17 2023 Respi 2 Nclex New

3/14/2023
Functional Concept ®
ABG
INTERPRETATION
The Allen test is performed before
specimen is obtained for ABG.
FUNCTIONAL CONCEPT ® IS A REGISTERED TRADEMARK OF THE RAY A. GAPUZ TEST PREP SYSTEM
ARTERIAL BLOOD GAS ANALYSIS
A PaO2 level below 80 indicates NORMAL VALUE

hypoxemia.
pH 7.35-7.45
HCO3 22-26
pCO2 35-45
Check the A Respiratory disorder is represented by

an alternation in :
pH and pCO2
7.35-7.45
to identify Ph
Respiratory PCO2 35-45 mm Hg
disorders
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3/14/2023
RESPIRATORY DISORDERS
Check the
NORMAL
ALKALOSIS
VALUE
ACIDOSIS
pH and HCO3
pH
7.35-7.45 to identify
pCO2 Metabolic
35-45
disorders
A Metabolic disorder is represented by METABOLIC DISORDERS

an imbalance in :
NORMAL
ALKALOSIS ACIDOSIS
VALUE
7.35-7.45 pH
Ph 7.35-7.45
HCO3
HCO3 22-26 mm Hg 22-26
FOCUS Respiratory disorders are

characterized by
Alternate direction of the pH
THE ‘RAMS’ METHOD and pCO2
Metabolic disorders are

characterized by
Same direction of the pH and
HCO3
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3/14/2023
ABG results of a patient with ABG results of a patient are as

asthma are as follows: follows:
pH 7.28; pCO2 50; PO2 70. pH low; pCO2 low; HCO3 low.
The nurse notes that the The nurse notes that the
condition condition is:
is:_____________________
RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS METABOLIC ACIDOSIS
_____________________
Functional Concept ® FunctionalConcept

Functional Concept®
Any condition that INCREASES
Any condition that SLOWS breathing breathing leads to :
leads to :
RESPIRATORY ALKALOSIS
RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS
FUNCTIONAL CONCEPT ® IS A REGISTERED TRADEMARK OF THE RAY A. GAPUZ TEST PREP SYSTEM FUNCTIONAL CONCEPT ® IS A REGISTERED TRADEMARK OF THE RAY A GAPUZ TEST PREP SYSTEM
NCLEX RN GIVEN A CONDITION
GROUP MASTERY EXERCISE IDENTIFY THE ASSOCIATED

ACID-BASE IMBALANCE
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3/14/2023
Functional Concept ® Functional Concept ®

Manifestations of Respiratory Manifestations of Respiratory
Alkalosis Acidosis
Confusion
Syncope,seizure Restlessness
Tachycardia Excess CO2
Anxiety Dyspnea,dull headache
Restlessness Increased RR (tachypnea)
Lightheadedness and numbness Tachycardia
FUNCTIONAL CONCEPT ® IS A REGISTERED TRADEMARK OF THE RAY A. GAPUZ TEST PREP SYSTEM FUNCTIONAL CONCEPT ® IS A REGISTERED TRADEMARK OF THE RAY A. GAPUZ TEST PREP SYSTEM

▪ Tachycardia Manifestations of Metabolic
▪ Restlessness Alkalosis
occurs in both Respiratory Acidosis Headache

and Alkalosis Arrythmia
Lethargy
Tetany
Seizures
NRS p. 163

Manifestations of Metabolic Acidosis Headache
occurs in both
Confusion Metabolic
Headache,hypotension Acidosis and Alkalosis
Weakness
Kussmaul’s breathing
NRS p. 164
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3/14/2023

