COVID PATIENT MONITORING AND

MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

Authors

Muhammad Usama Khalid UET-18F-BSc-EE-APCOMS-47

Muhammad Fahad Usman UET-18F-BSc-EE-APCOMS-35
Raja Moeez Azhar UET-18F-BSc-EE-APCOMS-07

Supervisor

Engr. Kiran Khurshid

Assistant Professor
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

ARMY PUBLIC COLLEGE of MANGAEMENT AND SCIENCES

Affiliated with
UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
TAXILA
JULY 2022
 COVID PATIENT MONITORING AND
MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

Authors

Muhammad Usama Khalid UET-18F-BSc-EE-APCOMS-47

Muhammad Fahad Usman UET-18F-BSc-EE-APCOMS-35
Raja Moeez Azhar UET-18F-BSc-EE-APCOMS-07

A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

B.Sc. Electrical Engineering

Thesis Supervisor:

Engr. Kiran Khurshid

Assistant Professor
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

External Examiner Signature:

Thesis Supervisor Signature:

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

ARMY PUBLIC COLLEGE of MANGAEMENT AND SCIENCES
Affiliated with
UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
TAXILA
JULY 2022
 ABSTRACT

Corona virus is a fatal disease so it is difficult for the medication staff to visit the patient

consecutively. We designed a device that can monitor patient’s basic health parameter

such as temperature of body, heart rate, oxygen level in blood. It also have a pill

dispenser which dispense pill after checking patient’s health. Many medical errors are

due to the wrong medications given to the patients as nurses have to sort a large number

of pills daily. This project consists of a smart medical box for automatic pill dispensing

and health monitoring that allows the right medications at the right time. It will help

introverted patients to take their medicines themselves without interacting with the nurse.

It eliminates the need to sort pills into each box slot every week. So the manual filling of

pills will no more a problem. It is a microcontroller- based smart medical box. The box

has an LED display which has an interactive user interface. In this device, data of patients

can be stored including their age, name, and biometrics. Their medicines are scheduled

along with the proper time and medicine name. This programmable device is a smart,

portable, wireless, and embedded hardware device. It also contains basic functionalities

for the health monitoring system such as heart rate, oxygen level, and temperature of the

patient. The main reason behind this project is to help and support nurses who have to

manually give medicines to the patients, elder people, and introverted patients who need

assistance, and as a result, an error is possible. This box is of great use for elderly people

and illiterate patients who are unable to read the name of medicines and forget them to

take on time

i
UNDERTAKING

Use the following undertaking as it is.

I certify that research work titled “enter title of your research proposal here” is my own

work. The work has not been presented elsewhere for assessment. Where material has

been used from other sources it has been properly acknowledged / referred.

Signature of Student

Muhammad Usama Khalid

UET-18F-BSc-EE-APCOMS-47

Signature of Student

Muhammad Fahad Usman

UET-18F-BSc-EE-APCOMS-35

Signature of Student

Raja Moeez Azhar

UET-18F-BSc-EE-APCOMS-07

ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First and foremost, we would like to thank our project supervisor, Engr. Kiran
Khurshid. Without her assistance, and dedicated involvement throughout the
process, the completion of this project could not have been possible. We would
like to thank you for your guidance, support, and understanding. You have guided
us through your experience and that helped us a lot in our project. We are also
grateful to all the teachers who have taught us throughout the whole degree. I am
extremely thankful and indebted to all of them for sharing their expertise,
valuable guidance, knowledge, and encouragement. We take this opportunity to
express my gratitude to all of the department faculty members for their help and
support.
.

iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS

Sample is given below:

Abstract ................................................................................................ ………...i

Acknowledgement ..............................................................................................iii

List of Figures ..................................................................................................... vi

List of Tables......................................................................................................vii

Abbreviations ....................................................................................................viii

Chapter I: Introduction ......................................................................................... 1

1.1 Background .............................................................................................. 1

1.2 Aims and Objective ................................................................................. 2

1.3 Methodology ............................................................................................ 2

1.4 Project Features........................................................................................ 3

Chapter II: Literature Review……………………………………... ................. 4

2.1 Detailed Survey of Research Papers ...................................................... 4

2.2 Hardware Components ............................................................................ 5

2.2.1: Raspberry pi ................................................................................. 5

