PROPOSAL WRITING BY:

UMI UMMAIRAH BINTI AHMAD HAMDAN

FATHIN NUR DIYANA BINTI MOHD ROSLI

MATRIC NUMBER:

DMA 2011-3120

DMA 2011-3164

LECTURER BY:

MISS SITI SARAH BINTI ABD JALIL

SUPERVISOR:

MOHD SAIFUDDIN BIN HJ SIRAT

TOPIC:

THE IMPACT OF PART-TIME EMPLOYMENT ON STUDENTS' HEALTH

FACULTY OF ALLIED HEALTH SCIENCES

DIPLOMA IN MEDICAL ASSISTANT

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 TABLE OF CONTENT:

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION PAGE

1.1 Problem statement 4

1.2 Objective of study 4
1.3 Study hypothesis 4
1.4 Scope of study 5

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction 6
2.2 Part-Time employment among students 6
2.3 Contributing factors that cause 7
student doing part time
2.4 Effects of part-time student employment 7
2.4.1 Academic Performance 8
2.4.2 Less Time for Yourself 8
2.4.3 Physical and Mental Health Issues 9
2.5 Assessment of health level 9
2.5.1 Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale 9
21 (DASS-21)
2.5.2 International Physical Activity 10
Questionnaire (IPAQ)
2.5.3 Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) 10
online insomnia test

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2.6 Implementable recommendation for study on 11
part time employment
2.6.1 Plan ahead 11
2.6.2 Create a schedule 11
2.6.3 Set goals 11
2.6.4 Maximize exercise time 12

CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction 12
3.2 Study area 12
3.3 Questionnaire survey 13
3.3.1 Demographic information & Example 13-15
of questionnaire
3.3.2 Published Report 16
3.4 Study population 16
3.5 Sample size 16

CHAPTER 4 EXPECTED RESULT

4.1 Research objective 16

CHAPTER 5 GANTT CHART

5.1 Gantt Chart 17

REFRENCES 18

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INTRODUCTION
1.1 PROBLEM STATEMENT
According to Sani, out of ten students, nine of them are working part-time due to lack of pocket
money during their studies in Malaysia. Furthermore, globally, the percentage of students
working part-time is very high with 83 percent. Moreover, it also stated that in 15 countries
including Malaysia, over 10,000 parents, and 1500 students undergo a lack of financing
stability despite already receiving funds from their parents to pay for their graduate or
postgraduate studies. This is because of the university fees, accommodations, transportations,
and education resources. During the university studies, students not only acquire knowledge
but are actively involved in various activities and part-time employment. Students employment
may have effects on their physical or mental health as well as learning performance. Work is
exhausting and demanding. You spend about 8 to 12 hours working and by the time you get
home, you feel depleted. With most people, this can be a biggest challenge, often causing them
to slack on either their work or books.

1.2 OBJECTIVE OF STUDY

In order to meet the general objective (aim), the study will focus on the following
specific objectives:

1. To determine the level of student employment of undergraduates' students live in

Taman Nong Chik.
2. To determine the psychological status of undergraduates' students, live in Taman
Nong Chik.
3. To determine the association between level of student employment and student well-
being.

1.3 STUDY HYPOTHESIS

1. There is no association between student's employment and psychological status.

2. There is no association between student's employment and sleep pattern.
3. There is no association between student's employment and level of physical fitness.

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1.4 SCOPE OF STUDY

The study will focus on the undergraduate’s students live in Taman Nong Chik Johor
Bahru, Johor only. This research will study through questionnaire survey where the survey
only studies on random undergraduates’ students selected live in Taman Nong Chik.

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LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 INTRODUCTION
Academic studies have been focusing on the effects of part-time jobs on the academic
performances. Richardson et al. (2014) found that students report both positive and negative
effects of part-time jobs during their academic study. Reported positive effects are, among
others, development of transferable skills, like time management, and the testing, development
and reflecting upon specific career paths (Richardson et al., 2014). However, academic studies
report some negative consequences following from students engaging in part-time jobs. In
current times, a full-time study entails a 40-hour working week. This means that a part time
job can be seen as an extra deterioration to the time spent on study purposes so in this situation
student also it is very easy to get sick with various diseases due to not getting enough rest. For
example, it is easy for them to get stressed, they have less time to sleep and their physical health
is also unhealthy because they do not have time to exercise and exceed the work limit in one
day so that they tire their bodies and have no time to rest.

