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University of Alberta

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering

Civ E 270

Laboratory 11

Name: I.D.:

Date: Mark:

Lab Section:

BUCKLING OF COLUMNS

11.1 OBJECTIVES

• To demonstrate the effect of support conditions on the load-carrying capacity of a

column.

• To study the effect of slenderness ratio on the load-carrying capacity of a column.

11.2 TEST PROCEDURE

11.2.1 Model Column Test— Elastic Buckling

An Aluminium column is tested with various support conditions and the measured buckling

capacity will be compared with the predicted capacity calculated using measured

dimensions. Use EAl = 68 000 MPa for calculations related to part 11.2.1 of this lab.

A schematic of the test setup for this part of the lab is shown in Figure 11.1. The aluminium

column is pinned at the top and bottom (rounded ends supported in circular grooves) and

up to three intermediate lateral supports are provided by knife edges. When a lateral

support is not needed, the cap screws used to hold the knife edges in place are removed

(use the allen key provided) and the knife edges are removed. For the lateral support at

mid-height, you should simply slide out the support plate with the knife edges.

Use the following procedure for this part of the lab:

1. Remove the column from the test apparatus and measure and record its cross-section

dimensions in Table 1 of section 11.3. You should measure the dimensions at least at

three locations along the length and record the average values. Use an electronic

caliper for these measurements. Your measurements should be recorded in section

11.3.

Laboratory 11 Civ E 270 2

Figure 11.1 Model Column Test Set-Up

2. Measure and record (also in Table 1) the full length of the column using the 1500 mm
aluminium straightedge provided. This measurement should be recorded to within
0.5 mm.

3. Remove all the intermediate lateral supports (the knife edges at the top and bottom
lalteral supports and the entire support assembly at mid-height). NOTE: the spacings
between the lateral supports shown in the figure are only approximate. You should
measure the actual spacings when you conduct your experiments.

4. Power the scale and zero with the bottom end bearing block in place. Note that the
scale reads only in pounds (lb.) or in kilograms (kg). Select pounds since it will give
you a slightly better resolution and convert later into newtons (1 lb. = 4.448 222 N).

5. Place the column in the test apparatus without deforming it (adjust the top loading
screw so that the column just fits between the top and bottom bearing blocks). Once
the column is in place, turn the loading screw (you should hold the top bearing block
since it has the tendency to spin when you turn the loading screw) and observe the
change in load. Allow the column to buckle and record the maximum load in Table 2.

6. Replace the lateral support at mid-height and adjust the knife edges so that they touch
the column lightly on each side. Measure the distance from the knife edges to the top
of the column and to the bottom of the column. Repeat step 5 and record the load.
Note the axis about which buckling takes place and observe where the points of
inflection are located.
Laboratory 11 Civ E 270 3

7. Place all three lateral supports and adjust all the knife edges so that they touch the
column lightly on each side. Measure the distances between the knife edges and
record these dimensions. Repeat step 5 and record the load. Note the axis about which
buckling takes place and observe where the points of inflection are located.

8. Remove the middle lateral support assembly. Once again, measure accurately the
distance between the lateral supports and the end supports. Load the column as
described in step 5 and record the load. Note the axis about which buckling takes
place and observe where the points of inflection are located.
i
9. Replace the mid-height lateral support, switch off the scale, and return to your seats.

11.2.2 Full-Size Column Test — Concentric Load

NOTE: Since this part of the laboratory requires the use of a high capacity universal testing
machine, the tests will be conducted by a qualified technician. You should focus on
the experiment and ask questions to make sure you understand the procedure. The
test results that you need for your calculations will be provided by your instructor
and the technician.

1. Record the actual cross-sectional properties of the HSS (Hollow Structural Section).

2. Measure and record the column lengths between pins (points of rotation).

3. The column specimen will be placed and aligned in the test apparatus and the testing
machine.

4. Loading will be applied continuously until the column buckles.

5. Record the buckling load.

6. Repeat the same procedure for all five column specimens.

11.3 RECORD OF TEST DATA

11.3.1 Model Column

Table 1 – Measured (average) dimensions of the model column

Width, b Depth, d Full length Moment of Inertia (mm4)

(mm) (mm) (mm) Strong axis Weak axis
Laboratory 11 Civ E 270 4

Table 2 – Test effective length and buckling load

Distance between Effective length, Measured buckling load, Pcr

Step*
supports (mm) KL† (mm) (lb.) (N) ‡
5

* 5 – no intermediate supports; 6 – column with lateral support at mid-heigth only; 7 – column

with 3 intermediate lateral supports; 8 – column with 2 intermediate lateral supports.

