ELEMENTS OF DESIGN

1 .POINT:
A point is the fundamental element of design. If we put the tip of a pencil on a paper
and press it lightly, we see a very small mark on the paper. This mark is known as a
point. The smallest mark denotes the existence of a point. A point does not have any
length, breadth or thickness, but it has a definite position.

Two examples the of points in modern art

From the last quarter of the 19 th century onwards, many painters experimented with
the use of points of colour .some of the earliest ware the post impressionist who tried
to placing points of vivid colours next to each other and relaying on optical colour
mixing to blend them .The most well known of these was George Seurat .Many
painters after Seurat experimented with this technique, which became known as
pointillism or divisionism.

Seurat found that, rather than mixing the colours of paint on a palette, he could place
tiny dots of different colours next to each other on the canvas and the eye would mix
the colours. He called this way of painting Divisionism. Today we call it Pointillism
Robert Delaunay was an experimental artist whose work Window on the city no4
is a good example for divisionism

Use of Points in Australian aboriginal paintings

Aboriginal peoples have used dots in art and other forms of expression for a very
long time.

Patterns and shapes built up from points of tone and colour is a major element in
aboriginal paintings

Use of points in Mandala Art

Mandala art is a symbolic representation of the universe for many Buddhists and Hindus. Most
mandalas have colourful, detailed geometric patterns or designs created by points.
2 .LINE: Line is the basic element of art that refers to the continuous movement of a
point along a surface. If two points are made at a distance on a surface and are
joined by a pencil then a part of a line is formed. The part of the line will be straight if
the surface is plane and curved if the surface is curved.

Lines can be used to define shapes.

Lines can communicate an idea or express a feeling.

ORGANIC LINES AND INORGANIC LINES

Organic lines are loose, curving lines like those found in nature.

Inorganic lines are generally straight or perfectly curving lines, like those found in
geometry.
TYPES OF LINE

Lines are classified in to different types based on their properties. The different types
of lines are:

Straight Line /Horizontal line Curved line

Vertical line

Zig Zag Line Oblique line or Slanding line

 Radial line
Rhythmic line

Spiral line Angular line

USE OF LINE IN ART AND ARCHITECTRE

A)Lines are very important to show movement and motion

B)In perspective line creates depth.

C)Line creates variety

D)Line shows moods and expression.

E)Line defines shape and boundary in the picture.

)Line is useful to create light and dark effect.

G)Line creates rhythm

H)Line creates pattern.

I)Line creates texture.

TYPES OF LINE SHADING

Scribble Hatching
To make this sets tiny overlapping circles or squiggles. This creates a rough, loose
organic texture.

Hatching
To create this use parallel lines to fill an area with tone. By varying the spacing and
width (pressure) of the lines you can make areas darker or lighter.

Patch Hatching
This technique is very vast and creates a dynamic and interesting texture.
Tocreate this use small sets of interlocking lines, varying the angle of each
set.
Cross Hatching
Cross hatching is a fundamental technique to deepen values. There are a few
subtleties with this technique that are often overlooked. The most important is to
watch the angles of the cross lines, avoiding right, and sharply acute angles.

Contour Hatching

Instead of keeping the lines parallel, you can wrap them around a curved surface. As
you draw, imagine the lines wrapping around the curved surface.

Use of line in art works

Egyptian art

Egyptian drawing appears less naturalistic and more stylized ,than that of ancient
Greek. the rules about the use of line in drawing ware highly developed in ancient
Egypt. Ancient Egyptian artists used vertical and horizontal reference lines in
order to maintain the correct proportions in their work. In many tombs the walls still
carry these grids used to ensure the conventions were kept to by the lower and
apprentice artists working for the master artist

.
Use of line in Ancient Greek

In Greek vase-painting with figures depicted with strong outlines, with thin lines
within the outlines. Similar kind of drawings ware also engraved on metal

Use of line in Japanese Art

Brush drawn line is the basis of much Japanese art This include Calligraphy ,the art
of fine writing.

Use of line by Van Gogh

Van Gogh was very much influenced by the Japanese wood block prints .His lines
are short and abrupt ,a very direct record of repeated rapid gestures .He uses the
directional properties of the line distinctively ,to give an extra ordinary vivid
impression of movement in plants and clouds blown by the wind .
3.COLOUR

Colour is the most expressive element of art. Colour occurs when light hits the
surface of an object and is reflected back to the eye and is used to create illusion of
depth .Without light we cannot assess Colour .

