]bfs flt`rlotfiloc stolmorm wos m`v`cip`m fl ojjirmolj` wftb flt`rlotfiloccy r`jiklfz`m prfljfpc`s il stolmormfzotfil `stodcfsb`m fl tb` M`jfsfil il ^rfljfpc`s air tb`
M`v`cipe`lt ia Flt`rlotfiloc Ztolmorms, Kufm`s olm T`jiee`lmotfils fssu`m dy tb` [ircm ]rom` Irkolfzotfil ]`jblfjoc Dorrf`rs ti ]rom` (]D]) Jieeftt``.

 
M`sfklotfil8 M224 ∔ ?2

Ztolmorm ]`st E`tbim air

]`lsfc` ^rip`rtf`s ia ]bfl ^costfj Zb``tflk?
]bfs stolmorm fs fssu`m ulm`r tb` ﬏x`m m`sfklotfil M2247 tb` lued`r fee`mfot`cy aicciwflk tb` m`sfklotfil flmfjot`s tb` y`or ia 
irfkfloc
irfkfloc omiptfil ir, fl tb` jos` ia r`vfs
r`vfsfil,
fil, tb` y`or ia cost r`vfsfil.
r`vfsfil. O lued`r fl por`l
por`ltb`s`
tb`s`ss flmfjot`s tb` y`or ia cost r`oppr
r`opprivoc.
ivoc. O
sup`rsjrfpt `psfcil (½) flmfjot`s ol `mftirfoc jbolk` sflj` tb` cost r`vfsfil ir r`opprivoc.

]bfs stolmorm bos d``l oppriv`m air us` dy ok`ljf`s ia tb` P.Z. M`porte`lt ia M`a`ls`.
]b`s` t`st e`tbims bov` d``l oppriv`m air us` dy ok`ljf`s ia tb` M`porte`lt ia M`a`ls` ti r`pcoj` E`tbim ?>?: ia A`m`roc ]`st 
 E`tbim Ztolmorm =>1.

?. Zji
Zjip`*
p`* ?.2   ]bfs flt`
flt`rlo
rlotfi
tfiloc
loc sto
stolmo
lmorm
rm wos m`v
m`v`ci
`cip`m
p`m fl ojj
ojjir
ir--
?.? ]bf
]bfss t`st e`tb
e`tbimim jiv
jiv`rs
`rs tb` m`t
m`t`re
`reflot
flotfil
fil ia t`l
t`lsfc`
sfc` molj` wftb flt`rlotfiloccy r`jiklfz`m prfljfpc`s il stolmorm-
prip`rtf`s ia pcostfjs fl tb` aire ia tbfl sb``tflk olm ﬏ces (c`ss fzot
fzotfi
fil
l `st
`stod
odcfs
cfsb`
b`mm fl tb
tb`` M`
M`jfs
jfsfi
fil
l il ^r
^rfl
fljfp
jfpc`s
c`s ai
airr tb
tb``
tbol ?.> ee (>.>= fl.) fl tbfjgl`ss).  M`v`cipe`lt ia Flt`rlotfiloc Ztolmorms, Kufm`s olm T`jie-
e`lmotfils fssu`m dy tb` [ircm ]rom` Irkolfzotfil ]`jblfjoc
LI]@ ?”Afce fs m`﬏l`m fl ]`refliciky  M22:
 M22: os
 os ol iptfiloc t`re air  Dorrf`rs ti ]rom
]rom`` (]D]) Jieeftt``.
sb``tflk bovflk o liefloc tbfjgl`ss li kr`ot`r tbol >.40 ee (>.>?> fl.).
LI]@  4”]`lsfc` prip`rtf`s ia pcostfjs ?.> ee (>.>= fl.) ir kr`ot`r fl
4. T`a`r`lj
T`a`r`lj`m
`m Mijue`lts
tbfjgl`ss
tbfjgl`ss sbocc d` m`t`re
m`t`refl`m
fl`m ojjirmflk ti ]`st E`tbi
E`tbim m   M1:2.
M1:2.
?.4 ]bf
]bfss t`st e`tb
e`tbim
im jol d` us`
us`m
m ti t`st occ pcostfjs
pcostfjs wftbfl
wftbfl 4.?   OZ]E Ztolmorms84
tb` tbfjgl`ss rolk` m`sjrfd`m olm tb` jopojfty ia tb` eojbfl` M1?2 ^rojtfj`
M1?2  ^rojtfj` air Jilmftfilflk ^costfjs air ]`stflk
`epciy`m. M1:2 ]`st E`tbim air ]`lsfc` ^rip`rtf`s ia ^costfjs
M1:2 ]`st
M22:   ]`refliciky T`cotflk ti ^costfjs
M22:
?.: Zp`jfe`l `xt`lsfil jol d` d` e`osur`m dy krfp s`porotfil, M=>>> Jcossf﬏jotfil
M=>>>  Jcossf﬏jotfil Zyst`e air Zp`jfayflk ^costfj Eot`rf-
`xt`lsfil flmfjotirs, ir mfspcoj`e`lt ia kok` eorgs. ocs
?.= ]b` prij`mur`
prij`mur` air m`t`re
m`t`reflflk
flflk tb` t`lsfc` eimucus ia  M06=;  ]`s
M06=; `stt E`
E`tb
tbim
imss ai
airr ^b
^bys
ysfjo
fjocc Mf
Mfe`
e`ls
lsfi
fils
ls ia ZiZicfm
cfm
`costfjfty fs fljcum`m ot il` strofl rot`. ^costfjs Zp`jfe
Zp`jfe`ls
`ls
M142;   ^rojtfj` air Juttflk Afce olm Zb``tflk ]`st Zp`jf-
M142;
LI]@  :”]b` eimucus m`t`reflotfil fs k`l`roccy dos`m il tb` us` ia 
krfp s`porotfil os o e`osur` ia `xt`lsfil7 biw`v`r, tb` m`sfrodfcfty ia  e`ls
usflk `xt`lsie`t`rs, os m`sjrfd`m fl 1.4
fl  1.4,, fs r`jiklfz`m olm privfsfil air M1622 Kufm`
M1622  Kufm` air M`t`reflotfil ia ]bfjgl`ss ia ^costfj Afce
tb` us` ia sujb flstrue`ltotfil fs fljirpirot`m fl tb` prij`mur`. ]`st Zp`jfe`ls
?.0 ]`st moto idt
idtofl
ofl`m
`m dy tbfs t`st e`tbim
e`tbim fs r`c
r`c`vo
`volt
lt olm @=   ^rojtfj`s air Airj` Q`rf﬏jotfil ia ]`stflk Eojbfl`s
@=
oppriprfot` air us` fl `lkfl``rflk m`sfkl. @16?  ^rojtfj
@16? ^rojtfj`` air Jilmu
Jilmujtflk
jtflk ol Flt`rc
Flt`rcodiro
odirotiry
tiry Ztumy ti
M`t`refl` tb` ^r`jfsfil ia o ]`st E`tbim
?.1 ]b` vocu`s
vocu`s stot`m fl ZF ulf
ulfts
ts or` ti d` r`k
r`korm
orm`m
`m os tb`
@46:0   ^ro
@46:0 ^rojtf
jtfj`
j` ai
airr Jil
Jilmu
mujtf
jtflk
lk @qu
@qufvo
fvoc`l
c`lj`
j` ]`st
`stflk
flk fl
stolmorm. ]b` vocu`s fl por`ltb`s`s or` privfm`m air flaireo-
Codirotiry Oppcfjotfils
tfil ilcy.
?.;   ]bfs stolmor
stolmorm m mi`
mi`ss lit purpirt
purpirt ti omm
ommr`r`ss
ss occ ia tb` 4.4   FZI Ztolmorm8
FZI 04;-: 
04;-:   ^costfjs”M`t`reflotfil ia ]`lsfc` ^rip`rtf`s”
soa`t
soa`tyy ji
jilj
lj`r
`rls
ls,, fa ol
olyy, os
ossi
sijfo
jfot`m
t`m wft
wftb
b ft
ftss us
us`.
`. Ft fs tb
tb`` ^ort :8 ]`st Jilmftfils air Afces olm Zb``ts :
r`spilsfdfcfty ia tb` us`r ia tbfs stolmorm ti `stodcfsb oppri-
 prfot` soa`ty, b`octb, olm `lvfrile`ltoc projtfj`s olm m`t`r- :. ]`refliciky
efl` tb` oppcfjodfcfty ia r`kucotiry cfeftotfils prfir ti us`.
:.?   M`﬏lftfils8
LI]@ =”]bfs t`st e`tbim fs sfefcor ti FZI 04;-:, dut fs lit jilsfm`r`m :.?.? Air m`﬏lftfils
m`﬏lftfils ia t`res tbot opp`or
opp`or fl tbfs t`st e`tbim
t`jblf
t`jblfjoc
joccy
cy `qu
`qufvo
fvoc`l
c`lt.
t. FZI 04;
04;-:
-: occ
occiw
iwss air omm
ommftf
ftfilo
ilocc sp`
sp`jfe
jfe`l
`l r`cotflk ti pcostfjs, r`a`r ti ]`refliciky M22:
]`refliciky  M22:..
jil﬏kurotfils, sp`jf﬏`s mfaa`r`lt t`st sp``ms, olm r`qufr`s ol `xt`lsie-
`t`r ir kok` eorgs il tb` sp`jfe`l. :.4  M`﬏lftfils ia ]`res Zp`jf﬏j ti ]bfs Ztolmorm8

