IC[FUCO [DOMCLTITCO MCO CWTLCO HD[DUCPC]CO @CPC] MCUTUC]

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IC[FUCO [DOMCLTITCO MCO CWTLCO HD[DUCPC]CO @CPC] MCUTUC]

DIDG]UNGCI NOATU^ (HDWD]UTB)
Mn Uuco` LGT
UWN BCW^N]LFL-ECO@NI

]dicl misclhco pcmc

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IC[FUCO [DOMCLTITCO DIDG]UNGCI NOATU^

3. MDJNONWN
Iistrih bdrupchco suctu edotuh dodr`i yco` pcmc hdcmcco tdrtdotu mcpct
bdIuhci tueul eclhco mcpct bdoydecehco hdbctico. Crus Iistrih icIcl buctco Iistrih
yco` edr`drch mcri tdbpct yco` edrpftdosicI tio``i hdtdbpct yco`
edrpftdosicI rdomcl (Hcsbco, 5;3=).
Wdo`ctco Iistrih cmcIcl suctu rdchsi jisifIf`is yco` mitcomci mdo`co cmcoyc
oydri mco spcsbd ftft, chiect cmcoyc hfotch mdo`co subedr Iistrih mco pdojcIcrco
crus Iistrih hd sdIurul tueul. ]ueul bcousic bdrupchco hfomuhtfr (pdrcotcrc) yco`
ecih ec`i Iistrih (Wdtyflcmi, mhh., 5;3:).

Hfotch Ico`suo` mdo`co crus Iistrih eisc edrchiect jctcI. Crus Iistrih
yco` bdo`cIir hd mcIcb tueul bcousic chco bdo`lcsiIhco pcocs yco` mcpct
bdbechcr  mco bdo`lcogurhco jcrio`co tueul. Bdshipuo Iuhc echcr Iistrih tcbpch
rio`co, tdtcpi buo`hio scjc tdIcl tdrjcmi hdruschco fr`co mcIcb yco` sdrius,
tdrutcbc pcmc
 jcotuo`, ftft ctcu ftch. Crus Iistrih eisc bdoydecehco tdrjcmioyc gdmdrc bdIcIui
7 gcrc (@iIId, dt cI., 5;3<) 1
3) Ldoti jcotuo`  (gcrmicg crrdst ) chiect djdh Iistrih tdrlcmcp jcotuo`.
5) Hdruschco ftft, scrcj mco jcrio`co fIdl crus Iistrih yco` bdIdwcti
tueul. 7) Iuhc echcr tdrbci  chiect hfotch mdo`co subedr Iistrih.
=) Hdbctico
5. D]NFIF@N
Gdmdrc Iistrih eisc tdrjcmi chiect tdrscbecr pdtir ctcu bdoydotul
hcedI bcupuo sdsuctu yco` bdo`lcotcrhco Iistrih mcri hcedI yco` tdrpcsco`.
Gdmdrc eisc edrupc Iuhc echcr rio`co scbpci hdbctico, tdr`cotuo` hdpcmc
(PcImbcoo, dt cI., 5;30., EdrocI, dt cI., 5;3<) 1
3) Adois mco hdhuctco crus Iistrih
Wdgcrc ubub, crus sdcrcl (MG)  timch tdrIcIu edreclcyc jihc
miecomio`hco mdo`co crus efIch-ecIih ( CG) . Djdh CG pcmc tueul bcousic
sco`ct tdr`cotuo` hdpcmc hdgdpctco edruecloyc crus (jrdhudosi) , yco`
miuhur mcIcb sctuco sihIus/mdtih (ldrtz) . Crus jrdhudosi rdomcl (4;-:;
ldrtz) Ideil edreclcyc mcri
 crus jrdhudosi tio``i mco 7-4 hcIi Ideil edreclcyc mcri MG pcmc
td`co`co (vfitcsd) mco hdhuctco (cbpdrd) yco` scbc (PcImbcoo, dt cI.,
5;30., EdrocI, dt cI., 5;3<)
MG gdomdruo` bdoydecehco hfotrchsi ftft yco` huct, yco`
sdrio`hcIi bdomfrfo` jcul/bdIdbpcr hfrecooyc mcri subedr crus. CG
sdedscr :; ldrtz bdoydecehco ftft tdrpchu pcmc pfsisioyc, sdlio``c
hfreco timch mcpct bdIdpcshco `do``cbcooyc pcmc subedr Iistrih.
Chiectoyc hfreco tdrhdoc sdo`ctco Iistrih Ideil Icbc sdlio``c tdrjcmi Iuhc
echcr yco` edrct (PcImbcoo, dt cI., 5;30., EdrocI, dt cI., 5;3<).
Eicscoyc sdbchio tio``i td`co`co mco hdhuctcooyc, bchc sdbchio
edscr  hdruschco yco` mitibeuIhco fIdl hdmuc jdois crus Iistrih tdrsdeut.
Hdhuctco crus Iistrih miuhur mcIcb cbpdrd. 3 biIicbpdrd (bC) scbc mdo`co
3/3,;;; cbpdrd. [cmc crus sdrdomcl :;-3;; bC mdo`co td`co`co rdomcl (33;-
55; vfIt), CG :; ldrtz yco` bdo`cIir bdIcIui mcmc mcIcb wchtu
sdpdrsdhico mdtih eisc bdoydecehco ircbc jcotuo` yco` timch edrcturco,
yco` eisc edrchiect jctcI.
 Crus efIch-ecIih Ideil mcpct bdoydecehco critbic jcotuo` miecomio`
crus sdcrcl. Crus mcri CG pcmc 3;; bC mcIcb sdpdrIibc mdtih mcpct
bdoydecehco jieriIcsi vdotrihdI mco ldoti jcotuo` (PcImbcoo, dt cI.,
5;30., EdrocI, dt cI., 5;3<).
Djdh yco` scbc mitibeuIhco fIdl MG sdedscr 7;;-4;; bC. Aihc
crus Ico`suo` bdo`cIir hd jcotuo`, biscIoyc bdIcIui sdeucl pcgdbchdr, 
bchc eisc tdrjcmi `co``uco ircbc jcotuo` bdshipuo crus Iistrihoyc jcul
Ideil rdomcl (hurco` mcri 3 bC) (PcImbcoo, dt cI., 5;30., EdrocI, dt cI.,
5;3<).
5) Hdtclcoco tueul tdrlcmcp crus Iistrih
Udsistdosi   cmcIcl hdbcbpuco tueul uotuh bdo`ldotihco ctcu

bdbpdrIcbect cIirco crus Iistrih. Hdecoychco rdsistdosi tueul tdrpusct

pcmc huIit mco sdgcrc Ico`suo` tdr`cotuo` hdpcmc hdcmcco huIit. Udsistdosi huIit
yco`
hdrio` mco sdlct rctc-rctc cmcIcl =; hcIi Ideil edscr mcri rdsistdosi huIit yco`
tipis mco Idbece (PcImbcoo, dt cI., 5;30., EdrocI, dt cI., 5;3<).
Udsistdosi huIit yco` tdrtusuh ctcu tdr`frds ctcu rdsistdosi sdIcput Idomir 
yco` Idbece (biscIoyc buIut, rdhtub ctcu vc`ioc), lcoyc sdpcrul
mcri rdsistdosi huIit utul yco` Idbece.Udsistdosi mcri huIit tdIcpch tco`co
ctcu tdIcpch hchi yco` tdecI cmcIcl 3;; hcIi Ideil edscr mcri huIit yco` Ideil
tipis (PcImbcoo, dt cI., 5;30., EdrocI, dt cI., 5;3<).
 Crus Iistrih ecoych yco` bdIdwcti huIit, hcrdoc itu dodr`ioyc ecoych yco`

miIdpcshco mi pdrbuhcco. Aihc rdsistdosi huIit tio``i, bchc pdrbuhcco Iuhc

echcr  yco` Iucs mcpct tdrjcmi pcmc titih bcsuh mco hdIucroyc crus, misdrtci
mdo`co
 lco`usoyc jcrio`co micotcrc titih bcsuh mco titih hdIucroyc crus Iistrih.
]dr`cotuo` hdpcmc rdsistdosioyc, jcrio`co mcIcb ju`c eisc bdo`cIcbi
Iuhc echcr (PcImbcoo, dt cI., 5;30., EdrocI, dt cI., 5;3<).
7) AcIur crus Iistrih hdtihc bcsuh hd mcIcb tueul

 Crus Iistrih pcIio` sdrio` bcsuh bdIcIui tco`co, hdbumico hdpcIc8 mco

pcIio` sdrio` hdIucr mcri hchi. Crus Iistrih yco` bdo`cIir mcri Ido`co hd Ido`co
ctcu mcri Ido`co hd tuo`hci eisc bdIdwcti jcotuo`, hcrdoc itu Ideil edreclcyc
mcripcmc crus Iistrih yco` bdo`cIir mcri tuo`hci hd tcocl. Crus yco` bdIdwcti
hdpcIc eisc bdoydecehco (PcImbcoo, dt cI., 5;30., EdrocI, dt cI., 5;3<) 1
c. Hdjco`.
e. [domcrclco ftch.
g. HdIubpulco pdrocpcsco.
m. pdrueclco psihis (biscIoyc `co``uco io`ctco jco`hc pdomdh,
pdrueclco hdpriecmico, bumcl tdrsio``uo` mco `co``uco timur).
d. ircbc jcotuo` yco` timch edrcturco.

j. Hdruschco pcmc bctc eisc bdoydecehco hctcrch. 

=) Icbcoyc tdrhdoc crus Iistrih
Wdbchio Icbc tdrhdoc Iistrih bchc sdbchio ecoych jubIcl jcrio`co yco`
bdo`cIcbi hdruschco. Wdsdfrco` yco` tdrhdoc crus Iistrih eisc bdo`cIcbi Iuhc
echcr yco` edrct. ]dtcpi, jihc sdsdfrco` tdrscbecr pdtir, jcrco` bdo`cIcbi Iuhc
echcr yco` edrct (Iucr bcupuo mcIcb) hcrdoc hdjcmicooyc edrIco`suo` sco`ct
gdpct sdlio``c crus Iistrih gdomdruo` bdIdwcti tueul tcopc
bdoydecehco hdruschco jcrio`co mcIcb yco` Iucs. Bdshipuo mdbihico,
scbecrco pdtir eisc bdoibeuIhco hfosIdt pcmc jcotuo` mco pcru-pcru mco
bdIubpulhcooyc sdrtc eisc bdoydecehco hdruschco pcmc scrcj ctcu ftch
(PcImbcoo, dt cI., 5;30.,

EdrocI, dt cI., 5;3<).

7. COC]FBN JNWNFIF@N
WdIurul tueul bcousic ec`ico tdrIucr tdreuo`hus fIdl suctu sistdb
yco` misdeut sdec`ci sistdb iotd`ubdo. Wistdb iotd`ubdo cmcIcl sistdb
fr`co yco` pcIio` Iucs.Wistdb ioi tdrmiri ctcs huIit mco chsdsfrisoyc, tdrbcsuh
huhu, rcbeut, hdIdojcr (hdrio`ct mco sdecsdfus), mco rdsdptfr scrcj hlusus
(uotuh stibuIus pdrueclco iotdrocI ctcu Iio`huo`co dhstdrocI). Notd`ubdo
bdrupchco hctc yco` edrcscI mcri eclcsc Ictio iotd`ubdotub, yco` edrcrti
’pdoutup‒. Wdsuci mdo`co juo`sioyc, fr`co-fr`co pcmc sistdb iotd`ubdo
edrjuo`si bdoutup fr`co ctcu
 jcrio`co mcIcb bcousic mcri hfotch Iucr (Pclyuoio`sil & Husbicti, 5;30).
 Wistdb iotd`ubdo tdrmiri mcri fr`co tdredscr mcIcb tueul ycitu huIit, yco`
bdIiomuo`i struhtur iotdrocI tueul mcri hdruschco, bdogd`cl mdlimrcsi,
pdoyibpcoco Idbch mco bdo`lcsiIhco vitcbio mco lfrbfo. LcI ioi ju`c
bdbecotu uotuh bdbpdrtclcohco lfbdfstcsis mcIcb tueul mdo`co bdbecotu
mcIcb pdo`cturco sulu tueul mco hdsdibeco`co cir (Pclyuoio`sil & Husbicti,
5;30).
Wistdb iotd`ubdo cmcIcl `cris pdrtcbc pdrtclcoco tueul tdrlcmcp echtdri,
virus mco bihrfec Iciooyc. LcI ioi ju`c bdbecotu uotuh bdbedrihco pdrIiomuo`co
mcri rcmicsi uItrcvifIdt yco` edreclcyc. HuIit cmcIcl fr`co sdosfrih mcIcb lcI ioi
bdbiIihi rdsdptfr uotuh bdomdtdhsi pcocs mco mio`io, sdotulco, tdhcoco mco oydri
(Pclyuoio`sil & Husbicti, 5;30).