2.2.2: Heartrate Sensor........................................................................... 8

2.2.3: Temperature Sensor ..................................................................... 9

Chapter Ⅲ: Methodology……………………………………... ..................... 12

3.1 Methodology .......................................................................................... 12

3.2 Problem Statement ................................................................................ 12

3.3 Objective ................................................................................................ 12

iv
Chapter Ⅳ: Design Procedure……………………………………... .............. 15

4.1 Design Procedure ................................................................................... 15

4.2 Block Diagram ....................................................................................... 15

4.3 Rotating Disk Dispenser Design ........................................................... 16

4.4 Design Details ........................................................................................ 17

4.5 Software ................................................................................................. 18

4.5.1 Ultrasonic Sensor........................................................................... 18

4.5.2 Heartrate Sensor ............................................................................. 19

4.5.3 Temperature Sensor ....................................................................... 19

4.5.4 Biometric Sensor ............................................................................ 19

4.5.5 Oxygen Sensor ............................................................................... 22

4.6 Graphical User Interface........................................................................ 22

4.7 Motor Driver Circuitry .......................................................................... 27

4.8 Hardware ................................................................................................ 28

Chapter Ⅴ: Impact on Environment and Sustainability .................................... 31

5.1: Impact on Environment and Sustainability.......................................... 31

Conclusion……………………………………... ............................................. 33

References ……………………………………... ............................................ 34

v
LIST OF FIGURES

Number Page

Fig 2.1a Raspberry pi ..................................................................................5

Fig 2.1b Raspberry pi Serial Ports ..............................................................5

Fig 2.2.2a Heartrate sensor ...........................................................................8

Fig 2.2.3 Temperature Sensor Probe............................................................9

Fig 2.2.3.1 IR Sensor GT-906. ......................................................................10

Fig 2.1 ADC Converter ...........................................................................11

Fig 4.3a Rotating Disk Dispenser Design .................................................16

Fig 4.3b Rotating Disk Design (Cross-sectional) .....................................17

Fig 4.5.1 Ultrasonic Sensor.......................................................................18

Fig 4.5.2 Heartrate Sensor. .......................................................................19

Fig 4.5.3 Temperature Sensor ...................................................................20

Fig 4.5.4 Biometric Sensor .......................................................................21

Fig 4.5.5 Oxygen Sensor ...........................................................................22

Fig 4.7a Motor Driving Circuit Simulations ...........................................27

Fig 4.7b Motor Driving Circuit Using Microcontroller. ..........................28

Fig 4.8a Final Hardware .......................................................................29

Fig 4.8b Final Hardware ........................................................................30

vi
LIST OF TABLES

Number Page

Fig 2.2.1.1a Raspberry Pi Generations ..........................................................6

Fig 2.2.1.1b Characteristic of pi generations ..................................................7

Fig 2.2.3.2 Specifications of temperature Sensor .......................................10

vii
 Abbreviations
RPI: Raspberry Pi

SPI: Serial peripheral interface

I2C: Inter integrated System

ADC: Analogue to Digital Converter

UART: Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter

TRX: Transmission

RDX: Receive

GPIO: General Purpose Input Output

IR: Infrared Rays

viii
ix
 CHAPTER 1

Introduction

1.1 Background

The health care system in Pakistan is seen to be more neglected than anything else. There is much

need for improving the basic health care structure in Pakistan by taking adequate steps.

Pakistan’s health care system is still in progress and is focusing on making improvements in the

delivery of health. Pakistan has brought out many reforms in this regard. The health care system

in Pakistan is still not that much efficient as all these reforms are limited. The main reason is the

poor governance, unequal resources, lack of access to medical health, and poor quality.

Out of so many advantages of technological advancements, embedded system is one application

that is used in various projects to monitor health of patients. This intelligently monitors health of

patients and provide complete information to doctor who can monitor all parameters while using

simply his/her laptop, mobile or pc within hospital.

