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CE11 CE BSCI 112 Lecture 2 Systems of Numbers and Fundamentals of Algebra
CE11 CE BSCI 112 Lecture 2 Systems of Numbers and Fundamentals of Algebra
CE11 CE BSCI 112 Lecture 2 Systems of Numbers and Fundamentals of Algebra
Program: Algebra
Unit 1: Systems of Numbers and Fundamentals of Algebra
Systems of Numbers
Number is an item that describes a magnitude or a position. Numbers are classified into two types, namely
cardinal and ordinal numbers. Cardinal numbers are numbers which allow us to count the objects or ideas in
a given collection. Example, 1, 2, 3 ... while ordinal numbers states the position of individual objects in a
sequence. Example, First, second, third...
Numerals are symbols, or combination of symbols which describe a number. The most widely used numerals
are the Arabic numerals and the Roman numerals. Arabic numerals were simply a modification of the Hindu‐
Arabic number signs and are written in Arabic digits. Taken singly, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and in
combination 20, 21, 22, ... 1999, ... The Roman numerals are numbers which are written in Latin alphabet.
Example MCMXCIV.
The following are Roman numerals and their equivalent Arabic numbers:
I = 1 V = 5
X = 10 L =50
C = 100 D = 500
M = 1000
Digit is a specific symbol or symbols used alone or in combination to denote a number. For example, the
number 21 has two digits, namely 2 and 1. In Roman numerals, the number 9 is denoted as IX. So the digits I
and X were used together to denote one number and that is the number 9.
In mathematical computations or engineering applications, a system of numbers using cardinal numbers was
established and widely used.
The number system is divided into two categories: Real numbers and Imaginary number.
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Systems of Numbers
Real Numbers Imaginary Numbers
Irrational Numbers Rational Numbers
Integers
1. Real Number:
A. Natural numbers ‐are numbers considered as "counting numbers".
Examples: 1, 2, 3, ..
B. Integers ‐ are all the natural numbers, the negative of the natural numbers and the number zero.
C. Rational numbers ‐are numbers which can be expressed as a quotient (ratio) of two integers. The term
“rational” comes from the word “ratio”.
Examples: 0.5, 2/3, ‐3, 0.333…
D. Irrational numbers‐ are numbers which cannot be expressed as a quotient of two integers.
2. Imaginary Number:
An imaginary number is denoted as i. In some other areas in mathematical computation, especially in
electronics and electrical engineering it is denoted as j.
𝑖 √ 1
𝑖 1
𝑖 𝑖 √ 1
𝑖 1
2
Complex number is an expression of both real and imaginary number combined. It takes the form of a+ bi,
where a and bare real numbers. If a= 0, then pure imaginary number is produced while real number is obtained
when b = 0.
Absolute value of a real number is the numerical value of the number neglecting the sign. For example, the
absolute value of ‐5 is 5 while of ‐x is x. The absolute value IaI is either positive or zero but can never be
negative.
Common fractions are numbers which are in the form of or a/b, where a is the b numerator which may be
any integer while b is the denominator which may be any integer greater than zero. If the numerator is smaller
than the denominator, it is called as proper fraction while improper fraction is when the numerator is greater
than the denominator.
Unit fractions are common fractions with unity for numerator and positive integer for the denominator. ,
Composite number is a number that can be written as product of two or more integers, each greater than 1.
It is observed that most integers are composite numbers.
Example: 60 = 2 X 2 X 3 X 5
231 = 3 X 7 X 11
Prime number is an integer greater than 1 that is divisible only by 1 and itself. According to the fundamental
theorem of arithmetic, "Every positive integer greater than 1 is a prime or can be expressed as a unique
product of primes and powers of primes".
Example of prime numbers:
2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, … 1 000 000 009 649, …
Example of unique product of power of primes:
360 = 23 . 32 . 51
Twin primes are prime numbers that appear in pair and differ by 2.
Example: 3 and 5, 11 and 13, 17 and 19 ...
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Perfect number is an integer number that is equal to the sum of all its possible divisors, except the number
itself.
Example: 6, 28, 496 ...
In the case of 6, the factors or divisors are 1, 2 and 3.
1+2+3=6
Defective or deficient number is an integer number, the sum of all its possible divisor is less than the number
itself. If the sum of the possible divisors is greater than the number, it is referred to as abundant number.
There are around 30 numbers known today as perfect number and all of which are even numbers.
Amicable numbers or friendly numbers refers to two integer numbers where each is the sum of all the
possible divisors of the other. The smallest known amicable numbers are 220 and 284.
The number 220 has the following factors/divisors: 1, 2, 4, 5, 10, 11, 20, 22, 44, 55, & 110 which when added
sums up to 284, while the number 284 has the following divisors 1, 2, 4, 71, and 142 which adds up to 220.
Factorial denoted as n!, represents the product of all positive integers from 1 to n, inclusive.
Example: n! = n(n ‐1) ... 3, 2, 1
If n = 0, by definition:
(n!)(n+1)=(n+1)! (This is known as recursion formula)
(0!)(0+1) = (0+1)!
0! (1) = 1!
0! = 1
The factorial symbol (!) was introduced by Christian Kramp in 1808.
Significant figures or digits are digits that define the numerical value of a number. A digit is considered
significant unless it is used to place a decimal point.
