domain. Websites are
hosted over web hosting services(AWS, wix.com etc.) which allow these pages and content to be
accessed over the world wide web.

Blog
Blogs are more dynamic in nature as the content
keep on updating.
A blog can be more of an informal type.
Content needs updation regularly.
A blog can be a website itself or a part of bigger
site.
It is developed with WordPress, Magneto, etc.
A blog has massive SEO implemented in it.
Website
Websites tend to be static in nature.
A website is more formal and professional.
Content doesn’t change regularly.
A website can be part of blog
It is developed with the help of Html, CSS, PHP,
JavaScript, Python etc.
A website has less SEO implemented on it compared

At most time, Blog is informative and educated
in nature.
Post is the basic unit of a blog.
Subscription is available in the Blog to the RSS
feed.
to a blog.
At most time,  professional in nature.
Content is the basic unit of a website.
No Subscription is available in the website to the RSS
feed.