1.1.1 Introduction

Corona virus is a fatal disease, it is very difficult for the medication staff to visit the patient

consecutively. There is a chance of virus spread in paramedic staff. So, as per the need of time is

to design a machine that will checks patient basic health monitoring such as:

• Oxygen saturation level

• Temperature

• Blood pulse rate

1
It automatically checks the above mentioned conditions and dispenses a pill at the allocated time

as assigned by doctor in a database. Whole system is linked with a database where all the data of

patients will be saved automatically when they enroll by biometric sensor.

1.2 Aims and Objectives

The key objective of our system design is to provide easy means for monitoring patients in

hospital or even in homes. We have designed a system which facilitates the disable and old age

people as well.

 We want to design a system that can monitor patients overall health parameters.

 Many patients can be monitored by providing easy access tho the doctors.

 Internet based system provides access everywhere.

1.3 Methodology

This device works on basic principles of electronics and embedded system.

Pill dispenser

A pill dispenser with three medicine compartments which dispenses a pill by basic motor driving

phenomena. Motor drivers are interfaced with raspberry pi. Patient can set a medicine schedule

through graphical user interface by simply registration his thumb impression and entering basic

information.

Health monitoring system

On the other hand device also checks basic health parameters through sensors interfaced with

raspberry pi and show them through graphical user interface.

2
Data Base

Device is linked with database where the data collected through sensors and patient’s information

is stored and can be assessed remotely.

1.4 Project Features

 Features a touch screen that clearly display a variety of patient vitals to make it

extremely easy to spot check the status of patient.

 An automatic pill dispenser integrated with database to adjust medication dosing or

treatment regularly to improve outcome.

 Basic health parameter recording.

 Lightweight and highly portable.

3
 CHAPTER 2

Literature Review

In this section different research papers that are related to COVID Patient Health Monitoring and

Management System are discussed. We have divided our paper work per person. Each person

individually read and understood the paper work. This enhanced the knowledge of each person

about the project. In literature review we read different research papers related to Basic Health

Monitoring and Management System.

2.1 Detailed Survey of Research Papers

In work by Sommaya and Sidharth monitoring and management of patient is explained in detail

[1]. This paper is about the management of patient. The development of system has been

primarily driven by the needs of large corporations that stand to benefit greatly from the foresight

and predictability.

Today more than 100 countries are inked into exchange of data, news and opinions through

Internet. It means this is a new technology that is under-develop. Zach Supalla, CEO of Particle,

a start-up that’s making it easier to build internet connected hardware (Internet of Things). He has

risen more than $ 1MM Kickstarter and has been featured on CNN and in WSJ, TechCrunch,

Fast Company, Forbes, Fortune, Mashable, and more. Particle was listed as one of Fast

Company’s top 10 most innovative Companies of 2015 in the Internet of Things. IoT is now

used in many health care services to timely develop a link between a patient and a doctor.

4
2.2: Hardware Components

In project different components are used. The working of components is explained in details

below.

2.2.1: Raspberry Pi

The Raspberry Pi is a series of small single board computers developed in the United Kingdom

by the Raspberry Pi Foundation.

Fig 2.1a: Raspberry pi 4

One power features of the Raspberry Pi is the row of GPIO (general purpose input/output)( pins

along the edge of the board.

5
 Fig 2.1b: Raspberry pi serial ports
These pins are a physical interface between the Pi and the outside world. Seventeen of the 26 pins

are GPIO pins, the other are power and ground pins.

2.2.1.1: Generations of Raspberry Pi

Several generation of raspberry pi have been released. The first generation (Raspberry Pi 1 model

B) was released in February 2012. It was followed by a simpler and inexpensive model. Model

A. In 2014, the foundation released a board with an improved design in Raspberry Pi 1 Model

B+. These boards are approximated credit card sized.

Later on Raspberry Pi Zero with smaller size and reduced input/output and GPIO capabilities was

released in November 2015. The Raspberry pi 2 which added more RAM was released in

February 2015. Raspberry Pi 3 Model B released in February 2016 is bundled with on-board Wi-

Fi, Bluetooth and USB boot capabilities.

