Universidad Militar Nueva Granada.

Engineering materials

Jonathan Sandoval

Septiembre 2020.

Copyright © 2020. Todos los derechos reservados

 Engineering Materials
2° Laboratory-Tensile and Bending Test

Objectives

• Observe, analyze and interpret the data obtained from the different types of tests

carried out in the laboratory, together with the knowledge acquired in the theory,

also relating them to the variables specific to the subject in question.

• Observe the physical characteristics of steels, plastics, wood and cement.

• Identify through the graphs the different areas that the material presents, such as the

elastic, elastic-plastic and plastic area.

• Identify through the graphs the notable points of the material, such as the yield

point, maximum stress and breaking point.

• Observe the operation of the machines that perform the tests on materials.

• Understand the behavior of materials according to the corresponding test.

• Observe, with regard to steels, whether the amount of carbon present in them

directly affects their strength, ductility and hardness.

• Observe, in terms of wood, the difference when the load is applied perpendicular to

the fibers and when it is in line with the fibers.

Test tube
AISI 4340 Normalized Steel
In the first part, the material to be studied is a specimen made of standard AISI 4340 steel

which is 300 mm long, an external diameter of 12.5 mm and an internal diameter of 10mm.

With these data, we proceed to answer the questions that are asked in the report.
 Test Tube N ° 2
Pure gold
The second material to work with is a pure gold specimen with the same specifications as

the first one.

• Measure the respective tensile and compression stress according to the type of

material

Test Tube N°1

𝜋
(102 𝑚𝑚) = 78,54 𝑚𝑚2
4

𝑓
𝜎= 𝜎 = 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠í𝑜𝑛
𝐴0

87179,4 𝑁
𝜎= = 1110 𝑁⁄𝑚𝑚2
78,54𝑚𝑚2

Test Tube N°2

𝜋
(102 𝑚𝑚) = 78,54 𝑚𝑚2
4

8089,62 𝑁
𝜎= = 103 𝑁⁄𝑚𝑚2
78,54𝑚𝑚2

• Measure and record the respective deformation according to the type of material Ɛ
𝑙𝑓 −𝑙0
𝜀= 𝑙0
 304,842𝑚𝑚 − 300𝑚𝑚
𝜀= = 0,01614𝑚𝑚
300𝑚𝑚

• Calculate the total elongation of the specimen

𝜎 ∗ 𝑙0
𝜗= 𝜎 = 𝑒𝑠𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑟𝑧𝑜 | 𝜖 = 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑜 𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑜
𝜖

1110 𝑁⁄𝑚𝑚2 ∗ 300 𝑚𝑚

𝜗= = 469𝑚𝑚
710 𝑁⁄𝑚𝑚2

• Calculate the modulus of elasticity of the material.

𝑓 ∗ 𝑙0
∈=
𝜎∗𝐴

87179,4𝑁 ∗ 300𝑚𝑚
∈= = 300 𝑁⁄𝑚𝑚2
𝑁
1110 ⁄𝑚𝑚2 ∗ 78,54𝑚𝑚 2

• For each type of material, identify and graph the respective elastic and plastic

deformation zone in the stress and strain diagram (𝜎, 𝜀) and determine the

respective limit of proportionality, yield stress and ultimate stress as indicated in the

graph.
• Identify and explain the behavior of different types of materials in tensile,

compression and bending tests.

It was observed that steel has a greater load capacity, being the best of the two materials in

terms of resistance to stress

But gold was observed to have a ductility of more than double compared to steel, which

makes it ideal for working and giving shape to objects that are subjected to great efforts.

• Establish the modulus of elasticity (E) and modulus of rigidity (G) of each

material tested.

Elastic module
𝜎
𝐸=
𝜀

1110 𝑁⁄𝑚𝑚2
𝐸= = 205175,6 𝑁⁄𝑚𝑚2
0,00541𝑚𝑚

Test Tube N°2

103 𝑁⁄𝑚𝑚2
𝐸= = 7803,03 𝑁⁄𝑚𝑚2
0,0132𝑚𝑚

Stiffness Module

𝑓
𝐺=
𝑦

87179,4𝑁
𝐺= = 1,089 𝑁⁄𝑚𝑚2
𝑁
80000 ⁄𝑚𝑚2

Test Tube N°2

8089,62𝑁
𝐺= = 0,311 𝑁⁄𝑚𝑚2
26000 𝑁⁄𝑚𝑚2
 • Make an analysis of laboratory tests against the values established in tables of

manufacturers or recognized bibliographic reference and determine if it is

brittle or ductile

In the first case, which is AISI 4340 steel, it is observed that it has a considerable capacity

to the loads or efforts to which this material can be subjected, but compared to gold it is

less ductile since gold is one of the most ductile materials and with better thermal and

electrical conductivity.