The significant digit of a number begins with the first non‐zero digit and ends with the final digit, whether zero
or non‐zero. Examples:
16.72 4 significant figures
1.672 X 103
4 significant figures
0.0016 2 significant figures
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The number of significant digits is considered the place of accuracy. Hence, a number with 3 significant digits
is said to have a three‐place accuracy and a number with 4 significant figures is said to have a four‐place
accuracy.
Rounding and Truncating:
The two forms of approximations are known as rounding and truncation. Rounding of a number means
replacing the number with another number having fewer significant decimal digits, or for integer number,
fewer value‐carrying (nonzero) digits.
Example:
3.14159 shall be rounded up to 3.1416
3.12354 shall be rounded down to 3.1235
Truncation refers to the dropping of the next digits in order to obtain the degree of accuracy beyond the need
of practical calculations. This is just the same as rounding down and truncated values will always have values
lower than the exact values.
Example: 3.14159 is truncated to 4 decimals as 3.1415
Basic Rules of Algebra
Let a, b, and c be real numbers, variables or algebraic expressions.
1. Closure property :Addition a+b
: Multiplication a∙b
2. Commutative property :Addition a+b=b+a
: Multiplication a∙b=b ∙ a
3. Associative property :Addition (a + b) + c = a + (b + c)
: Multiplication (a ∙ b) ∙ c = a ∙ (b ∙ c)
4. Identity property :Addition a+0=0+a=a
: Multiplication a‐1=1 ∙ a=a
5. Inverse property : Addition a+ (‐a)= 0 =(‐a) +a
: Multiplication a (1/a) = 1 = (1/a)a with a ≠ 0
6. Distributive property : Left a(b + c) = ab + ac
: Right (a + b)c = ac + be
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In item 4, 0 is called an additive identity while 1 is called a multiplicative identity. In item 5,‐ a is known as
additive inverse of a while 1/a is the multiplicative inverse of a.
Rules of Equality
Let a, b and c be real numbers, variables of algebraic expression
• Reflexive property : a= a
• Symmetric property: If a = b, then b = a
• Transitive property: If a = b and b = c, then a = c
• Substitution property: If a = b, then a can be replaced by b in any expression involving a
• Addition/Subtraction: If a = b, then a + c = b + c
: If a = b, then a ‐ c = b ‐ c
• Multiplication/Division: If a = b, then ac = bc
• Cancellation property: If a + c = b + c, then a = b
: If ac = be and c ≠0, then a = b
Inequality
A statement that one quantity is greater than or less than the other.
Rules of Inequality
a > b if and only if ‐a < ‐b
If a > 0, then ‐a < 0
If ‐a < 0, then a < 0
If a > b, c < 0, then ac < bc
If a > b, c > d, then (a + c) > (b + d)
If a > b, c > d, and a, b, c, d > 0, then ac > bd.
If a > 0, b > 0, a > b, then 1/a < 1/b
Properties of Zero
Let a and b real numbers, variables or algebraic expression.
• a + 0 = a and a ‐ 0 = a
• a*0=0
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• (0/a)=0, a≠0
• (a/0)=undefined
• If ab = 0, then a= 0 or b= 0. This is known as Zero‐Factor Property
Algebraic Equations
An algebraic expression is a combination of ordinary numbers and letters which represent numbers.3𝑥
5𝑥 2𝑦 ,2𝑎 𝑏 and
Thus are algebraic expressions.
References:
Books
Barnett, R. A., et.al (2008). College Algebra with Trigonometry (9th ed). NY, USA: McGraw‐Hill.
Bird, J. (2003). Engineering Mathematics (4th ed). Oxford, UK: Newnes.
Ellis, W. & Burzynski, D. (2008). Elementary Algebra. Houston, Texas: CONNEXIONS.
Falduto, V., Gross R., et.al. (2015). Algebra and Trigonometry. Houston, Texas: Rice University.
Gibilisco, S. (2008). Algebra Know‐It‐All: Beginner to Advanced, and Everything in Between. NY, USA: The
McGraw‐Hill Companies, Inc.
Gillesania, D. I. T. (2014). GERTC Engineering Mathematics Vol. 1 (3rd ed.). DIT Gillesania.
Moyer, R. E. & Spiegel, M. R. (2019). Schaum’s outlines: College Algebra (5th ed). New York, USA: McGraw‐Hill
Education.
Tiong, J. R. & Rojas, Jr. R. A. (n.d.). 1000 Solved Problems in Engineering Mathematics.
Videos
Professor Dave Explains. (2017, October 12). What are the Types of Numbers? Real vs. Imaginary, Rational
vs. Irrational [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QUGmwPwtbpg&t=253s
the Sciences. (2015, July 2). Subject: The Basic Rules of Algebra [Video]. YouTube.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E3cYlAi1Xjg
enginerdmath. (2019, Jan 30). Properties of Real Numbers (Tagalog/Filipino Math) Civil Service Exam [Video].
YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pl‐qxzZr4LM&t=597s
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enginerdmath. (2019, Jan 30). Properties of Equality (Tagalog Math) Civil Service Exam [Video]. YouTube.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=098pFrcqwXs&t=430s
Don't Memorise. (2015, Aug 5). Operations on Inequalities (GMAT/GRE/CAT/Bank PO/SSC CGL) | Don't
Memorise [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WHMU1KVjtA0&t=170s
The Organic Chemistry Tutor. (2017, Jul 16). Algebra ‐ How To Solve Equations Quickly! [Video]. YouTube.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z‐ZkmpQBIFo&t=1s
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