All models feature a Broadcom system on a chip (Soc), which includes an RM compatible central

processing unit (CPU) and an op-chip graphics processing unit (GPU, a video Core 4).

CPU speed to 1GB RAMS. Secure Digital (SD) cards are used to store the operating system and

program memory. Most board has between one and four USB slots. HDMI and composite video

output. Latest model have a Wi-Fi 802.1 in and Bluetooth.

Table-2.2.1.1a: Raspberry Pi Generations

6
The foundation provides Raspbian, a Debian-based Linus distribution for download as well as

third party Ubuntu. It promotes python as the main programing language.

In project we used Raspberry Pi 1, because of low power consumption.

2.2.1.2: Specification of Raspberry Pi

The summary of al model of Raspberry Pi is shown in the table below.

Parameter Raspberry Pi 3 Raspberry Pi Raspberry Pi 2 Raspberry Pi

Model B Zero Model B Model B+

Instruction 2/29/2016 11/25/2015 2/2/2015 7/14/2014

Date

System on BCM 2837 BCM 2835 BCM 2836 BCM 2835

Chip(SoC)

CPU Quad Cortex ARM11@ 1GHz ARMv 7-A ARM11 @

A53@ 1.2 GHz 700MHz

RAM 1GB SDRAM 512MB SDRAM 1GB SDRAM 512MB SDRAM

Storage Micro SD Micro SD Micro SD Micro SD

Wireless 802.11n/Bluetooth None None None

4.0

Video HDMI/Composite HDMI/Composite HDMI/Composite HDMI/Composite

Ouput

Audio HDMI/Headphone HDMI HDMI/Headphone HDMI/Headphone

Ouput

GPIO Pins 40 40 40 40

Table 2.2.1.1b: Characteristic wise pi generations

7
2.2.2: Heart Beat Sensor

Heart beat sensor is designed to give digital output of heart beat when a finger is paced on it.

When the heart beat detector is working, the beat LED flashes in unison with each heartbeat.

This digital output can be connected to raspberry pi through ADC convertor to measure the beats

per minute (BPM) rate. It works on the principle of light modulation by blood flow through

finger at each pulse.

Fig 2.2.2a: Heart Beat Sensor

2.2.2.1 Working of Heart Beat Sensor

The sensor consists of a super bright green LED and light detector. The Led needs to be super

bright as the maximum light must pass speeding finger and detected by detector. Now, when the

heart pumps a pulse of blood through the blood vessels, the finger becomes slightly more opaque

and so less blight reached the detector. With each heart pulse the detector signal varies. This

variation is converted into electrical pulse. The output signal is also indicated by a LED which

blinks on each heartbeat.

8
 Fig 2.2.2b: Working of Heart Beat Sensor
2.2.3: Temperature Sensor

IR sensor is an electronic instrument which is used to sense certain characteristics of its

surroundings by eight emitting or detecting IR radiation. These sensors are no-contracting

sensors. For example, if you hold an IR sensor in front of your body without establishing any

contact, the sensor detects the temperature of the body based on the merit of its radiation.

Fig 2.2.3: Temperature Sensor Probe

9
2.2.3.1: IR sensor GT-906

This is on-contact infrared thermometer for used with Raspberry pi that can communicate with it

through its 12C interface. This sensor comes with a breakout board with all of the components

need for operation and a set of header pins.

Fig 2.2.3.1: IR Temperature Sensor

2.2.3.2: Specification of Temperature sensor

The summary of Temperature Sensor is shown in table below.

Parameter Condition

Power Supply 5V

Operational Temp -40 to +125

Model GY -906

Sensor MLX90614

Operating Temp 40 to 125’C

PWM (output) 0.14’C

Material Immersion Gold PCB

Weight 3g

Tab 2.2.3.2: Specifications of Temperature Sensor

10
Some other specifications of GY -906 are as:

 Small size, low cost

 Measurement resolution of 0.002’C

 Single and dual zone versions

 Sleep mode for reduced power consumption

 Temperature sensing element for residential, commercial and industrial building air

conditioning windshield design.

