CHAPTER SOLUTIONS - ANSWERS

YEAR 2022
1. (c) n-hexane and n-heptane. [ideal solutions formed by same kind of compounds]
2. (c) Ptotal = Psolvent. [for non-volatile solutes Psolute=0]
3. (a) shows a positive deviation from Raoult's law. [ mixture is minimum boiling azeotrope]
4. (a) < 50 mL. [ acetone-chloroform mixture is negative deviation, so final volume will be less than initial
volume
𝐏 𝐏 𝐏 𝐗 𝟓 𝐱𝟎.𝟎𝟒
5. (a) 0.08. [ 𝐗𝟏 = 𝐗 𝟐 𝐗 𝟐 = 𝐏𝟐 𝟏 = 𝟐.𝟓 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟖]
𝟏 𝟐 𝟏

6. (c) 100.104 °C [ ∆𝑇* = 𝑘* 𝑥𝑚 = 0.52 𝑥 0.2 = 0.104 + 𝐶 𝑇* = 100 + 0.104 = 100.104+ 𝐶

7. (d) Freezing point of solution

8. (c) A is true but R is false.
YEAR 2020
1. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
2. The partial vapour pressure of each component in the solution is directly
proportional to its mole fraction.
Raoult’s law become Henry’s law when P0A is equal to KH

3. ∆𝑇, = 𝑖𝑥𝑘, 𝑥𝑚
∆𝑇, = 0 − (−0.068) = 0.068
0.068 = 𝑖 x 1.86 x 0.01
0.068
𝑖= = 3.65
0.0186
𝑖 − 1 3.65 − 1 2.65
∝= = = = 0.88
𝑛−1 4−1 3
% = 0.88𝑥100 = 88%
4. (c) A is true but R is false.
YEAR 2019
1. The partial vapour pressure of each component in the solution is directly
proportional to its mole fraction.
Characteristics: (i) Force attraction in pure state = Force attraction in solution state
(ii) DHmix = 0

2. sucrose Glucose
"- $ %. $ &''' "- $ %. $ &'''
∆T! = ∆T! =
(. $ %/ (. $ %/

∆𝑇, = 273.15 − 271.15 = 2𝐾

!! # $ # %&&& ! # , # %&&&
!
2 = '$( # )*
∆T+ = %-& # ),.

2 4 x 180x95
=
∆T! 342 x 96 x 5
342 x 96 x 5 x2
∆T! = = 4.8K
4 x 180x95
T! = 273.15 − 4.8 = 268.35K

3. The Ideal solutions obey Raoult‘s law over the entire range of concentration.
Force of attractions in pure state = Force of attractions in solution state
∆𝐻 = 0 therefore, solution is neither be cold nor be warmed
∆𝑉 = 0
The non-ideal solutions does not obey Raoult‘s law over the entire range of concentration.
Force of attractions in pure state ≠ Force of attractions in solution state
∆𝐻 ≠ 0 therefore, solution is neither be cold nor be warmed
∆𝑉 ≠ 0
4. The partial pressure of the gas in vapour phase (p) is proportional to the mole fraction of the gas (x) in the
solution.
Applications: To increase the solubility of CO2 in soft drinks, the bottle is sealed under high pressure.
To avoid bends, the tanks used by scuba divers are filled with air diluted with helium.
YEAR 2018
𝐤 𝐟 𝐱 𝐖𝐁 𝐱 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
1. ∆T! = 𝐌𝐁 𝐱 𝐖𝐀

1.86x 60 x 1000
∆T0 = = 2.48
180 x 250
T0 = 0 − (2.48) = −2.48℃
2.(i) because osmotic pressure gives appreciable values at room temperature.
(ii) KH value of oxygen gas in cold water is very less, solubility of the oxygen is more in cold water.
(iii) because i value of KCl is double than that of sugar solution
YEAR 20171
1. Colligative properties are properties that depend upon the number of particles of solute and not on the nature
of the solute.
Eg: Relative lowering in vapour pressure/ Depression of freezing poin/ Elevation of boiling point, \. Osmotic
pressure
Molality is number of moles of solute present in 1kg solvent
Molality is independent on temperature since mass is not depends on temperature
Abnormal Molar mass is molar mass is obtained during association or dissociation of solutes in a solvent , which
will be greater or smaller than normal value.
2. sucrose Glucose
"! $ %" $ &''' "! $ %" $ &'''
∆T! = ∆T! =
(" $ %# (" $ %#

∆T$ = 273.15 − 269.15 = 4 K

"! $ &' $ &''' "! $ &' $ &'''
4 = ∆T! =
)*+ $ ,' &-' $ &'
4 10 x 180x90
=
∆T! 342 x 90 x 10
342 x 90 x 10 x4
∆T! = = 7.6 K
10 x 180 x 90
T! = 273.15 − 7.6 = 265.55 K
3. (i) Ideal solution. Solutions those obey Raoult‘s law over the entire range of concentration. Is called ideal
solutions.
Characteristics
Force of attractions in pure state = Force of attractions in solution state
∆𝐻 = 0 therefore, solution is neither be cold nor be warmed
∆𝑉mix = 0
(ii) Molarity (M), It is the number of moles of solute present in 1L solution
4.
P"# − P" W$ M"
=
P"# W" M$
23.8 − P" 30 x18
=
23.8 846 x 60
23.8 x 30 x 18
23.8 − P" =
846 x 60
P" = 23.8 − 0.25 = 23.55mmHg
5. The Ideal solutions obey Raoult‘s law over the entire range of concentration.
Force of attractions in pure state = Force of attractions in solution state
∆𝐻 = 0 therefore, solution is neither be cold nor be warmed
∆𝑉 = 0
The non-ideal solutions does not obey Raoult‘s law over the entire range of concentration.
Force of attractions in pure state ≠ Force of attractions in solution state
∆𝐻 ≠ 0 therefore, solution is neither be cold nor be warmed
. ∆𝑉 ≠ 0
YEAR 2016
𝐢 𝐱 𝐤 𝐟 𝐱 𝐖𝐁 𝐱 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
1. ∆T+ =
𝐌𝐁 𝐱 𝐖𝐀