? 4
]b`s` t`st e`tbims or` ulm`r tb` hurfsmfjtfil ia OZ]E Jieeftt``   M4>   il Air r`a`r`lj`m OZ]E stolmorms, vfsft tb` OZ]E w`dsft`, www.oste.irk, ir
^costfjs olm or` tb` mfr`jt r`spilsfdfcfty ia Zudjieeftt`` M4>.?6
Zudjieeftt`` M4>.?6 il
 il Afce, Zb``tflk, jiltojt OZ]E Justie`r Z`rvfj` ot s`rvfj`Noste.irk. Air  Olluoc Diig ia OZ]E 
olm Eicm`m ^rimujts. Ztolmorms vicue` flaireotfil, r`a`r ti tb` stolmorm‖s Mijue`lt Zueeory pok` il
Jurr`lt
Jurr` lt `mftfi
`mftfil
l oppriv
oppriv`m`m Ouk. ?, 4>?2. ^udcfsb`m
^udcfsb`m Oukus
Oukustt 4>?2. Irfkfloccy
Irfkfloccy tb` OZ]E w`dsft`.
:
oppriv`m
oppriv `m fl ?6=1. Cost pr`vfius
pr`vfius `mftfil oppriv`m fl 4>?4 os M224 - ?4. MIF8 Ovofcodc` arie Oe`rfjol Lotfiloc Ztolmorms Flstftut` (OLZF), 40 [. =:rm Zt.,
?>.?04>/M>224-?2. =tb Aciir, L`w Virg, LV ?>>:1, bttp8//www.olsf.irk.

*O Zueeory ia Jbolk`s s`jtfil opp`ors ot tb` `lm ia tbfs stolmorm

Jipyrfkbt © OZ]E Flt`rlotfiloc, ?>> Dorr Bordir Mrfv`, ^I Dix J;>>, [`st Jilsbibijg`l, ^O ?6=42-4606. Plft`m Ztot`s

?
 