2.2 PART-TIME EMPLOYMENT AMONG STUDENTS

Part-time work or a part-time job is a flexible work arrangement which means working less
than full-time hours. It usually means working fewer days per working week and employees
are normally considered to be part-time if they commonly work fewer than 30 hours per week.
Taking on a part-time job while studying is hard work, but the benefits are typically greater
than the amount of a pay check. Students who work during their college careers may develop
better time-management skills than their counterparts because they have to apply it to their
daily lives. They earn money that can be used for fun or for tuition, while gaining experience
in the workplace that will be attractive to future employers after graduation. Simply put,
students who hold down part-time jobs will have more money than they would have otherwise.
As they come into adulthood, earning an income can boost their confidence and allow them to
have some fun within the limits of their pay checks. Some students need to work through school
to afford tuition. Others will set the money aside to pay back student loans. Still, the money
will be theirs to spend as they wish, and they may appreciate it more because they worked for
it.

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2.3 CONTRIBUTING FACTORS THAT CAUSE STUDENT DOING PART TIME

Almost every undergraduate’s student wants a job and are eager to join the workforce. Each
person has their own reasons for having a job while being a student. While it might be for
monetary reasons like helping out family or to have a little change in their pocket for spending,
others want to obtain some real-world experience in the job scene while still in high school.

Students today start working part-time jobs to sustain their college life and tuition fees
as they study. Working part-time is a great way to get in the field and earn experience in the
corporate world. It helps you gain value for your money, and to even earn extra to treat yourself
out. Another causes maybe peer influence. There are a variety of reasons students work while
they're in school, including gaining professional experience to help prepare them for their
career after graduation and to earn their own money so they can learn how to budget and pay
for their expenses independently. While some students' financial circumstances may require
them to work. Uncertain economic conditions, and the increasingly high cost of living, became
the factor of a few students having to work part-time to cover expenses daily such as house
rent, buying reference books and food, vehicle payments and spending on social activities. In
fact, for some students, work in This part-time job is a requirement to pay tuition fees. This
leads to the task as a student is getting harder where besides studying, they have to work. Thing
that thus requiring students to wisely balance time between studying and working so that their
studies are not affected. Student also want to have a little change in their pocket for spending,
want to obtain some real-world experience in the job and peer influence.

2.4 EFFECTS OF PART-TIME STUDENT EMPLOYMENT

Having a job in undergraduates’ student can have it’s positive and negative effects on the
student. Some students really enjoy working while in university and others dread it the minute,
they start their first job. Therefore, there are several things that are affected by part-time work
that have an impact on students.

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 2.4.1 Academic Performance

The main worry many parents and students face when getting a part-time job is how it affects
one’s studies. Without much of the time to study and the exhaustion from working, there’s a
chance that energy and concentration hinders. Some even fail because of the lack of time and
energy from work. Another example is that students will give various reasons for their work as
the reason they did not get good results. The reason why students should not work during
learning is because this will take the time allocated to the study and the time to review. Every
human being only has 24 hours in every day. Therefore, the students do not have time to review
their lessons on their own. If the student ignores this responsibility then the student is at risk of
failing in the lesson, the result can affect the future of the student himself. If this continues, the
students will fail the exam because they do not have enough time to revise the lesson. As a
result, the student might not be able to maintain better grades.

2.4.2 Less Time for Yourself

One of the most important things a student must focus on is their me time as well. After all,
you’ll need the rest and to ensure that you still have the energy to take care of yourself, but if
you’ll juggle work and study, as well as time with loved ones, it’s difficult to prioritize yourself.
It can affect your health in the long run. Various effects that can be accepted if there is a lack
of rest time for yourself such as, we will become more tired, exhausted and often in a state of
confusion. Psychologists do research that time for yourself helps the brain to reset to its original
state. It also helps us dissolve clutter in the brain. In addition, time for yourself helps us improve
focus and concentration. Furthermore, it can also make us more productive to face challenging
days. It can also give us space to find our identity and explore our potential. When we are in
time for ourselves, we also have the opportunity to think more deeply about a problem or issue.
It also helps us solve complex problems. So students should find their own time to ensure that
learning and health are not affected such as stress or something else.