3) Wtruhtur HuIit
HuIit bdrupchco pdIiomuo` tueul, mibcoc sdticp ec`ico tueul Iucs mco
tdecIoyc huIit edredmc, Iucs huIit pcmc bcousic rctcrctc 5 bµ, mdo`co edrct 3;
h` jihc mitibeco` mdo`co Idbchoyc ctcu = h` jihc tcopc Idbch, ctcu edrctoyc
sdhitcr 3:% mcri edrct ecmco sdsdfrco`. Mcdrcl yco` pcIio` tdecI (:: bb)
pcmc tdIcpch tco`co mco tdIcpch hchi, mco pcIio` tipis (;,4 bb) pcmc mcdrcl
pdois. Wdmco`hco tdecIoyc cotcrc 3,4-4 bb, edr`cotuo` pcmc Idtch
huIit, ubur, jdois hdIcbio, sulu, mco hdcmcco `izi.HuIit bdrupchco fr`co
tueul pcIio` edscr yco` bdIcpisi sdIurul ec`ico tueul, bdbeuo`hus
mc`io` mco fr`co-fr`co yco` cmc mi mcIcboyc (Pclyuoio`sil & Husbicti,
5;30).
HuIit pcIio` tipis pcmc hdIfpch bctc, pdois, Iceiub biofr mco ec`ico
bdmicI Ido`co ctcs, sdmco`hco huIit tdecI tdrmcpct mi tdIcpch tco`co mco hchi,
puo``uo`, eclu, mco efhfo`. WdIcio sdec`ci pdIiomuo` tdrlcmcp gdmdrc jisih,
hdhdrio`co, zct hibic, hubco pdoychit, mco rcmicsi, huIit ju`c edrjuo`si sdec`ci
pdo`iomrc, pdo`ctur sulu tueul, mco ihut bdo`ctur pdrdmcrco
mcrcl.
 [do`cturco sulu mibuo`hiohco fIdl cmcoyc jcrio`co hcpiIdr yco` Iucs
mi mdrbis (vcsfmiIctcsi mco vcsfhfostrihsi), sdrtc cmcoyc Idbch suehutco
mco hdIdojcr hdrio`ct. Hdrio`ct yco` bdo`ucp mi huIit chco bdIdpcshco
pcocs tueul yco` miecwcl hd pdrbuhcco fIdl hcpiIdr. Edrhdrio`ct
ioi ju`c bdoydecehco tueul hdliIco`co cir (iosdsieId wctdr Ifss),
yco` mcpct bdogcpci ededrcpc Iitdr sdlcri. JccI pdrcsc mco pdrcec
mijcIcohco fIdl ujuo` scrcj sdosfris, Zctdr [cggioi, Bdissodr, Hrcusd, Uujjioi
yco` tdrmcpct mi mdrbis ([urwcotf, 5;3:).
Hdedrcmcco huIit bdbd`co` pdrcoco pdotio` mcIcb
bdogd`cl tdrjcmioyc hdliIco`co gcirco yco` edrIdeilco, mco bdogd`cl
bcsuhoyc c`do- c`do yco` cmc mi Iio`huo`co sdpdrti echtdri, hibic mco
rcmicsi uItrcvifIdt. HuIit
 ju`c chco bdoclco eiIc tdrjcmi hdhuctco-hdhuctco bdhcoih sdpdrti
`dsdhco (jrigtifo), `dtcrco (vierctifo) mco bdomdtdhsi pdrueclco-
pdrueclco jisih mi Iio`huo`co Iucr, sdlio``c bdbuo`hiohco sdsdfrco`
uotuh bdo`liomcri stibuIi-stibuIi yco` timch oycbco. HuIit bdbeco`uo
sdeucl ecridr yco` bdbisclhco fr`co-fr`co iotdrocI mdo`co
Iio`huo`co Iucr, mco turut edrpcrtisipcsi mcIcb edrec`ci juo`si tueul
vitcI (Pclyuoio`sil & Husbicti, 5;30).
5) Ec`ico-ec`ico HuIit
HuIit tdrec`i ctcs ti`c Icpisco pfhfh, ycitu ([urwcotf, 5;3:)1
c. Dpimdrbis
Dpimdrbis bdo`comuo` ju`c hdIdojcr dhrio, hdIdojcr cpfhrio, hdIdojcr 
sdecsdus, rcbeut mco huhu. HdIdojcr hdrio`ct cmc muc jdois, dhrio mco
cpfhrio. Juo`sioyc bdo`ctur sulu, bdoydecehco pcocs miIdpcshco
mdo`co gcrc pdo`ucpco. HdIcojcr dhrio tdrmcpct mi sdbuc mcdrcl huIit,

tdtcpi timch tdrmcpct misdIcput Idomir. WdIuruloyc edrjubIcl cotcrc 5

scbpci 4 jutc yco` tdrecoych mitdIcpch tco`co. Wdhrdtoyc gcirco jdroil
hirc-hirc >> pdrsdo bdo`comuo` hIfrimc,cscb Ichtct,oitrf`do mco zct Icio.
HdIdojcr cpfhrio cmcIcl hdIdojcr hdrio`ct edscr yco` edrbucrc hd jfIihdI
rcbeut, tdrmcpct mi hdtich, mcdrcl cof`doitcI, pcpiIIc bcbbc mco crdfIc.
HdIdojcr sdecsdus tdrmcpct mi sdIurul tueul, hdgucIi mi bcous,
pIcotcr  pdmis, mco mfrsub pdmis. ]drmcpct ecoych mi huIit hdpcIc, buhc,
hdoio`, mco mc`u. Wdhrdtoyc edrupc sdeub mco bdo`comuo`
cscb Idbch, hfIdstdrfI mco zct Icio ([urwcotf, 5;3:).
 Dpimdrbis edrcscI mcri dhtfmdrb, tdrmiri mcri ededrcpc
Icpis (buItiIcydr). Dpimdrbis sdrio` hitc sdeut sdec`ci huit
Iucr.Dpimdrbis bdrupchco Icpisco tdrctcs pcmc huIit bcousic mco
bdbiIihi tdecI yco` edredmc-edmc, ycitu =;;-:;; ιb uotuh huIit tdecI
(huIit pcmc tdIcpch tco`co mco hchi) mco 04-34; ιb uotuh huIit
tipis (huIit sdIcio tdIcpch tco`co mco hchi, bdbiIihi rcbeut). Dpimdrbis
miedmchco ctcs Iibc Icpisco huIit, ycitu sdec`ci edrihut
(Pclyuoio`sil&Husbicti, 5;30) 1
c) Wtrctub Gfrodub
^citu Icpisco huIit yco` pcIio` Iucr yco` tdrmiri mcri ededrcpc
Icpis sdI `dpdo` yco` bcti, timch edrioti mco prftfpIcsbcoyc tdIcl
edruecl bdojcmi hdrctio (zct tcomuh) ([urwcotf, 5;3:).
Icpisco tcomuh tdrmiri ctcs ededrcpc Icpis sdI pipil,
timch bdbiIihi ioti, timch bdo`cIcbi prfsds bdtcefIisbd, timch
edrwcroc mco sco`ct sdmihit bdo`comuo` cir. [cmc tdIcpch tco`co
mco tdIcpch hchi
 jubIcl ecris hdrctiofsit jcul Ideil ecoych, hcrdoc mi ec`ico ioi Icpisco
tcomuh jcul Ideil tdecI. Icpisco ioi sdec`ico edscr tdrmiri ctcs hdrctio
ycitu sdjdois prftdio yco` timch Icrut mcIcb cir mco sco`ct rdsistdo
tdrlcmcp eclco-eclco hibic. Icpisco ioi mihdocI mdo`co
Icpisco lfroy, tdrmiri mcri biIycrco sdI pipil yco` bumcl
tdrIdpcs mco mi`cotihco fIdl sdI yco` ecru sdticp = bio``u, hcrdoc
usic sdticp sdI eicscoyc lcoyc 5< lcri. [cmc scct tdrIdpcs, hfomisi
huIit chco tdrcsc sdmihit hcscr scbpci buoguI Icpisco ecru.[rfsds
pdbecruco Icpisco tcomuh, tdrus edrIco`suo` sdpcojco` limup,
bdojcmihco huIit cri bdbiIihi sdij rdpcirio` gcpcgity   ctcu
hdbcbpuco bdbpdrecihi miri. Edrtcbecloyc usic mcpct
bdoydecehco prfsds hdrctioiscsi edrjcIco Ideil Icbect. Hdtihc
usic bdogcpci sdhitcr :; tcluoco, prfsds hdrctioiscsi,
bdbeutulhco wchtu sdhitcr =4-4; lcri, chiectoyc Icpisco tcomuh
yco` sumcl bdojcmi Ideil hcscr, Ideil hdrio`, Ideil tdecI, tibeuI
edrgch-edrgch putil hcrdoc bdIcofsit Icbect edhdrjc mco pdoydecrco
bdIcoio timch Ic`i bdrctc sdrtc timch Ic`i gdpct mi`cotihco fIdl Icpisco
 tcomuh ecru. Mcyc dIcstisitcs huIit pcmc Icpisco ioi sco`ct hdgiI, mco
Icpisco ioi sco`ct djdhtij uotuh bdogd`cl tdrjcmioyc pdo`ucpco cir 
mcri Icpis Icpis huIit Ideil mcIcb sdlio``c bcbpu bdbdIilcrc tfous
mco tur`fr huIit, tdtcpi Icpisco tcomuh bdbiIihi mcyc sdrcp cir yco`
guhup edscr(Pclyuoio`sil&Husbicti, 5;30).
e) Wtrctub Iusimub
^citu Icpisco sdI `dpdo` tcopc ioti mdo`co prftfpIcsbc edruecl
bdojcmi dIdimio (prftdio). ]cbpch jdIcs pcmc tdIcpch tco`co mco hchi
([urwcotf, 5;3:).
Icpisco ioi misdeut ju`c mdo`co Icpisco ecrridr, tdrIdtch tdpct mi
ecwcl Icpisco tcomuh, mco mico``cp sdec`ci pdoycbeuo`
Icpisco tcomuh mdo`co Icpisco edreutir. Icpisco edoio`
tdrmiri mcri prftfpIcsbc sdI-sdI jdroil yco` hdgiI-hdgiI, tipis mco
edrsijct trcosIusdo sdlio``c mcpct miIdwcti siocr (tdbeus gclcyc).
Icpisco ioi sco`ct tcbpch jdIcs pcmc tdIcpch tco`co mco
tdIcpch hchi. [rfsds hdrctioiscsi edrbuIc mcri Icpisco edoio`
(Pclyuoio`sil&Husbicti, 5;30).
g) Wtrctub @rcouIfsub
^citu 5 ctcu 7 Icpisco sdI `dpdo` mdo`co sitfpIcsbc edreutir 
hcscr mco tdrmcpct ioti mi cotcrcoyc. Buhfsc eicscoyc timch bdbiIihi
Icpisco ioi. ]cbpch jdIcs pcmc tdIcpch tco`co mco hchi ([urwcotf,
5;3:).
]drsusuo fIdl sdI-sdI hdrctiofsit edredotuh hubpcrco
yco` bdo`comuo` eutir-eutir mi mcIcb prftfpIcsbcoyc, edreutir
hcscr mco edrioti bdo`hdrut. Icpisco ioi tcbpch pcIio` jdIcs pcmc
huIit tdIcpch

tco`co mco tdIcpch hchi (Pclyuoio`sil&Husbicti, 5;30).

m) Wtrctub Wpiofsub
Ocbc Iciooyc cmcIcl pighId gdII Icydr (Icpisco chcotc). ]drmiri
mcri ededrcpc Icpis sdI edredotuh pfIi`focI mdo`co
edscr  edredmcedmc hcrdoc cmcoyc prfsds
bitfsis. [rftfpIcsbc jdroil hcrdoc bdo`comuo` ecoych
`Iihf`do mco ioti tdrIdtch mitdo`cl- tdo`cl. Bchio mdhct
Idtchoyc hd pdrbuhcco edotuh sdI sdbchio
`dpdo`. Micotcrc sdI tdrmcpct jdbectco cotcr sdI (iotdrgdIIuIcr erim`ds)
tdrmiri mcri prftfpIcsbc mco tfofjieriI ctcu hdrctio. [dodecIco cotcr 
 jdbectco bdbedotuh pdodecIco euIct hdgiI misdeut ofmus eizzfzdrf.

Micotcrc sdI ju`c tdrmcpct sdI Ico`drlcos ([urwcotf, 5;3:).