† The effective length can be taken as the longest unsupported segment.

‡ 1 lb. = 4.448 222 N

11.3.2 Full-Size Columns

(a) The measured (average) dimensions of the test specimens (HSS 51 x 25 x 3.2) are as
follows:

width, b = mm
- depth, d = mm

0
4.8
thickness,
m
t = mm
 Laboratory 11 Civ E 270 5

Because it is difficult within the time available to calculate the cross-sectional properties exactly
(the rounded corners must be accounted for), we will simply use the values tabulated for this
section. These are Ix = 0.122x106 mm4, Iy = 0.040x106 mm4, and A = 418 mm2

(b) The results of a stub column test on a 200 mm long specimen tested previously are
ˋ
of residual 18.2
flood
given in the form of the stress vs. strain curve. The specimen was tested in
1 1220 using flat ends. 12
compression w
Because stresses, test results from stub
column tests (a short column test) represent the characteristics of the cross section
more610
accurately than do the results of tension coupon tests.
2 610 70.2
(c) 610
Record the test buckling loads in table 3.

_305
Table 3 – HSS pinned end column test

了 Nominal Length 第 Effective Length 305 以

Measured Pcr cr
(mm) KL (mm) KL/ry (kN) (MPa)
1500 i 年

1200
⼼
u 900

600

300

200 (stub column test)

Notes: ⼀
⼀
1. Theerror
effective length of the stub column test specimen is one-half the nominal length
because the specimen is tested between two flat surfaces and acts as a fixed-fixed
column with an effective (buckling) length factor of 0.5.

2. The effective length factor for all other columns is 1.0 (pinned-pinned)

3. The effective column length of the pinned ended columns is 64 mm greater than the

X
actual column length because of the additional length added to the column by the knife
edge fixtures. 25 2
54
3.2
了
a
Ix ly A are
gin
Laboratory 11 Civ E 270 6

11.4 ANALYSIS OF TEST RESULTS

11.4.1 Model Column t

(a) Using the measured cross-sectional dimensions, calculate the moment of inertia about
the weak axis and the strong axis and record the results in Table 1.

(b) Using the applicable moment of inertia and effective length, calculate the elastic
buckling load for each column, Pcr, and record in Table 4 as the predicted Pcr.

(c) Compare the calculated buckling loads with the test buckling loads. Show the ratio of

tie
measured to predicted load for each case.

Table 4 – Comparison of test results with predicted capacity – model column

⿂
Measured Pcr† Predicted Pcr
ionO
Effective length,
Step Measured/Predicted
KL† (mm) (N) (N)
1500164
5

i
6

8
䨊
__ (d)
㡭
† Obtained from Table 2.

In the space below, comment about the reasons for the differences between the

to
measured and the predicted capacities:

nter Its
Laboratory 11 Civ E 270 7

11.4.2 Full-Size Column

on
(a) Using the stub column results, draw the static stress versus strain curve. Use the static
curve to calculate E and to estimate the proportional limit stress ( p), the static yield
stress ( ys), and the tangent modulus (ET) values at several stress levels between p
and ys. Present the calculations for ET in Table 5 and Table 6. Note that Table 6 is
used to record the calculation of the Euler buckling stress for various values of
slenderness, Le/r. A sufficiently wide range of Le/r should be selected to get critical
stresses from about 10% of the yield stress to about 10% above the yield stress.

(b) Plot (use a full page) the theoretical Euler (Table 6) and tangent modulus (Table 5)
buckling curves on a stress ( ) versus slenderness ratio (KL/r = Le/r) graph using the

rid Ǜ
results of your calculations reported in Tables 5 and 6. Note that the tangent modulus

(c)
curves should be plotted as lines. ˇ
curve intersects the Euler curve at a stress equal to the proportional limit ( p). Both

On the same graph plotted in (b), plot the experimental results as individual points.

1220 Table 5 – Tangent modulus calculations

610 Run Et
Rise
2
Rise Le Et
Run x 10 6
(MPa) 305 (MPa) ( )
(MPa) r

6100
 国
Laboratory 11 Civ E 270 8

Table 6 – Euler Buckling Calculations

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2
E
Le 2
r
r

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11.4.2.9

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