Seizures In Alkalosis :
occur in both Use a paper bag

Respiratory or Metabolic Alkalosis

Confusion
In Acidosis :
Occurs in both
Respiratory or Metabolic Acidosis Deep breathe and cough
General Considerations
Ray A. Gapuz’s
1. Respiratory system changes may
FUNCTIONAL CONCEPTS alter other body systems and vice
versa
on 2. Lung disease – third leading cause of
death in the U.S.
DEVELOPMENTAL
3. Smoking is the leading cause of
COPD and emphysema
4. Lung disease is often preventable
CONSIDERATIONS 5. Population at risk: Very young,
elderly and immuno suppressed
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3/14/2023
The Ray A. Gapuz Test Prep System for the NCLEX RN
A patient comes to the emergency department with the

following MANIFESTATIONS:
• Inability to cry (if infant) As the nurse on duty, which manifestation will you address first?
• Grasping of throat (if adult)
• Inability to speak
• Coughing
• Gagging Why?
• Cyanosis
• Passing out
R.A. Gapuz Review Center, Inc. | NCLEX R.A. Gapuz Review Center, Inc. | NCLEX
325
Workbook © 2021 Workbook © 2021
Taking into account the mentioned manifestations and risk factors,

Further interaction with the patient reveals the following information: what is/are your priority nursing diagnosis?
• Children or elderly
• Playing with small toys
• Unsupervised play and eating
• Compromised swallowing Why?
• Decreased consciousness
The healthcare provider recommends the following diagnostic tests, These treatment regimens highly suggest that the patient could
medications, and treatment procedures: be suffering from which disease or condition?
DIAGNOSTIC TESTS
• Chest X-ray
• Bronchoscopy
TREATMENT AND MANAGEMENT

• Heimlich maneuver
• CPR if unconscious
• Removal of object by bronchoscopy
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CHOKING CHOKING
• Obstruction of the airway due to foreign objects, food, and other • Keypoints on Nursing Interventions (cont.):
obstructive materials o Heimlich maneuver (Adults):
• Keypoints on Nursing Interventions:
▪ Assess for airway obstruction by asking the patient, “Can you
o Heimlich maneuver (Infants): talk?”
▪ Assess the airway, determine if there is partial or complete ▪ If the patient is unable to talk, position yourself behind the
obstruction person and wrap your arms around the patient’s waist
▪ If there is complete obstruction, position the infant face ▪ Make a fist with one hand and position it between the navel and
xyphoid process
down and give 5 forceful blows between the shoulder
▪ Use the other hand to make 5 or 6 quick inward abdominal
blades using the heel of your hand
thrusts. Continue until the object is dislodged
▪ After giving the blows, turn the infant face up and perform 5
chest thrusts by compressing the chest at ½ to 1 inch using
two fingers on the sternum below the nipple line

Airway obstruction is a nursing
priority! First aid for choking depends on the
age:
<1 year: back blows then chest thrusts
Between 1-8 years: abdominal thrusts

To prevent airway obstruction
The first step in abdominal thrust
maneuver is to ask the patient: “Can ➢ ensure proper position of infants,
you talk ?” lay then on their back, never on the
abdomen.
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WARNING SIGNS OF LUNG DISEASE Functional Concept ®

hronic cough
hest pain Intercostal retractions with flaring
hronic mucus production alae nasi indicates respiratory distress!
oughing up blood
hest colds
➢ Noisy breathing
➢ Shortness of breath
Where should the nurse assess for

intercostal retractions ? Functional Concept ®
Flail chest involves fractures in 3 or
more adjacent ribs manifested by
paradoxical chest movement- outward
1
during expiration and inward during
4 inspiration.
2
3
© The Ray A. Gapuz Test Prep System for NCLEX RN
A patient comes to the emergency department with the following

TRAUMATIC INJURIES-RELATED MANIFESTATIONS:
• Dyspnea
• Paradoxical chest movement
• Pain
• Unstable chest wall
Pneumothorax
Hemothorax
Flail Chest
R.A. Gapuz Review Center, Inc. | NCLEX

Workbook © 2021
8
3/14/2023
As the nurse on duty, which manifestation will you address first?

Further interaction with the patient reveals the following information:
• Vehicular accident
Why? • Male sex
• Risky behaviors
Taking into account the mentioned manifestations and risk factors,

The healthcare provider recommends the following diagnostic tests,
what is/are your priority nursing diagnosis?
medications, and treatment procedures:
DIAGNOSTIC TESTS
Why? • X-ray
• Echocardiography
• CT scan
• Arterial blood gas