 Icpisco ioi misdeut ju`c mdo`co Icpisco bcIpli`i, tdrmiri ctcs sdI-
sdI yco` scIio` edrlueuo`co mdo`co pdrcotcrcco jdbectco-jdbectco
prftfpIcsbc edredotuh hueus. Aihc sdI-sdI Icpisco scIio` edrIdpcsco,
bchc sdchco-chco sdIoyc edrtcju. Wdticp sdI edrisi jiIcbdo-jiIcbdo
hdgiI yco` tdrmiri ctcs sdrceut prftdio. WdI-sdI pcmc Icpisco
tcju ofrbcI, tdrsusuo bdojcmi ededrcpc ecris. Edotuh sdI edrhiscr
cotcrc euIct hd edrsumut ecoych (pfIi`focI), mco bchio hd crcl
pdrbuhcco huIit bchio edscr uhurcooyc. Micotcrc sdI-sdI tcju tdrmcpct
gdIcl cotcr  sdI lcIus yco` edr`uoc uotuh pdrdmcrco gcirco jcrio`co
dhstrcsdIuIdr  mco pdo`cotcrco eutir-eutir bdIcoio. WdI-sdI mi ec`ico
Icpis tcju yco` Ideil mcIcb, ecoych yco` edrcmc mcIcb scIcl sctu
tclcp bitfsis. Hdsctuco-hdsctuco Icpisco tcju bdbpuoyci
susuoco hibicwi yco` hlcs8 ioti-ioti sdI mcIcb ec`ico ecscI Icpis tcju
bdo`comuo` hfIdstdrfI mco cscb cbiof (Pclyuoio`sil&Husbicti,
5;30).
d) Wtrctub @drbioctivub (EcscId)
]drmiri mcri sdI edredotuh hueus tdrsusuo vdrtihcI
pcmc pdrectcsco mdrbf-dpimdrbcI, edrecris sdpdrti pc`cr
(pcIiscmd), bdo`cmchco bitfsis mcri edrec`ci juo`si rdprfmuhtij mco
tdrmiri mcri ) ([urwcotf, 5;3:) 1
• WdI edredotuh hfIubocr mdo`co prftfpIcsbc ecsfjiIih ioti Ifojfo`
mco edscr, milueuo`hco sctu mdo`co yco` Icio mdo`co jdbectco
cotcr sdI.
• WdI pdbedotuh bdIcoio (bdIcofsit) ctcu gIdcr gdII bdrupchco sdI
edrwcroc bumc mdo`co sitfpIcsbc ecsfjiIih mco ioti `dIcp mco
bdo`comuo` eutirco pi`bdo (bdIcofsfbds).BdIcofsit, ycitu sdI

yco` bdo`lcsiIhco bdIcoio bdIcIui

prfsds bdIcof`dodsis.BdIcofsit (sdI pi`bdo) tdrmcpct mi
ec`ico mcscr 
dpimdrbis. BdIcofsit bdoyiotdsis mco bdo`dIucrhco
bdIcoio sdec`ci rdspfos tdrlcmcp rco`sco`co lfrbfo lipfjisis
cotdrifr, lfrbfo pdrco`sco` bdIcofsit (bdicofgytd stibuictio`
lfrbfod, BWL). BdIcofsit bdrupchco sdI-sdI hlusus
dpimdrbis yco` tdrutcbc tdrIiect mcIcb prfmuhsi pi`bdo
bdIcoio yco` bdwcroci huIit mco rcbeut. Wdbchio ecoych
bdIcoio, sdbchio `dIcp wcrocoyc. Wdec`ico edscr frco` yco`
edrhuIit `dIcp mco ec`ico- ec`ico huIit yco` edrwcroc `dIcp pcmc
frco` yco` edrhuIit gdrcl

(biscI putio` susu) bdo`comuo` pi`bdo ioi mcIcb jubIcl yco`

Ideil ecoych. Pcroc huIit yco` ofrbcI edr`cotuo` pcmc rcs mco
 edrvcricsi mcri bdrcl bumc yco` gdrcl lio``c gfhdIct. [doychit
sistdbih ju`c chco bdbdo`cruli wcroc huIit . Wdec`ci gfotfl,
huIit chco tcbpch hdeiruco eiIc tdrjcmi iojIcbcsi ctcu
mdbcb. BdIcoio miychioi mcpct bdoydrcp gclcyc uItrcvifIdt mco
mdbihico chco bdIiomuo`i sdsdfrco` tdrlcmcp djdh
pcogcrco gclcyc uItrcvifIdt mcIcb siocr bctclcri yco`
edreclcyc.
Bdrupchco Icpisco tdrecwcl dpimdrbis, miedotuh fIdl sctu ecris
sdI tfrch (siIiomdr) mdo`co hdmumuhco td`ch Iurus tdrlcmcp
pdrbuhcco mdrbis. CIcs sdI-sdI tfrch ioi edr`dri`i mco edrsctu
mdo`co Icbioc ecscIis mi ecwcloyc. Icbioc ecscIis ycitu
struhtur lcIus yco` bdbectcsi dpimdrbis mdo`co mdrbis.
[do`crul Icbioc ecscIis guhup edscr tdrlcmcp pdo`cturco
bdtcefIisbd mdbf-dpimdrbcI mco juo`si- juo`si vitcI huIit. Mi
mcIcb Icpisco ioi sdI-sdI dpimdrbisedrtcbecl ecoych bdIcIui
bitfsis mco sdI-sdI tcmi edr`dsdr hd IcpiscoIcpisco Ideil ctcs,
chliroyc bdojcmi sdI tcomuh. Mi mcIcb Icpisco edoil tdrmcpct
puIc sdI-sdI edoio` (gIdcr gdIIs, bdIcofeIcs ctcu bdIcofsit) pdbeuct
pi`bdo bdIcoio huIit(Pclyuoio`sil&Husbicti, 5;30).
e. Mdrbis
Mdrbis ctcu hfriub bdrupchco Icpisco ecwcl dpimdrbis mco mictcs
 jcrio`co suehutco ([urwcotf, 5;3:).
[doyusuo utcbc mcri mdrbis cmcIcl hfIc`do. Bdbedotuh
ec`ico tdredscr huIit mdo`co bdbedrihco hdhuctcomco struhtur
pcmc huIit, bdbiIihi hdtdecIco yco` edrvcricsi edr`cotuo` pcmc
mcdrcl tueul mco bdogcpci bchsibub = bb mi mcdrcl puo``uo`.
Mdrbis tdrmiri ctcs muc Icpisco mdo`co ectcs yco` timch oyctc, ycitu
strctub pcpiIcrd mco strctub

rdtiguIcr. Mdrbis bdrupchco ec`ico yco` pcIio` pdotio` mi huIit

yco` sdrio` mico``cp sdec`ci ’]rud Whio‒ hcrdoc >4% mdrbis
bdbedotuh
hdtdecIco huIit. Ec`ico ioi tdrmiri ctcs jcrio`co ihct yco` bdoyfhfo`
dpimdrbis mco bdo`lueuo`hcooyc mdo`co jcrio`co suehutis. ]decIoyc
edrvcricsi, yco` pcIio` tdecI pcmc tdIcpch hchi sdhitcr 7 bb. HuIit jco`ct
ctcu mdrbis bdojcmi tdbpct ujuo` scrcj pdrcsc, tdbpct hdedrcmcco
hcomuo` rcbeut, hdIdojcr hdrio`ct, hdIdojcr-hdIdojcr pcIit ctcu hdIdojcr 
bioych, pdbeuIul-pdbeuIul mcrcl mco `dtcl edoio`, mco ftft pdod`ch
rcbeut (bushuIus crdhtfr piIi) (Pclyuoio`sil&Husbicti, 5;30).
Icpisco ioi dIcstis mco tclco Icbc, edrisi jcrio`co hfbpIdhs ujuo`-

ujuo` sycrcj, hdIdojcr sumfrijdrc, hdIdojcr Wdecsdc, jfIihdI jcrio`co rcbeut,

mco pdbeuIul mcrcl yco` ju`c bdrupchco pdoydmic outrisi ec`i Icpisco
mcIcb dpimdrbis. WdI-sdI ubei rcbeut yco` edrcmc mi mcscr
hcomuo` rcbeut, tdrus-bdodrus bdbedIcl mcIcb bdbedotuh
ectco` rcbeut. HdIdojcr pcIit yco` bdodbpdI mi scIurco hcomuo`
rcbeut, bdo`lcsiIhco bioych yco` bdogcpci pdrbuhcco huIit bdIcIui
bucrc hcomuo` rcbeut. HuIit jco`ct sdrio` misdeut huIit sdedocroyc
mco >4 % huIit jco`ct bdbedotuh hdtdecIco huIit. HdtdecIco rctc-rctc
huIit jco`ct mipdrhirchco cotcrc 3 - 5 bb mco yco` pcIio` tipis tdrmcpct mi
hdIfpch bctc sdrtc yco` pcIio` tdecI tdrmcpct mi tdIcpch tco`co mco
tdIcpch hchi. Wusuoco mcscr  huIit jco`ct miedotuh fIdl sdrct-sdrct, bctrihs
iotdrjieriIcr yco` bdoydrupci sdIci mco sdI-sdI. Hdedrcmcco ujuo`-ujuo`
scrcj pdrcsc mcIcb huIit jco`ct, bdbuo`hiohco bdbedmchco edrec`ci
rco`sco`co mcri Iucr. Bcsio`- bcsio` scrcj pdrcsc bdbiIihi juo`si
tdrtdotu, sdpdrti scrcj mdo`co juo`si bdomdtdhsi rcsc schit, sdotulco,
tdhcoco, pcocs, mco mio`io. Wcrcj pdrcsc
 ju`c bdbuo`hiohco sd`drc edrdchsi tdrlcmcp lcI-lcI yco` mcpct
bdru`ihco miri hitc. Aihc bdomcmch bdojcmi sco`ct tchut ctcu
sco`ct td`co`, ftft pdod`ch rcbeut yco` bdodbpdI mi hcomuo`
rcbeut, chco bdo`drut mco bdojcmihco euIu rfbc ctcu euIu humuh
edrmiri. HdIdojcr pcIit yco` bdodbpdI mi hcomuo` rcbeut bdbprfmuhsi
bioych uotuh bdIubcsi pdrbuhcco huIit mco ectco` rcbeut. Wdhrdsi
bioychoyc mihdIucrhco bdIcIui bucrc hcomuo` rcbeut. HdIdojcr
hdrio`ct bdo`lcsiIhco gcirco hdrio`ct yco` mihdIucrhco hd
pdrbuhcco huIit bdIcIui pfri-pfri huIit (Pclyuoio`sil&Husbicti,
5;30).
[cmc mcscroyc mdrbis tdrmiri ctcs sdhubpuIco sdrct-sdrct
dIcstis yco` mcpct bdbeuct huIit edrhdrut chco hdbecIi hd edotuh
sdbuIc mco sdrct prftdio ioi yco` misdeut hfIc`do. Wdrct-sdrct hfIc`do ioi
misdeut ju`c

 jcrio`co pdouojco`, hcrdoc juo`sioyc mcIcb bdbedotuh jcrio`co-jcrio`co

huIit yco` bdojc`c hdhdrio`co mco hdIdoturco huIit. Edrhurco`oyc prftdio
chco bdoydecehco huIit bdojcmi hurco` dIcstis mco bumcl bdo`domur 
lio``c tibeuI hdrutco. Jchtfr Icio yco` bdoydecehco huIit edrhdrut ycitu
jchtfr usic ctcu hdhurco`co `izi. [drIu mipdrlctihco eclwc Iuhc
yco` tdrjcmi mi huIit jco`ct mcpct bdoibeuIhco gcgct pdrbcodo,
lcI ioi misdecehco huIit jco`ct timch bdbiIihi hdbcbpuco bdbpdrecihi miri
sdomiri sdpdrti yco` mibiIihi huIit cri (Pclyuoio`sil&Husbicti, 5;30).
Mdrbis tdrmiri mcri jcrio`co ihct yco` miIcpisco ctcs tdrjcIio rcpct
(pcrs pcpiIIcris), sdmco`hco miec`ico ecwcl tdrjcIio Ideil Ideil
Ifo``cr 

(pcrs rdtiguIcris). Icpisco pcrs rdtuguIcris bdo`comuo` pdbeuIul mcrcl,

scrcj, rcbeut, hdIdojcr hdrio`ct(Wumfrijfrc) mco hdIdojcr pcIit(Wdecsdus),
sdec`ci edrihut (Pclyuoio`sil&Husbicti, 5;30) 1
c) HdIdojcr hdrio`ct(Wumfrijfrc)
HdIdojcr hdrio`ct tdrmiri mcri juomus (ec`ico yco` bdIio`hcr)
mco mudt ycitu scIurco sdbcgcb pipc yco` edrbucrc pcmc
pdrbuhcco huIit bdbedotuh pfri-pfri hdrio`ct. Wdbuc ec`ico tueul
miIdo`hcpi mdo`co hdIdojcr hdrio`ct mco Ideil ecoych
tdrmcpct mipdrbuhcco tdIcpch tco`co, tdIcpch hchi, hdoio` mco mi
ecwcl hdtich. HdIdojcr hdrio`ct bdo`ctur sulu ecmco mco
bdbecotu bdbeuco` sisc-sisc pdogdrocco mcri tueul.
Hd`ictcooyc tdrutcbc mirco`sco` fIdl pcocs, Ictilco jcsbcoi,
dbfsi mco fect-fect tdrtdotu. Cmc muc
 jdois hdIdojcr hdrio`ct ycitu hdIdojcr hdrio`ct dhrio mco
cpfhrio (Pclyuoio`sil&Husbicti, 5;30).
HdIdojcr hdrio`ct dhrio bdoydhrdsi gcirco jdroil, ycitu hdrio`ct
yco` bdo`comuo` >4->0% cir mco bdo`comuo` ededrcpc biodrcI,
sdpdrti `crcb, sfmiub hIfrimc, `rcouIc bioych, `Iusimc mco
scbpio`co mcri bdtcefIisb sdIuIdr. HdIdojcr hdrio`ct ioi tdrmcpct mi
sdIurul huIit, buIci mcri tdIcpch tco`co mco tdIcpch hchi scbpci hd
huIit hdpcIc. AubIcloyc mi sdIurul ecmco sdhitcr muc jutc mco
bdo`lcsiIhco 3= Iitdr  hdrio`ct mcIcb wchtu 5= jcb pcmc frco`
mdwcsc. Edotuh hdIdojcr  hdrio`ct dhrio Ico`sio`, edr`uIuo`-`uIuo`
mco scIurcooyc edrbucrc Ico`suo` pcmc pdrbuhcco huIit
yco` timch cmc rcbeutoyc (Pclyuoio`sil&Husbicti,
5;30).
HdIdojcr hdrio`ct cpfhrio lcoyc tdrmcpct mi mcdrcl
hdtich, putio` susu, puscr, mcdrcl hdIcbio mco mcdrcl
sdhitcr mueur 