Properties of colour

Colour has three properties: hue, intensity (also called saturation), and value

Hue-Name of a pure colour

Intensity (also called saturation)-Brightness or dullness of a colour

Value - Lightness or darkness of a colour

 A colour wheel or colour circle

A colour wheel or colour circle is an abstract illustrative organization of colour

around a circle that shows relationships between primary colours, secondary
colours, tertiary colours etc.

It is a basic tool for combining colours.

The colour of light

The first circular colour diagram was designed by Sir Isaac Newton in 1666.

Sir Isaac Newton developed the theory that all colours are mixtures of Red, Green,
and Blue light.

Isaac newton began a series of experiments with sunlight and prisms ,he identified
the ROYGBIV colours (red ,orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet)

The Colour of Paint

In 1766 the scientist Mosses Harris created the first colour wheel to classify Red,
Yellow, and Blue as the primary colours.
 RYB (or artistic) colour model.

Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Colours

In the RYB (or subtractive) colour model, the primary colours are red, yellow and
blue.

Primary Colours

The three secondary colours (green, orange and purple) are created by mixing two
primary colours.
Another six tertiary colours are created by mixing primary and secondary colours.
Colour Harmonies

Colour harmony is the term for colours that are thought to match. In other words,
colours that look aesthetically pleasing side-by-side. This is more an art than science
as colour perception is influenced by cognitive factors, emotion and culture.

Complementary colours

Complementary Colours that are opposite each other on the colour wheel are
considered to be complementary colours (example: red and green).

The high contrast of complementary colours creates a vibrant look especially when
used at full saturation.

Complementary colours are tricky to use in large doses, but work well when you
want something to stand out.

Split complimentary colour

The split complementary colour scheme is a variation of the complementary colour
scheme. In addition to the base colour ,it uses the two colours adjacent to its
complement.

Double complimentary colours-

Analogous colours

Analogous colour scheme uses colours that are next to each other on the colour
wheel.
 TRIADIC COLOR SCHEME

A triadic colour scheme uses colours that are evenly spaced around the color wheel.
Triadic colour harmonies tend to be quite vibrant, even if you use pale or unsaturated
versions of your hues.
To use a triadic harmony successfully, the colours should be carefully balanced - let
one colour dominate and use the two others for accent.

Rectangle (tetradic)

The rectangle or tetradic colour scheme uses four colours arranged into two
complementary pairs.
This rich colour scheme offers plenty of possibilities for variation.
The tetradic colour scheme works best if you let one colour be dominant.
 SQUARE COLOUR SCHEME

The square colour scheme is similar to the rectangle, but with all four colours spaced
evenly around the colour circle.
The square colour scheme works best if you let one colour be dominant.

WARM AND COOL COLOURS

The colour circle can be divided into warm and cool colours.

Warm colours are vivid and energetic, and tend to advance in space.

Cool colours give an impression of calm, and create a soothing impression.

NEUTRAL COLOURS

White Black Gray

White, Black and Gray are considered to be neutral colours.

TINTS, SHADES, AND TONES

TINT

If a colour is made lighter by adding white, the result is called a tint

SHADE

If Black is added, the darker version is called a shade

TONE

And if Gray is added, the result is a different tone

MONOCHROMATIC COLOUR SCHEME-Is where one colour is used, but in

different values and intensity.

POLYCHROMATIC COLOUR SCHEME-Use of several colours in a work of art

,ie called polychromatic.
ACHROMATIC COLOUR SCHEME-Means having no color or hue,

Black ,White,Grey,and most Brown are achromatic.

THE MEANING OF COLOR

RED-Red is the color of energy, passion, action, ambition and determination. It is

also the color of anger and sexual passion.

ORANGE- Orange is the color of social communication and optimism. From a

negative color meaning it is also a sign of pessimism and superficiality.

YELLOW - yellow is the color of the mind and the intellect. It is optimistic and
cheerful. However it can also suggest impatience, criticism and cowardice.

GREEN – Green is the color of balance and growth.

BLUE- Blue is the color of trust and peace. It can suggest loyalty and integrity as
well as conservatism and frigidity.

INDIGO- Indigo is the color of intuition. In the meaning of colors it can mean
idealism and structure as well as ritualistic and addictive.

PURPLE – Purple is the color of the imagination.

It can be creative and individual or immature and impractical.

TURQUOISE -The color meaning of turquoise is communication and clarity of mind.

It can also be impractical and idealistic.

PINK -The color psychology of pink is unconditional love and nurturing. Pink can
also be immature, silly and girlish.

