Radial Dysplasia

Olson N, Hosseinzadeh S.

Continuing Education Activity

The radial club hand encompasses a spectrum of complex congenital malformations of the radial side of the forearm. These are uncommon and
can range from a mildly hypoplastic thumb to a completely absent radius. Radial club hand is commonly associated with a number of syndromes
for which evaluation must occur. Mild deficiency can be managed nonoperatively, whereas severe cases are usually treated with surgery. This
activity outlines the evaluation and management of radial club hand and highlights the role of the interprofessional team in evaluating and
treating patients with this condition.

Objectives:

Outline the typical presentation of a patient with radial club hand.

Explain the importance of early evaluation of Fanconi anemia in patients with radial club hand.
Review the general treatment strategies, both surgical and nonsurgical, of radial club hand.
Describe the importance of coordination and communication among the interprofessional team to improve outcomes for patients with
radial club hand.

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Introduction
Radial club hand is a term describing a group of complex congenital malformations of the radial side of the forearm. It comprises a spectrum of
conditions that varies widely from thumb hypoplasia to an absent radius and first ray and includes hypoplasia of the associated muscles,
ligaments, tendons, nerves, and blood vessels.[1] Other terms that refer to the same condition are radial dysplasia, radial longitudinal deficiency,
and radial ray deficiency. 

Jean-Louis Petit described the first case of radial club hand in 1733, who documented a case of a newborn male with bilateral absent radii. Kato,
in 1923 reviewed 250 cases of radial clubhand and can be considered the first attempt at a comprehensive study of the condition.[2]

Etiology
The genetic cause of radial dysplasia remains unknown, but suspicion has long rested on a decrease in the fibroblast growth factor function as a
result of a sonic hedgehog gene mutation.[3] Several potential causes of radial club hand have been proposed, including vascular insufficiency,
intrauterine compression, environmental causes, drug exposure in utero, and genetic causes.[4]

Epidemiology
Radial dysplasia is an uncommon condition, but it is still the most common type of congenital longitudinal deficiency.[5] Radial dysplasia occurs
in a higher prevalence in boys, with a 3 to 2 ratio.[6] Radial club hand has been estimated to occur in an estimated 1 in 55,000 births, although a
study in Finland estimated radial dysplasia to occur in close to 1 in 5,000 live births.[5][7]

History and Physical

Children with radial dysplasia will present with a wide variety of abnormal thumb and forearm manifestations, as the disease represents a
spectrum ranging from mild to severe. They will often present with a radially-directed angulation deformity of the hand such that the hand is
often perpendicular to the forearm. The thumb is generally hypoplastic or absent. The bony abnormalities are most apparent, but underlying
muscles, tendons, nerves, and joints are affected as well. The ulna is also short and bowed radially as well, generally matching the degree of
radial deficiency.[4] Radial club hand is often bilateral, and children with radial dysplasia in one extremity should undergo a thorough
examination of both upper extremities.[5]

Evaluation
Radiographically, the involvement of the thumb, radius, and carpal bones increases as the severity of the disease increases. Radial club hand is
classified by radiographs and was classified into four types by Bayne and Klug in 1987.[8] Type I is characterized by a short distal radius (the
distal growth plate is present). Type II involves a hypoplastic radius where it is smaller and thinner than the ulna, and no growth plate is present.
Type III shows a partial absence of the radius (a small proximal segment of the radius remains). Type IV involves a total absence of the radius.
The condition is also commonly associated with a number of congenital syndromes. Indeed, only one-third of patients with radial dysplasia
present with an isolated upper extremity malformation, thus underscoring the need for a complete physical examination to reveal commonly
associated congenital syndromes.[9] A consultation with a clinical geneticist is recommended to identify possible congenital syndrome
associations. Some of the most common congenital syndromes associated with radial dysplasia are VACTERL Association, VATER syndrome,
Holt-Oram syndrome, TAR syndrome, and Fanconi anemia. Spine x-rays, renal ultrasound, complete blood count, and echocardiography are
needed to identify associated conditions that may be present.[9] 

VACTERL association (vertebral defects, anal atresia, cardiac defects, tracheoesophageal fistula, renal abnormalities, and limb abnormalities) is
usually a sporadic event, thought to be due to an error in mesodermal development.[10] 

Holt-Oram syndrome is an association of cardiopulmonary and limb defects (also known as heart-hand syndrome).[11] The error has been
identified as a mutation on chromosome 12.[12]

In individuals with TAR (thrombocytopenia-absent radius) syndrome, the radius is completely absent in addition to thrombocytopenia. The
thumb is usually present but hypoplastic.

Fanconi anemia is an autosomal recessive condition characterized by severe hypoplasia or aplasia of the bone marrow with anemia, leukopenia,
and thrombocytopenia. In addition to genetic counseling to discover possible associations with the previously mentioned conditions above, it is
also recommended to screen for Fanconi anemia in all patients with radial dysplasia who do not have a known identifiable syndrome. It is
possible to diagnose Fanconi anemia before bone marrow failure occurs, and early diagnosis would provide sufficient time to search for a bone
marrow match that would prevent the child from dying from aplastic anemia. Chromosomal breakage studies are recommended for all children
with deficiencies of the thumb and radial border of the forearm.[4]

Treatment / Management
Treatment of radial dysplasia should start soon after birth. Initial management consists of stretching, manipulation, and splinting. This stretches
tight soft tissues and radial-sided structures to help with passive correction of the deformity and allows the hand to become aligned with the ulna.
Stretching should be done until the time of surgery, as preoperative soft-tissue stretching is necessary for any successful surgical procedures. This
can be done by application of various splints or with serial casting. A stretching program may be conducted at home in combination with night
splinting.[4] 