3 x 1.86 x 1.9 x1000

∆T! = = 2.23
95 x 50
T! = 0 − (2.23) = −2.23℃
2. (i) Out of 1 M glucose and 2 M glucose, 2 M glucose has a higher boiling point because boiling point Tb is
directly proportional to concentration.
(ii) reverse osmosis is occurred and solvent molecule moves from solution side to pure state.
3.
k 0 x W1 x 1000
∆T0 =
M1 x W2
3.83 x 2.56 x1000
0.383 =
M1 x 100
3.83 x 2.56 x1000
M1 = = 256 g/mol
0.383 x 100
molecular mass 256
x= = =8
atomic mass 32
Hence formula is S8
4. (i) 1.2% sodium chloride solution is hypertonic and fluid inside the RBC is hypotonic. So water will move from
RBC to sodium chloride and RBC then shrinks.
(ii) 0.4% sodium chloride solution is hypotonic and fluid inside the RBC is hypertonic. So water will move from
sodium chloride to RBC and RBC then swells.
5. Gas (B) is more KH than Gas (A) at the same temperature because KH is inversely proportional to solubility of the
gases.
6. Negative deviation shows the formation of maximum boiling azeotropes, because decreasing in vapour pressure
increases its boiling point
7.
𝑖 𝑥 𝑘* 𝑥 𝑊3 𝑥 1000
∆𝑇* =
𝑀3 𝑥 𝑊4
2 𝑥 0.52 𝑥 4 𝑥1000
∆𝑇* = = 0.34℃
120 𝑥 100
𝑇* = 100 + 0.34 = 100.34℃

YEAR 2015
1. A solution containing non-volatile solute has higher boiling point than pure solvent, as the non-volatile solute
decreases the vapour pressure of the solvent according to Raoult’s law. Hence higher boiling point increases.
Boiling point changes with the change in number of solute particles(concentration) hence elevation in boiling point
is a colligative property.
!) # 6* # %&&&
2. ∆T+ = 7* # 6+

1.86 x 31 x1000
∆T! = = 1.86℃
62 x 500
T! = 0 − (1.86) = −1.86℃
3. The non-ideal solutions which have PA lower than PoA XA is called negatively deviated non ideal solutions,.
Eg; Chloroform- acetone mixture, nitric acid - water mixture
∆𝐻 = -Ve therefore, solution is warmed
 8 # !) # 6* # %&&&
4. ∆T+ = 7* # 6+
2 x 1.86 x W) x1000
2 =
58.5 x 37.2
2 x 58.5 x 37.2
W) = = 1.17 g
2 x 1.86 x 1000
5. The non-ideal solutions which have PA higher than PoA XA is called positively deviated non ideal solutions,
Eg; acetone-CS2 mixture, ethanol - water mixture
∆𝐻 = + Ve therefore, solution is cold.
6. Binary mixture has the same composition of components in liquid and vapour phase and boil at a constant
temperature is called azeotropes
Minimum boiling azeotrope shows positive deviation from Raoults law because boiling point decreases with
increase in vapour pressure
eg- 95% aq ethanol
8 # !) # 6* # %&&&
7. ∆T+ =
7* # 6+
i x 4.9 x 3.9 x1000
2 =
122 x 49
2 x 122 x 49
i= = 0.62
4.9 x 3.9 x 1000
The solution is associated because i value is less than 1
YEAR 2014
1. (i)Cryoscopic constant or molal depression constant is the depression in freezing point when molality is 1m
(ii) Ebullioscopic constant or Molal elevation constant (Kb) is the elevation in boiling point when molality is 1m
2. A solution containing 15 g urea (molar mass = 60 gmol–1) per litre of solution in water has the same osmotic
pressure(isotonic)
as a solution of glucose (molar mass = 180 gmol–1) in water. Calculate the mass of glucose present in one litre of
its solution.
UREA GLUCOSE
W1 x 1000 xRT W1 x 1000 xRT
𝜋 = π =
M1 x V M1 x V
Let osmotic pressure be x bar ,
15 x 1000 xRT W1 x 1000 xRT
𝑥 = 𝑥 =
60 x 1000mL 180 x 1000mL
15 W1 15 x 180
= W1 = = 45g
60 180 60
3. Ethanol and acetone shows positive deviation from Roaults law, because acetone weaken the H-bond between
ethanol molecules.
5. Binary mixture has the same composition of components in liquid and vapour phase and boil at a constant
temperature is called azeotropes.
6. The partial pressure of the gas in vapour phase (p) is proportional to the mole fraction of the gas (x) in the
solution.
Higher the temperature, greater the KH value, lower the solubility
7.
k 0 x W1 x 1000
∆T0 =
M1 x W2
5.12 x W1 x1000
0.48 =
256 x 75
0.48 x 256 x 75
W1 = = 1.8g
5.12 x 1000
9. Solutions those obey Raoult‘s law over the entire range of concentration is called ideal solutions.
Characteristics
Force of attractions in pure state = Force of attractions in solution state
∆𝐻 = 0 therefore, solution is neither be cold nor be warmed.
10. Intermolecular attractive interaction exists in the pair of methanol and acetone is weak H-bond