MAGENTA - In the meaning of colors, magenta is a color of universal harmony and

emotional balance. It is spiritual yet practical, encouraging common sense and a
balanced outlook on life.

BROWN -The color brown is a friendly yet serious, down-to-earth color that relates
to security, protection, comfort and material wealth.
GRAY- From a color psychology perspective, gray is the color of compromise -
being neither black nor white, it is the transition between two non-colors. It is
unemotional and detached and can be indecisive.

SILVER- Silver has a feminine energy; it is related to the moon and the ebb and flow
of the tides - it is fluid, emotional, sensitive and mysterious.

GOLD - Gold is the color of success, achievement and triumph. Associated with
abundance and prosperity, luxury and quality, prestige and sophistication, value and
elegance, the color psychology of gold implies affluence, material wealth and
extravagance.

WHITE-White is color at its most complete and pure, the color of perfection. The
color meaning of white is purity, innocence, wholeness and completion.

BLACK-Black is the color of the hidden, the secretive and the unknown, creating an
air of mystery. It keeps things bottled up inside, hidden from the world

Light red -represents joy, sexuality, passion, sensitivity, and love

Dark red -is associated with vigor, willpower, rage, anger, leadership, courage,
longing, malice, and wrath

Reddish-brown is associated with harvest and fall.

Dark orange can mean deceit and distrust.

Red-orange corresponds to desire, sexual passion, pleasure, domination,

aggression, and thirst for action.

Dull (dingy) yellow- represents caution, decay, sickness, and jealousy.

Light yellow -is associated with intellect, freshness, and joy.

Dark green- is associated with ambition, greed, and jealousy.

Yellow-green- can indicate sickness, cowardice, discord, and jealousy

A modified version of the colour system is originated by the American

colourist A H Munsell.

In colorimetry, the Munsell color system is a color space that specifies colors
based on three properties of color: hue (basic color), chroma (color intensity),
and value (lightness)
Relating colour to the other visual elements

If we find a relationship between colour and shape two are inseparably linked
because colour does not exist in isolation.eg, coloured light and shadows
make shapes on surfaces ,and coloured objects have their own shape or form.

Colour constancy and interaction

Colour constancy refers to our ability to perceive colours as relatively constant

over varying illuminations (i.e. light sources). For example, a red apple will still
look red on a sunny day or cloudy day. A yellow banana appears yellow whether you
see it in the tungsten light of the kitchen or in sunlight outdoors. A yellow banana
appears yellow whether you see it in the tungsten light of the kitchen or in sunlight
outdoors. it is a perceptual phenomenon, the result of mechanisms in the eye and
brain. it is a perceptual phenomenon, the result of mechanisms in the eye and brain.

Use of colour by Masters

One of the example for this is Pablo Picasso a cubist painter ,in his early paintings
we can see the use of blue colour ,that is called BLUE PERIOD . La Vie The Soup,
The Tragedy are examples.

. La Vie The Soup The Tragedy

A post-impressionist painter Vincent Van Gogh ,in his painting SUN FLOWER ,he
used yellow as a focal point and implies freshness indoors.

Sunflowers, By Van Gough

Many of Georgia O’Keeffe ‘s flower paintings shows subtle gradations of tints and
shades. The Iris series and Oriental Poppies we can see this .

Iris Oriential Puppies

4.SHAPE AND FORM

SHAPE
Shape is an area enclosed by lines. Shapes are two dimensional ,or flat, and
categorized into two ,geometric and organic.

Geometric shapes are square, rectangle, triangle, diamond and circle. They are also
called flat shapes.

SQUARE:

It has 4 sides and 4 corners. Area enclosed inside is called the square region.

RECTANGLE:
It has 4 sides and 4 corners and the area enclosed inside is called the rectangular
region

TRIANGLE:

It has 3 sides and 3 vertices or corners. Area enclosed inside the triangle is called
the triangular region.