 Used for healthcare purpose.

 Mounted on a breakout board with two types o pins

 Factory calibrated in wide temperature range: -40 to +125’C for sensor temperature and

70’ C to 380’C for object temperature.

2.2.5: ADC converter MCP3008

The MCP3008 is a low cost 8-chnnel 10-bit analog to digital converter. With 8 channels you can

read quite a few analog signals from the Pi. This chip is a great if you just need to read simple

analog signals, like from heart beat sensor, temperature sensor or light sensor. The MCP3008

connects to the Raspberry pi using a SPI serial connection. You can use either the hardware SPI

bus, or ny four GPIO pins and software SPI to talk to the MCP3008.

Fig 2.2.4: ADC Converter

11
 CHAPTER 3

Methodology

3.1 Methodology

Our project “COVID Patient Health Monitoring and Management System” is mostly based on

the electronic system. The equipment used in the machine is easy to use and is user-friendly

so that doctors, nurses, and patients can easily operate them. We need to be clear about the

problem statement and objectives we want to achieve in our project before defining the

methodology. Below is the problem statement and objective of our project.

3.2 Problem Statement

During the COVID environment it is difficult for paramedic staff to visit every patient

consecutively to record their health parameters and for medicine dosage so we develop a

device which can make exposure of nursing staff and patients less. And also Mismanagement

in medication for example skipping or over dosage can escalate health issues and can have

deadly consequences especially in elder persons. This problem needs to be addressed

effectively by devising a system through which patient independently take medicines on

prescribed time.

3.3 Objective

Medical technology is enhancing day by day and as a result, new medicines have been

introduced with the appearance of terrible diseases. Nowadays, one in every two-person is

taking medicines. If we suppose that there are a lot of medicines taken by a single patient,

then it is very difficult to remember each medicine and take them at a particular time. In

today’s world, everyone is getting busier that they forget to take their prescribed medicines

12
 on time. Moreover, it is very useful for introverted patients to become independent and less

interact with people. It will also assist the job of nurses in the hospitals and can take off the

burden of giving medicines to several patients individually. By using our smart medical box,

we can overcome the above situations. The main aim of our project is to produce a device

that is user-friendly, light in weight, and safer to use. The Following are the main objectives

of the smart medical box for pill dispensing and health monitoring system;

1. It will help doctors by making them sure that the patient has taken the medicine on time or

not.

2. It will eliminate the emotional exhaustion experienced by the

most Introverted patient.

3. It will help patients to take the right medicines at the allocated time.

4. It will reduce medication errors.

5. To make the daily medicines simple and more efficient.

6. It will have various features other than pill dispensing.

7. It will also keep a record of the medicines taken by the patient.

8. It will also reduce the nursing cost.

Taking medications on time will help in the faster recovery of the patient achieve the

above objectives, we have devised the following methodology for our project. Our

project “Design of Smart Medical Box for Automatic Pill Dispensing and Health

Monitoring System” is mostly based on the electronic system. The equipment used in the

machine is easy to use and is user-friendly so that doctors, nurses, and patients can easily

operate them. So before starting our project, we first need to clear the methodology we

will be going to follow. We need to clear the mechanical design of the project. Moreover,

13
we need to be sure about the main tasks of our project. , how we are going to dispense

the pill, and which method will be more feasible than the other.

Our project consists of the following methodology;

 There will be three stepper motors for operating the three compartments containing the

medicines of the patient.

 The medicines stored in the compartments are for three different times of the day for instance

Morning, Afternoon, and Night.

 Embedded system that will be used for the alarm and clock module in the system.

 There will be an Ultrasonic sensor for detecting the hand of the patients. When the patient’s

hand is detected, it will then operate the stepper motors that will in turn dispense the
respective medicine from the compartment.
 Use of the following sensors for the basic health monitoring of the patient. Heart rate sensor,

oxygen sensor, temperature sensor, and a biometric sensor for their respective functionalities
in the system.
 There is a database in the system, where the patient’s data related to medicines will be stored.

