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Magnetic resonance in spiral resonators

Article  in  International Journal of Applied Engineering Research · August 2015

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 International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 10, Number 13 (2015) pp 33291-33295
© Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com

Magnetic Resonance in Spiral Resonators

Rajni #1, Anupma Marwaha *2

#1
Deptt. of Electronics and Communication Engg., Shaheed Bhagat Singh State Technical Campus,
Ferozepur, Punjab, India
1
rajni_c123@yahoo.co.in
*2
Deptt. of Electronics and Communication Engg., Sant Longowal Institute of Engg. and Technology,
Longowal, Sangrur, Punjab, India
2
marwaha_anupma@yahoo.co.in

Abstract- Metamaterials are synthetically fabricated
structures having Split Ring Resonators (SRRs) as one of its
basic building blocks. These are mostly realized by means of
periodic structures with lattice constants smaller than the
wavelength at their resonating frequency. This paper puts
emphasis on investigation of magnetic resonance of square
spiral resonator with variation in its geometrical parameters.
Spiral resonator structure of copper, patterned on a Rogers
duroid 5880 tm substrate, is numerically analyzed inside a
waveguide with FEM based electromagnetic solver ‗High
Frequency Structure Simulator‘ (HFSS). The results conclude
that resonant frequency of metamaterials can be controlled in
order to realize the bulk metamaterials with negative
permeability through design of resonators.
Keyword- Split Ring Resonators (SRRs), Spiral Resonators
(SR), Negative Refraction index, left-handed metamaterials
(LHM), metamaterials (MTM)
1. INTRODUCTION
Maxwell equations characterize the effect of electromagnetic
radiation on any material and relate it with material
parameters like permeability ( and permittivity ( . In
conventional materials, the responese of material of
electromagnetic waves can be accessed by correlating the
local charge and current densities with material parameters
and evaluating Maxwell‘s equations for the electro-magnetic
fields. So, in order to enhance response of a material, it is
necessary to alter its effective electromagnetic parameters [1].
The response of such customized material can be represented
as the effective electrical permittivity and effective
magnetic permeability . All naturally occurring materials
known so far have positive values for both permittivity and
permeability. But V. G. Veselago in 1968 proved this wrong
with his work [2] in which he acquainted with his
theoretically investigation of a monochromatic uniform
plane-wave propagation in a media possessing negative
permeability and negative permittivity at same time. He
named ―left-handed materials (LHMs)‖ for such medium
materials due to the left-handed triad produced by the vectors
E, H and k. LHMs are artificially realized by embedding
small periodic structures of metal on a host substrate. These
materials acquire effective properties from its structures
rather than inherent by its constituents [3]-[4]. The phase
velocity and group velocity for these materials are in opposite
direction to each other which is contrary to the natural
materials [5]-[9]. LHMs have their lattice constant lesser than
the wavelength of radiation to be incident [1], [10].
Metamaterials (MTMs) are viewed as a broader
class of materials than LHMs. It is a class of materials which
has either negative permittivity or negative permeability. The
building blocks of LHM are thin wires (TW) or split ring
resonators (SRRs) or combination of both. The exotic
properties of MTM can be maneuvered by the design of their
building blocks. The metamaterial foreseen by Pendry was a
periodic structure of small metallic inclusions designed for
application in electromagnetic fields. This resulted in
renaissance of effort in developing structures with novel
materials characteristics [4]. The size and spacing of these
inclusions should be scaled down to fraction of
electromagnetic wavelength of incident signal. Pendry et al.
proposed thin wires structure in 1998 and split ring resonators
structure in 1999 and concluded that thin wires can be used to
get negative effective permittivity and split-rings can be used
to get negative effective permeability [11]-[12]. Smith et al.
experimentally confirmed in 2000 that LHM can be realized
through use of TW arrays along with SRR over a common
frequency band [13]-[14]. The conventional SRR unit cell
comprised of two circular coplanar rings of a high conductive
metal. Both the rings have a split displaced by 180 degrees.
These rings were placed on a dielectric alienated from the
same center and separated from each other by a small spacing.
Various shapes of SRRs have been reported in literature like
rectangular, square, circular, omega shape, s- shape [15] and
symmetrical ring, etc. [16]. These resonators are used in
various applications such as antenna structures, cloaking,
microwave absorbers, high impedance surfaces and sensors.
Since its outset, several abridged refinements have been done
in SRRs to optimize the resonance supported by the structure.
So these resonators can modify the effective permeability and
permittivity of the MTMs [17]-[20].
In this paper, a full wave simulation of square
shaped spiral resonator (SR) structure of copper is performed
with HFSS software which is a high--performance full-wave
electromagnetic field simulator. We examined the magnetic
resonance in SR and verify the reliance of the resonant
frequency on its designs parameter. The use of SR‘s is
proposed in this paper as SR‘s have substantial potential to
reduce the electrical size of the metamaterial unit cell than the
conventional square SRR structures. Another limitation
of conventional SRR is its inefficiently used unit cell area
[21].