CIRCLE:

It has no sides and no corners. Area enclosed inside the circle is called the circular
region

DIAMOND

It has 4 sides and 4 corners and area enclosed is called the region of diamond.
ORGANIC SHAPES

Organic shapes are associated with things from the natural world, like plants and
animals

FORM

Forms are three dimensional, that can be measured ,from top to

bottom(height),side to side(width)and back to front(dpth)

Types of form

Natural /organic forms eg, egg, shell, tree ,butterfly, etc

Manmade forms-eg car toys etc

GEOMETRICAL FORMS -CUBE, CUBOIDS, CONE, CYLINDER, PYRAMID

SOLID FIGURES: We know, about some of the geometrical shapes like cuboids,
cube, cylinder, cone, sphere, triangular prism, etc. These are called solid figures or
solids. They are also known as three dimensional (3-D) figures. They occupy space.
In real life many objects which are seen in our surroundings have the shape of any
one or many of the solids mentioned above

SURFACES

There are two types of surfaces:

1)Plane surfaces –Flat surfaces are called plane surfaces. The objects having plane
surfaces are called plane objects .The surface of a book ,matchbox,almirah,table etc
are examples of plane surfaces .

2)Curved surface –The surfaces which are not flat are called curved surfaces .The
surface of a ball ,or an apple is curved or is a spherical surface .spherical surface
are formed by only one surface

DIFENITION OF A CUBE

An object which looks like solid box-shaped that has six identical square faces. A
cube has 6 equal and plane surfaces. All the faces of a cube are square in shape. In
a cube there are 6 plane surfaces. There are 8 vertices and 12 edges.

PARTS OF A CUBE:

(i) Face: Face is also known as sides. A cube has six faces and all the faces of a
cube are square in shapes. Each face has four equal sides.

(ii) Edge: When two edges meet each other a line segment formed. There are 12
edges in a cube. All the 12 edges are equal in length because all faces are squares.
These edges are straight edges.
(iii) Vertex: When three edges meet each other a point formed. There are 8 vertices
in a cube.

(iv) Face Diagonals: Face Diagonals of a cube is the line segment that joins the
opposite vertices of a face. There are 2 diagonals in each face so altogether there
are 12 diagonals in the cube.

(v) Space Diagonals: Space diagonals of a cube are the line segment that joins the
opposite vertices of a cube, cutting through its interior. There are 4 space diagonals
in a cube.

DEFINITION OF CUBOIDS:

The cuboids has 6 rectangular faces. The opposite rectangular plane surfaces are
identical (equal in all respects). It has 8 vertices and 12 edges.

A cube has all the six faces identical, whereas a cuboids has the opposite
faces identical.

DEFINITION OF CYLINDER:
A cylinder stands on a circular plane surface having circular plane surfaces on its top
and bottom. Thus a cylinder has two circular plane surfaces, one at its base and
another at its top. It has a curved surface in the middle.

It has two edges, at which the two plane surfaces meet with the curved surface.
These edges are curved edges.

In a cylinder there are 2 plane surfaces and 1 curved surface. There are 2 edges and
no vertices. The base and top of a cylinder are of the same shape (circular) and size.
Thus, both are identical.

DEFINITION OF CONE:

A cone has one plane circular surface, i.e. its base and only one curved surface. In a
cone there is 1 plane surface and 1 curved surface. There are 1 edge and 1 vertex

It has one edge which is formed by the circular plane surface meeting with the
curved surface. The edge of a cone is a curved edge

DEFINITION OF SPHERE:
The ball-like shape is called a sphere. In sphere there is curve surface, no edge and
no vertex.

DEFINITION OF PYRAMID

Pyramid is a polyhedron that has a point at the top .The base may be any polygon
.All other faces must be triangle .

The specific name of a pyramid is based on the shape of the figure on the bottom of
the pyramid .

Use of Natural shapes in art

Henry Rousseau is one of the artist who used natural shapes in his paintings. His
painting style is so called primitive style the use of natural leaf shapes made his
paintings beautiful. the rewarding examples are “tropical storm with tiger” and
“snake charmer “

“tropical torm with tiger

 snake charmer

The interaction of natural and man made shapes

In western art this interest has been expressed in still life paintings .It is very clear in
Cezanne’s still life paintings. With the forms of fruits ,such as apple, pears, or melon
he contrasts with pottery, folded cloth ,and furniture .”Kitchen still life”, ”still life
with ginger jar and melon”, ”still life with fruit and vase” are examples.

Through out the twentieth century the artists exploration of shapes ,space,and form
led to the origin of so called non-representational art. Paul Klee is one of them. His
work “they ‘re bitting” and “A young lady’s adventure”are best examples.