In conclusion, the most ductile material is gold because it allows much more deformation

compared to steel and steel is more resistant to stress than gold.

 • For each tested specimen, determine the following values in units of the

international system and the English system: Modulus of elasticity, Poisson's

ratio, Shear modulus, mass density, Tensile limit, compression limit, elastic

limit, coefficient of expansion, thermal, conductivity thermal, specific heat,

damping coefficient of the material. Note. These values can be consulted in the

SolidWorks software or you can also consult them on the internet to

complement these values before running the program.

Modulus of elasticity

20500 𝑁⁄𝑚𝑚2 ∗ (145,038𝑝𝑠𝑖) = 29732736,22 𝑝𝑠𝑖

Test Tube N°2

78000 𝑁⁄𝑚𝑚2 ∗ (145,038𝑝𝑠𝑖) = 11312943,54𝑃𝑆𝐼

Poisson's ratio

0,32 𝑁⁄𝑑 = 0,32 𝑁/𝑑

Test Tube N°2

0,42 𝑁⁄𝑑 = 0,42 𝑁/𝑑

Shear modulus

80000 𝑁⁄𝑚𝑚2 ∗ (145,038𝑝𝑠𝑖) = 11603019,01𝑝𝑠𝑖

Test Tube N°2

26000 𝑁⁄𝑚𝑚2 ∗ (145,038𝑝𝑠𝑖) = 3770981,179𝑝𝑠𝑖

Bulk density

𝐾𝑔
7850 ⁄𝑚 = 0,2835991622 𝑙𝑏/𝑖𝑛^3

Test Tube N°2

𝐾𝑔
19000 ⁄𝑚 ∗ (145,038𝑝𝑠𝑖) = 0,6864183544 𝑙𝑏/𝑖𝑛^3

Traction limit

1110 𝑁⁄𝑚𝑚2 ∗ (145,038𝑝𝑠𝑖) = 160991.88𝑝𝑠𝑖

Test Tube N°2

103 𝑁⁄𝑚𝑚2 ∗ (145,038𝑝𝑠𝑖) = 14938,88698𝑝𝑠𝑖

Elastic limit

710 𝑁⁄𝑚𝑚2 ∗ (145,038𝑝𝑠𝑖) = 102976.7937𝑝𝑠𝑖

Test Tube N°2

598 𝑁⁄𝑚𝑚2 ∗ (145,038𝑝𝑠𝑖) = 86732,724𝑝𝑠𝑖

coefficient of expansion

1. 23 ∗ e(-5)⁄(k = 6,833333e^-6

Test Tube N°2

1.4 ∗ e −5⁄𝑘 = 7.77777𝑒^ − 6

Coefficient of thermal conductivity

44.5 𝑤 𝐵𝑡𝑢
⁄𝑚 ∗ 𝑘 = 0,000595176 𝑖𝑛 ∗ 𝑠 ∗ °𝐹

Test Tube N°2

. 4 ∗ e −5⁄𝑘 = 7.77777𝑒^ − 6

Coefficient of thermal conductivity

44.5 𝑤 𝐵𝑡𝑢
⁄𝑚 ∗ 𝑘 = 0,000595176 𝑖𝑛 ∗ 𝑠 ∗ °𝐹

Test Tube N°2

300 𝑤 𝐵𝑡𝑢
⁄𝑚 ∗ 𝑘 = 0,00401243 𝑖𝑛 ∗ 𝑠 ∗ °𝐹

Specific heat

830° 𝐶 = 1525° 𝐹

Test Tube N°2

𝑗
330
𝑘𝑔 ∗ 𝑘

• On a graph of stress, strain, superimpose the two materials that correspond to

it and determine which is more brittle or ductile and justify why?

The graph shows the representative values of AISI 4340 steel in gray and it is observed that

it is a material much more resistant to load compared to gold for this reason it is concluded

that the most fragile material but also the most ductile it is gold since it was observed that

the maximum deformation that gold presents is more than twice that of AISI 4340 steel.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

• https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=calculo+del+modulo+de+rigidez

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jIxwVfTuK6Q

• https://www.areatecnologia.com/materiales/deformacion-elastica.html

• https://www.areatecnologia.com/materiales/ensayo-de-traccion.html