Unit 3

Network Protocols and Communications

Overview

This lesson will discuss communication fundamentals and different protocols used at different layer of layered
communication protocols. It also covered the different address used at different layer.

Learning Outcomes
The students should:

a. Explain how rules facilitate communication.

b. Explain the role of protocols and standards organizations in facilitating interoperability in network
communications.
c. Explain how devices on a LAN access resources in a small to medium-sized business network.

Course Materials

● https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-oWlS66__Qo
● https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=264A057r0zQ
● https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BBNYiXhJyZg

Lesson 1

Rules of Communications

Communication Fundamentals

● Message Source
● Transmitter
● Transmission medium
● Receiver
● Message Destination

Rule Establishment

● An identified sender and receiver

● Common language and grammar
● Speed and timing of delivery
● Confirmation or acknowledgement requirements

While there are many protocols that must interact, common computer protocols include:
 ● Message encoding – process of converting information into another, acceptable form, for transmission.
● Message formatting and encapsulation – identifier of the recipient and sender.
● Message size – size restrictions of frames require the source host to break a long message into individual
pieces or segments.
● Message timing – access method, flow control, response timeout.
● Message delivery options – unicast, multicast, broadcast.

Lesson 2

Network Protocols and Standards

Rules that Govern Communications

Networking protocols define a common format and set of rules for exchanging messages between devices. Some
common networking protocols are IP, HTTP, and DHCP.

Network Protocols

● How the message is formatted or structured

● The process by which networking devices share information about pathways with other networks
● How and when error and system messages are passed between devices
● The setup and termination of data transfer sessions
● Proprietary protocols have their definition and operation controlled by one company or vendor
● The TCP/IP protocol suite is an open standard, not a proprietary protocol.

Protocol Interaction

Interaction of protocols in communication between a web server and a web client.

Web Server Layer Name Protocol Stack

Application HTTP

Transport TCP

Internet IP

Network Access Ethernet

TCP/IP Protocol Suite

Name System Host Config Email File Transfer Web

Application DNS BOOTP SMTP FTP HTTP
Layer DHCP POP TFTP
 IMAP

Transport Layer UDP TCP

IP Support Routing Protocols

Internet Layer IP
NAT ICMP OSPF EIGRP

Network Layer
Access ARP PPP Ethernet Interface Drivers

Open Standards

● EIA Standards, IANA, ICANN, ITU, IETF, IEEE, TIA

● Open standards encourage competition and innovation

● An advantage of network devices implementing open standard protocols, such as from the TCP/IP suite, is
that the clients and servers running different operating systems can communicate with each other.

Internet Standards

Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers |(ICANN)

Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA)

IANA ICANN

IP Addresses TCP/UDP Port Numbers

Domain Names

Electronics and Communications Standard Organizations

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineer (IEEE)

IEEE 802 Working Groups and Study Groups

 ● 802.1 Higher Layer LAN Protocols Working Group
● 802.3 Ethernet Working Group
● 802.11 Wireless LAN working group
● 802.15 Wireless Personal Area Network Working group
● 802.16 Broadband Wireless Access working group
● 802.18 Radio Regulatory TAG
● 802.19 Wireless Coexistence Working group
● 802.21 Media Independent Handover Services Working Group
● 802.22 Wireless Regional Area Networks
● 802.24 Smart Grid TAG

Benefits of Using a Layered Model

● Assist in protocol design

● Fosters competition
● Prevents technology or capability changes in one layer from affecting other layers above and below
● Provides a common language to describe networking functions and capabilities

OSI Model TCP/IP Protocol Suite TCP/IP Model

Application
Presentation HTTP, DNS, DHCP, FTP Application
Session
Transport TCP,UDP Transport
Network IPv4, IPv6, ICMPv4, ICMPv6 Internet
Data Link PPP, Frame Relay, Ethernet Network Access
Physical

The OSI Reference Model

Application Layer – The application layer provides the means for end-to-end connectivity between individuals in the
human network using data networks.

Presentation Layer – It provides for common representation of the data transferred between application layer
services.

Session Layer - The session layer provides services to the presentation layer to organize its dialogue and to manage
data exchange.

Transport layer – The transport layer provides define services to segment, transfer, and reassemble the data for
individual communications between the end devices.

Network layer – The network layer provides services to exchange the individual pieces of data over the network
between identified end devices over a common media.
Data link layer – The data link layer protocols describe methods for exchanging data frames between devices over a
common media.

Physical layer- The physical layer protocols describe the mechanical, electrical, functional, and procedural means to
activate, maintain, and de-activate physical connections for bit transmission to and from a network device.

Lesson 3

Data Transfer in the Network

Message Segmentation

Segmentation – breaking communication into pieces.

Multiplexing – interleaving the pieces as they traverse the media. Multiple communications are interleaved, giving
each user a part of the bandwidth.

Communicating the Message

Multiple pieces are labeled for easy direction and re-assembly.

Labeling provides for ordering and assembling the pieces when they arrive.

Segmenting messages:

● Allows many different conversations to be interleaved

● Increases the efficiency of network communications
● Adds complexity

Protocol Data Units

The term protocol data unit is used to describe a piece of data at any ;layer of a networking model

● Data
● Segment
● Packet
● Frame
● Bits

Network Addresses

Network Addresses and Data Link Addresses

Physical Timing and synchronization bits

Data Link Destination and source physical address

Network Destination and source logical network address

Transport Destinations and source process numbers (ports).

Upper layers Encoded application data

Data Link Addresses

Network Address

● Source IP Address
● Destination IP Address
● Responsible for delivering IP packet from the original source to the final destination, either on the same
network or to a remote network.

Data Link Address

● Source data link address

● Destination data link address
● Responsible for delivering the data link frame from one network interface card (NIC) to another NIC on the
same network.