• Airway, breathing, and circulation stabilization
• Pain control
• Open reduction and internal fixation
These treatment regimens highly suggest that the patient could

be suffering from which disease or condition?
CHEST INJURY (FLAIL CHEST)
• Loss of stability of the chest wall with subsequent
respiratory impairment
o Stabilize the flail portion of the chest with the
hands
o Turn the patient on to affected side to provide
space for the unaffected lung to expand
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Flail chest involves fractures in 3 or
more adjacent ribs manifested by
paradoxical chest movement- outward
during expiration and inward during
inspiration.
Flail chest is confirmed by chest X-ray. Flail chest treatment includes:
Oxygen
Thoracotomy
Analgesic
Ventilator

Hemothorax is the accumulation of In massive hemothorax there is
blood in the pleural space. accumulation of blood in the pleural
space of 1,000 ml or more.
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Hemothorax is manifested by: Hemothorax is confirmed by chest X-

ray.
Dyspnea
Decreased breath sounds
Dullness to percussion
Hemothorax is treated by: Pneumothorax is the accumulation of

IV – fluids (crystalloids or blood) air in the pleural space.
Thoracotomy

In spontaneous pneumothorax, there
is spontaneous rupture of bullae Traumatic pneumothorax is triggered
triggered by activities like diving and by blunt chest trauma.
high altitude flying. It is related to
smoking or inherited.
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Tension pneumothorax is manifested
Tension pneumothorax is by:
characterized by progressive rise in Dyspnea
intrapleural pressure that leads to Chest pain
lung collapse. It can be a complication Absence of tactile fremitus
of traumatic pneumothorax. Hyperresonance on percussion
Decreased breath sound on the affected
side
Mild tension pneumothorax is Tension pneumothorax is diagnosed

asymptomatic! with chest x-ray.
Tension pneumothorax is a medical Treatment of tension pneumothorax

emergency. involves:
Immediate needle decompression

Thoracostomy tube.
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Complication of tension Treatment of re-expansion pulmonary
pneumothorax includes: edema includes administration of
oxygen and diuretics.
Persistent air leak
Failure of the lung to expand
Re-expansion pulmonary edema.
As the nurse on duty, which manifestation will you address first?

A patient comes to the emergency department with the following
MANIFESTATIONS:
• Night sweats
• Hemoptysis Why?
• Fatigue and malaise
• Dyspnea
• Fever
• Tachycardia
• Weight loss
Further interaction with the patient reveals the following information: Taking into account the mentioned manifestations and risk factors,
• Close-contact situations what is/are your priority nursing diagnosis?
• Alcohol abuse
• IV drug abuse
• With conditions such as HIV, diabetes, and cancer Why?
• Immunocompromised
• Traveling or living in endemic areas
• Cigarette smoker
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The healthcare provider recommends the following diagnostic tests, These treatment regimens highly suggest that the patient could
medications, and treatment procedures: be suffering from which disease or condition?
DIAGNOSTIC TESTS
• Tuberculin skin test or Mantoux test
• Sputum culture, or Sputum smear
• Chest X-ray or CT scan

• Anti-TB medications
TUBERCULOSIS A nurse attends a seminar on nursing care of patients with tuberculosis.

Which of the following actions indicates a failure to understand
• Respiratory infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis concepts on controlling the spread of tuberculosis?
o Instruct the patient to cover the mouth and nose when A. Places the patient in a private room with negative airflow
coughing. B. Practices good handwashing technique before and after each
o Implement TB precautions patient contact
C. Wears a particulate mask while transporting the patient
o Combination of drugs is used to prevent bacterial resistance. It
outside his room
should be taken for 6 to 12 months. Drugs include rifampicin,
D. Instructs the patient’s visitors to wear a particulate mask
INH, streptomycin and ethambutol
before entering the patient’s room
o Noncompliance can lead to drug resistant TB. Treatment for this
may require administration of second line of drugs:
capreomycin, streptomycin, para-aminosalicylic acid,
cycloserine, amikacin and quinolone drugs
Workbook © 2021 © The Ray A. Gapuz Test Prep System for NCLEX RN
TEST CONCEPT
INFECTIOUS CONDITIONS
TB TUBERCULOSIS
Pneumonia
Covid
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3/14/2023
TUBERCULOSIS (TB) Functional Concept ®
TB is caused by mycobacterium
tuberculosis. It requires airborne
precautions.