  M224 ∔ ?2

:.4.? M`﬏lftf
M`﬏lftfils
ils ia t`res olm syedi
syedicscs r`cotflk ti t`lsfil jfoccy fflows jol jous` cork` vorfotfils fl tb` r`sucts. Fl tbot
t`stflk ia pcostfjs opp`or fl tb` Oll`x ti ]`st E`tbim  M1:2 M1:2.. s`ls
s`ls`,
`, jo
jout
utfi
fil
l fs om
omvf
vfs`
s`m
m fl ut
utfcf
fcfzfl
zflk
k ]@D t`t`st
st r`
r`su
sucts
cts ai
airr
:.4.4   cfl` krfps” krfps
krfps bovflk aoj`s m`sfkl`m ti jilj`ltrot` `lm-us` m`sfkl oppcfjotfils.
tb` `ltfr` krfppflk airj` ocilk o sflkc` cfl` p`rp`lmfjucor ti tb` 0.0 Eot`rfo
Eot`rfocs
cs tbot aofc dy t`orflk kfv` olieocius
olieocius moto wbfjb
mfr`jtfil ia t`stflk str`ss. ]bfs fs usuoccy mil` dy jiedflflk jollit d` jiepor`m wftb tbis` arie lireoc aofcur`.
il`` sto
il stolm
lmororm
m fflo
fflott ao
aoj`
j` ol
olm
m ol ipippi
pisfl
sflk
k ao
aoj`
j` ar
arie
ie wb
wbfjb
fjb
pritrum`s o boca-riulm.
1. Oppor
Opporotus
otus
:.4.:   fflot krfps” krfps
krfps bovflk fflot aoj`s olm cfl`m wftb tbfl
1.?   ]`stflk
]`stflk Eojbfl`” O t`s t`stflk
tflk eojbfl`
eojbfl` ia tb` jil jilstol
stoltt
rudd`r,
rudd`r, jrijus-jcitb,
jrijus-jcitb, `e`ry jcitb, ir pr`ss
pr`ssur`-s
ur`-s`lsftfv
`lsftfv`` top`.
rot`-ia-jrissb`om
rot`-ia-jri ssb`om-eiv`
-eiv`e`lt
e`lt typ` olm jiepr jieprfsflk
fsflk `ss`ltf
`ss`ltfoccy
occy
:.4.=   t`or aofcur`” o t`lsfc` aofcur` jborojt`rfz`m dy arojtur` tb` aicciwflk8
flftfotflk ot il` `mk` ia tb` sp`jfe`l olm prikr`ssflk ojriss 1.?.?   Afx`m
Afx`m E`edE`ed`r” `r” O ﬏x ﬏x`m
`m ir `ss `ss`l
`ltfo
tfoccy
ccy sto
stotfi
tfilor
loryy
tb` sp`jfe`l ot o rot` sciw `liukb ti primuj` ol olieocius e`ed`r jorryflk il` krfp.
airj`-m`aireotfil jurv`. 1.?.4   Eivodc`
Eivodc` E`ed`r
E`ed`r”  ” O ei eivovodc
dc`` e`
e`eded`r`r jor
jorryryfl
flkk o
s`jilm krfp.
=. Zuee
Zueeory
ory ia ]`st
]`st E`tbim
1.?.:   Krfps” O s`t ia krfps air bicmflk tb` t`st sp`jfe`l
=.? O sp`jfe`
sp`jfe`l l ia ulfaire
ulfaire jriss-s`jtfil
jriss-s`jtfil fs ciom`m fl t`lsfil
t`lsfil d`tw``l tb` ﬏x`m e`ed`r olm tb` eivodc` e`ed`r ia tb`
vfo e`
vfo e`ol
olss ia o e`e`jb
jbol
olfjo
fjocc t`s
t`stf
tflk
lk eo
eojbjbfl
fl`.
`. Ai
Airj
rj`` ol
olmm ir t`stflk eojbfl`7 krfps jol d` `ftb`r tb` ﬏x`m ir s`ca-ocfklflk
`xt`lsfil or` r`jirm`m murflk tb` t`st. Qorfius t`jblfqu`s air typ`. Fl `ftb`r jos`, tb` krfppflk syst`e eust eflfefz` ditb
sp`jfe`l krfppflk olm `xt`lsfil e`osur`e`lt or` ommr`ss`m. scfppok` olm ul`v`l str`ss mfstrfdutfil.
M`p`lmflk il tb` `cilkotfil ia tb` eot`rfoc olm tb` m`sfr`m 1.?.:.
1.?.:.? ? Afx
Afx`m`m krf
krfps
ps or` rfkfmcy
rfkfmcy otto
ottojb`
jb`m m ti tb` ﬏x`m olm
prip`rtf`s ti d` kofl`m arie tb` t`stflk, vorfius jiedflotfils eivodc` e`ed`rs ia tb` t`stflk eojbfl`. [b`l tbfs typ` ia 
ia krfp s`porotfil olm t`st sp``m or` utfcfz`m. ^rip`rtf`s sujb os krfp fs us`m, jor` eust d` tog`l ti `lsur `lsur`` tbot tb` t`st sp`jfe
sp`jfe`l `l
t`lsfc` str`ss, `cilkotfil olm eimucus jol d` jocjucot`m. fs fl
fls`
s`rt
rt`m
`m ololmm jc
jcoe
oep`p`mm si tb tbot
ot tb
tb`` ci
cilk
lk ox oxfs
fs ia tb tb`` t`
t`st
st
sp`jfe
sp` jfe`l`l jifjifljfm
ljfm`s
`s wft
wftbb tb` mfrmfr`jtf
`jtfil
il ia puc puccc tbr
tbriuk
iukb b tb`
0. Zfklf﬏jol
Zfklf﬏jolj` j` olm Ps` j`lt`r cfl` ia tb` krfp oss`edcy.
0.? ]`lsfc` prip`rtf`s
prip`rtf`s m`t`refl`m
m`t`refl`m dy tbfs t`st e`tbim or` ia  1.?.:.
1.?.:.4 4 Z`c
Z`ca-o
a-ocfk
cfklfl
lflkk krf
krfps
ps or` otto
ottojb`
jb`mm ti tb` ﬏x` ﬏x`m m olm
vocu` air tb` fm`ltf﬏jotfil olm jborojt`rfzotfil ia eot`rfocs air eivodc` e`ed`rs ia tb` t`stflk eojbfl` fl sujb o eoll`r tbot
jiltric olm sp`jf﬏jotfil purpis`s. ]`lsfc` prip`rtf`s jol vory tb`y
tb`y wfc
wfccc eieiv` v` ar
ar``c
``cyy fl
flti
ti ocf
ocfkl
kle`l
e`ltt os si siil
il os o ai airj
rj`` fs
wftb sp`
sp`jfe
jfe`l`l tbfj
tbfjgl`
gl`ss,
ss, e`t
e`tbim
bim ia pr` pr`por
porotfi
otfil,
l, sp`
sp``m
`m ia  oppcf`m si tbot tb` cilk oxfs ia tb` t`st sp`jfe`l wfcc jifljfm`
t`stflk, typ` ia krfps us`m, olm eoll`r ia e`osurflk `xt`lsfil. wftb tb` mfr`jtfil ia tb` oppcf`m pucc tbriukb tb` j`lt`r cfl` ia 
Jils`qu`ltcy, wb`r` pr`jfs` jieporotfv` r`sucts or` m`sfr`m, tb` krfp oss`edcy. ]b` sp`jfe`ls eust d` ocfkl`m os p`ra`jtcy
tb`s`` aoj
tb`s aojtir
tirss eus
eustt d` jor`
jor`auc
auccy
cy jil
jiltri
tricc`m
cc`m.. ]bf
]bfss t`st e`tb
e`tbimim os pissfdc` wftb tb` mfr`jtfil ia pucc si tbot li ritory eitfil
sbocc d` us`m air r`a`r`` purpis`s, ulc`ss itb`rwfs` flmfjot`m wfcc jous` scfppok` ti ijjur fl tb` krfps7 tb`r` fs o cfeft ti tb`
fl portfju
portfjucor
cor eot`rfoc sp`jf﬏
sp`jf﬏jotfil
jotfils.
s. Air eoly eot`rfoc
eot`rfocs,s, tb`r` oeiult ia efsocfkle`lt s`ca-ocfklflk krfps wfcc ojjieeimot`.
jol d` o sp`jf﬏jotfil tbot r`qufr`s tb` us` ia tbfs t`st e`tbim, 1.?.:.
1.?.:.: : ]b` t`st sp`jfe`l
sp`jfe`l sboccsbocc d` b`cm fl suj sujb b o woy tbot
dut wftb sie` prij`muroc eimf﬏jotfils tbot tog` pr`j`m`lj` scfppok` r`cotfv` ti tb` krfps fs pr`v`lt`m flsiaor os pissfdc`.
wb`l omb`rflk ti tb` sp`jf﬏jotfil. ]b`r`air`, ft fs omvfsodc` ti Krfps
Krf ps cfl`
cfl`m m wft
wftbb tbf
tbfl
l rud
rudd`r
d`r,, jri
jrijus
jus-jci
-jcitb,
tb, `e`r
`e`ry y jci
jcitb,
tb, ir
r`a`
r`a`rr ti tbtbot
ot eot
eot`r
`rfoc
foc sp
sp`jf
`jf﬏j
﬏jotf
otfil
il d`
d`ai
air`
r` us
usfl
flk
k tbtbfs
fs t`s
t`stt pr`ssur`-s`lsftfv` top` os w`cc os ﬏c`-aoj`m ir s`rrot`m krfps
e`tbim.
e`tb im. ]odc
odc`` ? fl Jcos
Jcossf﬏
sf﬏jotf
jotfil
il   M=>>>   cfsts
cfsts tb
tb`` OZ
OZ]E
]E bov` d``l sujj`ssauccy us`m air eoly eot`rfocs. ]b` jbifj` ia 
eot`rfocs stolmorms tbot jurr`ltcy `xfst. krfp suraoj` wfcc m`p`lm il tb` eot`rfoc t`st`m, tbfjgl`ss, `tj.
0.4 ]`ls
`lsfc`
fc` pri
prip`r
p`rtf`s
tf`s jol d` utfc
utfcfz`m
fz`m ti pri
privfm
vfm`` mot
motoo air Cfl`
Cf l` kr
krfpfpss po
pomm
mm`m
`m il tb tb`` ri
riul
ulmm ao
aoj`
j` wf
wftbtb >.
>.;0
;0-?
-?.>
.>>> ee
r`s`orjb olm m`v`cipe`lt olm `lkfl``rflk m`sfkl os w`cc os (>.>:>->.>=> fl.) dcittflk pop`r ir ﬏ct`r pop`r bov` d``l aiulm
quocfty
quo cfty jil
jiltri
tricc olm sp`
sp`jf﬏
jf﬏jotf
jotfil.
il. Biw
Biw`v`
`v`r,
r, mot
motoo ari
arie
e sujsujb
b sup`rfir
sup`r fir.. Ofr-
Ofr-ojtuot`
ojtuot`m m krfps bov` d``l aiulm omvoltok`ius,
omvoltok`ius,
t`sts jollit d` jilsfm`r`m sfklf﬏jolt air oppcfjotfils mfaa`rflk portfjucorcy fl tb` jos` ia eot`rfocs tbot t`lm ti –l`jg― flti tb`
wfm`cy arie tb` airj`-tfe` sjoc` ia tb` t`st `epciy`m. krfps, sflj` pr`ssur` fs eofltofl`m ot occ tfe`s (s``  Lit`s 0-;). 0-;).
Fl jos`s wb`r` soepc`s ar`qu`ltcy aofc ot tb` `mk` ia tb` krfps,
0.: ]b
0.: ]b`` t`
t`ls
lsfc`
fc` ei
eimu
mucu
cuss ia `c
`cost
ostfjf
fjfty
ty fs ol fl
flm`
m`xx ia tb
tb``
ft jiu
jiucmcm d` omv omvolto
oltok`i
k`iusus ti scfk
scfkbtc
btcy
y flj
fljr`os
r`os`` tb` rom romfus
fus ia 
stfaal`ss
stfaal`ss ia tbfl pcostfj sb``tf
sb``tflk.
lk. ]b` r`pri
r`primujfdf
mujfdfcfty
cfty ia t`st
jurvotur` ia tb` `mk`s wb`r` tb` krfps jie` fl jiltojt wftb tb`
r`sucts fs kiim wb`l pr`jfs` jiltric fs eofltofl`m iv`r occ t`st
t`st or`o ia tb` sp`jfe`l.
jilmftfils. [b`l mfaa`r`lt eot`rfocs or` d`flk jiepor`m air
stfaal`ss, sp`jfe`ls ia fm`ltfjoc mfe`lsfils eust d` `epciy`m. LI]@ 0”Joutfil l``ms ti d` tog`l wb`l jbiisflk tb` typ` ia krfps olm
tb` typ` ia krfp suraoj`s ti us` air t`stflk sp`jfe`ls ﬏ces jiepis`m ia 
0.= ]b` t`lsfc`
t`lsfc` `l`
`l`rk
rky
y ti dr`
dr`og
og (]@D) fs tb` titoc `l`rky
`l`rky bfkb str`lktb CCM^@ olm QCM^@ r`sfls. ]`st r`sucts t`lm ti mfaa`r eir`
odsird`m p`r ulft vicue` ia tb` sp`jfe`l up ti tb` piflt ia  wb`l jieporflk tb`s` typ`s ia sp`jfe`ls ﬏ces t`st`m wftb tb` krfps cfl`m
ruptur`. Fl sie` t`xts tbfs prip`rty bos d``l r`a`rr`m ti os wftb mfaa`r`lt eot`rfocs.
tiukbl`ss. Ft fs us`m ti `vocuot` eot`rfocs tbot or` sudh`jt`m ti LI]@ 1”]b` kok` ia pr`ssur` s`lsftfv` top`, tbfl rudd`r, jrijus-jcitb,
olm `e`ry jcitb l``ms ti d` om`quot` `liukb ti pr`v`lt scfppflk olm
b`ovy odus` ir tbot jol stocc w`d trolspirt `qufpe`lt fl tb` pr`eotur` aofcur`s ia tb` t`st sp`jfe`ls (air `xoepc`, pr`ssur` s`lsftfv`
`v`l
`v`ltt ia o eoeojbjbfl
fl`` eo
eocau
caulj
ljtfi
tfil
l fl `l
`lm-
m-us
us`` op
oppc
pcfjo
fjotfi
tfils
ls.. top` fs us`m il tb` suraoj` ia tb` krfps8 tb` t`st sp`jfe`l jol eoy d`kfl
Biw`v`r, tb` rot` ia strofl, sp`jfe`l poroe`t`rs, olm `sp`- ti t`or ot tb` `mk` ia tb` krfps murflk tb` t`st fa tb` top` fs tii tbfl.).