14
 CHAPTER 4

Design Procedure

4.1 Design Procedure

So after going through all the models and mechanisms, we have selected the below de- sign

for our project. This design is still not 100% feasible but it has minimum limitations and can

fulfill the maximum goals of our project. So, we have started our project with the following

mechanism.

4.2 Block Diagram

The block diagram of our project is as following:

15
4.3 Rotating Disk Dispenser Design

After going through many different research papers, dispenser designs, and brainstorming, we

have decided to go forward with a rotating disk dispenser design. In this design, our two main

problems will be solved. One main problem is the dispensing of one pill at a time and the

second one is the dispensing of pills consisting of different sizes. So below are the solution to

these problems which can be solved using a rotating disk.

1. In this design, we are going to utilize a disk with a hole big enough to catch a
single pill only. The size of the hole will be exactly equal to the size of the pill. So
by this method, the problem of only one pill dispensing at a time will be solved.

2. Now to dispense pills of varying sizes, we thought to incorporate disks that will be
interchangeable with holes of varying lengths. The size of the holes will be
according to the standardized pill sizes. So now we can dispense different sizes of
pills from the system.

Figure 4.3a: Rotating Disk Dispenser Design

16
 Figure 4.3b: Rotating Disk Dispenser Design
4.4 Design Details

The above-mentioned issues were taken into consideration before the start of our design process.

So now we have selected the design of ‘Rotating Disk Dispenser Design’. This design will not

only dispense one pill at a time but also we can dispense different pills of varying sizes using this

design. Our machine will store three-time medications for three different people. It will have a

biometric verification of the patients so that one patient can take only his medicines. Our project

contains basic health and monitoring system which includes different sensors such as an oxygen

sensor, a biometric sensor, a temperature sensor, and a heart rate sensor for the specific functions.

All this data will be recorded in the data cell. The microcontroller interfaces will contain an

Ultrasonic sensor, motor driving circuitry, controller, IOTs, and database.

The design consists of two parts;

1. Hardware

2. Software

17
4.5 Software:

The software includes the following functionalities

 Coding on raspberry-pi using Python.

 Catching, receiving, and manipulating raw data from the sensors.

 Simulations and Calculations of motor driving Circuitry.

 Ultrasonic sensor for the detection of hands.

 Biometric verification of patients.

 Power Supply Calculations

 Maintaining the database and keeping it up-to-date

4.5.1 Ultrasonic sensor

This sensor is usually used to measure the distance and detect the obstacles in the path. It emits

sound waves at a frequency too high for humans to hear. When the waves reflect, the sensor

gives the distance measure concerning time. We will be using this sensor for the detection of

hands to start the dispensing mechanism of that time.

Figure 4.5.1: Ultrasonic Sensor

18
4.5.2 Heartrate sensor

The heart rate sensor is to measure the blood pressure of the user. What’s a better way to check

one’s physical condition than checking his blood pressure? We will use an IR sensor to

monitor heart rate. This sensor is used to detect the heartbeat by placing the fingertip on the

receiver and emitter simultaneously. In this project, “Max30102” is used as a Heart rate and

SPO2 Sensor. This sensor is both an integrated pulse oximeter and monitors heart rate. It

contains optical elements, internal LEDs, and photodetectors. It has low-noise electronics with

ambient light rejection. The MAX30102 is easy in the design process for all mobiles and

wearable devices. Its Interface Voltage is 3.3V. We have selected this sensor because it will be

compatible with Raspberry Pi. The Interface Protocol for this sensor is I2C Protocol. The GPIO

2(SDA) and GPIO3 (SCL) are I2C protocol pins on Raspberry Pi so they can easily be interfaced

with Raspberry pi.

Figure 4.5.2: Heart rate sensor

4.5.3 Temperature sensor

The temperature sensor is used to detect the temperature of the human body or its sur- rounding’s.

The basic principle of the temperature sensor is to measure the temperature through the thermal

diodes. Thermal diodes change the resistance and then this variation is used to manipulate the

temperature. We use the temperature sensor DS18B20 for measuring the temperature of the body.