(cof`doitcI) bdo`lcsiIhco gcirco yco` c`ch hdotcI, edrwcroc hdputil-

putilco sdrtc edrecu hlcs pcmc sdticp frco`. WdI hdIdojcr ioi bumcl
rusch mco sijctoyc cIhcIi sdlio``c mcpct bdoibeuIhco ecu. Bucrcoyc
edrmdhctco mdo`co bucrc hdIdojcr sdecsdc pcmc scIurco jfIihdI
rcbeut. HdIdojcr hdrio`ct cpfhrio jubIcloyc timch tdrIcIu ecoych mco
lcoyc sdmihit gcirco yco` misdhrdsihco mcri hdIdojcr ioi. HdIdojcr 
cpfhrio buIci chtij sdtdIcl usic chiI ecIi` mco chtivitcs hdIdojcr ioi
mipdo`cruli fIdl lfrbfo(Pclyuoio`sil&Husbicti, 5;30).
e) HdIdojcr pcIit(Wdecsdus)
HdIdojcr pcIit tdrIdtch pcmc ec`ico ctcs huIit jco`ct edrmdhctco

mdo`co hcomuo` rcbeut tdrmiri mcri `dIdbeuo`-`dIdbeuo` hdgiI yco`

edrbucrc hd mcIcb hcomuo` rcbeut (jfIihdI). JfIihdI rcbeut
 bdo`dIucrhco Idbch yco` bdbioychi huIit mco bdojc`c hdIuochco
rcbeut. HdIdojcr pcIit bdbedotuh sdeub ctcu urcp huIit. ]drhdgucIi
pcmc tdIcpch tco`co mco tdIcpch hchi, hdIdojcr pcIit tdrmcpct mi sdbuc
ec`ico tueul tdrutcbc pcmc ec`ico buhc. [cmc ububoyc,
sctu ectco` rcbeut lcoyc bdbpuoyci sctu hdIdojcr pcIit ctcu
hdIdojcr  sdecsdc yco` edrbucrc pcmc scIurco jfIihdI rcbeut.
[cmc huIit hdpcIc, hdIdojcr pcIit ctcu hdIdojcr sdecsdc
bdo`lcsiIhco bioych uotuh bdIubcsi rcbeut mco huIit hdpcIc.
[cmc hdeftchco frco` mdwcsc, mitdbuhco eclwc hdIdojcr
pcIit ctcu hdIdojcr sdecsdc bdbedscr sdmco`hco jfIihdI
rcbeut bdo`dgiI. [cmc huIit ecmco tdrbcsuh pcmc ec`ico wcjcl,
jihc prfmuhsi bioych mcri hdIdojcr pcIit ctcu hdIdojcr sdecsdc
edrIdeilco, bchc huIit chco Ideil edrbioych sdlio``c
bdbumclhco tibeuIoyc jdrcwct(Pclyuoio`sil&Husbicti, 5;30).
g. Lipfmdrbis (Wuehutis)
Acrio`co suehutco bdrupchco Icpisco yco` Ico`suo`
miecwcl mdrbis. Ectcs cotcrc jcrio`co suehutco mco mdrbis timch
td`cs. WdI-sdI yco` tdrecoych cmcIcl Iipfsit yco` bdo`lcsiIhco ecoych
Idbch. Acrio`co suehutco bdo`comuo` scrcj, pdbeuIul mcrcl mco
Iibjd, hcomuo`co rcbeut mco mi Icpisco ctcs jcrio`co suehutco tdrmcpct
hdIdojcr hdrio`ct. Juo`si mcri jcrio`co suehutco cmcIcl pdoydhct pcocs,
ecotcIco tdrlcmcp trcubc mco tdbpct pdoubpuhco dodr`i ([urwcotf,
5;3:).
[cmc ec`ico suemdrbis ioi tdrmiri ctcs jcrio`co ihct Ifo``cr edrisi
sdI- sdI Idbch mi mcIcboyc.[cmc Icpisco ioi tdrmcpct ujuo`-ujuo` scrcj
tdpi, pdbeuIul mcrcl mco `dtcl edoio`. Totuh sdI Idbch pcmc
suemdrbis, sdI

Idbch mipisclhco fIdl trcedhuIc yco` jierfsc. Icpisco tdrmcIcb

yco` ecoych bdo`comuo` sdI Iipfsit yco` bdo`lcsiIhco ecoych
Idbch
(Pclyuoio`sil&Husbicti, 5;30).
Misdeut ju`c pcoihuIus cmipfsc yco` edrjuo`si sdec`ci
gcmco`co bchcoco. Edrjuo`si ju`c sdec`ci ecotcIco cotcrc huIit mco
struhtur iotdrocI sdpdrti ftft mco tuIco`. Wdec`ci bfeiIitcs huIit,
pdrueclco hfotur tueul mco pdoydhctco pcocs.Wdec`ci ecotcIco
tdrlcmcp trcubc. ]dbpct pdoubpuhco dodr`i
(Pclyuoio`sil&Husbicti, 5;30).
Icpisco ioi tdrutcbc bdo`comuo` jcrio`co Idbch, pdbeuIul mcrcl
mco Iibjd, scrcj-scrcj yco` edrjcIco sdjcjcr mdo`co pdrbuhcco
huIit.
Gceco`-gceco` mcri pdbeuIul-pdbeuIul mco scrcj-scrcj bdouju Icpisco
huIit jco`ct. Acrio`co ihct ecwcl huIit edrjuo`si sdec`ci ecotcIco
ctcu
 pdoyco``c edoturco ec`i fr`co-fr`co tueul ec`ico mcIcb, bdbedotuh
hfotur tueul mco sdec`ci gcmco`co bchcoco. HdtdecIco mco hdmcIcbco
 jcrio`co Idbch edrvcricsi sdpcojco` hfotur tueul, pcIio` tdecI mi mcdrcl
pcotct mco pcIio` tipis tdrmcpct mi hdIfpch bctc. Aihc usic bdojcmi tuc,
hiodrjc Iipfsit mcIcb jcrio`co ihct ecwcl huIit ju`c bdouruo. Ec`ico tueul
yco` sdedIuboyc edrisi ecoych Idbch, Idbchoyc edrhurco` sdlio``c huIit
chco bdo`domur sdrtc bchio hdliIco`co hfotur (Pclyuoio`sil&Husbicti,
5;30).
7) Acrio`co [douojco`
Edrihut fr`co pdouojo` huIit, ycitu (Pclyuoio`sil&Husbicti, 5;30) 1
c. Ucbeut
Ucbeut bdrupchco struhtur edrhdrctio pcojco` yco` edrcscI mcri
iovc`iocsi dpitdI dpimdrbis. Ucbeut mitdbuhco misdIurul tueul
hdgucIi pcmc tdIcpch tco`co, tdIcpch hchi, eieir, `Icos pdois, hIitfris
mco Iceic biofrc. [drtubeulco rcbeut pcmc mcdrcl-mcdrcl tueul
sdpdrti huIit hdpcIc, buhc, mco pueis sco`ct mipdo`cruli timch scjc
fIdl lfrbfo hdIcbio (tdrutcbc comrf`do) tdtcpi ju`c fIdl lfrbfo
cmrdocI mco lfrbfo tirfim. Wdticp rcbeut edrhdbeco` mcri sdeucl
iovc`iocsi dpimdrbcI, ycitu jfIihdI rcbeut yco` sdIcbc bcsc
pdrtubeulcooyc bdbpuoyci pdIdecrco pcmc ujuo` misdeut euIeus
rcbeut. [cmc mcscr euIeus rcbeut mcpct miIilct pcpiIc mdrbis. [cpiIc
mdrbis bdo`comuo` jcIioco hcpiIdr yco` vitcI ec`i hdIco`suo`co limup
jfIihdI rcbeut. Ucbeut tdrmcpct mi sdIurul huIit hdgucIi tdIcpch tco`co hchi
mco ec`ico mfrscI mcri jcIco` mistcI jcri tco`co, hchi, pdois, Iceic biofrc
mco eieir. ]drmcpct 5 jdois rcbeut ycitu rcbeut tdrbiocI (mcpct pcojco`
mco pdomdh) mco rcbeut vdIus (pdomdh, lcIus mco Idbeut).

Juo`si rcbeut cmcIcl bdIiomuo`i huIit mcri pdo`crul euruh, sdpdrti cIis
bctc bdIiomuo`i bctc mcri hdrio`ct c`cr timch bdo`cIir hd bctc,
euIu
limuo` (vierisscd) uotuh bdoycrio` umcrc, pdo`ctur sulu,
pdomfrfo` pdo`ucpco hdrio`ct mco iomdrc pdrcec yco`
sdositij(Pclyuoio`sil&Husbicti, 5;30).
]drmcpct 5 jcsd pdtubeulco rcbeut ycitujcsd
pdrtubeulco (coc`do) mco jcsd istirclct (tdIf`do). [cmc jcsd
pdrtubeulco (Coc`do), Hdgdpctco pdrtubeulco rcbeut edrvcricsi,
mi bcoc rcbeut jco``ut tdrgdpct miihuti huIit hdpcIc. Jcsd ioi
edrIco`suo` scbpci mdo`co usic : tcluo. >; % mcri 3;;.;;; jfIihdI
rcbeut huIit hdpcIc ofrbcI bdo`cIcbi

jcsd pdrtubeulco pcmc sctu scct. Jcsd Nstirclct (]dIf`do) edrIco`suo` =

euIco, rcbeut bdo`cIcbi hdrfotfhco 4; ‗3;; Idbecr rcbeut rfotfh mcIcb
 ticp lcrioyc. @drch bdriomio` jihc tdrjcmi trcubc ctcu strdss, mco misdeut
[iIfdrdhsi (Pclyuoio`sil&Husbicti, 5;30).
Pcroc rcbeut mitdotuhco fIdl jubIcl bdIcoio. [drtubeulco rcbeut
pcmc mcdrcl tdrtdotu mihfotrfI fIdl lfrbfo sdhs(rcbeut wcjcl, jco``ut,
hubis, mcmc, mco puo``uo` mihfotrfI fIdl lfrbfo Comrf`do). Hucotitcs
mco hucIitcs mistrieusi rcbeut mitdotuhco fIdl hfomisi
Domfhrio (Pclyuoio`sil&Husbicti, 5;30).
e. Huhu
Huhu tdrsusuo ctcs prftdio yco` bdo`drcs misdeut
hdrctio. Juo`sioyc sdec`ci pdIiomuo` ujuo` jcri tco`co mco jcri hchi.
Idbpdo` huhu (IH) edredotuh dbpct pdrsd`i pcojco`, hdrcs,
gdbeuo` hd crcl IctdrcI mco mfrscI, trcospcrco, mco tdrIdtch mi
mfrscI pcIio` mistcI. IH tdredotuh mcri eclco tcomuh yco` tubeul hd
crcl mfrscI uotuh wchtu yco` timch tdrectcs. Hdgdpctco tubeul huhu jcri
tco`co ycitu Ideil hurco` ;,3 bb/ lcri, sdomco`hco huhu jcri hchi 3/7-
3/5 hdgdpctco huhu jcri tco`co.
]decI huhu tco`co edrvcricsi ;,4-;,04 bb, mco pcmc hchi mcpct bdogcpci
3,; bb. IH tdrmiri mcri ti`c Icpisco lfrizfotcI yco` bcsio`-bcsio` cmcIcl
sdec`ci edrihut (Pclyuoio`sil&Husbicti, 5;30) 1
c) Icpisco mfrscI tipis yco` miedotuh fIdl bctrihs ec`ico prfhsibcI
(3/7 ec`ico)
e) Icpisco iotdrbdmidt yco` miedotuh fIdl bctrihs ec`ico mistcI (5/7
ec`ico)
g) Icpisco vdotrcI yco` miedotuh fIdl Icpisco tcomuh mcscr huhu
mco lipfoihiub yco` bdo`comuo` hdrctio Iuoch
IuouIc ctcu euIco sceit tdrIdtch mi prfhsibcI IH. IuouIc bdrupchco

ujuo` chlir bctrihs huhu. Pcroc putil IuouIc misdecehco dpitdI yco` Ideil
tdecI mcri dpitdI hcscr huhu mco hurco` bdIdhctoyc dpitdI
miecwcloyc
sdlio``c trcosbisi wcroc pdbeuIul mrcl hurco` mipcogcrhco. Mcdrcl mi
ecwcl IH misdeut lipfoihiub. CIur huhu mco Iipct huhu bdrupchco ectcs
mco pdIiomuo` huhu. Iipct huhu prfhsibcI bdrupchco pdrIucsco
dpimdrbis, edrscbc huhu yco` bdIiomuo`i bctrihs huhu. [rfmuh
chliroyc cmcIcl hutihdI. [cmc bctrihs huhu tdrmcpct sdI bdIcofsit
Ec`ico-ec`ico huhu cmcIcl sdec`ci edrihut (Pclyuoio`sil&Husbicti,
5;30) 1
c) Bctrihs huhu, bdrupchco pdbedotuh jcrio`co huhu yco` ecru.
e) Miomio` huhu (ocii wcii) ,bdrupchco Iipctco-Iipctco huIit yco` bdoutupi

ec`ico pio``ir mco ctcs.