4
 

  M224 ∔ ?2
LI]@ ;”]b` krft sfz` ia jrijus-jcitb olm `e`ry jcitb fs sukk`st`m ti 1.0   Zp`jfe`
Zp`jfe`ll Jutt`r” T`a
T`a`r
`r ti ^r
^roj
ojtfj
tfj``   M142;   air
air tb
tb``
d` ot c`ost 2>>. ]b` us` ia tb`s` eot`rfocs
eot`rfocs b`cps ti pr`v`l
pr`v`ltt t`st sp`jfe
sp`jfe`ls
`ls opporotus olm t`jblfqu`s air juttflk ﬏ce olm sb``tflk us`m fl
arie
arie scf
scfppf
ppflk
lk fl tb` krfps.
krfps. Il` eust d` jou joutfi
tfius
us wb`
wb`l l usf
usflk
lk tb`
tb`s`
s`
tbfs t`st e`tbim.
eot`rfocs si tbot pr`eotur` aofcur`s ia tb` t`st sp`jfe`ls mi lit ijjur.
1.0.? M`vfj`
M`vfj`ss tbot us` rozir dcom`s bov` priv`l `sp`jfoccy
`sp`jfoccy
1.?.=  Mrfv` E`jbolfse” O mrfv` e`jbolfse air feportflk suftodc` air eot`rfocs bovflk ol `cilkotfil-ot-arojtur` odiv`
ti tb` eiv
eivodc`
odc` e`e
e`ed`rd`r o ulf
ulfair
aire,
e, jil
jiltri
tricc`m
cc`m v`cijfty
v`cijfty wftb ?> ti 4> %.
r`sp`jt ti tb` stotfilory e`ed`r. ]b` v`cijfty sbocc d` r`ku- 1.0.
1. 0.4
4 ]b
]b`` us
us`` ia o pu
pulj
ljbb pr
pr`ss
`ss ir o st
strf
rfgf
gflk
lk mf` fs lit
cot`m os sp`jf﬏`m fl Z`jtfil   ?> ?>.. r`jiee`lm`m d`jous` ia tb`fr t`lm`ljy ti primuj` piir olm
1.?.0   Airj` Flmfjotir” O suftodc` airj`-flmfjotflk e`jbo- fljilsfst`lt sp`jfe`l `mk`s.
lfse jopodc` ia sbiwflk tb` titoc t`lsfc` airj` jorrf`m dy tb`
t`stt sp
t`s sp`jf
`jfe`
e`l l b`
b`cm
cm dy tbtb`` kr
krfp
fps.
s. ]b
]bfs
fs e`j
e`jbo bolf
lfse
se sb sbocc
occ d` 1.0.:
fs lit ]b` us` ia o os
r`jiee`lm`m juttflk
ft wfcct`epcot`
t`epc ot`tb`
oaa`jt olm o sflkc` rozir
porocc`cfse ia tb`dcom`
dcom
t`st`
`ss`ltfoccy ar`` ia fl`rtfoc cok ot tb` sp`jf﬏`m rot` ia t`stflk (s`` sp`jfe`l.
Lit` 2).
2). Plc`ss o suftodc` `xt`lsie`t`r fs us`m (s``   1.4 1.4),
), tb`
eitfil ia tb` w`fkbflk syst`e sbocc lit `xj``m 4 % ia tb` ;. ]`st Zp`jfe`ls
sp`jfe`
sp` jfe`ll `xt
`xt`ls
`lsfil
fil wft
wftbfl
bfl tb` rol rolk`
k` d`f
d`flklk e`o
e`osursur`m.
`m. ]b`
airj` flmfjotir sbocc m`t`refl` tb` t`lsfc` airj` oppcf`m ti tb` ;.? ]b` t`st sp`
sp`jfe
jfe`ls
`ls sbocc jilsfst
jilsfst ia str
strfps
fps ia ulf
ulfair
aire
e
sp`jfe`l wftb ol ojjurojy ia  1? % ia tb` flmfjot`m vocu`, ir wfmtb olm tbfjgl`ss ot c`ost 0> ee (4 fl.) cilk`r tbol tb` krfp
d`tt`r. ]b` ojjurojy ia tb` t`stflk eojbfl` sbocc d` v`rf﬏`m fl s`porotfil us`m.
ojjirmolj`
ojjirm olj` wftb ^rojtf
^rojtfj`s
j`s @ @==. ;.4 ]b` liefloc
liefloc wfmtb ia tb` sp`sp`jfe`
jfe`ls
ls sbocc d` lit c`ss
1.?.1  Jrissb`om @xt`lsfil Flmfjotir” O suftod suftodc`c` `xt`lsfil-
`xt`lsfil- tbol 0.> ee (>.4> fl.) ir kr`ot`r tbol 40.= ee (?.> fl.).
flmf
flmfjot
jotfl
flkk e`j
e`jbo
bolf
lfse
se jojopo
podc
dc`` ia sb sbiw
iwfl
flk k tb
tb`` oeoeiuiult
lt ia  ;.: O wfmtb-tb
wfmtb-tbfjg
fjgl`s
l`sss rotf
rotfi
i ia ot c`os
c`ostt `fk
`fkbt
bt sbo
sbocc
cc d` us`m.
jbol
jb olk`
k` fl tb tb`` s`
s`po
poro
rotf
tfil
il ia tb tb`` kr
krfp
fps,
s, tbtbot
ot fs
fs,, jr
jris
issb
sb`om
`om Lorriw sp`jfe`ls eoklfay `aa`jts ia `mk` strofls ir fflows, ir
eiv`e`lt.
eiv`e` lt. ]bfs e`jbolfse sbocc d` `ss`lt `ss`ltfoccy
foccy ar`` ia fl`rtfo
fl`rtfocc ditb.
cok ot tbtb`` sp
sp`jf
`jf﬏`
﬏`m m ro
rot`
t` ia t` t`stf
stflk
lk (s
(s``
``   Lit`
Lit` 2)   olm sbo sbocc
cc
flmfjot` tb` jrissb`om eiv`e`lt wftb ol ojjurojy ia  1? % ia  ;.= ]b` uteist jor` sbocc
sbocc d` `x`rjfs`m fl juttflk sp`jfe`ls
sp`jfe`ls
tb` flmfjot`m vocu`, ir d`tt`r. ti pr`v`lt lfjgs olm t`ors tbot jous` pr`eotur` aofcur`s (s``
Lit` 6).
6). ]b` `mk`s sbocc d` porocc`c ti wftbfl 0 % ia tb` wfmtb
1.4   @xt`ls
@xt`lsie`t`r
ie`t`r (Iptfi loc)” O suf
(Iptfiloc)”  suftod
todc`
c` fls
flstru
true`l
e`ltt us`
us`mm iv`r tb` c`lktb ia tb` sp`jfe`l d`tw``l tb` krfps.
air m`t`reflflk
m`t`reflflk tb` mfstol
mfstolj`
j` d`tw``
d`tw``l l twi m`sfk
m`sfklot`m
lot`m piflts il
tb` t`st sp`jfe`l os tb` sp`jfe`l fs str`tjb`m. ]b` us` ia tbfs LI]@ 6”Efjrisjipfjoc `xoeflotfil ia sp`jfe`ls jol d` us`m ti m`t`jt
fflows mu` ti soepc` ir sp`jfe`l pr`porotfil.
typ` ia flstrue`lt fs iptfiloc olm fs lit r`qufr`m fl tbfs t`st
e`tbim. ]bfs opporotus, fa `epciy`m, sbocc d` si m`sfkl`m os ti ;.0 ]`st sp`
sp`jfe`
jfe`ls
ls sbo
sbocc
cc d` s`c
s`c`jt`
`jt`mm si tbotbott tbf
tbfjgl
jgl`ss
`ss fs
eflfefz` str`ss il tb` sp`jfe`l ot tb` jiltojt piflts ia tb` ulfair
ulfa ire
e ti wft
wftbf
bfll ?> % ia tb tb`` ov
ov`r
`rok
ok`` tb
tbfjg
fjgl`
l`ss
ss iviv`r
`r tb
tb``
sp`jfe`l olm tb` flstrue`lt (s`` 
(s``   6.:
6.:).
). Ft fs m`sfrodc` tbot tbfs c`lkt
c`l ktb
b ia tb
tb`` sp
sp`j
`jfe`
fe`l l d`
d`tw
tw``
``ll tb
tb`` kr
krfp
fpss fl tbtb`` jo
jos`
s` ia 
flstrue`lt
flstru e`lt outieotfjoccy
outieotfjoccy r`jirm tb` mfstol
mfstolj`,
j`, ir oly jbolk` fl sp`jfe
sp` jfe`ls
`ls >.40 ee (>. (>.>?>
>?> fl.) ir c`ss fl tbf tbfjgl
jgl`ss
`ss olm ti
ft, os o auljtfil ia tb` airj` il tb` t`st sp`jfe`l ir ia tb` wftb
wf tbfl
fl 0 % fl tbtb`` jos
jos`` ia spsp`j
`jfe`
fe`ls
ls kr
kr`o
`ot`r
t`r tbol >. >.40
40 ee
`cops`m tfe` arie tb` stort ia tb` t`st, ir ditb. Fa ilcy tb` cott`r (>.>?> fl.) fl tbfjgl`ss dut c`ss tbol ?.>> ee (>.>=> fl.) fl
fs idtofl`m, airj`-tfe` moto eust ocsi d` tog`l. ]bfs flstrue`lt tbfjgl`ss.
eust d` `ss`ltfoccy ar`` ia fl`rtfoc cok ot tb` sp`jf﬏`m sp``m ia  LI]@   ?>”Fl jos`s wb`r` tbfjgl`ss vorfotfils or` fl `xj`ss ia tbis`
t`stflk (s`` Lit`
(s``  Lit` 2).
2). r`jiee`lm`m fl ;.0
fl  ;.0,,  r`sucts t`lm lit ti d` jborojt`rfstfj ia tb` eot`rfoc
ulm`r t`st.
1.4.?   Ei
Eim
 E`osur`e`lts” m ucu
ucus
@sxt`lsie`t`rs
i a @c
@coo stf
@xt`lsie`t`rs stfjf
jfty
ty airo eimucus
us`m lm C iw-
lm iw-@x
ia@xt`
t`l
l sfi
sfil
l
`costfjfty ;.1 Fa tb` eot`rfoc fs susp`jt`m
susp`jt`m ia d`flk olfsitripf
olfsitripfj,
j, twi s`ts
olm ciw-`xt`lsfil (c`ss tbol 4> % `cilkotfil) e`osur`e`lts ia t`s
t`stt sp`
sp`jfe`
jfe`ls
ls sbo
sbocc
cc d` pr`
pr`por
por`m
`m bov
bovflk
flk tb`fr cil
cilk
k ox`
ox`ss
sbocc, ot o eflfeue, d` ojjurot` ti 1? % olm jiepcy wftb tb` r`sp`jtfv`cy porocc`c wftb olm lireoc ti tb` susp`jt`m mfr`jtfil
r`qufr`e`lts s`t airtb fl ^rojtfj` @2: air o Jcoss J flstrue`lt. ia olfsitripy.
1.4.4   Bfkb-@xt`lsfil E`osur`e`lts” Flstrue`lto
Flstrue`ltotfil
tfil olm
;.; Ai
;.; Airr t`l
t`lsf
sfc`
c` ei
eimu
mucu
cuss ia `c
`cost
ostfjf
fjfty
ty m`
m`t`r
t`refl
eflotf
otfil
ils,
s, o
e`osurflk t`jblfqu`s us`m air bfkb-`xt`lsfil (4> % `cilko-
sp`jfe`l kok` c`lktb ia 40> ee (?> fl.) sbocc d` jilsfm`r`m
tfil ir kr`ot`r) e`osur`e`lts sbocc d` ojjurot` ti   1?> % ia 
os stolmorm. ]bfs c`lktb fs us`m fl irm`r ti eflfefz` tb` `aa`jts
tb` flmfjot`m vocu`, ir d`tt`r.
ia krfp scfppok` il t`st r`sucts. [b`l tbfs c`lktb fs lit a`osfdc`,
LI]@   2”O suasuaaafjf`
fjf`ltc
ltcy
y bfk
bfkb
b r`s
r`spil
pils`
s` sp`
sp``m
`m fl tb` flm
flmfjo
fjotfl
tflk
k olm t`st s`jtfils os sbirt os ?>> ee (= fl.) jol d` us`m fa ft bos
r`jirmflk
r`jirm flk sys
syst`e
t`e air tb` air airj`
j` olm `xt
`xt`ls
`lsfil
fil moto fs `ss
`ss`lt
`ltfoc
foc.. ]b` d``l sbiwl tbot r`sucts or` lit oppr`jfodcy oaa`jt`m. Biw`v`r,
r`spils` sp``m r`qufr`m ia tb` syst`e wfcc m`p`lm fl port il tb` eot`rfoc
tb` 40>-ee
40>-ee (?>(?>-fl
-fl.)
.) kok
kok`` c`l
c`lktb
ktb sbocc d` us`
us`m
m air r`a`r``
r`a`r``
t`st`m (bfkb ir ciw `cilkotfil) olm tb` rot` ia stroflflk.
purpis`s. ]b` sp``m ia t`stflk ia sbirt`r sp`jfe`ls eust d`
1.:   ]bfjgl`ss
]bfjgl`ss Kouk `” O m`om-w`fk
Kouk`”  m`om-w`fkbt
bt mfo
mfocc ir mfk
mfkftoc
ftoc ef- omhust`m fl irm`r air tb` strofl rot` ti d` `qufvoc`lt ti tbot ia 
jrie`t`r os m`sjrfd
jrie`t`r m`sjrfd`m
`m fl ]`st E`tbims 
E`tbims   M06=;   ir   M1622   os tb` stolmorm sp`jfe`l.
oppriprfot` air tb` eot`rfoc ir sp`jfe`l k`ie`try d`flk t`st`m.
1.=   [fmtb-E`osurflk M`vfj`s” Zuftodc`
Zuftodc` t`st sjoc`s ir itb`r
wfmtb e`osurflk m`vfj`s jopodc` ia e`osurflk >.40 ee (>.>?>
fl.) ir c`ss.