During the first three decades of the twentieth century many artist tried to break free
from observation, and investigate the possibilities of an art based on imagination.
Sonia Delaunay and her husband Robert Delaunay were the examples ,and they
produced many works based on overlapping shapes .,Rhythm Joy of life and
Rhythem Colour are examples
 Rhythm, Joy of life by Robert Delaunay

Rhythm Colour by Sonia Delaunay

Melvich’s “Dynamic Supermatism”is another one example,

Form in Sculpture

Form is most closely tied to sculpture, since it is a three-dimensional. Three-

dimensional forms can be seen from more than one side. Traditionally forms could
be viewed from all sides, called sculpture in-the-round, or in relief, those in which the
sculpted elements remain attached to a solid background, including bas-relief, haut-
relief, and sunken-relief.

The meaning of sculpture is changed today, The concept of open and closed
forms, are experimented with sculptors .

A closed-form has a similar feeling to the traditional form of a solid opaque mass.
An open form is transparent, revealing its structure, and therefore has a more fluid
and dynamic relationship with the ambient space. Negative space is a major
component and activating force of an open form sculpture. Pablo Picasso (1881 to
1973), Alexander Calder (1898 to 1976), and Julio Gonzalez (1876 to 1942) are
some artists who created open form sculptures, made from wire and other materials.
 PABLO PICASSO MODEL OF CHICAGO HORSE SCULPTURE

Henry Moore (1898 to 1986), the great English artist who, along with his
contemporary, Barbara Hepworth (1903 to 1975), were the two most important
British sculptors in modern art, both revolutionized sculpture by being the first to
pierce the form of their biomorphic (bio=life, morphic=form) sculptures. She did so in
1931, and he did in 1932, noting that “even space can have form” and that “a hole
can have as much shape meaning as a solid mass.”

Sculptures of Henry Moore

Sculptures of Barbara Hep Worth

5.TONE

It is a property of surface which determines how light and dark they appear
.Tone in art simply refers to how light or dark a colour is. Each colour has an
almost infinite number of tones. Tone is now a central point in colour theory
and an essential tool for all artists. Without tone, a painting can appear flat and
lifeless. However, a mastery of tone allows the artist to create impactful pieces
that evoke strong emotions. The idea was popularised in the 19th century
when painters began to focus on nature and reproducing the many tones that
can be found within landscapes.

Global Tone and Local ToneIn art, the term tone can be used to refer to
different aspects of a painting. The global tone is the overall impression of
colour that you get when considering the painting as a wh ole, such as the
bright yellow of Vincent van Gogh’s Sunflowers (1887). On the other hand,
local tone refers to the lightness or darkness of a specific area within the
painting.

Sunflowers (1887) by Vincent van Gogh

Three Types of Tone in art

Dark tones, Mid-tones and Light tones.Dark tones can be used to create a
sense of drama or darkness, whereas lighter tones are effective at drawing the
viewer’s attention to a certain point, especially when contrasted against a dark
background.

Tone and Emotion

Emotion is one of the most crucial aspects in creating and enjoying art, and
tone can have a huge influence on this. While subject, theme, style, medium
and many more aspects will affect the overall feeling of a piece, few elements
have as immediate of an impact as tone. We pick up on the tone of a piece
very intuitively – a dark global tone can be immediately interpreted as a
gloomy or oppressive atmosphere, whereas a light global tone creates an
uplifting and cheerful effect.
Contrasting Tones

Tone can be an important tool to produce contrast within an artwork, creating a

sense of opposition and tension between different elements or placing focus
on particular parts of the composition.

The history of this use of contrast within art can be tra ced back to the
Renaissance, when it became increasingly common within the artistic circles of
Italy. This technique was known as ‘chiaroscuro’ (meaning ‘light-dark’ in
Italian)

Man in a Turban is a painting by Jan Van Eyck shoes strong tonal contrast
between face and the background make the face stand out .

In the Portrait painting Jacob Trip by Rembrandt Van Rijn shows the effect
of chiaroscuro in a highly developed form .
Some artist have created illusion of depth using tonal contrast. One of the
most skilful was Seurat, His painting “Bathers at Asnieres” is a example for
it.

To give an illusion of death Seurat set up contrast of tone between the figures
and their background.

Tonal value

The definition of tonal values in art is how light or dark something is on a scale of
white to black. White is the lightest value and black the darkest.

Tonal value is one of the most important aspects to painting. It is the value structure
of a work that allows us to be able to see light and dark in a painting.

Tone is related to all the other visual elements, but the closest relationship is
between tone and colour.

5.Texture

The Texture is the surface quality of an object. ie, rough, smooth, soft, hard ,glossy
etc.

In visual arts, texture is the perceived surface quality of a work of art. It may be
perceived physically, through the sense of touch, or visually, or both.