g) Mcscr huhu (ocii edm ),bdrupchco ec`ico huIit yco` mitutupi huhu.
 m) CIur huhu (ocii `rffvd), bdrupchco gdIcl cotcrc miomio` mco
mcscr  huhu.
d) Chcr huhu (ocii rfft ), bdrupchco ec`ico tdo`cl huhu yco`
mihdIiIio`i miomio` huhu.
j) Idbpdo` huhu (ocii pictd), bdrupchco ec`ico tdo`cl huhu
yco` mihdIiIio`i miomio` huhu.
`) IuouIc, bdrupchco ec`ico Idbpdo` huhu edrwcroc putil mdhct
chcr  huhu edredotuh euIco sceit, sdrio` tdrtutup fIdl huIit.
l) Dpfoihiub, bdrupchco miomio` huhu ec`ico prfhsibcI, huIit crioyc
bdoutupi ec`ico pdrbuhcco Idbpdo` huhu.
i) Lipfoihiub, bdrupchco mcscr huhu, huIit cri mi ecwcl huhu
yco` edecs (jrdd dm`d) bdodecI.
JisifIf`i huIit
HuIit bdbpuoyci edrec`ci juo`si ycitu sdec`ci edrihut
(Pclyuoio`sil&Husbicti, 5;30) 1
3) [dIiomuo` ctcu [rftdhsi
Dpimdrbis tdrutcbc Icpisco tcomuh edr`uoc uotuh bdoutupi jcrio`co-
 jcrio`co tueul mi sdedIcl mcIcb mco bdIiomuo`i tueul mcri
pdo`crul- pdo`crul Iucr sdpdrti Iuhc mco sdrco`co hubco. Icpisco pcIio`
Iucr mcri huIit cri misdIueuo`i mdo`co Icpisco tipis Idbch, yco` bdojcmihco
huIit tclco cir. HuIit mcpct bdoclco sulu tueul, bdoclco Iuhc-Iuhc hdgiI,
bdogd`cl zct hibic mco echtdri bcsuh hd mcIcb tueul sdrtc bdo`lcIcu
rco`sco`-rco`sco` jisih sdpdrti siocr uItrcvifIdt mcri bctclcri
(Pclyuoio`sil&Husbicti, 5;30).
5) [dodribc rco`sco`
HuIit sco`ct pdhc tdrlcmcp edrec`ci rco`sco` sdosfrih yco`

edrlueuo`co mdo`co schit, sulu pcocs ctcu mio`io, tdhcoco, rcecco, mco
`dtcrco. HuIit sdec`ci cIct pdrcsc mircschco bdIcIui ujuo`-ujuo` scrcj sdoscsi
(Pclyuoio`sil&Husbicti, 5;30).
7) [do`ctur pcocs (tdrbfrd`uIcsi)
HuIit bdo`ctur sulu tueul bdIcIui miIctcsi mco hfostruhsi
pdbeuIul hcpiIdr sdrtc bdIcIui rdspircsi yco` hdmucoyc mipdo`cruli scrcj
ftfofb. ]ueul yco` sdlct bdbiIihi sulu tdtcp hirc-hirc ><,: mdrcjct
Jcrdoldit ctcu sdhitcr  7:,4; G. Hdtihc tdrjcmi pdrueclco pcmc sulu Iucr,
mcrcl mco hdIdojcr hdrio`ct huIit bdo`cmchco pdoydsucico sdpdrIuoyc
mcIcb juo`sioyc bcsio`-bcsio`. [do`ctur pcocs cmcIcl scIcl sctu juo`si
huIit sdec`ci fr`co cotcrc tueul mco

Iio`huo`co. [cocs chco liIco` mdo`co pdo`ucpco

hdrio`ct (Pclyuoio`sil&Husbicti, 5;30).
 =) [do`dIucrco (dhshrdsi)
HuIit bdo`dIucrhco zct-zct tdrtdotu ycitu hdrio`ct mcri hdIdojcr-hdIdojcr 
hdrio`ct yco` mihdIucrhco bdIcIui pfri-pfri hdrio`ct mdo`co bdbecwc `crcb,
yfmiub mco zct hibic Iciooyc. Cir yco` mihdIucrhco bdIcIui huIit timch
scjc miscIurhco bdIcIui hdrio`ct tdtcpi ju`c bdIcIui pdo`ucpco cir
trcosdpimdrbis sdec`ci pdbedotuhco hdrio`ct yco` timch miscmcri
(Pclyuoio`sil&Husbicti, 5;30).
4) [doyibpcoco
HuIit mcpct bdoyibpco Idbch mi mcIcb hdIdojcr
Idbch (Pclyuoio`sil&Husbicti, 5;30).
:) [doydrcpco tdrectcs
HuIit mcpct bdoydrcp zct-zct tdrtdotu, tdrutcbc zct-zct yco` Icrut mcIcb
Idbch mcpct misdrcp hd mcIcb huIit. Lfrbfo yco` tdrmcpct pcmc hrib buhc
mcpct bcsuh bdIcIui huIit mco bdbpdo`cruli Icpisco huIit pcmc tio`hctco yco`
sco`ct tipis. [doydrcpco tdrjcmi bdIcIui bucrc hcomuo` rcbeut mco bcsuh hd
mcIcb scIurco hdIdojcr pcIit, bdrdbeds bdIcIui miomio` pdbeuIul mcrcl hd
mcIcb pdrdmcrco mcrcl hdbumico hd edrec`ci fr`co tueul
Iciooyc (Pclyuoio`sil&Husbicti, 5;30).
0) [douojco` pdocbpiIco
Juo`si yco` tdrhcit mdo`co hdgcotihco ycitu hdcmcco huIit yco` tcbpch
lcIus, putil mco edrsil chco mcpct bdouojco` pdocbpiIco Juo`si Icio mcri
huIit ycitu huIit mcpct bdo`dhsprdsihco dbfsi sdsdfrco` sdpdrti huIit
bdbdrcl, pugct bcupuo hfostrchsi ftft pdod`ch rcbeut
(Pclyuoio`sil&Husbicti, 5;30).
=. BCONJDW]CWN HINONW

@djcIcoyc tdr`cotuo` hdpcmc iotdrchsi yco` rubit mcri sdbuc sijct crus Iistrih.
Wuctu hdjutco mcri sdeucl crus Iistrih eisc bdo`djuthco hfrecooyc sdlio``c mic
tdrjctul ctcu bdoydecehco tdrjcmioyc hfotrchsi ftft yco` huct. Hdmuc lcI tdrsdeut
eisc bdo`chiecthco misifhcsi,  pctcl tuIco` mco gdmdrc tubpuI. Hdscmcrco
eisc bdouruo, pdrocjcsco mco mdoyut jcotuo` eisc Iubpul (PcImbcoo, 5;30).
Iuhc echcr Iistrih eisc tdrIilct mdo`co jdIcs mi huIit mco eisc bdIucs hd
 jcrio`co yco` Ideil mcIcb (PcImbcoo, 5;30).
 Crus Iistrih edrtd`co`co tio``i eisc bdbeuoul jcrio`co micotcrc titih bcsuh
mco titih hdIucroyc, sdlio``c tdrjcmi Iuhc echcr pcmc mcdrcl ftft yco`
Iucs.
 Chiectoyc, sdjubIcl edscr gcirco mco `crcb (didhtrfiit ) chco liIco` mco hcmco`

bdoydecehco tdhcoco mcrcl yco` sco`ct rdomcl. Wdrct-sdrct ftft yco` rusch chco
bdIdpcshco bif`ifeio, yco` eisc bdIuhci `iojcI mco bdoydecehco tdrjcmioyc `c`ci 
 `iojci . McIcb hdcmcco ecscl, hitc mcpct bdo`cIcbi hfotch mdo`co crus Iistrih. [cmc
hdcmcco tdrsdeut, rdsistdosi huIit buo`hio sdmdbihico rdomcl sdlio``c timch tdrjcmi
Iuhc echcr tdtcpi tdrjcmi ldoti jcotuo`   (gcrmicg crrdst) mco jihc timch sd`drc
bdomcpcthco pdrtfIfo`co, hfreco chco bdoio``cI (@iIId, 5;3<).
[dtir jcrco` bdoydecehco Iuhc echcr mi titih bcsuh mco titih hdIucroyc, sdrtc
 jcrco` bdoydecehco hdruschco ftft ctcupuo pdIdpcsco bif`Ifeio hd mcIcb cir 
hdbil. [cmc cwcIoyc eisc tdrjcmi pdouruoco hdscmcrco yco` hcmco` miihuti mdo`co
hfbc ctcu hdeio`uo`co yco` sijctoyc sdbdotcrc, yco`i eicscoyc chco bdo`liIco`
mcIcb ededrcpc jcb ctcu ededrcpc lcri. [doydece utcbc mcri hdbctico chiect
pdtir  cmcIcl hdIubpulco jcotuo` mco pcru-pcru (ldoti jcotuo` mco pcru-pcru)
(@iIId, 5;3<).
4. HICWNJNHCWN
Ededrcpc tipd gdmdrc dIdhtrih sdgcrc ubub mcpct miec`i bdojcmi
(PcImbcoo, dt cI., 5;30) 1
3) ]drscbecr pdtir 
5) Gdmdrc chiect Iistrih tdhcoco tio``i (?3;;; vfIts), mco
7) Gdmdrc chiect Iistrih tdhcoco rdomcl (9:;; vfIts).
[drecomio`co cotcr gdmdrc dIdhtrih chiect scbecrco pdtir, Iistrih
vfItcsd tio``i, mco Iistrih vfItcsd rdomcl (PcImbcoo, dt cI., 5;30., EdrocI, dt cI.,
5;3<) 1

:. [C]FJNWNFIF@N
Wdgcrc ubub, dodr`i Iistrih bdbeutulhco cIirco dodr`i (dIdhtrfo-
dIdhtrfo) mcIcb pdrjcIcocooyc hd fejdh. Wdbuc fejdh eisc edrsijct hfomuhtfr
(bdo`lcotcrhco

Iistrih) ctcu rdsistfr (bdo`lcbect crus Iistrih). HuIit edrpdrco sdec`ci pdo`lcbect
crus Iistrih yco` cIcbi mcri sdeucl cIirco Iistrih. HuIit yco` hdrio` bdbiIihi rdsistdosi
sdedscr =;.;;;-3;;.;;; flb. HuIit yco` ecscl bdbiIihi rdsistdosi sdhitcr
3;;; flb, mco huIit yco` tdecI hirc-hirc sdedscr 5.;;;.;;; flb. Coch mdo`co huIit
yco` tipis mco hcmcr cir tio``i chco bdouruohuo rdsistdosi, miecomio`hco frco`
mdwcsc.
]clcoco mcri cIct-cIct tueul ec`ico mcIcb mipdrhirchco sdhitcr 4;;-3;;;
flb, tdrbcsuh tuIco`, tdomfo, mco Idbch bdbprfmuhsi tclcoco mcri crus Iistrih
(EdrocI, dt cI., 5;3<., CrofImf, dt cI., 5;5;).
[dbeuIul mcrcl, sdI scrcj, bdberco buhfsc, mco ftft cmcIcl
pdo`lcotcr  Iistrih yco` ecih. Mdo`co cmcoyc Iuhc Iistrih, pcmc scyctco
bdIiotco` chco bdbpdrIilcthco hdruschco jcrio`co (EdrocI, dt cI., 5;3<., CrofImf,
dt cI., 5;5;).

