Microorganisms / Diseases and immunity Practice questions XIC :

2 (a) Fig. 2.1 is a diagram of a prokaryotic cell.

not to scale

Fig. 2.1

(i) State one visible feature in Fig. 2.1 that identifies this cell as a prokaryotic cell.

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(ii) State one cell structure that is present in the cells of all organisms.

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(b) Prokaryotes, Animals and Plants are three of the five kingdoms of organisms.

State the names of the two other kingdoms.

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[2]

(c) Fig. 2.2 shows part of the nitrogen cycle.

nitrogen in
atmosphere

proteins in proteins in
animals plants
animal waste B C

dead
organisms
A
nitrate ions
in soil

Fig. 2.2
(i) Describe processes A, B and C in Fig. 2.2.

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(ii) State the name of the process that plants use to absorb nitrate ions.

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[Total: 11]
5 (a) Measles is a transmissible disease.

The percentage of the population that were vaccinated against measles in a country was
determined.

The number of confirmed cases of measles in the country was also recorded.

Fig. 5.1 shows the data that were collected between 1975 and 2010.

160 000

100 140 000

90 120 000

80 100 000
number of
percentage
cases of
of the
measles
population 70 80 000
vaccinated
against
measles
60 60 000

50 40 000

40 20 000

30 0
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
year
Key:
percentage of population vaccinated
number of cases of measles

Fig 5.1

(i) Calculate the percentage change in the number of cases of measles between 1980 and
1990.

Space for working.

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[2]
 (ii) Describe the data shown in Fig. 5.1.

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(iii) Explain how vaccination protects people against a transmissible disease such as
measles.

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(b) The human body has several defences against pathogens.

(i) State two of the body’s chemical barriers to pathogens.

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2 ........................................................................................................................................
[2]
(ii) Describe the process of blood clotting.

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[Total: 16]
(d) Eyelashes and eyelids are mechanical barriers that help to prevent particles and pathogens
entering the eye.

(i) Give two other mechanical barriers that defend the body against pathogens.

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[2]

(ii) State the name of the white blood cells that digest pathogens.

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(iii) Conjunctivitis can be caused by pathogens and affects the tissues lining the eyelids and
covering the sclera. People with conjunctivitis that is caused by a pathogen can develop
active immunity.

Explain why the shape of specific parts of a pathogen is important in the development of
active immunity.

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(e) Most insects and some crustaceans have compound eyes.

State the name of the group that contains insects and crustaceans.

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2 Pathogens cause disease.

(a) Fig. 2.1 shows some cells that are part of the human immune system. These cells are
responding to one type of pathogen.

R
T

Fig. 2.1

Explain how the immune system responds to an invasion of pathogens.

Use the letters in Fig. 2.1 in your answer.

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 (b) A vaccine was introduced in 1942 for a particular disease.

Fig. 2.2 shows the effect of introducing the vaccine on the number of cases of the disease in
one country.

250
vaccine
introduced

200

150
number of cases
of disease
per million people
100

50

0
1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980
year

Fig. 2.2

In 1946 the government of the country concluded that the vaccine was successful.

Discuss the evidence, shown in Fig. 2.2, for and against this conclusion.

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[Total: 10]