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 2.4.3 Physical and Mental Health Issues
Having a part-time job while studying have so many other activities can affect your physical
and mental health as well. With too much on a young person’s plate, there are chances that they
would breakdown from the stress, you can even get sick from a poor immune system due to
lack of sleep or overwork. That’s why time management is extremely important. Among young
people, work culture is excessively known as "hustle" culture. They get used to overwork and
push their peers to take two or three jobs at the same time to make ends meet. Such work culture
practices are reaching new heights but at the wrong time, as people need to take better care of
their mental and physical health. Students also can get risk of heart disease as well as mental
disorders such as anxiety and depression. A psychologist from Universiti Pendidikan Sultan
Idris Fauziah Mohd Saad said students need to be aware of the long-term effects of such a
heavy commitment.

2.5 ASSESSMENT OF HEALTH LEVEL

2.5.1 Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale 21 (DASS-21)

The DASS-21 is a self-report test which measures your level of Depression, Anxiety and Stress.
At the end of the test, you will receive a severity rating of Normal, Mild, Moderate, Severe or
Extremely Severe, for each of those 3 negative emotional states. Research has confirmed that
the only difference between the depression, anxiety, and stress experienced by mentally healthy
individuals versus that experienced by the clinically disturbed, is in the degree of severity. Do
note that DASS-21 is a screening tool and not a diagnostic tool. In other words, high scores on
this test are an indicator that you are most likely experiencing a poor quality of life and
emotional disturbances. However, this test does not provide a diagnosis of mental health
disorders nor help discover the underlying causes of these negative emotional states. Thus, the
developers of the test state that for complete interpretation of its results, one should consult a
trained professional in psychology.

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2.5.2 International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ)
The International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) is used as a standardised measure to
estimate habitual practice of physical activities of populations from different countries and
socio-cultural contexts. Two-forms of the IPAQ have been developed: a short and a long
version, both of which involve 7-day recall of physical activity. The short-form (SF) was
designed for use in surveillance studies, in which time is limited, and consists of 8 items to
estimate the time spent performing physical activities (moderate to vigorous) and inactivity
time spent sitting. The long form (LF) was designed to provide a comprehensive evaluation of
daily physical activities, and assesses the time spent walking, doing moderate-intensity and
vigorous-intensity activity within the domains of work, transportation, domestic and gardening
(yard) activities, and leisure-related activities.

2.5.3 Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) online insomnia test

The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) is a widely used self-reported questionnaire
measure of sleep. The PSQI is a 19-item, self-rated questionnaire designed to measure sleep
quality and disturbance over the past month in clinical populations. The PSQI is practical and
brief, returning a single score representing overall sleep quality, which incorporates qualitative
and quantitative aspects of sleep; scores above 5 are suggested as indicative of a potential sleep
problem. The PSQI includes open-ended questions that can be used to identify the nature and
possible causes of sleep problems to help direct treatment, and gives subscale scores that can
indicate the type of sleep problems sleep duration, latency, disturbances, quality, efficiency,
daytime dysfunction, and use of sleep medication, as well as some questions on indicators of
sleep apnea.

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2.6 IMPLEMENTABLE RECOMMENDATION FOR STUDY ON PART TIME
EMPLOYMENT

2.6.1 Plan ahead

As soon as you’ve enrolled, make note of your assessment dates. This will help you to manage
competing commitments at work, stay on top of upcoming tasks, so you don’t fall behind. A
visual reminder of these key dates is an effective way to complement reminders on your phone
or laptop, so invest in a big desk calendar or hang one up on your wall. if you feel you want to
do a lot of work at one time please be prepared for mental and physical endurance because this
thing is not as easy as you think. Maybe as someone who is not multitasking it is better to plan
better. if you feel that you are not capable of shouldering the responsibility, it is better not to
take the risk of working because this will have too many negative effects on you.

2.6.2 Create a schedule

Schedules and set study times per week will help you feel in control and maximise your
preparedness. Create a weekly planner or timetable to outline when you do what activity, but
allow for variation leading up to known busy or seasonal periods at work. This is very important
if students want to work because this will help students stay focused on learning and health. So
as an example, set intentions and goals. Every day before the day starts, set intentions and
goals, what you want to do today, what you want to finish today. Organize how long you work,
how long you study and how much time you sleep. All working students take this very lightly.
They don't think that if they don't sleep enough, they can become stressed and will cause all
the problems will automatically be complicated affecting your health and education. So please
create a schedule for a more organized life.