19
The DS18B20 is a digital thermometer that provides up to 9-bit to 12-bit Celsius temperature

measurements. It communicates over a 1-twine bus this means that that it calls for most effective

one records line and floor for verbal exchange with the microprocessor. So the interface protocol

for DS18B20 is one twine. It also can power strength without delay from the records line and this

strength is known as parasitic strength. The parasitic strength removes the want for any outside

strength supply. The Interface Voltage is 3.3V. The GPIO 4 Pin is one wire protocol pin. So this

sensor can be interfaced with Raspberry pi.

Figure 4.5.3: Temperature sensor

4.5.4 Biometric sensor

In the biometric sensor, the transducer changes the biometric signal of the person into an

electrical signal. The biometric data of a person includes fingerprint data, voice, iris, and face. In

this project, we have used the Biometric sensor R307. This Fingerprint sensor processing

includes number one functions, fingerprint enrollment, and fingerprint matching. The matching

can be 1:1 or 1:N. For enrolling, the man or woman needs to enter the finger instances. The

sensor will manner the picture of the finger each instances and generates a template primarily

based totally on those instances’ results. After that, the biometric data of the user will be saved.

While matching, the person however enters the finger with inside the sensor via the optical sensor

20
And the gadget will then generate a template in order to be matched with the stored template

from the library. In case of 1:1 matching, the system will observe the live finger facts with the

suitable template precise with inside the module; And for 1: N matching, the system will

searching for the entire finger library for matching the finger. In every cases, the sensor will

deliver results in fulfillment or failure.

The basic procedure of capturing fingerprint images is through IR rays. When the thumb is

placed on the surface it produces an impression on the surface that consists of ridges and

arches.IR rays are used to capture the impression on the surface. Basically IR rays fall on the

surface of the impression and are reflected by capturing the impression. Since IR rays have a

high frequency than visible light so it becomes easier to capture more details of fingerprints.

Figure 4.5.4: Biometric sensor

The Reason for the selection of the R307 biometric sensor is its interface protocol. Its operating

voltage is 5V. But its communication with raspberry pi is at voltage 3.3V (which is supported

with Raspberry Pi). We can directly interface it with Raspberry Pi with the UART interface. The

GPIO 14 and GPIO 15 have UART interface TXD and RDX.

21
4.5.5 Oxygen sensor

Infrared Pulse oximeters are also called finger pulse oximeters. They are used as oxygen sensors

that measure the amount of oxygen in the human blood. It is done with the help of light. They are

most commonly used in low-cost fingerprint or earlobe devices to measure the oxygen saturation

in the body for home medical use. The oxygen sensor in our project will be used to measure the

oxygen level of the patient. In this project, “Max30102” is used as a Heart rate and SPO2 Sensor.

So the same sensor which is used for heart rate will also be used as an oxygen sensor.

Figure 4.5.5: Oxygen Level Sensor

4.6 Graphical User Interface

The Graphical user interface is designed using the ‘Qt5’ software. It is very user-friendly so that

everyone can use it. In the GUI, the user will have a home page where the already present user

can sign in through biometric verification, and also a new user can sign up. In the signup option,

the user/patient has to enter the name, gender, age, and weight of the patient. After that, the

biometric data of the patient can be saved and the patient can set his medicine schedule. On the

medicine schedule page, the patient can enter his medicine name, and time in which he has to

take the medicines, and the number of pills he has to take each time. On the doctor’s menu, he

has two options. He can load new medicine and can dispense medicine. In the load medicine

menu, he can enter the medicine name and quantity. In the dispense medicine menu, he has to

select the medicine name which he wants to dispense and enter the quantity of medicine he wants

to dispense at that time. In the patient’s menu, the patient can see his medicine schedule and also
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go for a health check. In the health check menu, he can check his heart rate and body temperature.