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© Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com

This paper is organized into five sections. In results in negative value of magnetic permeability. The
Section 1, a brief preface of previous work done in the field is transmission spectrum can be extracted from the S-parameter
presented. The equivalent circuit of the SR is discussed in calculation. The effective magnetic permeability of an
Section 2. Section 3 gives design parameters and simulation equivalent metamaterial can be determined from Nicolson-
set up for SR unit cell. Section 4 summarizes and discusses Ross-Weir (NRW) approach [6]. This method is used to
numerically analyzed results of SR. The paper conclusion is retrieve the magnetic permeability from Reflection
given in Section 5. Coefficient ( ) and Transmission Coefficient ( ).
(1)
2. EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF SPIRAL RESONATOR (2)
Square shaped spiral resonator consisting of two turns with a and are the terms to denote the summation and
split (gap), is considered in the work and shown in Figure difference of S - parameters. The values of and are
1(a). calculated from equations (1) and (2).
(3)
is complex wave number,
is wave number in free space and is equated to ,
, for a particular frequency,
is effective permeability,
is effective permittivity,
is speed of light = 3*10 8 m/s
(4)
is thickness/height of substrate.

3. DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS AND SIMULATION OF

(1a) SPIRAL RESONATOR UNIT CELL
SR, is considered to be made up of Copper. The length (L)
and width (W) of Outer turn is 4 mm. The gap (g) of SR is
0.2 mm and the thickness of substrate is 2 mm. The spacing
between two turns (s) and width of SR (t) is 0.2 mm. The SR
is mounted on a Rogers‘s duroid 5880 tm substrate with
dielectric constant of 2.2, thickness 2 mm with loss tangent
0.0009.
This SR unit cell is verified to demonstrate the left-
handed metamaterial properties in the preferred working
frequency region. SR unit cell with above mentioned
dimensions is simulated within a waveguide and the effect of
the geometrical parameters on the resonating frequency
(1b) region is observed. For simulation, Perfect Electric
Figure 1(a) Geometry of SR; (b) Equivalent circuit of two Conductor (PEC) boundary conditions are assigned on the z-
turns SR [21] faces of the unit cell and Perfect Magnetic Conductor (PMC)
boundary conditions are applied on the y-faces of the unit as
The metallic ring is equivalent to an inductance coil and the shown in Figure 2. The two wave ports 1 and 2 are assigned
split in the ring produces a parallel plate capacitor as in along each of the substrate line on the x-faces.
Figure 1(b). An electric circular current get induced in the
ring when placed in a time varying magnetic field. So charge
gets accumulated across the gap. The resonant response of the
loop current of SR to an external magnetic field produces a
resonant magnetic moment. This magnetic moment leads to
large negative values of material parameters for arrays of SRs
which will perform as a homogeneous effective medium with
negative refraction.
The spiral resonator collectively provides an LC
circuit which improves dipole moment at its resonance. The
resonance frequency of SR is inversely proportional to the
size of SR and varies with geometrical parameters of SR and
dielectric specifications. No resonance will be in the SR if
there is no split. The reason behind this is that the capacitance
will become infinity with no split. So, capacitive effect is
introduced through incorporation of split in the ring which Figure 2 Boundaries and excitations in unit cell

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© Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com

The metamaterial unit cell is allocated boundary conditions The validation of SR structure to exhibit the metamaterial
and applied excitations for far-field calculation to get properties is confirmed by observance of phase reversal of
consistent results. After modeling the adaptive meshing is and shown in Figure 4.
applied to problem domain to get the results. The adaptive Real and imaginary parts of and are depicted in
meshing algorithm looks for gradients in the E field or error Figure 5. The values of and are exported in MATLAB
and then it subdivides the mesh in the areas or regions of and by implementing equations 1 to 4, we calculated effective
largest gradients are observed. This confirms that between negative permeability region as shown in Figure 6. The
each pass the mesh is adequately perturbed and certifies true effective negative permeability region is observed from 3.06
false convergences. Thus improving the meshing, a full GHz to 3.27 GHz for the parameters given in Section 3.
solution is carried out and the method is continued until
convergence is met. HFSS compares the S-parameters
obtained from the current mesh to the results of the preceding
mesh for each adaptive pass. If the results meet the user
defined value, then the solution has converged and a
frequency sweep can be executed with the current or
preceding mesh.

4. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS

The effective magnetic permeability µr of an equivalent
metamaterial can be extracted from S-parameters by
exporting their value in MATLAB. The reflection coefficient
( ) and transmission coefficient ( ) vs. frequency are
depicted in Figure 3. The transmission coefficient shows its
minimum at -21dB at 3.15 GHz. The SR gives a strong
reflectivity at 2.64 GHz. The magnitude and phase of and
are shown in Figure 4. Figure 5 Real and imaginary parts of transmission coefficient
S21 and reflection coefficient S11

Figure 3 Transmission coefficient (S21) and reflection

coefficient (S11)

Figure 6 Extracted real part of effective permeability (µr)

Various parameters of SR like size of SR, spacing

between the turns, size of the split or gap, thickness of
substrate can be tuned in order to get desired negative
permeability. In the present work, the effect on the resonance
frequency is observed by variation in dimensions of SR and
variation in effective negative permeability region is marked.
Firstly, we varied the gap (split) of SR as 0.2 mm, 0.4
and 0.6 mm and depicted the magnetic permeability variation
in Figure 7. It is seen that with increase in gap, the resonance
frequency will shift to higher frequency side and hence the
negative permeability region.

Figure 4 Magnitude and phase of transmission

coefficient (S21) and reflection coefficient (S11)

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© Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com

Figure 10 shows permeability plot according to variation in

thickness of SR. The thickness of SR is taken as 0.05 mm,
0.1mm and 0.15 mm. The increase in thickness of SR raises
the value of resonant frequency.

Figure 7 Permeability vs. frequency on variation of gap

(split) of SR

Figure 8 demonstrates varying effective permeability with

variation of the spacing between consecutive turns from 0.2
mm to 0.6 mm with a step of 0.2 mm. With increase in
spacing, a shift to higher frequency side is observed in
resonance frequency due to the reduction in capacitance of
SR. This leads to a high value of resonant frequency.
Figure 10 Permeability vs. frequency on variation in
thickness of SR
Figure 11 illustrates shifting of permeability region towards
right side of frequency scale on variation in the length of
outer turn of SR as 3, 4 and 5 mm. Length enlargement in SR
increases the inductance of the metallic ring. Subsequently,
the resonance will occur at a low frequency. The effect on
magnetic resonance in terms of negative permeability region
with variation in dimension of SR is tabulated in Table I.

Figure 8 Permeability vs. frequency on variation in spacing

between outer and inner turn

Figure 9 depicts permeability on varying substrate thickness

from 1 mm. to 3 mm with step of 1mm. It can be seen from
results that if substrate is thick then the magnetic resonance
will occur comparatively at a high frequency and the
permeability will be high.
Figure 11 Permeability vs. frequency on variation in length
of outer turn of SR

Table I. Variation in SR Dimensions and Negative

Permeability Region

S.N. Dimension in (mm) Negative Permeability

/Parameter Region
varied
1 Gap (split) of 0.2 3.066 – 3.27 GHz
SR 0.4 3.084 – 3.29 GHz
0.6 3.093 – 3.3 GHz
2 Spacing 0.2 3.0463 – 3.269 GHz
Figure 9 Permeability vs. frequency on variation in between outer 0.4 3.565 – 3.808 GHz
substrate thickness and inner turn 0.6 4.2 – 4.485 GHz
3 Thickness of 1 2.803 – 3.13 GHz

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© Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com
substrate 2 3.06 – 3.27 GHz
3 3.104 – 3.248 GHz
4 Thickness of 0.05 3.04 – 3.247 GHz
SR 0.1 3.014 – 3.227 GHz
0.15 2.9624 – 3.18 GHz
5 Length of 3 4.658 – 4.79 GHz
outer turn of 4 3.066 – 3.27 GHz
SR 5 2.182 – 2.509 GHz
5. CONCLUSION
From Table I, it can be summarized that for a large gap and
spacing, the resonance will become visible in the high
frequency domain. This behavior is accredited to a reduction
in capacitance for larger gap widths and spacing, resulting in
rise in the resonance frequency. The strength of magnetic
resonance will also rise with the reduction in the thickness of
the substrate. This will lead to the escalation of negative
values of the effective permeability region. The behavior of
the structure can be allowed to change from conventional
material to metamaterial behavior by reducing the thickness
of the substrate. An increase in length of SR legs augments
SR inductance which results in decrease in resonant
frequency. The resonating frequency decrease and negative
values of effective permeability will increase with the
increase in the thickness of SR. Hence it is concluded that
negative permeability of metamaterials can be controlled with
design parameters of SR.
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