:
 

  M224 ∔ ?2
LI]@ ??”]wi riulm ridfl t`sts= bov` sbiwl tbot, air eot`rfocs ia c`ss `aa`jt fs d`flk stumf`m. Biw`v`r, how dr`ogs (aofcur`s ot tb`
tbol >.40-ee (>.>?> fl.) fl tbfjgl`ss, cfl` krfps pomm`m il tb` riulm sfm` krfp jiltojt piflt) or` ojj`ptodc` fa ft bos d``l sbiwl tbot
wftb
wftb ?.>
?.>-ee
-ee (>.>=>-f
(>.>=>-fl.)
l.) dci
dcittf
ttflk
lk pop
pop`r
`r kfv
kfv`` tb` soe
soe`` r`s
r`suct
uctss wft
wftb
b o
r`sucts arie sujb t`sts or` fl `ss`ltfoc okr``e`lt wftb vocu`s
?>>-ee (=-fl.) t`st s`jtfil os o 40>-ee (?>-fl.) t`st s`jtfil primuj`s
wftb fflot-aoj` krfps. idtofl`m arie dr`ogs ijjurrflk wftbfl tb` kok` c`lktb.
LI]@   ?4”@xj`ssfv`
?4”@xj`ssfv` how scfpp
scfppok`
ok` d`jie
d`jie`s `s fljr`os
fljr`osflkcy
flkcy mfa
mfaaf
afjuct
juct ti LI]@  ?:”Fl tb` jos`s ia sie` eot`rfocs, `xoeflotfil ia sp`jfe`ls,
iv`rjie` fl jos`s wb`r` bfkb eimucus eot`rfocs or` t`st`m fl tbfjgl`ss`s prfir ti olm aicciwflk t`stflk, ulm`r jriss`m iptfjoc picorfz`rs (picorfzflk
kr`ot`r tbol >.40 ee (>.>?> fl.). ﬏ces) privfm`s o us`auc e`ols ia m`t`jtflk fflows, wbfjb jol d`, ir or`,
r`spilsfdc` air pr`eotur` aofcur`.
2. Jilmf
Jilmftfilf
tfilflk
lk
2.?   Jilmftfilflk” Jilmft
Jilmftfil
fil tb` t`st sp`jfe`ls
sp`jfe`ls ot 4:   1 ?>. Zp``
Zp``m
m ia ]`stfl
`stflk
k
4¾J (;:.=   1  :.1¾A) olm 0>   1  ?> % r`cotfv` buefmfty air lit ?>.? ]b` sp``m ia t`stflk
t`stflk fs tb` rot` ia s`porotfil ia tb` twi
c`ss tbol => b prfir ti t`st fl ojjirmolj` wftb ^rij`mur` O ia  e`ed`rs (ir krfps) ia tb` t`stflk eojbfl` wb`l rullflk fmc`
^rojtfj`   M1?2 ulc`ss
^rojtfj` M1?2  ulc`ss itb`rwfs` sp`jf﬏`m dy okr``e`lt ir tb` (ulm`r li airj`). ]bfs rot` ia s`porotfil sbocc d` eofltofl`m
r`c`
r`c`vo
voltlt OZ
OZ]E]E eo eot`
t`rf
rfoc
oc sp
sp`j
`jf﬏
f﬏jo
jotf
tfil
il.. Fl jo
jos`
s`ss ia  wftbfl
wftbfl 0 % ia tb` li-
li-air
airj`
j` voc
vocu`
u` wb`
wb`ll rul
rullfl
lflkk ulm
ulm`r
`r auc
aucc-
c-
mfsokr
mfsokr``e
``e`lt
`lt,, tb` tic`
tic`rol
rolj`s
j`s sbo
sbocc
cc d`   1?¾
?¾JJ (1?.2
?.2¾A)
¾A) olm jopojfty airj`.
10 % r`cotfv` buefmfty.
?>.4
?> .4 ]b` spsp``
``mm ia t`t`stf
stflk
lk sb
sbocc
occ d` joc
jocju
jucot
cot`m
`m ar
arie
ie tbtb``
2.4  ]`st Jilmftfils” Jilmujt
Jilmujt tb` t`sts ot 4: 1 4¾J (;:.= 1 r`qufr`m flftfoc strofl rot` os sp`jf﬏`m fl   ]odc` ?.
?.  ]b` rot` ia 
:.1¾
:.1¾A)
A) ol
olm
m 0>   1   ?> % r`c
r`cotfv
otfv`` bue
buefmf
fmfty
ty ulc
ulc`ss
`ss itb
itb`rw
`rwfs`
fs` krfp s`porotfil sbocc d` m`t`refl`m air tb` purpis` ia tb`s` t`st
sp`jf﬏`m dy okr``e`lt ir tb` r`c`volt OZ]E eot`rfoc sp`jf- e`tbims arie tb` flftfoc strofl rot` os aicciws8
﬏jotfil. Fl jos`s ia mfsokr``e`lt, tb` tic`rolj`s sbocc d` 1?¾J
 O 0  DJ    (? )
(1?.2¾A) olm 10 % r`cotfv` buefmfty.
wb`r`8
6. Lued
Lued`r
`r ia ]`st Zp`jfe`ls
Zp`jfe`ls  O   5 rot` ia krfp
krfp s`porotfil
s`porotfil,, ee (ir fl.)/efl,
fl.)/efl,
6.? Fl tb` jos` ia fsitripfj
fsitripfj eot`rfocs, ot c`ost ﬏v` sp`jfe`ls
sp`jfe`ls  D   5 flftfoc mfstolj`
mfstolj` d`tw``l
d`tw``l krfps,
krfps, ee (ir
(ir fl.),
fl.), olm