Additionally, the application of an external fixation device may aid with stretching tight radial tissues. This type of distraction with external
fixation prior to surgery is especially helpful for children with more severe stages of radial dysplasia.[13][14]

Children with mild radial dysplasia may require only stretching and splinting. Nonsurgical treatment is also indicated for children with stable
joints and minimal deformity, as well as children with abnormalities that would preclude surgery. Surgery is avoided if a child has an elbow
extension contracture, as the radial deviation of the wrist is necessary for the child to bring the hand to their face.[4] 

Surgical treatment of radial dysplasia aims to straighten the forearm axis and increase upper limb length, as well as either reconstructing or
ablating the thumb with pollicization of the index finger. The thumb and forearm corrections are done as staged procedures. The first procedure
is to align the hand and wrist onto the distal ulna, and this is generally done before one year of age. The next stage, thumb reconstruction or
ablation with index pollicization, is done approximately 6 months afterward.[4]

There are two general methods to align the wrist onto the distal ulna: wrist centralization and radialization. Bringing the wrist into alignment
with the distal ulna aims to increase stability and functional use of the hand and wrist. Both centralization and radialization require soft-tissue
releases to be able to translate the carpus ulnarly. This often requires shaving the distal ulna or carpal resection or may require the application of
an external fixator and completion of wrist realignment at a later procedure.[4] A bilobed skin flap or dorsal rotation flap can help to transfer
extra tissue from the ulnar side of the wrist to the radial side.[15]

Wrist centralization aligns the distal ulna with the third digit metacarpal with fixation of pins for stability.[5] Radialization aligns the distal ulna
with the index metacarpal to correct the radial deformity.[16] Centralization and radialization have shown equivalent outcomes in long-term
deformity correction.[17]

In radial dysplasia, the affected forearm is significantly shorter than the unaffected forearm. This difference in length can be corrected by
lengthening the ulna with distraction techniques. This correction can be done after centralization in older children. These procedures can affect
ulnar growth, however, and additional lengthenings may be required to maintain the correct ulnar length.[18]

Mild thumb hypoplasia that has adequate function and stability for pinch, grip, and prehension may not need surgical correction. Worse thumb
deformity and function may require various reconstructive procedures.[4] Severe thumb hypoplasia often requires ablation to remove the thumb,
followed by pollicization of the index finger to construct a functional thumb.[19]
Differential Diagnosis
Differential diagnoses that must be considered include TAR (thrombocytopenia absent radius) syndrome, Fanconi anemia, aneuploidy (trisomies
13 and 18), VACTERL (vertebral defects, anal atresia, cardiac defects, tracheoesophageal fistula, renal abnormalities, and limb abnormalities),
diabetic embryopathy, teratogens, ectrodactyly, and amniotic band syndrome.[20]

Staging
Bayne and Klug categorized radial dysplasia into four categories as per the amount of radius present.[8] Mild radial shortening is considered type
1. Type II is characterized by radius hypoplasia, type III represents cases with partial radial absence, and complete absence of the radius
constitutes type IV. Then, James et al. modified the classification scheme by adding type N and 0 to describe isolated carpal anomalies in patients
with a normal length distal radius. Type III and IV are the most common categories and are associated with the greatest amount of wrist radial
deviation.[1][21]

Prognosis
Patients can expect to experience some degree of recurrence of wrist radial angulation.[5][8] Long-term studies have shown that although
children with radial dysplasia may have significant restrictions in strength and joint mobility, they had little or no limitations on activity.
Participation in society was not affected by their physical limitations.[22]

Complications
Follow-up studies show the most common complications of wrist realignment procedures are stiffness and recurrence.[17][23] While the most
common complication of reconstruction is pin tract infection, vascular complications are rare and result in long-term growth problems in the
transferred bones.[24]

Deterrence and Patient Education

Education of the patient’s family is important to obtain the best possible outcomes in radial club hand. Initial meetings for families should
include establishing rapport, discussion of the nature of the condition and possible associated conditions, and explaining realistic long-term
prognosis of the condition. Families should be informed of various non-surgical options, as well as possible functional improvements and
cosmetic results obtained from surgery.[4]

Enhancing Healthcare Team Outcomes

Multidisciplinary coordination and direct communication between the child’s pediatrician, the treating orthopedic surgeon, and other consulting
specialties provide the best care for the child. This is especially important in evaluating associated conditions, most notably life-threatening
Fanconi anemia, as noted above.[4] In addition, Understanding the etiology and prognosis of the disorder will provide the parents
with information regarding the prenatal diagnosis for future pregnancies and possible options for recurrence prevention. Therefore, an
interprofessional approach is crucial, involving the pediatric orthopedic surgeon, clinical geneticist, obstetrician, radiologist/sonologist, and
neonatologist.[25]

Review Questions
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Comment on this article.

References
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Publication Details

Author Information

Authors

Nathanael Olson1; Shayan Hosseinzadeh2.

Affiliations
1
Northwell Health
2
Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School

Publication History

Last Update: May 8, 2022.

Copyright
Copyright © 2022, StatPearls Publishing LLC.

This book is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits use,
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Publisher

StatPearls Publishing, Treasure Island (FL)

NLM Citation

Olson N, Hosseinzadeh S. Radial Dysplasia. [Updated 2022 May 8]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan-.