SAY HI TO ELECTRONIC
COMPONENTS
 
AN INTRODUCTIONS TO
ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS
 
BY
PRADEEP SHEELVANT
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
Copyright © 2022 Pradeep Sheelvant

All rights reserved.

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 Table of Contents
CAPACITORS

RESISTORS

POTENTIOMETER

INDUCTORS

TRANSFORMERS

AUDIO TRANSFORMER:
CURRENT SENSE TRANSFORMERS:
POWER TRANSFORMER:
PULSE TRANSFORMER:
SWITCHING CONVERTERS:

CONNECTORS

BACKPLANE CONNECTORS:
BANANA AND TIP CONNECTORS:
BARREL CONNECTORS:
BLADE TYPE POWER CONNECTORS:
CARD EDGE CONNECTORS:
CIRCULAR CONNECTORS:
COAXIAL CONNECTORS:

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 CAPACITORS
 
 
Capacitors are passive electronic components that stores energy in the
form of electric charges. In other words, capacitors stores, filters and
regulates energy and flow of electric current. Capacitors are also used for
conducting AC (Alternating Current), blocking altered voltage levels of DC
(Direct Current). Capacitors are made with the same structure as there will
be two plates of metal electrode are placed parallelly and are separated by a
dielectric or non-conductive material.
 
If we supply the voltage to these plates of conductors which are placed
parallelly generates the electric field between the plate, that means, the
dielectric material is under the electric field and this field stores the energy
in the form of electric charges and generates between the plates.

Figure 1 non-Polarized

IEEE standard suggest many symbols for capacitors, the pictures below
given are the symbols of capacitors. Figure 1 shows the symbolic
representation non polarized capacitor. Figure 2 shows polarized capacitor
symbolic representation and figure 3 shows symbolic representation of
electrolytic capacitor.

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 Figure 2 Polarized

Figure 3 ELETROLYTIC

 
The below picture shows other types of capacitor symbols like the first
one is split stator capacitor the second one is the symbolic representation of
variable capacitor and the last one is feed through capacitor.

Figure 4 Split Stator

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Figure 5Variable

Figure 6Feed Through

 
Capacitors are Divided into many types, such as fixed capacitor, ceramic
capacitor, film capacitor, electrolytic capacitor, supercapacitor, vacuum
capacitor and mica capacitor. Electrolytic capacitors are further divided into
aluminium, tantalum, niobium and polymer capacitors. Super capacitors are
divided into nanoionics and lithium-ion capacitors. Apart from these,
capacitors are also divided into variable or adjustable capacitors. These
adjustable or variable capacitors are further divided into Tuning capacitor
and trim capacitors. The SI unit of capacitance is Farad (F).

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 On the basis of special applications, capacitors are further divided into
power capacitors, safety capacitors, filter capacitors, light emitting
capacitors, motor capacitor, reservoir capacitors and photo flash capacitors.
 

Figure 7 Capacitor Packages

 
The above figure 7 shows the different packages of capacitors namely
Aluminium polymer capacitor, Aluminium electrolytic capacitor, Mica
capacitors, Ceramic capacitor, Tantalum capacitors, Thin-film capacitors
and Silicon capacitors.

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 RESISTORS
 
 
In the resister section first of all we would like to see what is the
definition of resister, so the resister definition is as follows… “Resisters are
passive electronic component that resist the flow of electric current in the
electronic circuits”. Every device has its own resistance that means every
component will resist the flow of electrons. When the voltage is applied to
an any conductor, electrons will start moving, this process of flow of
electron is called current. This flow is not as quick as we think, the flow of
an electron will be controlled by the resistance of the conductor. So here
comes the ohms law, the ohms law stated that voltage (V) is directly
proportional to the flow of electron (I) and controlled by resistivity of the
conductor that is called resistive constant (R). The SI unit of resistance is
Ohm.
V = IR or I = V/R or R=V/I

Figure 8Resistor Symbol

The below pictures show the symbolic representation of a resister used

across the world. Few countries use the first symbol and many countries use
the second symbol. The symbolic representation of resister can vary from
country to country you can use your own countries standard symbols.

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 Figure 9 Resistor

There are many types of resisters are available in the market namely,
chassis mount resistors, chip resisters or surface mount resisters, through
hole resistors, resister networks, resister arrays, some specialized resisters.
 

Figure 10 Chassis Mount Resistors

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Figure 11 Chip Resistors

 
 

Figure 12 Resistor Array

Figure 13 Through Hole Resistor

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 POTENTIOMETER
 
Potentiometer are also called as variable resistors in other words an
adjustable resistor. These are also called as three terminal resistors by
sliding, rotating you can change the resistance. Unlike resistors we can
change the resistance in potentiometer by the third terminal.
 
The input voltage will be given to the two ends of the resistor and output
will be measured by using the third terminal or sliding contact. The output
voltage will vary as we slide it. So, we also called this component as a
measuring instrument. It measures the unknown voltage by comparing it
with its known voltage. These potentiometers are used to control the audio,
television, motion control, computation and transducers. It is also used for
dividing the voltage hence it is called the voltage divider. Potentiometers
are used to compare the electromagnetic field of a battery cell, use it to
measure the internal resistance of a battery and also use it to measure
voltage across any branch of the circuits.
 