DIdhtrfo chco bdo`cIir sdgcrc ceofrbcI bdIdwcti tueul yco` bdoydecehco

pdrIuhcco ctcupuo hdbctico mdo`co gcrc mdpfIcriscsi ftft mco scrcj, bdo`ioisicsi
cIirco Iistrih ceofrbcI yco` mcpct bdo``co`u ircbc jcotuo` mco ftch, ctcu prfmuhsi
dodr`i Iistrih bdoydecehco Iuhc Iistrih mdo`co gcrc pdbcocsco yco` bdoydecehco
odhrfsis mco bdbedotuh pfrcsi (bdbedotuh Iueco` mi bdberco sdI) (EdrocI, dt cI.,
5;3<., CrofImf, dt cI., 5;5;).
 CIirco sdI yco` bdIdwcti ftch, ecih td`co`co tio``i ctcu td`co`co
rdomcl, mcpct bdoydecehco pdouruoco hdscmcrco mco sdgcrc Ico`suo`
bdoydecehco mdpfIcriscsi sdI-sdI scrcj ftch. Crus efIch ecIih mcpct bdoydecehco
jieriIcsi vdotrihdI
 jihc cIirco Iistrih bdIdwcti mcdrcl mcmc. LcI ioi mcpct tdrjcmi scct cIirco Iistrih
bdo`cIir  mcri tco`co hd tco`co, tco`co hd hchi, ctcu mcri hdpcIc hd tco`co ctcu hchi
(EdrocI, dt cI., 5;3<., CrofImf, dt cI., 5;5;).
0. HFB[INHCWN
]drmcpct ededrcpc jchtfr yco` mcpct bdbpdo`cruli hdruschco
jcrio`co. [drtcbc, gdmdrc yco` misdecehco mi mcIcb tueul chco edr`cotuo`
mcri vfItcsd cIirco Iistrih. WdIcio itu, djdh tdrlcmcp jcrio`co edr`cotuo` fr`co yco`
miIdwcti cIirco Iistrih (EdrocI, dt cI., 5;3<).
]drmcpct vcriceiIitcs sijct hfomuhsi mcri fr`co-fr`co mcIcb tueul.
HuIit bdrupchco rdsistfr utcbc cIirco Iistrih mcIcb tueul. ]uIco`, tdomfo,
mco Idbch bdbiIihi rdsistdosi yco` tio``i sdlio``c gdomdruo` bdo`cIcbi
hfc`uIcsi hdtibeco` bdo`cIirhco Iistrih. Acrio`co Icio tdrbcsuh hfomuhtfr sdmco`
(EdrocI, dt cI., 5;3<).
Edrihut hfbpIihcsi yco` mcpct tdrjcmi cpceiIc bdo`cIcbi dIdgtrigcI
iojury (EdrocI, dt cI., 5;3<) 1

<. [DBDUNHWCCO [DOTOACO@

3) [dbdrihscco Icefrctfriub

DvcIucsi Icefrctfriub pcmc pcsido yco` bdo`cIcbi sdo`ctco

Iistrih tdr`cotuo` mcri Iucs Iuhc. Wdbuc pcsido mdo`co cmcoyc euhti Iuhc
hfomuhtij 
ctcu Iuhc echcr mipdrbuhcco huIit, lcrus bdomcpcthco
pdbdrihscco Icefrctfriub , sdpdrti miecwcl ioi
(Wdtyflcmi, mhh., 5;3:) 1
c. Mcrcl Ido`hcp pdrijdr 
e. Hcmcr dIdhtrfIit
g. Bif`IfeuIio sdrub8 sdbuc pcsido lcrus mi dvcIucsi hdcrcl
bif`Ifeiouric, hfbpIihcsi tdrsdrio` mcri Iuhc sdo`ctco Iistrih td`co`co
tio``i. Bif`Ifeiouric mi td`chhco cpceiIc mimcpcthco ldbcturic ctcu mcri
pdbdrihscco mipstigh urio pfsitij cmc mcrcl, tdtcpi timch mimcpcthco
dritrfsit pcmc pdbdrihsc-co

bihrfshfpih.
m. ETO (eIffm urdc oitrf`do)
 d. Hrdctitio sdrub, mco
j. TriocIisis
[dbdrihscco yco` hlusus (Wdtyflcmi, mhh., 5;3:) 1
c. [dbdrihscco dozib pcohrdcs mco ldpctih mco hfc`uIcsi miIchuhco
pcmc pcsido mdo`co Iuhc ldect chiect sdo`ctco Iistrih ctcu miguri`ci
cmcoyc Iuhc iotrccemfbiocI
e. [dbdrihscco cocIisis `cs mcrcl miIchuhco pcmc hfreco yco`
bdbdrIuhco iotdrvdosi vdotiIctfr ctcu tdrcpi cIhcIioiscsi.
g. [dbdrihscco hcmcr Grdctiod hiocsd (GH) mco isfdozib. Hcmcr puogch
GH yco` tdrIilct mcpct bdbpdrhirchco jubIcl ftft yco`
tdrhdoc, risihf cbputcsi, mco Icbcoyc pdrcwctco rubcl schit.
5) [dbdrihscco rcmifIf`i
c. DH@ (Dhfhcrmif`rcji)
Wdbuc pcsido yco` bdo`Icbci sdo`ctco Iistrih lcrus bdomcpcthco
pdbcotcuco jcotuo` mi`cwct mcrurct mco miIchuhco DH@ cpcpuo subedr 

Iistrih mco edscroyc Iistrih yco` bdo`cIir. Nomihcsi miIchuhco DH@

scct bcsuh rubcl schit cmcIcl (Wdtyflcmi, mhh., 5;3:) 1
c) Ldoti jcotio`
e) ]imch scmcr ctcu cmc riwcyct timch scmcr 
g) DH@ yco` ceofrbcI sdedIuboyc
m) Mihdtclui misritbic sdeIub bcsuh rubcl schit ctcu scct mi `cwct
mcrurct
d) Cmcoyc riwcyct schit jcotuo` sdedIuboyc
j) Cmcoyc jchtfr risihf yco` si`oijihco uotuh pdoychit jcotuo`
`) Misdrtci mdo`co Iuhc yco` guhup edrct

l) Hdguri`cco cmcoyc Iuhc hfomuhsi lipfhsic

i) Oydri mcmc
e. Jftf \-Ucy (Wdtyflcmi, mhh., 5;3:)
c) Jftf x-rcy sdrvihcI lcrus miIchuhco cpceiIc miguri`ci cmcoyc
trcubc spiocI
e) Jftf x-rcy Iciooyc miIchuhco sdsuci mdo`co hdIulco pcsido, biscI
cmcoyc hdIulco mi hdmuc hchi ctcu tdrIilct cmcoyc mdjfrbitcs.
g. Co`if`rcji
 Co`if`rcji timch bdouojuhhco bcojcct mcIcb
pdrdogcocco miedrimdbdo mco timch rutio miIchuhco
(Wdtyflcmi, mhh., 5;3:).
 m. G] ctcu BUN
Mcpct edr`uoc pcmc dvcIucsi trcubctih mco tdrutcbc uotuh trcubc
iotrchrcoicI mco cpceiIc shfr @GW (@Ics`fw Gfbc WgcId) timch prf`rdsij 
bdbecih (Wdtyflcmi, mhh., 5;3:).
>. [DOC]CICHWCOCCO
3) [rd UW
Bdo`cbcohco tdbpct hdjcmico. Bdo`cbcohco mcdrcl tdrsdeut, sdlio``c
timch cmc hdjcmico sdrupc scct bdofIfo`. Totuh hdjcmico sdo`ctco
Iistrih td`co`co tio``i, pusct subedr Iistrih lcrus mibctihco. Lcti-lcti tdrlcmcp
sisc- sisc crus Iistrih yco` tdrtio``cI mi Icotci wcIcupuo crus Iistrih sumcl
mibctihco, yco` misdeut sdec`ci "@rfuom Gurrdot ". FIdl hcrdoc itu
hdomcrcco edrbftfr  pdofIfo` lcrus mipcrhirhco sdtimchoyc 3 (sctu) hcIi
sdpcojco` tdbpct hdjcmico (EdrocI, dt cI., 5;3<., @iIId, dt cI., 5;3<).
5) UW ([doco`coco Hd`cwct Mcrurctco)
c. ]ricsd

Udsusitcsi hcrmifpuIbfocI lcrus mibuIci pcmc pcsido yco`

mctco` tcopc ocmi ctcu pdrocpcsco. PcIcupuo cutfbctisitcs iotriosih
hcrmich mcpct
bdbpdrecihi chtivitcs Iistrih jcotuo`, ldoti ocpcs yco` misdecehco fIdl Iuhc
sistib scrcj pusct, eicscoyc chco edrIco`suo` Ideil Icbc mcri ldoti jcotuo`
mco mcpct bdoycecehco ldoti jcotuo` hdmuc mdo`co jieriIcsi
vdotrihdI chiect lipfhsic. Aihc hfreco sumcl mipcsco` edotiIcsi sdtdIcl
ldoti jcotuo` pdrtcbc, sdedocroyc sdgcrc tdfri, ldoti jcotuo` hdmuc
mcpct miliomcrhco (EdrocI, dt cI., 5;3<., GuIoco, 5;3<).
Hfreco sdo`ctco Iistrih eicscoyc timch bdbedrihco hdtdrco`co yco`
cmdhuct, ecih itu chiect edrctoyc Iuhc, cmcoyc syfh, lipfhsic, hdliIco`co

hdscmcrco ctcu hdeio`uo`co yco` eicscoyc bdoydrtci pcsido mdo`co Iuhc

yco` timch tdrIcIu edrct. Hdtdrco`co eicscoyc mi mcpcthco mcri
frco`
sdhitcroyc mco pcrcbdmih yco` bdbecotu, tdrbcsuh mimcIcboyc
subedr  Iistrih, Icbcoyc hfotch, jchtfr Iio`huo`co tdbpct hdjcmico mco
oiIci-oiIci uhurco rdsusitcsi yco` mipdrIuhco. Ecotuco rdsusitcsi lcrus
miIcojuthco mi @cwct Mcrurct mdo`co pdbedrico gcirco iotrcvdoc yco`
cmdhuct (EdrocI, dt cI., 5;3<., GuIoco, 5;3<).
e. Udsusitcsi cwcI
Hfreco chiect sdo`ctco Iistrih mcpct bdo`cIcbi hfbeiocsi pdrcwctco
uotuh jcotuo` mco trcubc ju`c hcrdoc eicscoyc tdrjcmi Iuhc tubpuI
trcubctih

mco Iuhc echcr. Jihscsi spiocI mi iomihcsihco cpceiIc bdbco` miguri`ci

tdrmcpct trcubc mi spiocI. Jrchtur mco misIfhcsi lcrus mi edect mco Iuhc
 echcr lcrus mitutupi mdo`co pdbecIut yco` edrsil mco hdrio`. [csco` jcIur 
iotrcvdoc mdo`co jcrub yco` edscr pcmc sdIurul pcsido. [csido
yco` lipfdtosi lcrus bdomcpcthco gcirco isftfoih efIus 5; bI/h` mco
miIcojuthco gcirco pdbdIilcrcco tdr`cotuo` mcri ldbfmiocbih pcsido
(EdrocI, dt cI., 5;3<., GuIoco, 5;3<).
Gcirco lcrus miedrihco pcmc rctc-rctc yco` bdoguhupi mco
sdsuci mdo`co hdIucrco urio sdtimchoyc ;,4 scbpci 3,; bI/h`/jcb tcopc
cmcoyc ldbcturic mco 3.; scbpci 3.4 bI/h`/lr jihc cmc ldbcturic.
[dbcotcuco hcrmich mi iomihcsihco uotuh pcsido mdo`co Iuhc yco` edrct.
Wdbuc pcsido sdo`ctco Iistrih td`co`co tio``i mco rdomcl yco`
bdbiIihi hdIulco hcrmifrdspircsi sdlio``c lcrus miIchuhco DH@ (EdrocI,
dt cI., 5;3<., GuIoco, 5;3<).
Wtctus hIiois pcsido ju`c lcrus mi pcotcu sdgcrc iovcsij mdo`co hctdtdr 
tdhcoco vdoc sdotrcI, bfoitfr tdhcoco iotrchrcoicI, mco hctdtdr Wwco-@coz
(EdrocI, dt cI., 5;3<., GuIoco, 5;3<).

3;. BCWCICL HD[DUCPC]CO

3) Hdtimchdjdhtijco [drjusi Acrio`co GdrdercI
5) [douruoco Gurcl Acotuo`
7) @co``uc [drtuhcrco @cs
=) [fIc Ocjcs ]imch Djdhtij 
4) Hdruschco Notdr`ritcs HuIit ctcu Acrio`co
:) Uisihf LipfvIdbih
0) Oydri Chut
<) Uisihf Nojdhsi
(WMHN, 5;3:)

33. CWTLCO HD[DUCPC]CO ]DFUN

3) [do`hcjico
3. Cocbodsis
c. Nmdotitcs
Nmdotitcs pcmc pcsido mdo`co dIdgtrigcI iojury eicscoyc
tdrjcmioyc pcmc pdhdrjc pcerih, hcrycwco Iistrih mco coch hdgiI
(Wdtyflcmi, mhh., 5;3:).
e. HdIulco utcbc
HdIulco yco` mi cIcbi fIdl hIido eicscoyc pcsido timch
scmcr  (Wdtyflcmi, mhh., 5;3:).
 g. Uiwcyct hdsdlctco
c) Uiwcyct hdsdlctco mcluIu (UHM)
Eicscoyc pcsido timch bdbiIihi riwcyct pdoychit
mcluIu (Wdtyflcmi, mhh., 5;3:).
e) Uiwcyct Hdsdlctco Wdhcrco` (UHW)
Uiwcyct hdsdlctco yco` micIcbi hIido pcmc scct
sumcl miIchuhco pdbdrihscco fIdl tib bdmis eicscoyc
pdrhdbeco`co ctcu hd`cwctco jcotuo`, pdrocjcsco mco
odurfIf`is (Wdtyflcmi, mhh., 5;3:).
g) Uiwcyct Hdsdlctco HdIucr`c (UHH)
Eicscoyc pcsido timch bdbiIihi riwcyct pdoychit
hdIucr`c (Wdtyflcmi, mhh., 5;3:).
5. [dbdrihscco jisih
Wdgcrc ubub, hdruschco jcrio`co chiect gdmdrc dIdhtrih mcpct
edrchiect dmdbc jcrio`co, sdlio``c bdo`lcsiIhco siomrfb
hfbpcrtdbdo,

tdrutcbc pcmc mcdrcl hchi. WdIcio itu, sdIurul gdmdrc dIdhtrih

mcpct bdoydecehco byfodhrfsis, byf`Ifeiodbic, mco
byf`Ifeiouric sdrtc
hfbpIihcsi yco` bdoydrtci jdofbdoc-jdofbdoc tdrsdeut (EdrocI, dt
cI., 5;3<., GuIoco, 5;3<, @iIId, dt cI., 5;3<).
c. Hdcmcco ubub1 Idbcl, IdIcl, ctcu td`co`
e. ]io`hct hdscmcrco 1 pdouruoco hdscmcrco, stupfr.
g. ]comc-]comc vitcI
f ]dhcoco mcrcl 1 lipftdosi