Physical/Actual/Tactile Texture • Physical textures (also known as actual texture or

tactile texture) are the patterns of dimensional variations in a physical surface.
Physical texture can be felt by touching the surface of the object or material. •
Physical texture may also be perceived visually without physical contact. • Light and
shadow are important factors in the visual experience of physical texture. The
physical profile of the texture casts shadows that help us perceive texture.

Visual/Implied Texture •Visual texture is the illusion/representation of physical

texture. We can create visual textures using different art procedures.
There are other two types of textures ie Natural textures and Artificial textures .

Natural textures belongs to natural elements ,like the skin of an elephant,the cortex
of a tree,or the surface of a rose petal .

Artificial textures refers the surface of any objects made by us,such as

steel,paper,different kind of fabric.

What Is Texture in Art?

Sculptors and architects can create texture in a three-dimensional work of art by
manipulating the surface texture of a piece. Painters can convey the illusion of
texture in a two-dimensional work of art to imply how an object or subject matter
might feel if it was really touched.

4 Examples of Texture in Art

Art history is full of examples of different artists manipulating their work to create
physical and visual texture. Here are some examples.

1. David by Michelangelo (1501–1504): Sculpted during the Italian

Renaissance, Michelangelo’s masterful sculpture of the Biblical king David
was chiseled entirely out of marble. In sculpting it, Michelangelo’s use of
texture yielded a shiny, smooth surface that emphasizes the subject’s
physique.
 David by Michelangelo

Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni, known simply as Michelangelo, was an

Italian sculptor, painter, architect and poet of the High Renaissance born in the
Republic of Florence.

2)Le Chat by Alberto Giacometti (1955): Modern sculptor Alberto Giacometti is

most famous for his sculptures of long, skinny figures constructed with roughly-
applied passages of bronze. In Le Chat, he turned to a cat as his subject matter,
which is also constructed with a hard, bumpy texture in opposition to the typical
soft fur of a cat.

Le Chat by Alberto Giacometti

Alberto Giacometti was a Swiss sculptor, painter, draftsman

and printmaker
3)Starry Night by Vincent Van Gogh (1889): Though this is a two-dimensional
work, Van Gogh’s famous Post-Impressionist painting of a village in the silhouette
of a starry sky is an example of three-dimensional texture. The scene is rendered
in impasto painting technique, with thick, visible brushstrokes standing out from
the surface of the canvas.

Vincent Willem van Gogh was a Dutch Post-Impressionist painter who

posthumously became one of the most famous and influential figures in
Western art history.

A close view of Van Gogh Painting

In this close view of Van Gogh painting we can observe the tactile dimensions of his
impasto technique.

Impasto is a technique used in painting, where paint is laid on an area of the

surface in very thick layers, usually thick enough that the brush or painting-
knife strokes are visible. Paint can also be mixed right on the canvas. When
dry, impasto provides texture; the paint appears to be coming out of the
canvas.

Van Gogh represented a great variety of textures through the simple use of line. The
repetition of lines that mimics the patterns of actual textures in the landscape.
His Paintings like Starry night, Self portrait, and Cottage at Auvers are the
outstanding examples of this

Seurat in his painting Le Bec Du Hoc Grandcamp used quite different textures for
the sea surface and the vegetation of the cliff.
The impressionist painter Claude Monet create complex ,subtle,and beautiful
painterly textures in his paintings.ImpressionSunrise is an examples

Examples of texture creation

6)SPACE

Space refers to the area within, around, above or below an object or objects. It is
important to creating and understanding both two dimensional or three dimensional
works of art. Space can either be a flat area or have volume. An enclosed space is
usually called shape while an unenclosed space is simply space, but the two are
inseparable and have a powerful and complementary relationship. Space/Shape
relationships can create illusions of depth or of foreground and background

The positive Space and Negative Space-Positive Space is the space occupied by
the subject, Negative space is the space that is not the subjects. Positive space
refers to the shape of objects; the negative Space is defined by the edges of the
positive space and the frame or border. So part of our negative space is bounded by
the frame and another part is bounded by the positive space.
Some artists in non representational art exploited the interaction between shape and space .Piet
Mondrian experimented with flat coloured rectangles floating in space, for example composition in
Colour B.

Malevich in his Supremacist paintings Airplane flying use geometric shapes interacting with each
other and the space on the picture plane

Most of this paintings the space is dominated ,but some paintings shape is dominating, eg:-most of
the George O’Keeffe’s flower paintings shapes is almost fill its frame.