sbocc d` t`st`m arie `ojb soepc`. J    5 flftfoc strofl

strofl rot`,
rot`, ee/ee»efl
ee/ee»efl (ir fl./fl.
fl./fl.»efl).
»efl).
6.4
6.4 Fl tbtb`` jo
jos`
s` ia ol
olfs
fsit
itri
ripf
pfjj eo
eot`
t`rf
rfoc
ocs,
s, ot c`
c`os
ostt t`
t`l
l ?>.:
?> .: ]b
]b`` fl
flftf
ftfoc
oc st
stro
rofl
fl ro
rot`
t` sb
sbocc
occ d` os fl   ]odc`
]odc` ?   ulc`ss
sp`jfe`ls,
sp`jfe` ls, ﬏v` lire
lireoc
oc olm ﬏v` porocc`c wftb tb` prflj
prfljfpoc
fpoc oxfs itb`rwfs` flmfjot`m dy tb` sp`jf﬏jotfil air tb` eot`rfoc d`flk
ia olfsitripy, sbocc d` t`st`m arie `ojb soepc`. t`st`m.
6.:  (Iptfiloc) Ft fs ojj`ptodc` ti t`st o r`muj`m lued`r ia  LI]@   ?=”T`su
?=”T`suctscts idt
idtofl
ofl`m
`m ot mfa
mfaa`r
a`r`lt
`lt flft
flftfoc
foc str
strofl
ofl rot
rot`s
`s or` lit
t`st sp`jfe
sp`jfe`ls8
`ls8 jieporodc`7 jils`qu`ltcy, wb`r` mfr`jt jieporfsils d`tw``l eot`rfocs fl
(?) Li c`ss tbol tbr`` t`st sp`jfe`ls sbocc d` t`st`m. vorfiuss `cilkotfil jcoss`s or` r`qufr`m, o sflkc` flftfoc strofl rot` eust d`
vorfiu
us`m. Air sie` eot`rfocs ft fs omvfsodc` ti s`c`jt tb` strofl rot`s il tb`
(4) Li c`ss tbol sfx t`st sp`jfe`ls fl tb` jos` ia olfsitri-
dosfs ia p`rj`lt `cilkotfil ot yf`cm.
pfj eot`rfocs, tbr`` lireoc olm tbr`` porocc`c wftb tb` prfljfpc`
oxfs ia olfsitripy, sbocc d` t`st`m. ?>.=
?>.= Fl jos`
jos`ss wb`
wb`r`
r` jil
jilfflfj
fflfjtfl
tflk
k eot`
eot`rfoc
rfoc jco
jcossf﬏
ssf﬏jotf
jotfil,
il, os
(:) Occiw`m air fl-cfl` quocfty jiltric soepcflk. m`t`refl`m dy p`rj`lt `cilkotfil ot dr`og vocu`s, r`sucts fl o
(=) Occiw`m air soepc`s lit suaafjf`lt fl sfz` ti privfm` o jbifj` ia strofl rot`s, tb` ciw`r rot` sbocc d` us`m.
eflfeue ia ﬏v` t`st sp`jfe`ls (?> t`st sp`jfe`ls air olfsi- ?>.0 Fa ei
?>.0 eimu
mucu
cuss vo
vocu
cu`s
`s or
or`` d`
d`fl
flk
k m`
m`t`r
t`ref
efl`
l`m,
m, s`p
s`por
orot`
ot`
tripfj eot`rfocs). sp`jfe`ls sbocc d` us`m wb`l`v`r strofl rot`s olm sp`jfe`l
(0)  Ztolmorm m`vfotfil fs lit ti d` jocjucot`m ir r`pirt`m
mu` ti tb` r`muj`m lued`r ia moto piflts. mfe`lsfils
itb`r t`lsfc`or` lit
prip tb` soe` os tbis` `epciy`m fl tb` t`st air
prip`rtf`s.
`rtf`s.
6.= Zp`
Zp`jfe`
jfe`ls
ls tbot aof
aofcc ot sie
sie`` idv
idvfiu
fiuss fflow ir tbo
tbott aof
aofcc
iutsfm` tb` kok` c`lktb sbocc d` mfsjorm`m olm r`t`sts eom`, ??. ^rij`m
^rij`mur`
ur`
ulc`ss
ulc`ss suj
sujb
b fflow
fflowss ir jil
jilmftf
mftfils
ils jil
jilstft
stftut`
ut` o vor
vorfodc
fodc`` wbi
wbis`s` ??.? Z`c`jt o airj` rolk` sujb tbot sp`jfe`l aofcur`
??.? aofcur` ijjurs
wftbfl fts upp`r twi tbfrms
tbfrms.. O a`w trfoc ruls jiucm d` l`j`ssory
ti s`c`jt o prip`r jiedflotfil ia airj` rolk` olm sp`jfe`l
=
Zuppirtflk moto bov` d``l ﬏c`m ot OZ]E Flt`rlotfiloc B`omquort`rs olm eoy
wfmtb.
d` idtofl`m dy r`qu`stflk T`s`orjb T`pirt TT8M4>-?>02.

]ODC@ ? Jrissb`om Zp``ms olm Flftfoc Krfp Z`porotfil O

Flftfoc Ztrofl Tot`, Flftfoc Krfp Z`porotfil Tot` ia Krfp Z`porotfil
^`rj`lt @cilkotfil
ee/ee»efl
ot Dr`og ee fl. ee/efl fl./efl
(fl./fl.»efl)
Eimucus ia @costfjfty M`t`reflotfil
>.? 40> ?> 40 ?.>
M`t`reflotfils itb`r tbol @costfj Eimucus
C`ss tbol 4> >.? ?40 0 ?4.0 >.0
4> ti ?>> >.0 ?>> = 0> 4.>
Kr`ot`r tbol ?>> ?>.> 0> 4 0>> 4>.>
O
Z`` Afk. O:.? olm Afk. O:.4 fl Oll`x
fl  Oll`x O: ti
O:  ti s`t tb` flftfo
flftfocc krfp s`porotfil
s`porotfil jirr`j
jirr`jtcy
tcy..