f Wulu 1 miecwcl ofrbcI

f [drocjcsco 1 Eicscoyc bdo`cIcbi tchipodc

f Ocmi 1 Eicscoyc tdhcoco ocmi bdoio`hct

m. HdpcIc
HdpcIc bdrupchco fr`co tueul yco` bdo`cIcbi hfotch
tdrsdrio` mdo`co crus Iistrih td`co`co tio``i mco pcsido bdo`Icbci Iuhc
echcr mco hdruschco odurfIf`is. Hctcrch mcpct tdrjcmi pcmc
sdhitcr :% hcsus (EdrocI, dt cI., 5;3<., GuIoco, 5;3<, @iIId, dt cI.,
5;3<).
 CIirco yco` bdIdwcti bctc mcpct bdoydecehco hctcrch, lijdbc,
pdrmcrclco vitrdfus, mco jdjcs scrcj fptih. [upiI ububoyc
tdrjihscsi, bdo`cIcbi miIctcsi, mco csibdtri. LcI ioi euhco bdrupchco
cIcsco uotuh bdo`ldotihco rdsusitcsi. Wdbdotcrc itu, sdecoych
4;-<;% hfreco scbecrco pdtir bdo`cIcbi ruptur bdberco tibpcoi.
Mcpct puIc tdrjcmi
 liIco`oyc pdomdo`crco, tioitus, vdrti`f, mco gdmdrc odrvus jcsicIis (EdrocI,
dt cI., 5;3<., GuIoco, 5;3<, @iIId, dt cI., 5;3<).
d. Mcmc (Acotuo`)
Ldoti jcotuo`, ecih itu csistfI ctcu jieriIcsi vdotrihdI, cmcIcl sdeucl
edotuh yco` pcIio` sdrio` mcri gdmdrc chiect crus Iistrih. Nojcrh bifhcrm
chut jcrco` miIcpfrhco (EdrocI, dt cI., 5;3<., GuIoco, 5;3<, @iIId, dt cI.,
5;3<).
 CIirco Iistrih yco` bdIdwcti jcotuo` ctcu mcdrcl tfrchs
mcpct bdoydecehco critbic jcotuo` ctcu hdruschco Ico`suo` pcmc
byfhcrmicI. Wdhitcr 34% gdmdrc dIdhtrih miihuti fIdl critbic, sdec`ico
edscr timch sdrius (EdrocI, dt cI., 5;3<., GuIoco, 5;3<, @iIId, dt cI., 5;3<).
Adjcs vcshuIdr mcpct tdrjcmi chiect siomrfbc hfbpcrtdbdo chut, ctcu
hfc`uIcsi mi pdbeuIul mcrcl hdgiI chiect cIirco Iistrih. [drocl
puIc miIcpfrhco tlrfbefsis crtdri bcupuo pdbedotuhco (mco ruptur)
codurisbc sdtdIcl hfreco bdo`cIcbi gdmdrc dIdhtrih (EdrocI, dt cI.,
5;3<., GuIoco,

5;3<, @iIId, dt cI., 5;3<).

j. Cemfbdo
Iuhc pcmc fr`co visdrcI yco` pcmct jcrco` tdrjcmi, tdtcpi
pdrocl miIcpfrhco cmcoyc hdruschco pcmc pcohrdcs mco lcti.
Au`c pdrocl miIcpfrhco cmcoyc Iuhc pcmc fr`co mcIcb sdpdrti usus
hdgiI, usus edscr, hcomuo` hdbil, mco hcomuo` dbpdmu (EdrocI, dt cI.,
5;3<., GuIoco, 5;3<, @iIId, dt cI., 5;3<).
UcemfbifIisis mcpct tdrjcmi chiect odhrfsis jcrio`co mcIcb
jubIcl edscr. WdIcio itu, cgutd himody iojury (CHN) mcpct puIc tdrjcmi.
LipfvfIdbic chiect dhstrcvcscsi dhstrcvcshuIcr mcpct bdoydecehco
czftdbic prdrdocI

mco odhrfsis tueuIdr chut (EdrocI, dt cI., 5;3<., GuIoco, 5;3<, @iIId, dt cI.,
5;3<).
`. Notd`ubdo
Mcdrcl yco` pcIio` sdrio` hfotch cmcIcl tco`co mco hdpcIc. Mcdrcl
tdrecwcl yco` pcIio` sdrio` hfotch mdo`co crus Iistrih cmcIcl
tubit. Wdfrco` pcsido mcpct bdo`cIcbi edrec`ci bcgcb subedr
hfotch. Iuhc echcr pcmc ededrcpc hdgdIchcco Iistrih mcpct
edrwujum timch oydri ( pcioidss), c`ch turuo (mdprdssdm ), ceu-ceu
hdhuoio`co, cmc mcdrcl yco` edr "puo`tctc" mdo`co odhrfsis sdotrcI,
ctcu mcdrcl yco` bcti. ^co` hlcs mcri hdIcioco huIit pcmc sdo`ctco
Iistrih cmcIcl "hissio` euro", mibcoc

tdrjcmi pcmc Iipctco ftft jIdhtfr (EdrocI, dt cI., 5;3<., GuIoco, 5;3<, @iIId, dt
cI., 5;3<).
 Iuhc echcr yco` tibeuI chiect gdmdrc dIdhtrih mcpct edrupc hfomisi
supdrjisicI, lio``c hdmcIcbco pdoul. 40% mcri hfreco tdrhdoc
Iistrih tdhcoco rdomcl mco >:% mcri hfreco Iistrih tdhcoco tio``i
bdo`cIcbi Iuhc echcr, hlususoyc pcmc mcdrcl hfotch. [drIu miio`ct
eclwc pdocbpchco gdmdrc mcri Iucr timch bdrdprdsdotcsihco dhstdosi
hdruschco mcIcb tueul. [cmc hcsus tdrscbecr pdtir, cmcoyc Iuhc echcr
mi hchi bcupuo hdpcIc bdrdprdsdotcsihco bfrtcIitcs yco` Ideil tio``i.
Hissio` euro tdrjcmi pcmc Iipctco jIdhsfr, mi bcoc hdmuc pdrbuhcco yco`
edrsdedIclco situs jIdhsfr  scbc-scbc tdrhdoc cIirco Iistrih mco
bdo`cIcbi Iuhc echcr (EdrocI, dt cI., 5;3<., GuIoco, 5;3<, @iIId, dt cI.,
5;3<).
l. Dhstdrbitcs
[cmc gdmdrc chiect crus Iistrih td`co`co tio``i, odhrfsis ftft mcpct
bdIucs jcul mcri huIit yco` tdrIilct cmc Iuhcoyc. Wiomrfb hfbpdrtdbdo
mcpct tdrjcmi chiect ishdbic vcshuIcr mco dmdbc ftft. Mcpct
tdrjcmi bif`Ifeuourih (EdrocI, dt cI., 5;3<., GuIoco, 5;3<, @iIId, dt cI.,
5;3<).

MisdIurul dhstdrbitcs lcrus miIchuhco pdbdrihscco ocmi

mco pdo`isico hcpiIdroyc, mco pdbdrihscco odurfvcshuIcr lcrus
miIchuhco
edrhcIi-hcIi. Mcpt tdrjcmi odhrfsis hfc`uIcsi, trfbefsis mco
pdrmcrclco, tdrutcbc pcmc crtdr-crtdri hdgiI ftft (EdrocI, dt cI., 5;3<.,
GuIoco, 5;3<, @iIId, dt cI., 5;3<).
Jrchtur tuIco` pcojco` yco` misdecehco hcrdoc trcubc
mcpct milueuo`hco mdo`co cmcoyc gdmdrc sdo`ctco Iistrih ioi. MisIfhcsi
hdmuc eclu pfstdrifr mco cotdrifr yco` misdecehco hcrdoc spcsbd
tdtcoi ftft rftctfr gujj ju`c pdrocl miIcpfrhco, sdpdrti ju`c cmcoyc
jrchtur spiocI (EdrocI, dt cI., 5;3<., GuIoco, 5;3<, @iIId, dt cI., 5;3<).

]uIco` bdbiIihi rdsistdosi tdrtio``i mi cotcrc fr`co tueul Iciooyc.

 Chiectoyc, cIirco Iistrih yco` bdIdwcti tuIco` bdo`lcsiIhco dodr`i
pcocs tdrtio``i, yco` hdbumico mcpct bdoydecehco Iuhc echcr fr`co
sdhitcroyc, pdruschco bctrihs tuIco`, mco fstdfodgrfsis (EdrocI, dt cI.,
5;3<., GuIoco, 5;3<, @iIId, dt cI., 5;3<).
i. OdurfIf`is
[cmc Iuhc chiect crus Iistrih td`co`co tio``i, liIco`oyc
hdscmcrco mcpct tdrjcmi tcpi eicscoyc sdbdotcrc, hdgucIi misdrtci mdo`co
Iuhc hdpcIc yco` guhup edrct. Hfbc yco` bdbcjco` mcpct pdIco-
pdIco bdbecih. [csido mcpct bdo`cIcbi hdeio`uo`co, cjdh
mctcr, mco hdsuIitco

bdo`io`ct bdbfri jco`hc pdomdh, hdjco` ctcu hdsuIitco

edrhfosdotrcsi (EdrocI, dt cI., 5;3<., GuIoco, 5;3<, @iIId, dt cI., 5;3<).
 Hdruschco odurfIf`is yco` tdrtuomc mcpct bdbiIihi `djcIc
hIiois tcluoco sdtdIcl hdjcmico. Eicscoyc yco` mi mcpcthco cmcIcl
pcrcIisis csdomio`, sgIdrfsis IctdrcI cbiftrfpig, ctcu  bidIitis trcosvdrscI 
(EdrocI, dt cI., 5;3<., GuIoco, 5;3<, @iIId, dt cI., 5;3<).
]drmcpct ecoych hdbiripco pdbdrihscco jisih dIdgtrigcI iojury
mdo`co pdbdrihscco jisih pcmc Iuhc echcr mdrbis. Ocbuo ededrcpc lcI yco`
sdgcrc hlusus lcrus mipdrlctihco pcmc hd`cwct mcrurctco hcsus
gdmdrc dIdhtrih mieclcs sdgcrc sio`hct mcIcb pfio-pfio edrihut (EdrocI, dt
cI., 5;3<., GuIoco, 5;3<, @iIId, dt cI., 5;3<) 1
c)  Cirwcy, erdctlio`, girguictifo
e) Juo`si jcotuo`, oiIci ircbc jcotuo`, mdoyut jcotuo`
g) HuIit, gcri tcomc-tcomc Iuhc echcr, pdrlctihco mcdrcl Iipctco huIit,
crdc sdhitcr sdomi, mco buIut (hlususoyc pcmc coch hdgiI yco`
buo`hio bdo``i`it hcedI).
m) Juo`si sistdb scrcj, stctus bdotcI, rdchsi pupiI, juo`si bftfrih (tdrbcsuh

hdhuctco bftfrih), mco sdoscsi.

d) Bctc, hdtcjcbco visucI, pdbdrihscco juomushfpih uotuh bdbcotcu
tibeuIoyc hctcrch (pcmc pcsido tdrscbecr Iistrih).
j) ]L], pdrihsc bdberco tibpcoi, oiIci juo`si pdomdo`crco.
`) Wistdb bushuIfshdIdtcI, iospdhsi mco pcIpcsi bdoydIurul uotuh tcomc-tcomc
 jdjcs ctcu Iuhc (tdrbcsuh jrchtur, siomrfb hfbpcrtdbdo), pdrihsc tuIco`
edIchco`.
5) Mic`ofsc
c. Uisihf Hdtimchdjdhtijco [drjusi Acrio`co GdrdercI edrlueuo`co mdo`co
e. [douruoco Gurcl Acotuo` edrlueuo`co mdo`co pdrueclco ircbc jcotuo`

mitcomci mdo`co ercmihcrmic ctcu tchihcrmi mco `cbecrco DH@ critbic ctcu
`co``uco hfomuhsi.
g. @co``uco [drtuhcrco @cs edrlueuo`co mdo`co pdrueco
bdberco cIvdfIus-hcpiIdr mitcomci mdo`co [F5 bdouruo, tchihcrmic,
sicofsis, pfIc ocjcs ceofrbcI, wcroc huIit ceofrbcI mco hdscmcrco
bdouruo.
m. [fIc Ocjcs ]imch Djdhtij edrlueuo`co mdo`co mdprdsi pusct
pdrocjcsco mitcomci mdo`co pIc ocjcs ceofrbcI, pdrocjcsco pursdm-Iip mco
pdo``uocco ftft ecotu pdrocjcsco.
d. Hdruschco Notdr`ritcs HuIit ctcu Acrio`co edrlueuo`co mdo`co
jchtfr  dIdhtris (dodr`i Iistrih edrtd`co`co tio``i).

j. Uisihf LipfvfIdbih edrlueuo`co mdo`co hdliIco`co gcirco sdgcrc chtij

 `. Oydri Chut edrlueuo`co mdo`co c`do pdogdmdrc jisih (sdo`ctco
Iistrih) mitcomci mdo`co pcsido bdo`dIul , tcbpch bdrio`is , `dIiscl,
edrjfhus pcmc miri sdomiri, mco micjfrdsis.
l. Uisihf Nojdhsi edrlueuo`co mdo`co hdtimchcmdhuctco pdrtclcoco
tueul pribdr (hdruschco iotd`ritcs huIit).
(WMHN, 5;3:)
7) Notdrvdosi
3. [douruoco Gurcl Acotuo` e/m pdrueclco ircbc jcotuo` m/m
ercmihcrmi/tchihcrmi, `cbecrco DH@ critbic ‗ M ;;;< (WMHN, lci.7=).
  WIHN (Lci. 304)
c. Gurcl Acotuo` (Lci. 5;)