Moreover, It will also show the medicine taken or not by the patient at the given time. As we will

also keep the record of medicine taken or not by the patient it will also display the information in

the database. Following are the GUIs made on the Qt5 software for this project;

4.6.1 Home Screen

4.6.2 New Patient Entry Page

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4.6.3 Medicine Allocation Menu

4.6.4 Fingerprint Enrollment

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4.6.5 Biometric verification

4.6.6 Patient Health And Dosing Menu

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4.6.6.1 Health Management System

4.6.6.2 Pill Dispenser

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4.7 Motor Driver Circuitry

We will use a motor driver who controls the speed and direction of the motor. It is cap-

able of controlling three DC motors at the same time. Here, it will control the movement

of the compartments of the smart medicine box. L293D is the driver IC that is used for

motor driving circuitry. L293 and L293D are quadruple high-current half drivers. These

devices are designed to drive a wide range of inductive loads, such as bipolar and DC

stepper motors, relays, solenoids, and other high-current and high-voltage loads. It is used

as a 2-Phase Motor Driver. The sequences used are 0101, 0110, 1001, and 1010. To meet

the specifications of the raspberry pi 3 and dc motor, we have designed a motor driving

circuitry. [16] The microcontroller gives the signal to control the motor’s speed either

high or low then that signal moves to motor driving circuitry. Motor driving circuitry

takes power from the battery to run the motor. This motor driving circuitry includes

L293D as driver IC, which can give whole current 4A which can drive or run 2 motors

at a time.

Figure 4.7a: Motor Driving Circuitry Simulations

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 Figure 4.7b: Motor Driver using microcontroller

4.8 Hardware

The hardware in our project consists of developing motor driving circuitry and sensors. In

addition to these, it has the following components too;

 Power Source

 Circuit Boards

 Stepper Motors

 Fiber Body for the Hardware

 Pill Containers

 Dispensing path for the pills

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Figure 4.8a Final Hardware

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Figure 4.8a Final Hardware

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 CHAPTER 5

Impact on Environment and Sustainability

5.1 Impact on Environment and Sustainability

The adverse effects of the production of pharmaceutical products on the environment are

very well-known. The extremely toxic effect continues on both animals and humans with

no clear end in sight. Over the past 20 years, international organizations and the

pharmaceutical industries have begun to observe and notice the detrimental impact of

pharma products on the environment globally.

These products enter the environment at many different stages of their life cycle. But

mostly they enter the production phase. One of the main threats of pharmaceutical prod-

ucts is the discharging of antibiotics into the environment. This will as result produce and

promote the natural development of antibiotic-resistant pathogens which are very difficult

and harder to treat. It is a global issue like other environmental issues, but it affects more

people living near production plants.

Our project will contribute to the pharmaceutical and Medical Industry. It will be more

beneficial in the hospitals where the nurses have to give medicine to the patients daily.

Nurses have to organize all the three-time medicine of each patient separately this can be

hectic and error is possible. Using a smart medical box where the nurses have to fill all

the medicines once and can save the medicine schedule of each patient separately in the

machine. Now with this machine, the patients can take their medicines themselves

because they only have to verify their identity and then the sensors can sense their hand

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and dispense the medicine. Patients can also keep a check on their health whenever they

want to use the machine. The doctors and nurses can also keep a record of the medicines

taken by the patient.

People from urban areas are not educated. They cannot even read the medicine’s name

then it becomes very difficult for them to take the right medicines on time. Also, Elder

people forget to take their medicines, so this machine will serve the elder and uneducated

people. It is also very helpful for introverted patients as they don’t have to interact with

the nurses all the time. They can just take their medicines themselves. The basic health

monitoring system provides the facility of health checks at home without going to the

hospital for a minor checkup. This can be easily done at home.

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 Conclusion
This machine is targeted for users who regularly take drugs or vitamin supplements or

nurses who take care of older patients. Our machine stores three-time medications/day for

nine hundred and ninety nine people. It also has a biometric verification of the patients so

that one patient won’t take another person’s medicine. It is capable of to measure the

heart rate, temperature, and oxygen level of the users and record all the data. This tool is

managed via use of Bluetooth and Wi-Fi module gadget, and the nurse no longer needs to

visit the private ward of COVID patients to offer the medicines. This gadget is excellent

to use inside the sanatorium due to the fact that it makes the nurse’s task simpler and

keeps on reminding the patients about the medicine in case they forget to take it timely.

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