=
 

  M224 ∔ ?2

??.4 E`o
E`osur
sur`` tb` jri
jriss-
ss-s`j
s`jtfil
tfiloc
oc or`
or`oo ia tb` sp`
sp`jfe`
jfe`l l ot ??.6
??.6 Fl tb` jos` ia eot`rfo
eot`rfocs
cs d`f
d`flk
lk `vo
`vocuo
cuot`m
t`m air s`jo
s`jolt
lt
tbr`` piflts ocilk fts c`lktb (j`lt`r olm wftbfl opprixfeot`cy eimucu
eimu cus,
s, tb
tb`` t`s
t`stt jol d` mf
mfsj
sjil
iltfl
tflu`
u`mm wb
wb`l
`l tb
tb`` sp
sp`jf
`jf﬏`
﬏`mm
?: ee ia `ojb `lm ia tb` kok` c`lktb). E`osur` tb` wfmtb ti `xt`lsfil fs r`ojb`m.
ol ojju
ojjuroj
rojy
y ia >.4
>.40
0 ee (>.
(>.>?>
>?> fl.) ir d`t
d`tt`r
t`r.. E`o
E`osur
sur`` tb` ??.?> Fa t`lsfc` `l`rky ti dr`og fs d`flk m`t`refl`m,
??.?> m`t`refl`m, sie`
tbfjgl`ss ti ol ojjurojy ia >.>>40 ee (>.>>>? fl.) ir d`tt`r privfs
pri vfsfil
fil eus
eustt d` eom
eom`` air flt`krotfi
flt`krotfil
l ia tb` str
str`ss
`ss-st
-strof
rofl
l
air sp`jfe`ls c`ss tbol >.40 ee (>.>?> fl.) fl tbfjgl`ss olm ti jurv`. ]bfs jol d` `ftb`r ol `c`jtrilfj flt`krotfil murflk tb`
ol ojjurojy ia ? % ir d`tt`r air sp`jfe`ls kr`ot`r tbol >.40 t`st ir o suds`qu`lt m`t`reflotfil arie tb` or`o ia tb` ﬏lfsb`m
ee (>.>?> fl.) dut c`ss tbol ?.> ee (>.>=> fl.) fl tbfjgl`ss. str`ss-strofl
str`ss-strofl jurv` (s``
(s`` Oll`x
 Oll`x O4).
O4).
??.:
??.: Z`t tb` flftfoc krfp s`porotfil
s`porotfil fl ojjirmolj` wftb ]odc`
wftb ]odc`
?. ?4. Jocj
Jocjucot
ucotfil
fil
??.=
?? .= Z`t tb` rot` ia krfp s`porotfil
s`porotfil ti kfv` tb` m`sfr`m strofl
strofl ?4.?
?4. ? ]i` jie
jiep`l
p`lsotf
sotfil
il sbo
sbocc
cc d` eom
eom`` fl ojji
ojjirmo
rmolj`
lj` wft
wftb
b
rot`, do
rot`, dos`m
s`m il tb tb`` fl
flftf
ftfoc
oc mfmfst
stol
olj`
j` d`
d`tw
tw``
``ll tb
tb`` kr
krfp
fps,
s, fl Oll`x O?   ulc`ss ft jol d` sbiwl tbot tb` ti` r`kfil ia tb`
ojjirmolj` wftb   ]odc` ?. ?.   X`ri tb` jocfdrot`m airj` w`fkbflk jurv` fs lit mu` ti tb` tog`up ia scojg, s`otflk ia tb` sp`jfe`l,
syst`e, `xt`lsfil flmfjotir(s) olm r`jirmflk syst`e. ir itb`r ortfaojt, dut rotb`r fs ol outb`ltfj eot`rfoc r`spils`.
?4.4   Dr`ogflk
Dr`ogflk Aojti
Aojtir r    (liefl
(liefloc)
oc) sb
sbocc
occ d` joc
jocju
juco
cot`m
t`m dy
LI]@  ?0”@xt`lsie`t`rs jol d` us`m air eimucus ia `costfjfty m`t`r-
eflotfils wftb tb` `xp`jtotfil ia idtoflflk eir` ojjurot` vocu`s tbol jol
mfvfmflk tb` eoxfeue airj` dy tb` irfkfloc ov`rok` wfmtb ia 
d` idtofl`m usflk krfp s`porotfil os tb` `aa`jtfv` kok` c`lktb. ^r`joutfils tb` sp`jfe`l. ]b` r`suct sbocc d` `xpr`ss`m fl airj` p`r ulft ia 
eust d` tog`l ti `lsur` tbot `xt`lsie`t`r scfppok` olm ulmu` str`ssflk ia  wfmtb,
wfm tb, usuoccy
usuoccy l`w
l`wtil
tilss p`r e`tr` (ir piulms
piulms p`r fljb) ia 
tb` sp`jfe`l mi lit ijjur. T`a`r ocsi ti ;.;
ti  ;.;.. wfmtb, olm r`pirt`m ti tbr`` sfklf﬏jolt ﬏kur`s. ]b` tbfjgl`ss
??.0 Fl jos`s wb`r`
wb`r` ft fs m`s
m`sfr`
fr`m
m ti e`osur`
e`osur` o t`st s`jtfil
s`jtfil ia tb` ﬏ce sbocc ocwoys d` stot`m ti tb` l`or`st >.>>40 ee
itb`r tbol tb` titoc c`lktb d`tw``l tb` krfps, eorg tb` `lms ia  (>.>>>? fl.).
tb` m`sfr`m t`st s`jtfil wftb o siat, ﬏l` wox jroyil ir wftb flg.  @xoepc`” Dr`ogfl
Dr`ogflk
k Aojt
Aojtir ir 5 ?.;
?.;0
0 gL ⁍e (?>
(?>.>
.> cda
cda/fl.
/fl.)) ia 
Mi lilitt sj
sjro
rotjb
tjb tb
tb`s`
`s` eo
eorgrgss il
ilti
ti tb
tb`` su
sura
raoj`
oj` sf
sflj
lj`` su
sujb
jb wfmtb air >.?:>>-ee (>.>>0?-fl.) tbfjgl`ss.
sjrotjb`s jol ojt os str`ss rofs`rs olm jous` pr`eotur` sp`jf-
e`l aofcur`. @xt`lsie`t`rs jol d` us`m fa ovofcodc`7 fl tbfs LI]@ ?;”]bfs e`tbim ia r`pirtflk fs us`auc air v`ry tbfl ﬏ces (>.?:
ee (>.>>0 fl.) olm c`ss) air wbfjb dr`ogflk airj` fs lit pripirtfiloc ti
jos`, tb` t`st s`jtfil wfcc d` m`﬏l`m dy tb` jiltojt piflts ia tb` jriss-s`jt
jriss -s`jtfiloc
filoc or`o olm wbis
wbis`` tbfjgl
tbfjgl`ss
`ss fs mfa
mfaaf
afjuct
juct ti m`t`re
m`t`refl`
fl` wftb
`xt`lsie`t`r. pr`jfs
pr` jfsfil
fil.. Au
Aurtb
rtb`re
`reir`
ir`,, ﬏ce
﬏cess wb
wbfjb
fjb or` fl `a `aa`j
a`jtt coe
coeflo
florr mu` ti
irf`ltotfil, sgfl `aa`jts, lilulfaire jrystoccflfty, `tj., bov` t`lsfc` prip-
LI]@   ?1”E`osur
?1”E`osur`e`lt
`e`lt ia o sp`jf﬏
sp`jf﬏jj t`st s`jtfil fs l`j`ss
l`j`ssory
ory wftb `rtf`s mfspripirtfilot` ti jriss-s`jtfiloc or`o.
sie` eot`rfocs bovflk bfkb `cilkotfil. Os tb` sp`jfe`l `cilkot`s, tb` ?4.:   ]`lsfc`
]`lsfc` Ztr`lktb  (liefloc) sbocc d` jocjucot`m dy mf-
ojjiepolyflk r`mujtfil fl or`o r`sucts fl o ciis`lflk ia eot`rfoc ot tb`
flsfm` `mk` ia tb` krfps. ]bfs r`mujtfil olm ciis`lflk eiv`s dojg flti tb`
vfmflk tb` eox
vfmflk eoxfeu
feuee air
airj`
j` dy tb` irf
irfkfl
kfloc
oc ov`
ov`rok
rok`` jri
jriss-
ss-
krfps os aurtb`r `cilkotfil olm r`mujtfil fl or`o tog`s pcoj`. Fl `aa`jt, tbfs s`jtfiloc
s`jtfiloc or`o ia tb` sp`jfe
sp`jfe`l.
`l. ]b` r`suct sbocc d` `xpr`ss`m fl
jous`s pridc`es sfefcor ti krfp scfppok`, tbot fs, `xokk`rot`s e`osur`m airj` p`r ulft or`o, usuoccy e`koposjocs (ir piulms-airj` p`r
`xt`lsfil. squor` fljb). ]bfs vocu` sbocc d` r`pirt`m ti tbr`` sfklf﬏jolt
??.
?.1
1 ^co
^coj`
j` tb
tb`` t`s
t`stt sp
sp`jf
`jfe`l
e`l fl tb
tb`` kr
krfp
fpss ia tb
tb`` t`
t`stf
stflk
lk ﬏kur`s. ]b` eoxfeue airj` jol ijjur ot tb` yf`cm piflt, tb`
eojbfl`, togflk jor` ti ocfkl tb` cilk oxfs ia tb` sp`jfe`l dr`ogflk piflt, ir fl tb` or`o d`tw``l tb` yf`cm piflt olm tb`
wftb ol feokflory cfl` hiflflk tb` piflts ia ottojbe`lt ia tb` dr`ogflk piflt.
krfps ti tb` eojbfl`. ]fkbt`l tb` krfps `v`lcy olm ﬏recy ti tb` LI]@   ?2”[b`l t`or aofcur` ijjurs, si flmfjot` olm jocjucot` r`sucts
m`kr`` l`j`ssory ti eflfefz` scfppflk ia tb` sp`jfe`l murflk dos`m il airj` olm `cilkotfil ot wbfjb t`or flftfot`s, os r`ffl`jt`m fl tb`
t`st. airj`-m`aireotfil jurv`.

??.; Ztort tb` eojbfl` olm r`jirm airj` v`rsus `xt`lsfil.

??.; `xt`lsfil. ?4.=  ]`lsfc` Ztr`lktb ot Dr`og  (liefloc) sbocc d` jocjucot`m
??.;.?
?? .;.? [b`l tb` titoc c`lktb d`tw``l
d`tw``l tb` krfps fs us`m os tb` fl tb` soe` woy os tb` t`lsfc` str`lktb `xj`pt tbot tb` airj` ot
t`st or`o, r`jirm airj` v`rsus krfp s`porotfil. dr`og sbocc d` us`m fl pcoj` ia tb` eoxfeue airj` 
airj`   (Lit` ?2
??.;
?.;.4
.4 [b`
[b`ll o sp`
sp`jf﬏j
jf﬏j t`st or`o bos d``l eorg`m
eorg`m il tb` olm Lit`
olm  Lit` ?6).
?6).
sp`jfe`l, aicciw tb` mfspcoj`e`lt ia tb` `mk` diulmory cfl`s LI]@ ?6”Fl eoly jos`s t`lsfc` str`lktb olm t`lsfc` str`lktb ot dr`og 
wftb r`sp`jt ti `ojb itb`r wftb mfvfm`rs ir sie` itb`r suftodc` or` fm`ltfjoc, dut lit ocwoys.
m`vfj`.
m`v fj`. Fa o air
airj`-
j`-`xt
`xt`ls
`lsfil
fil jur
jurv`
v` fs m`s
m`sfr`
fr`m,
m, pci
pcitt vor
vorfiu
fiuss ?4.0   ^`rj`lt
^`rj`lt @cilk
@cilkotfil
otfil ot Dr` og   sbocc
Dr`og  sbocc d` jocj
jocjuco
ucot`m
t`m dy
`xt`lsfils v`rsus jirr`spilmflk airj`s sustofl`m, os e`osur`m mfvfmf
mfvfmflk
lk tbtb`` `x
`xt`
t`ls
lsfi
fill ot tbtb`` ei
eie`
e`lt lt ia rurupt
ptur
ur`` ia tb
tb``
dy tb` airj` flmfjotir. sp`jf
sp`jfe`l
e`l dy tb tb`` fl
flftf
ftfoc
oc ko
kok`
k` c`
c`lk
lktb
tb ia tb tb`` sp
sp`jf
`jfe`
e`ll ol
olm
m
??.;.:
?? .;.: [b`l ol `xt`lsie`t`r
`xt`lsie`t`r fs us`m, r`jirm airj`
airj` v`rsus euctfpcyflk dy ?>>. [b`l kok` eorgs ir `xt`lsie`t`rs or`
`xt`lsfil ia tb` t`st or`o e`osur`m dy tb` `xt`lsie`t`r. us`m ti m`﬏l` o sp`jf﬏j t`st s`jtfil, ilcy tbfs c`lktb sbocc d`
??.2 Fa eimucus vocu`s or` d`flk m`t`refl`m,
??.2 m`t`refl`m, s`c`jt o airj` us`m
us` m fl tb` jocj
jocjucot
ucotfil
fil77 itb
itb`rw
`rwfs`
fs` tb` mfs
mfstol
tolj`
j` d`tw
d`tw``l
``l tb`
rolk`
rolk` olm jbort rot
rot`` ti pri
primuj
muj`` o air
airj`-
j`-`xt`
`xt`lsf
lsfil
il jur
jurv`
v` ia  krfps sbocc d` us`m. ]b` r`suct sbocc d` `xpr`ss`m fl p`rj`lt olm
d`tw``l :> olm 1>¾ ti tb`  R  oxfs. Air eoxfeue ojjurojy, us` r`pirt`m ti twi sfklf﬏jolt ﬏kur`s (s``  Lit` ?2). ?2).
tb` eist s`lsftfv` airj` sjoc` air wbfjb tbfs jilmftfil jol d` ?4.1   ]`lsfc`
]`lsfc` Vf`cm Ztr `lktb,,   wb`r`
Ztr`lktb wb`r` op oppc
pcfj
fjod
odc`,
c`, sb
sboc
occc d`
e`t. Ft fs ojj`ptodc` ti mfsjiltflu` tb` t`st wb`l tb` airj`- jocju
jocjuco
cot`m
t`m dy mf mfvf
vfmf
mflk
lk tbtb`` ai
airj
rj`` ot tb
tb`` yf
yf`cm
`cm pi
pifl
fltt dy tbtb``
`xt`lsfil
`xt`lsfil jurv` m`vfot`s arie cfl`orfty.
cfl`orfty. irfkfl
irfkfloc
oc ov`
ov`rok
rok`` jri
jriss-
ss-s`jt
s`jtfil
filoc
oc or`
or`oo ia tb` sp`
sp`jfe`
jfe`l.l. ]b`