Coughing for 3 or more weeks
Hemoptysis Completing the therapy for TB is the
Chest pain most important step in the prevention
Fever- late afternoon of its spread.
Night sweats
Chills.
Functional Concept ® KEY POINTS

Precautions:
• Hospitals and clinics take precautions to
Treatment for TB usually lasts for 9-12 prevent tuberculosis transmission, which
months. include using ultraviolet light to sterilize
the air, special filters, and special
respirators and masks. In hospitals, people
with TB are isolated in special rooms with
controlled ventilation and airflow until
they can no longer spread tuberculosis.
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Functional Concept ® SARCOIDOSIS

TST (Tuberculin Skin Test) is delayed for
a month after administration of :
▪BCG
▪MMR
HISTOPLASMOSIS KEY POINTS

Main problem:
• Fungal infection caused by
Histoplasmal capsulatum transmitted
through ingestion of soil
contaminated by bat and bird
maneur. Incubation period is 5 to 15
days.
Risk factors for HISTOPLSMOSIS

• Farmers
• Pest control workers
• Poultry keepers
• Construction workers
• Roofers
• Landscapers and gardeners
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TEST CONCEPT ! PNEUMONIA
PNEUMONIA
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3/14/2023
PNEUMONIA PNEUMONIA
BACTERIAL VIRAL BACTERIAL VIRAL
Streptococcus
Haemophilus influenzae
Staphyloccocus aureus Influenza A and B
Group A Streptococci RSV Rusty Whitish
Moraxella Catarrhalis Adenovirus
Mycoplasma Pneumoniae Some coronaviruses sputum sputum
Chlamydia
Legionella
PNEUMONIA
Pneumonia is manifested by: BACTERIAL VIRAL
Fever
Cough Rest
Rest
Fluids
SOB Antibiotics
Fluids
Flu vaccine except in those with
Chest pain Pneumococcal vaccine
allergy and GBS
Low energy
Loss of appetite
TEST CONCEPT Functional Concept ®
Covid-19 is caused by SAR-CoV-2 virus

(identical with those found in bats)
COVID-19
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3/14/2023

In adults with severe ARDS, prone In ARDS, invasive ventilation is
ventilation for 12-16 hours per day is preferred than high-flow nasal
recommended. oxygen.
Methods of Oxygen Delivery Functional Concept ®
Method Key Points Oxygen via nasal cannula is the most

Nasal Cannula -Flow 2-6 LPM
FiO2-up to 40 % comfortable and least intrusive
Hudson’s Oxygen Mask -Flow 5-10 LPM
FiO2-up to 60 %
method of oxygen administration
Non Rebreather Mask -Flow 10-15 LPM
FiO2-up to 90-100 %
High Flow Nasal Cannula -Flow 40-60 LPM

FiO2- 100 %
REMEMBER
When a patient is using NRB,
the patient must partially
deflate the reservoir bag during
inspiration or the high oxygen
concentration will not be
achieved, and the mask will
provide a flow meter
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sOwdorwHihk
copyright 2012 by R.A. Gapuz. copyright 2012 by R.A. Gapuz.
19
3/14/2023
TEST ALERT Functional Concept ®

Flow rates of 1-4 liters per minute are used
with nasal cannula, equating to a
concentration of approximately 24-40% When using high-flow nasal oxygen
oxygen. Flow rates of up to 6 liters can be (HFNO) and during intubation, apply
given but this will often cause nasal dryness
and can be uncomfortable for patients
airborne precautions.
(British Thoracic Society, 2008)
For pediatric patients, maximum flow of:
2 LPM in infants/children under 2 years of
age
4 LPM for children over 2 years of age.
copyright 2012 by R.A. Gapuz.
Functional Concept ® The RAY A.GAPUZ COVID Experience

In adults with severe ARDS, prone
ventilation for 12-16 hours per day is
recommended.
FUNCTIONAL CONCEPT ® IS A REGISTERED TRADEMARK OF THE RAY A. GAPUZ TEST PREP SYSTEM Dr. Ray A. Gapuz
The RAY A.GAPUZ COVID Experience The RAY A.GAPUZ COVID Experience
Dr. Ray A. Gapuz

Dr. Ray A. Gapuz
20
3/14/2023
The only FDA-approved treatment for Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) targets

COVID-19 infection to prevent or specific antigens.
reduce complications and
hospitalizations, is remdesivir. Ex. tocilizumab.

Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) should
used to treat infections and prevent be administered as soon as possible
worsening of the disease while after a positive SARS-CoV-2 test result
vaccination prevents the disease. and within 10 days of symptom onset
or should be started within 72 hours
of a positive SARS-CoV-2 test result .

When lung injury occurs, monoclonal After treatment with monoclonal
antibodies (mAbs) are no longer antibodies (mAbs), the recommended
effective. 90 days interval before vaccination is
intended to allow mAbs adequate
time to decrease in systemic levels.
21
3/14/2023
mAbs vs. Convalescent Plasma
Day 5: Into the Eye of the Cytokine
mAbs Convalescent Plasma Storm
- Not indicated for -Indicated for hospitalized
hospitalized patients patients (more effective)
-Currently used for non- -Cannot be administered in
hospitalized patients with out-patient setting.
mild to moderate COVID 19
aged 12 and above.
- Infused in about 1 hour - Infused in about 1-2 hours
- May cause anaphylaxis
Dr. Ray A. Gapuz

In cytokine storm, the body starts to Cytokine trigger cell death.
attack its own. It can be triggered by (In COVID-19, cytokine storm ‘eats
infection (flu). away’ at the lung) Damaged
lungs=respiratory distress.
SARS-CoV-2 antibody tests are not After treatment with monoclonal

recommended for diagnosis of current antibodies (mAbs), the recommended
infection with COVID-19. 90 days interval before vaccination is
intended to allow mAbs adequate
time to decrease in systemic levels.
22
3/14/2023
The RAY A.GAPUZ COVID Experience TEST ALERT

MRNA Vaccines vs. DNA Vaccines
MRNA DNA
Future
- mRNA – penetrates the cell where -uses genetically engineered
it produces a protein that triggers bacteria to induce an immune Treatments ?
the immune response response
- Moderna
- Pfizer
- requires storage of lower -can be stored at a higher
temperature (-20 C) temperature (room temperature or
2-8 C)
Dr. Ray A. Gapuz

Dr. Ray A. Gapuz
Dr. Ray A. Gapuz Dr. Ray A. Gapuz
23
3/14/2023
The RAY A.GAPUZ COVID Experience OBSTRUCTIVE CONDITIONS
Laryngotracheobronchitis
Cystic fibrosis
OSA
Asthma
COPD
Dr. Ray A. Gapuz
CROUP / FUNCTIONALConcept
Functional CONCEPT®
LARYNGOTRACHEOBRONCHITIS
• Condition where there is narrowing of the airways due to Cystic fibrosis is transmitted through
inflammation autosomal recessive pattern.
o Increase humidity of the room with cool mist to reduce
inflammation of airway mucosa
o Instruct the parents of the child that coughing episodes
may be relieved by taking the child to inhale cool night
air or humid warm bathroom (turn on the warm/hot
shower)
o Keep a tracheostomy set at the bedside
Workbook © 2021 FUNCTIONAL CONCEPT ® IS A REGISTERED TRADEMARK OF THE RAY A. GAPUZ TEST PREP SYSTEM
FUNCTIONALConcept
Functional CONCEPT® Functional Concept ®
In cystic fibrosis, thick mucus plugs the
Cystic Fibrosis (CF) mainly affects the
tubes, ducts and passageway of the
lungs and digestion.
lungs and pancreas.
24
3/14/2023
FUNCTIONALConcept
Functional CONCEPT® FUNCTIONALConcept
Cystic fibrosis is manifested by the Cystic fibrosis is manifested by the
following respiratory symptoms: following GI symptoms:
Persistent cough Meconium ileus
Wheezing Steatorrhea
Exercise Chronic constipation
Repeated URTI
FUNCTIONALConcept
Cystic fibrosis is diagnosed with sweat Cystic fibrosis has no cure.
test.
FUNCTIONALConcept
Functional CONCEPT® Functional Concept ®
Cystic fibrosis treatment involves
Management of CF requires HIGH
respiratory and gastrointestinal therapy.
CALORIE, HIGH SODIUM DIET.
25
3/14/2023
FUNCTIONALConcept
Functional CONCEPT® TEST CONCEPT
CF transmembrane conductance
regulator-drugs that improve weight and
reduce salt in sweat. OBSTRUCTIVE SLEEP APNEA
Ex. Tezacaftor and Ivacaftor (Symdeko)
FUNCTIONALConcept
Manifestations
Breathing cessation during sleep Obstructive sleep apnea occurs when
Abrupt awakenings accompanied by shortness of
breath themuscles in the back of the throat
Difficulty staying asleep (insomnia)
relax too much which narrows or closes
Morning headache
Awakening with chest pain, dry mouth, sore throat the airway that leads to
Difficulty concentrating during the day
inadequate breathing.
Sleepiness during daytime (excessive)
Loud snoring
Elevated (High) blood pressure
Extreme mood (depression or irritability)
Pauses in breathing during sleep
ORAL APPLIANCE CPAP
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3/14/2023
FUNCTIONALConcept
Risk Factors
In Obstructive Sleep Apnea, snoring,
choking or Smoking
gasping sound Age (18-30)
occurs 5-30 times each hour all night DM
long leading to
Black, Hypertensive Male with Large
inadequate sleep Neck ( neck circumference > 17 cm (M),
> 16 cm (F) ) Tonsils and Adenoids
FUNCTIONALConcept
A thick neck indicates excess fats and The more severe the obstructive sleep
may narrow the airway. apnea, the greater the risk of coronary
artery disease, heart attack, heart
failure and stroke.
FUNCTIONALConcept
Obstructive sleep apnea can be Pulse oximetry is the screening test for
diagnosed with : OSA.
Polysomnography
Oximeter
Portable monitoring
27
3/14/2023
FUNCTIONALConcept
Functional CONCEPT® LET’S TRY
Polysomnography is used to monitor:

Brain, lung and heart activity, Breathing
patterns, arm and leg movements, and
Blood oxygen levels during sleep.
A SAMPLE QUESTION
FUNCTIONALConcept
Refer a patient with OSA to a sleep Obstructive sleep apnea can lead to
specialist or sleep evaluation center glaucoma.
and an EENT specialist.
LET’S TRY LET’S
A SAMPLE QUESTION
28
3/14/2023
LET’S TRY REMINDERS

•Refer to your handouts for your
copy on ABG interpretation
•To further understand and learn
more details listen and reinforce
your learning by watching the
A SAMPLE QUESTION video at our YouTube channel:
Gapuz Mentors

The presence of rusty-colored Re tractions
sputum in a patient with COPD Tachy pnea
indicates pneumonia and needs to Tachy cardia
be reported.
D ypnea
C yanosis
Are present in all respiratory
conditions
PULMONARY EMBOLISM FOCUS

• Swollen blockage of a lung artery related to
a dislodged clot from the leg
o Administer oxygen as prescribed
o Administer anticoagulants (Heparin) or
thrombolytics as prescribed
o Prepare the patient for possible insertion of vein
filter

Workbook © 2021
29
3/14/2023

ARF is characterized by failure of ARF results to:
the lungs to adequately oxygenate.
Decreased PaO2 (hypoxemia)
Increased PaCO2 (hypercapnia)
PH less than 7.35
FOCUS Functional Concept ®
The main cause of COPD is tobacco

COPD smoking.
Functional Concept ® COPD

In COPD, the airways become inflamed Bronchitis Emphysema
and narrowed.
-inflammation of the lining -damage to the alveoli
of bronchial tubes
Breathlessness; body aches A lertness is impaired
Low fever B reath is short
Oxygen hunger (blocked C olor changes (blue-gray
nose or sinuses) fingernails)
Wheezing
Tx: Rest, Fluids, OTC Tx: Drugs, O2
30
3/14/2023

The symptoms of COPD include:
COPD is diagnosed with spirometry.
Frequent coughing or wheezing
Increased/excessive phlegm or
sputum
SOB
Having trouble taking a deep breath

