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Igcse V Gcse
Igcse V Gcse
out 100 different elements. Elements are shown in the periodic table. The groups contain elements with similar properties.
om of sodium.
trons and the atoms are held together by chemical bonds. (No further knowledge of ions, ionic and covalent bonding is required in this
on dioxide.
of recycling metals
can slide over each other, and so is soft and easily shaped, but too soft for many uses.
fferent sized atoms added distort the layers in the structure of the pure metal, making it more difficult for them to slide over each othe
with small amounts of similar metals to make them harder for everyday use.
onductors of heat and electricity and can be bent or hammered into shape. They are useful as structural materials and for making thin
solutions containing copper compounds. (No details are required of the extraction process.) The supply of copper-rich ores is limited. N
from their oxides by reduction with carbon. Current methods of extraction are expensive because: − there are many stages in the proc
ts on the environment.
of each substance in the mixture are unchanged. It is possible to separate the substances in a mixture by physical methods including d
Most of these are saturated hydrocarbons called alkanes, which have the general formula CnH2n+2
mber of carbon atoms, by evaporating the oil and allowing it to condense at a number of different temperatures. This process is fracti
are used as fuels.
when a fuel burns may include carbon dioxide, water (vapour), carbon monoxide and sulfur dioxide. Particles may also be released.
he hydrocarbons to vaporise them and passing the vapours over a hot catalyst. A thermal decomposition reaction then occurs.
es (monomers) join together to form very large molecules (polymers).
example, slime with different viscosities can be made from poly(ethenol).
erproof coatings for fabrics, dental polymers, wound dressings, hydrogels, smart materials, including shape memory polymers.
with waste disposal.
ressing or in some cases by distillation. Water and other impurities are removed.
many uses that depend on their special properties. They provide better texture, coating ability and appearance, for example in salad dr
ne or iodine.
t at about 60 °C. The hydrogenated oils have higher melting points so they are solids at room temperature, making them useful as spre
ingredients and some permitted additives were given E-numbers.
nd fossil fuels.
with similar properties.
lt for them to slide over each other, and so alloys are harder. Alloys can be designed to have properties for specific uses. Low carbon st
ural materials and for making things that must allow heat or electricity to pass through them easily.
ply of copper-rich ores is limited. New ways of extracting copper from low-grade ores are being researched to limit the environmental
there are many stages in the processes − much energy is needed.
d paper chromatography.
y charged ions
in the bond
hydrogen, ii chlorine, iii hydrogen chloride, iv water, v methane, vi ammonia, vii oxygen, viii nitrogen, ix carbon dioxide, x ethane, xi eth
n the molecules
er of their oxides
calculations.
ly of elements
ne or strongly alkaline
by acid rain.
ydrogen chloride
um, lithium, calcium, magnesium, aluminium, zinc, iron, copper, silver and gold
hium, calcium, magnesium, zinc, iron, and copper
ween metals and their salts in aqueous solutions
n a diaphragm cell
sing water supplies and in the manufacture of bleach and hydrochloric acid.
olite as a solvent and to decrease the required operating temperature, ii the need to replace the positive electrodes, iii the cost of the
r in a blast furnace
ix carbon dioxide, x ethane, xi ethene
lfates are soluble, except those of barium and calcium, v common carbonates are insoluble, except those of sodium, potassium and am
ing the carbon dioxide evolved