2.6.3 Set goals

Set yourself realistic and achievable short- and long-term goals. Achieving goals makes you
feel positive and in control, so make sure you hit those winning moments and celebrate them.
Get the first draft of an assignment done with plenty of time to revise and polish or set a number
of research items that you’d like to read through by a certain time.

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 2.6.4 Maximize exercise time

Workouts should last no less than 60 minutes and no more than 90 minutes. This is sufficient
time to challenge your body with quality reps. Anything more, and you'll see diminished returns
for your efforts. If you feel inclined to train longer, it's best to split up your workout. This also
can help student to maintain their antibody to ensure they do not feel weak and quickly tired of
the effects of studying while working. Actually, this is a very important aspect because just
spending time to exercise a person can make themselves more energetic for the next day
because they will feel more refreshed and the mind will be more open. at least exercise can free
up the mind that is always tangled.

METHODOLOGY

3.1 INTRODUCTION

The research study is a cross-sectional study and the data was collected from students using
questionnaire and through surveys. We used an online survey. The independent variables used
are level of student employment of undergraduates, to identify the psychological status of
undergraduates’ students, and to identify the association between level of student employment
and student well-being in Taman Nong Chik.

3.2 STUDY AREA

Sometimes part-time employment can give impact to student to finish all their assignments and
others. Part-time employment while still studying can lead them to become a stressful student.
Thus, this study wants to identify the psychological status of undergraduate’s students live in
Taman Nong Chik. Furthermore, this study wants to see academic performance between
students who is part-time employment and student’s well-being.

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3.3 QUESTIONNAIRE SURVEY
3.3.1 Demographic information & Example of questionnaire
Age – Those who are below 18 and postgraduate and above
Sex – Male and female
Race – Malay, Chinese, Indian, Bumiputra
Faculty – students in Taman Nong Chik

Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale 21 (DASS-21)

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International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ)

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Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) online insomnia test

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 3.3.2 Published Report
Research has shown that the majority of students are very busy with part-time employment and
difficulties constitute work and learning combinations. Large loading of non-teaching activities
disturbs students from engaging in the learning process. Most of the respondents work in night
shifts, which affects their sleep. Sleep deprivation have caused serious health problems such as
irritation and bad temper, decrease concentration and headache which has a negative impact on
the learning process. Our findings noted that part-time working have a significant detrimental
effect on both of mental and physical health of students. Working more hours increases the
probability that a student perceives a negative effect on academic performance.

3.4 STUDY POPULATION

A population is the complete set of individuals or scores that on investigation is interested in

studying. Basically, the population refers to the entire collection of all observation of study.
For the purpose of this study, the population are the students who are part-time employment
which is effect both of mental and physical health of students.

3.5 SAMPLE SIZE

Data will be collected by using simple random sampling in 45 respondents among

undergraduate’s student live in Taman Nong Chik.

EXPECTED RESULT

4.1 LEVEL OF PSYCHOLOGICAL STATUS

According to result, female undergraduates’ students is more affected to mental and physical
health because male who is part-time employment is so little. Usually male don’t like to do
part-time employment except they need more money to expenses and don’t want to trouble the
family.

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 GANTT CHART
5.1 GANTT CHART

ITEM SEM SEM SEM

DESCRIPTION
4 5 6

JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAC APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP

LITERATURE
REVIEW

PROPOSAL
PRESENTATION

WRIRING
PROPOSAL

DEVELOPMENT
OF
QUESTIONNAIRE

DATA
COLLECTION

DATA ANALYSIS

REPORT
WRITING

PRESENTATION
OF PROJECT

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REFRENCES

1. Adam Felman (2020). What is good health. United State: Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention (CDC)

2. Nina Janza (2020). Part-time work: The Definition, Pitfalls, and Pluses. Ljubljana:
leading software provider of human-centric and smart workforce management
solutions.

3. Alana Naylor (2021). Students feel the positive, negative effects of working while in
school. New Cany: New Caney Independent School District.

4. J Marcos Popey, MA Nor Amira Syahira, YJ Teoh, H Titi Rahmawati, BZ Huda (2014).

5. Prevalence, Influencing Factors and Perception of Part Time Employment Among

Undergraduate Medical Students in A Public University in Malaysia. Malaysia:
International Journal of Public Health and Clinical Sciences

6. Sam Kremers (2021). Part-time jobs while studying: struggle or success?

7. Tran Phuong Ngan (2021). A Study on the Effects of Part-time Jobs for HUFI Students.

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