Interventions for COPD include: Patients with COPD who developed
bacterial pneumonia must be
Quit smoking placed in a private room.
Upright position during an attack
Interventions with drugs (cromolyn
vs. theophylline)
Therapy : oxygen
Functional Concept ® Common risk factors for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
includes:
Patients with COPD who developed Select all that apply:
bacterial pneumonia must be placed ✓ 1. Aging

in a private room. ✓ 2. Smoking
✓ 3. Pollution
✓ 4. Genetics
✓ 5. Chemicals
 6. Weight
© The Ray A. Gapuz Test Prep System for NCLEX RN

31
3/14/2023
COMMON PULMONARY
PULMONARY EMBOLISM
COMPLICATIONS OF OTHER • Swollen blockage of a lung artery related to a
CONDITIONS dislodged clot from the leg
oAdminister oxygen as prescribed
Pulmonary Embolism
oAdminister anticoagulants (Heparin) or
thrombolytics as prescribed
oPrepare the patient for possible insertion
of vein filter
Workbook © 2021
Functional Concept ® HOME SWEET

Pulmonary embolism (PE) is the
most dangerous complication of
venous thrombosis.
32

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A PaO2 level below 80 indicates NORMAL VALUE

Check the A Respiratory disorder is represented by

A Metabolic disorder is represented by METABOLIC DISORDERS

FOCUS Respiratory disorders are

Metabolic disorders are

ABG results of a patient with ABG results of a patient are as

Functional Concept ® FunctionalConcept

NCLEX RN GIVEN A CONDITION

GROUP MASTERY EXERCISE IDENTIFY THE ASSOCIATED

Functional Concept ® Functional Concept ®

Functional Concept ® Functional Concept ®

occurs in both Respiratory Acidosis Headache

Functional Concept ® Functional Concept ®

Functional Concept ® Functional Concept ®

occur in both Use a paper bag

Functional Concept ® Functional Concept ®

The Ray A. Gapuz Test Prep System for the NCLEX RN

A patient comes to the emergency department with the

The Ray A. Gapuz Test Prep System for the NCLEX RN

Taking into account the mentioned manifestations and risk factors,

The Ray A. Gapuz Test Prep System for the NCLEX RN

TREATMENT AND MANAGEMENT

Functional Concept ® Functional Concept ®

Functional Concept ® Functional Concept ®

WARNING SIGNS OF LUNG DISEASE Functional Concept ®

The Ray A. Gapuz Test Prep System for the NCLEX RN

Where should the nurse assess for

A patient comes to the emergency department with the following

R.A. Gapuz Review Center, Inc. | NCLEX

The Ray A. Gapuz Test Prep System for the NCLEX RN

As the nurse on duty, which manifestation will you address first?

The Ray A. Gapuz Test Prep System for the NCLEX RN

Taking into account the mentioned manifestations and risk factors,

TREATMENT AND MANAGEMENT

The Ray A. Gapuz Test Prep System for the NCLEX RN

These treatment regimens highly suggest that the patient could

Functional Concept ® Functional Concept ®

Flail chest is confirmed by chest X-ray. Flail chest treatment includes:

Functional Concept ® Functional Concept ®

Functional Concept ® Functional Concept ®

Hemothorax is manifested by: Hemothorax is confirmed by chest X-

Functional Concept ® Functional Concept ®

Hemothorax is treated by: Pneumothorax is the accumulation of

Functional Concept ® Functional Concept ®

Functional Concept ® Functional Concept ®

Functional Concept ® Functional Concept ®

Mild tension pneumothorax is Tension pneumothorax is diagnosed

Functional Concept ® Functional Concept ®

Tension pneumothorax is a medical Treatment of tension pneumothorax

Immediate needle decompression

Functional Concept ® Functional Concept ®

The Ray A. Gapuz Test Prep System for the NCLEX RN

As the nurse on duty, which manifestation will you address first?

The Ray A. Gapuz Test Prep System for the NCLEX RN

The Ray A. Gapuz Test Prep System for the NCLEX RN

TREATMENT AND MANAGEMENT

The Ray A. Gapuz Test Prep System for the NCLEX RN

TUBERCULOSIS A nurse attends a seminar on nursing care of patients with tuberculosis.

TUBERCULOSIS (TB) Functional Concept ®

Functional Concept ® Functional Concept ®

Functional Concept ® KEY POINTS

Functional Concept ® SARCOIDOSIS