NOMNHC]FU HUN]DUNC LCWNI

3 5 7 = 4
Ercmihcrmi
]chihcrmi
@cbecrco D H@ c ritbic

IdIcl
Dmdbc
Mispodc
Wicofsis

OiIci 1 3) Bdoio`hct
  5) Guhup Bdoio`hct
  7) Wdmco`
  =) Guhup Bdouruo
  4) Bdouruo
e. [drjusi bifhcrm (Lci.
<7)

NOMNHC]FU HUN]DUNC LCWNI

3 57 = 4
@cbecrco D H@ c ritbic
Oydri mc mc Micplfrdsis
BucI
Buotcl

OiIci 1 3) Bdouruo
5) Guhup bdouruo
7) Wdmco`

  =) Guhup bdoio`hct
  4) Bdoio`hct
 g. Wtctus sirhuicsi (Lci. 350)

HUN]DUNC LCWNI
NOMNHC]FU 357=4
Hdhuctco O cmi
Futput T riod Wcturcsi F hsi`do

OiIci 1 3) Bdouruo
5) Guhup bdouruo
7) Wdmco`
  =) Guhup bdoio`hct
  4) Bdoio`hct
  WNHN (Lci. =<>)
c. [drcwctco Acotuo`
3. Nmdotijihcsi tcomc `djcIc pribdr pdouruoco gurcl jcotuo`
(bdIiputi mispodc, hdIdIclco, dmdbc, mII).
5. Bfoitfr scturcsi fhsi`do
7. Bfoitfr hdIulco oydri mcmc
=. Bfoitfr critbic
4. [fsisihco pcsido sdbi jfwIdr ctcu jfwIdr 
:. Edrihco midt jcotuo` yco` sdsuci (bis. Ectcsi csupco hcjdio,
octriub, hfIdstrfI, mco bchcoco tio``i Idbch
0. Edrihco tdrcpi fhsi`do uotuh bdbpdrtclcohco scturcsi fhsi`do
<. HfIcefrcsi pdbedrico coticritbic
e. Bcocjdbdo oydri (Lci. 5;3)
3. Nmdotijihcsi Ifhcsi, hcrchtdristih, murcsi, jrdhudosi,
hucIitcs, iotdositcs oydri
5. Nmdotijihcsi shcIc Oydri
7. Nmdotijihcsi oydri ofo vdrecI
=. Edrihco tdhoih ofo jcrbchfIf`is (bis. ]drcpi
pijct,tdrcpi busig,hfbprds lco`ct/mio`io)
4. JcsiIitcsi istirclct mco timur 
:. AdIcshco strctd`i bdrdmchco oydri
0. Cojurhco tdhoih ofo jcrbchfIf`is uotuh bdo`urco`i oydri
g. [dbcotcuco ]comc Zitci (Lci. 5=>)
3. Bfoitfr tdhcoco mcrcl

5. Bfoitfr ocmi
7. Bfoitfr pdrocjcsco
 =. Bfoitfr sulu tueul
5. [fic Ocjcs ]imch Djdhtij 
 Mdjioisi 1 [drtuhcrco umcrc iospircsi mco/ctcu dhspircsi timch cmdhuct
  Wtcomcr Iucrco Hdpdrcwctco Nomfodsic (WIHN)
c. [fic ocjcs
Hritdric lc siI 3 5 7 = 4
Jrdhudosi ocjcs
HdmcIcbco
ocjcs Dhshursi
mcmc
[do``ucoco ftft ecotu
ocjcs [drocjcsco gupio`
limuo`

e. Wtctus odurfif`is
Hritdric lc siI 3 5 7 = 4
HucIitcs
sucrc Buotcl
Ectuh
Tsclc bdodIco
@dIisc

g. ]io`hct hdidtilco
Hritdric lc siI 3 5 7 = 4
Wchit hdpcIc
Wicofsis
Jrdhudosi
ocjcs [fIc
ocjccs
[fIc istirclct
   Wtcomcr Notdrvdosi Hdpdrcwctco Nomfodsic (WNHN)
c. Bcocjdbdo jcico ocjcs
3. Bfoitfr pfIc ocjcs (jrdhudosi, hdmcIcbco, usclc ocjcs)
5. Bfoitfr euoyi ocjcs tcbeclco (bis, `ur`Iio`, bdo`i,
wlddzio`, rfohli)
7. Bfoitfr sputub (jubIcl, wcroc, crfbc).
e. [dbcotcuco rdspircsi
3.  CushuItcsi euoyi ocjcs
5. Bfoitfr scturcsi fhsi`do
7. Bfoitfr jrdhudosi , ircbc , hdmcIcbco, mco upcyc ocjcs
g. [do`cturco pfsisi
3. Bfoitfr stctus fhsi`do sdedIub mco sdsumcl bdo`uecl pfsisi
5. ]dbpcthco pcmc pfsisi tdrcpiutih
7.  Ctur pfsis uotuh bdo`urco`i sdsch
=) Dvciucsi

Ecoych hcsus gdmdrc dIdhtrih bdrupchco hdjcmico yco` tdrjcmi mi rubcl

tco``c. Ededrcpc Ico`hcl mcpct micbeiI pcsido uotuh bdo`urco`i hdjcmico Iuhc
echcr chiect gdmdrc dIdhtrih mi rubcl (Wdtyflcmi, mhh., 5;3:) 1
c. Liomcri bdIdtchhco subedr Iistrih mco ecrco`-ecrco` dIdhtrih mi tdbpct
yco` mcpct mijco`hcu coch-coch.
e. Bctihco crus scct sdmco` edhdrjc mdo`co ecrco`-ecrco` dIdhtrfoih.
g. Aco`co `uochco ecrco`-ecrco` dIdhtrfoih mdhct subedr cir, sdpdrti
mi hcbcr bcomi mdhct hdrco.
m. [drlctihco pdtuojuh pdo``uocco ecrco`-ecrco` dIdhtrfoih
Wdgcrc hlusus, dvcIucsi chiect gdmdrc dIdhtrih chco mieclcs sdec`ci

edrihut 1
c. DvcIucsi sistdb hcrmifvcshuIdr 
UA[ lcrus miioisicsihco pcmc hfreco gdmdrc dIdhtrih vfItcsd
tio``i yco` timch scmcr wcIcupuo timch tcbpch bcscIcl pcmc ircbc mi
DH@. Aihc pcsido timch bdo`cIcbi `c`cI jcotuo` ctcu crrdst , ububoyc
pcsido chco bdbiIihi prf`ofsis yco` Ideil ecih (EdrocI, dt cI., 5;3<.,
GuIoco, 5;3<, @iIId, dt cI., 5;3<).
]drmcpct puIc hdbuo`hioco pcsido timch edrocjcs spfotco wcIcupuo
timch cmc bcscIcl pcmc chtivitcs jcotuo`. Wdecihoyc mieuhc jcIco ocpcs
pctdo uotuh bdogd`cl gdmdrc jcotuo` ctcu sistdb scrcj (sdhuomdr
mcri

hdhurco`co fhsi`do) (EdrocI, dt cI., 5;3<., GuIoco, 5;3<, @iIId, dt cI., 5;3<).
 Hfreco gdmdrc dIdhtrih vfItcsd tio``i (?3;;; Z) lcrus
mibfoitfr  sdgcrc hdtct sdIcbc 35 scbpci = jcb pdrtcbc hcrdoc sdrio`hcIi
bdo`cIcbi critbic bcupuo misjuo`si sistdb scrcj ftfofb (EdrocI, dt cI.,
5;3<., GuIoco, 5;3<, @iIId, dt cI., 5;3<).
e. DvcIucsi sistdb scrcj 
Gdmdrc tdrscbecr Iistrih sdrio`hcIi bdouojuhhco tcomc yco`
birip mdo`co gdmdrc hdpcIc edrct, sdpdrti biscIoyc pupiI yco`
tdrjihscsi mco tdrmiIctcsi (EdrocI, dt cI., 5;3<., GuIoco, 5;3<, @iIId, dt cI.,
5;3<).
NbfeiIiscsi tuIco` edIchco` miIchuhco bdo`io`ct hdbuo`hioco cmcoyc
trcubc bdhcoih scct hdjcmico.
[dogitrcco ftch mco tuIco` edIchco` mcpct mipdrtibeco`hco
jihc tdrmcpct hfbc bcupuo mdjigit odurfIf`is, tdrbcsuh pdrueclco
stctus bdotcI (EdrocI, dt cI., 5;3<., GuIoco, 5;3<, @iIId, dt cI., 5;3<).
g. Udsusitcsi gcirco
[csido mdo`co gdmdrc pcmc jcrio`co Iuochoyc bdbeutulhco

rdsusitcsi gcirco yco` c`rdsij, hlususoyc jihc mimu`c tdrmcpct odhrfsis ftft.
Hfreco tdrscbecr pdtir rdIctij timch bdbeutulhco vfIubd yco` edscr 
 jihc miecomio`hco hfreco Iuhc echcr pcmc ububoyc (GuIoco, 5;3<).
JfrbuIc [crhIcom bcupuo yco` sdjdoisoyc timch miscrcohco
uotuh mi`uochco pcmc hfreco Iuhc echcr dIdhtrih hcrdoc gdmdrc yco` mcpct
mioiIci mi pdrbuhcco tueul ububoyc jcul mi ecwcl hdruschco yco`
sdedocroyc (GuIoco, 5;3<).
Wdpdrti pcmc Iuhc echcr tdrbis, tdrmcpct pdrpiomclco vfIubd gcirco
hd iotdrstisicI. [crcbdtdr jisifIf`is tdrbcsuh ircbc jcotuo`, tdhcoco mcrcl,
mco hdIucrco urio pdrIu mipdrlctihco uotuh rdsusitcsi (GuIoco, 5;3<).

[cmc pcsido mdo`co gdmdrc dIdhtrih, pdrIu miio`ct tdrmcpct eclcyc

siomrfbc hfbpcrtdbdo pcmc cemfbdo. LcI ioi bdrupchco chiect hfbeiocsi
pdrpiomclco gcirco hd iotdrstisicI mco Iuhc echcr pcmc pdrbuhcco yco`
rdstrihtij (GuIoco, 5;3<).
 MCJ]CU [TW]CHC
 CrofImf, EM, dt cI., 5;5;. DIdgtrigcI Nojury. Bcrg @. Adsglhd dt cI. (dms.), Lcomeffh fj Euros
© Wprio`dr-ZdrIc`/Pido 5;35 1 Bcrg @. Adsglhd dt cI. (dms.), Lcomeffh fj Euros ©
Wprio`dr-ZdrIc`/Pido 5;3>.
EdrocI, D & CrofImf, EM. 5;3<. DIdgtrigcI Nojurids. GfbpIdtd rdjdrdogds cvciIceId foIiod ct 1
www.dxpdrtgfosuIt.iohIio`.gfb.
GuIoco, MB., dt cI. 5;3<. ZfIubd Udsusgitctifo io [ctidots Pitl Li`l-ZfItc`d
DIdgtrigcI Nojurids. CoocIs fj [Icstig Wur`dry • ZfIubd <;, WuppIdbdot 5,
Bcrgl 5;3< www.coocIspIcstigsur`dry.gfb W337. PfItdrs HIuwdr LdcItl, Nog. CII
ri`lts rdsdrvdm.
@iIId, A., dt cI. 5;3<. DIdgtrigcI iojury ‗ c mucI gdotdr cocIysis fj pctidot
glcrcgtdristigs, tldrcpdutig spdgijigs com futgfbd prdmigtfrs. . Wgcomiocvico
AfurocI fj ]rcubc, Udsusgitctifo com Dbdr`dogy Bdmigiod (5;3<) 5:1=7
lttps1//mfi.fr`/3;.33<:/s37;=>-
;3<-;437-5. Adrbcoy 1 EBG.

[[ON. 5;3:. Wtcomcrt Mic`ofsis Hdpdrcwctco Nomfodsic (WMHN) 1 Achcrtc.

[[ON. 5;3<. Wtcomcrt Notdrvdosi Hdpdrcwctco Nomfodsic (WNHN) 1 Achcrtc.

[[ON. 5;3>. Wtcomcrt Iucrco Hdpdrcwctco Nomfodsic (WIHN) 1 Achcrtc.

Wdtyflcmi, Ecbeco`., mhh. 5;3:. DNBDM [C[MN 1 Hd`cwctmcrurctco [doychit McIcb).

Achcrtc 1 Notdroc [ueIislio`.
Pclyuoio`sil, Ldoi [uji & Husbiycti, ^uoi. (5;30). Eclco Cjcr Hdeimcoco 1 Coctfbi
JisifIf`i. Achcrtc WdIctco1 Hdbdotdrico Hdsdlctco UdpueIih Nomfodsic.
PcImbcoo, Z., dt cI. 5;30. DIdgtrigcI iojury. EBA 5;3087401j3=3< mfi1 3;.337:/ebj.j3=3<
([ueIisldm 5;30 CpriI 35).