There are many types of potentiometers available, we divide mainly two
types of potentiometers. One is Rotary potentiometer and the second one is
linear potentiometer, even though the construction of these potentiometers
are different but the working principle of these two will be same. Based on
the application and working principles potentiometers are further divided
into other categories like real estate digital potentiometer and membrane
potentiometers. We will discuss about these categories in the near future.

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The symbolic representations of potentiometers are given below. These
symbolic representations vary country to country, so I would suggest you to
use your country standard.
 

Figure 14 Potentiometer

Potentiometer packages are mainly categorized as Adjustable Power

Resistors, Rotary potentiometers, Rheostats, Scale Dials, Thumbwheel
potentiometers and Trimmer potentiometers. The potentiometer package
visuals are given below…
 

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Figure 15 Rotary & Scale Dial Potentiometer

Figure 16 Adjustable Resistors

Figure 17 Slide & Thumbwheel Pots

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 INDUCTORS
 
As we have discussed about capacitors, how it stores energy by creating
an electric field on the plates of the capacitors on applying the voltage, like
wise inductors store the energy by generating the magnetic field around the
coil.
 

Figure 18 Inductor

Inductor are formed by coil like structure shown in the picture. When the
voltage is applied to this coil, circular radiating magnetic field will be
generated around the coil. When the flow of the current across this circuit
increases the magnetic field will also get increases. When the current flow
across the circuit decreases that in turn decreases the magnetic field. This
variation of magnetic field with respect to the flow of current is known as
inductance. Any component which has inductance formed by magnetic field
is referred to as inductor. In other words, any device or a component is
capable of generating magnetic field around it, can be called as an inductor.
The following picture shows you the symbolic representation of inductor.
 

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Figure 19 Inductor Symbol

 
Inductors are widely used in tuning the circuits, use it in sensors.
Conductors are used to store the energy in device, used in induction motors,
used in Transformers, used in filters, chokes and ferrite beads. Most widely
or extensively these inductors are used in analog circuits, to process the
signals or signal processing. If you find any radio frequency interference in
the circuit, inductors can prevent. In many SMPS or switch mode power
supply, these inductors are used for storing the energy. Inductors also used
in limiting the switching of currents hand fault currents and are known as
reactors.
 
Inductors are divided into many types, like air-core inductors,
ferromagnetic core inductors, variable inductors and choke. Air core
inductors further divided into radio frequency inductors and ferromagnetic
core inductors are further divided into laminated core inductors, ferrite core
inductors, powdered iron core inductors and toroidal core inductors.
 

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Figure 20 Adjustable Inductors

 
 

Figure 21 Array Inductors

 
 

Figure 22 Delay Line Inductors

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Figure 23 Wireless Charging Coil

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 TRANSFORMERS
 
Transformers are an electrical and an electronic device, that transforms
an energy, to be specific, an electrical energy from one circuit of alternating
current to another or many circuits of alternating current. The transferred
energy may be either decreased or increased energy. If the energy is
decreased, it is known as step down transformer and if the energy is
increased, it is known as step of transformer.
 
The working principle of transformer is based on the electromagnetic
induction. As the electromagnetic line of force, in other words, we call it
electric flux or flux lines formed and collapse as there is a change in current
at the primary coil. Current will be induced in secondary coil. The voltage
across the secondary coil will be calculated by the product of primary
voltage and ratio of number of turns in primary coil as well as secondary
coil. Based on the applications, transformers are categorized or divided into
air-core transformers, adjustable transformers, adjustable coupling
transformers, with-core transformers, with-link transformers and tapped
transformers.
 
Based on voltage variations, transformers are further divided into step-up
transformers and step-down transformers. In step-up transformers, primary
voltage will be less and secondary voltage will have more value. In step-
down transformer, primary voltage will have more and in secondary side of
the transformer will be having less voltage. We also find audio
transformers, current sense transformers, isolation transformers, auto
transformers, power transformers, pulse transformers, switching converters,
SMPS transformers and specialty transformers in the transformer category.
 
Transformers are used to regulate the alternating current, used in
charging the batteries, used in steel manufacturing, used in controlling the
flow of electricity through circuits, used it to transfer the audio, used it as
coolant agent and ammeters.
 
 The symbolic representation of the transformers is given below.
Transformers have many symbolic representations based on their
applications such as adjustable transformer, coupling transformer, center-tap
transformer, air-core transformer, with-core transformer, step-up
transformer and stepdown transformer. The pictorial information will be
given below…
 

Figure 24 Transformer Symbols

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AUDIO TRANSFORMER:
 

Figure 25 Audio Transformer

Audio transformers consists of coupled coils. There may be two or more

coils are coupled magnetically wounded around the core. Audio
transformers are differed from other types of transformers and are
constructed to use at frequencies of human audible range i.e., 20Hz to
20KHz. Audio transformers are used to transform analog data or analog
information and encoded using digital signal protocols like output
transformers for vacuum tube amplifiers and voice coupling transformers
for traditional telecom applications.
 

Figure 26 Other Packages of Audio Transformers

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 CURRENT SENSE TRANSFORMERS:
 
 

Figure 27Current Sense

 
The special type of transformer is a Current sense transformer. The
current-sense transformers are made to identify as well as measuring the
current flow in a conductor or a primary winding of transformer and this
transformer will produce an AC (alternating current) in a secondary
winding of the transformers. The rang of frequency falls under 2Hz to
1MHz.
 
The current rating will be measured 125mA to 4000A. The current-sense
transformers are divided into many types, such as Invasive current-sense,
Non-Invasive current-sense (Solid Core current sense) and Split Core
current-sense transformers.
 

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POWER TRANSFORMER:
 
 

Figure 28 Power Transformer

 
Power transformers are used most widely in the power electronics
industry. These transformers are used in every product where power needs
to transform from one level to other level. 
 
The family of power transformers design includes the AC power
transformation at usual frequencies such as less than 400Hz. Power
transformers are not equipped or packed with any common connectors
which are used for alternating current utility products that makes
unserviceable.
 
 

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 PULSE TRANSFORMER:
 

Figure 29 Pulse Transformer

To transfer pulses or signals, voltages of rise time (usually rapid rise

time), a constant durational signal or voltage and voltages of fall time
(usually rapid fall time) between primary side to secondary side of the
circuit, pulse transformers are used.
 
Pulse transformers types are voice coupling or data coupling type, gate
drive, VDSL, ADSL, HD-Base-T, HDSL, isolation interface, data interface,
LAN, PoE, triac trigger, SHDL, T1/E1, T3/E3, MIL-STD-1552, SCR,
economical open type and general purpose.
 

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SWITCHING CONVERTERS:
 
Switching Converters are also called as Switch Mode Power Supply
(SMPS) converters or transformers. These are used to construct switch
mode power supplies (SMPS) which are a type that uses semiconductor
switching techniques other than standard linear methods to provide the
required output voltage. The basic consists of a power switching stage and a
control circuit that may be designed to work with specific chipsets.
 

Figure 30 Switching Converters

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 CONNECTORS
 
Connectors and also called as interconnectors are the products used to
join the electrical, cables and fiber optics conductors. There are enormous
types of styles are available to accommodate any applications.
 
For example, for radio frequency, coaxial cables are used. For lab
equipment’s, banana plugs are used. For network and telephones, modular
plugs are used. For connecting discrete wires to terminal blocks, spade and
ring terminals are used. For transistors and integrated circuits, sockets are
used. Likewise, USB connectors, high-voltage connectors, headphones
plug, jacks and many more connectors are available.
 
Connectors are categorized as follows…
 
       Backplane connectors.
       Banana and Tip Connectors.
       Barrel Connectors.
       Blade Type Power Connectors.
       Card Edge Connectors.
       Circular Connectors.
       Coaxial Connectors.
       D-Shaped Connectors.
       D-Sub Connectors.

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       D-Sub, D-Shaped Connectors.
       FFC, FPC (Flat Flexible) Connectors.
       Fiber Optic Connectors.
       Heavy Duty Connectors.
       LGH Connectors.
       Memory Connectors.
       Modular Connectors.
       Photovoltaic or Solar Panel Connectors.
       Pluggable Connectors.
       Power Entry Connectors.
       Rectangular Connectors.
 

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 BACKPLANE CONNECTORS:
 
Backplane connectors are further divided into following types…
ARINC Inserts.
Contacts.
DIN 41612.
Hard Metric.
Housings.
Specialized.
 
 

Figure 31 Backplane Connectors

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 BANANA AND TIP CONNECTORS:
 
Banana and Tip connectors types are given below…
Adapters.
Binding posts.
Jacks.
Plugs.
 
 

 
 

Figure 32 Banana Tip Connector

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 BARREL CONNECTORS:
 
Barrel Connectors are further divided as follows…
Barrel adapters.
Audio Connectors.
Power Connectors.
 
BLADE TYPE POWER CONNECTORS:
 
There are different types of blade type power connectors available. Some
types are given below…
Blade type power contacts.
Blade type power housings.
Blade type power connectors.
 
CARD EDGE CONNECTORS:
 
Different types of card edge connectors are given below…
Card Edge Adapters.
Card Edge Contacts.
Card Edge Board Connectors.
Card Edge Housing connectors.
 
CIRCULAR CONNECTORS:
 
Circular connector types are given below…
Circular Connectors Adapters.
Circular Connectors Back shells.
Circular Connectors Cable Clamps.
Circular Connectors Contacts.
Circular Connectors Housings.

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 COAXIAL CONNECTORS:
 
Coaxial Connectors are widely used in RF or Radio Frequency
transmission. So, these coaxial connectors are also called as RF connectors.
The types of coaxial connectors or RF connectors are given below…
Coaxial Connectors Adapters.
Coaxial Connectors Contacts.
Coaxial Connectors Terminators.
 

Figure 33 Co-Axial Connector Types

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