0
 

  M224 ∔ ?2

r`su
r`suct
ct sb
sbocc
occ d` `x`xpr
pr`s
`ss`
s`m
m fl ai
airj
rj`` p`p`rr ul
ulft
ft or
or`o
`o,, us
usuo
uoccy
ccy wb`r`8
e`kopo
e`k oposjoc
sjocss (ir piu
piulms
lms-ai
-airj`
rj` p`r squ
squor`
or` flj
fljb).
b). ]bf
]bfss vocu
vocu`` s   5 `stfeot
`stfeot`m
`m stolmo
stolmorm
rm m`vfot
m`vfotfil,
fil,
sbocc d` r`pirt`m ti tbr`` sfklf﬏jolt ﬏kur`s. Oct`rlotfv`cy, air  R    5 vocu` ia o sflkc` ids`r
ids`rvotfil
votfil,,
eot`rfocs tbot `xbfdft Biig`ol d`bovfir fl tb` flftfoc port ia tb` l   5 lued
lued`r`r ia
ia ids`rv
ids`rvotfils
otfils,, olm
olm
jurv`, ol iaas`t yf`cm str`lktb sbocc d` idtofl`m os m`sjrfd`m fl ¯    5 orftbe
 R  orftbe`tfj
`tfj e`ol
e`ol ia tb`
tb` s`t ia ids`r
ids`rvotfil
votfils.
s.
tb` Opp`l
Opp`lmfx
mfx ia ]`st E`tbim
E`tbim  M1:2
 M1:2..  Fl tbfs jos` tb` vocu` sbocc
d` kfv`l os –yf`cm str`lktb ot ”% iaas`t.― ?:. T`pi
T`pirt
rt
?4.;  ^`rj`lt @cilkotfil ot Vf`cm,  wb`r` oppcfjodc`, sbocc d` ?:.? T`pir
T`pirtt tb` aicciw
aicciwflk
flk flaireotfil8
flaireotfil8
jocjucot`m dy mfvfmflk tb` `xt`lsfil ot tb` yf`cm piflt dy tb` ?:.?.? Jiepc`t` fm`ltf﬏jotfil ia tb` eot`rfoc t`st`m, fljcum-
fljcum-
flftfoc kok` c`lktb ia sp`jfe`l olm euctfpcyflk dy ?>>. [b`l flk typ`, siurj`, eoluaojtur`r‖s jim` lued`r, aire, prfljfpoc
kouk` eorgs ir `xt`lsie`t`rs or` us`m ti m`﬏l` o sp`jf﬏j t`st mfe`lsfils, pr`vfius bfstiry, olm irf`ltotfil ia soepc`s wftb
s`jtfil, ilcy tbfs c`lktb sbocc d` us`m fl tb` jocjucotfil. D`air` r`sp`jt ti olfsitripy (fa oly),
jocjucotflk,
jocjucot flk, jirr`jt tb` `xt`ls
`xt`lsfil
fil air –ti` jiep`lsotfil―
jiep`lsotfil― os
?:.?.4
?:.?.4 E`tbim ia pr`porflk
pr`porflk t`st sp`jfe
sp`jfe`ls,
`ls,
m`sjrfd`m
m`sjrfd `m fl   Oll`x
Oll`x O?
O?..   ]b` r`
r`su
sucts
cts sb
sbocc
occ d` `x
`xpr
pr`s
`ss`m
s`m fl
p`rj`lt olm r`pirt`m ti twi sfklf﬏jolt ﬏kur`s. [b`l iaas`t ?:.?.: ]bfjgl`ss,
?:.?.: ]bfjgl`ss, wfmtb, olm c`lktb ia t`st sp`jfe`ls,
sp`jfe`ls,
yf`cm str`lktb fs us`m, tb` `cilkotfil ot tb` iaas`t yf`cm str`lktb ?:.?.=
?:.?.= Lued`
Lued`rr ia sp`jfe
sp`jfe`ls
`ls t`st`m,
sbocc d` jocjucot`m. ?:.?.0
?:.?.0 Ztrofl rot` `epciy`m,
`epciy`m,
?4.2   @costfj
@costfj Eimuc
Eimucus,us,   sbocc
sbocc d` joc
jocju
juco
cot`m
t`m dy mr
mrow
owfl
flk
k o ?:.?.1 Krfp s`porotfil
?:.?.1 s`porotfil (flftfoc),
tolk`lt ti tb` flftfoc cfl`or pirtfil ia tb` airj`-`xt`lsfil jurv`, ?:.?.;
?:.?.; Jrissb
Jrissb`om
`om sp``m (rot` ia krfp s`porotfil),
s`porotfil),
s`c`jtflk oly piflt il tbfs tolk`lt, olm mfvfmflk tb` t`lsfc` ?:.?.2
?:.?.2 Kok` c`lktb (fa mfa
mfaa`r`lt
a`r`lt arie krfp s`porotfil),
s`porotfil),
str`ss dy tb` jirr`spilmflk strofl. D`air` jocjucotflk, jirr`jt ?:.?.6
?:.?.6 ]yp` ia krfps us`m, fljcumflk aojflk (fa oly),
tb` `xt`lsfil air –ti` jiep`lsotfil― os m`sjrfd`m fl   Oll`x
?:.?
?:.?.?
.?>> Ji
Jilm
lmftftfi
filf
lflk
lk pr prij
ij`m
`mur
ur`` (t
(t`s
`stt ji
jilm
lmft
ftfi
fils
ls,,
O?..  Air purpis`s ia tbfs m`t`reflotfil, tb` t`lsfc` str`ss sbocc
O?
t`ep`rotur`, olm r`cotfv` buefmfty fa lilstolmorm),
d` jocjuco
jocj
jriss ucot`m
t`m ia
s`jtfil dytb`
mfvfmf
mfvfmflk
t`st lk tb` air
airj`
s`jtfil. j` r`suct
]b` dy tb` ov`rok
ov`
sbocc rok`
d` ` irf
irfkfl
kfloc
oc
`xpr`ss`m ?:.?.??
?:.?.?? Olieocius
Olieocius d`bovfir
d`bovfir sujb os t`or aofcur` olm aofcur`
ot o krfp,
fl airj` p`r ulft or`o, usuoccy e`koposjocs (ir piulms-airj`
p`r squor` fljb), olm r`pirt`m ti tbr`` sfklf﬏jolt ﬏kur`s. ?:.?.?4
?:.?.?4 Ov`rok
v`rok`` dr`ogflk
dr`ogflk aojtir olm stolmorm m`vfotfil,
m`vfotfil,
?:.?.?:
?:.?.?: Ov`r
v`rok`
ok` t`l
t`lsfc`
sfc` str
str`lk
`lktb
tb (li
(liefl
efloc)
oc) olm sto
stolmo
lmorm
rm
?4.6   Z`jolt Eimucus,  ot o m`sfklot`m strofl, sbocc d` jocju-
m`vfotfil,
cot`m
cot`m dy mfvmfvfmfl
fmflk
k tb` jir
jirr`s
r`spil
pilmfl
mflk
k str
str`ss
`ss (li
(liefl
efloc)
oc) dy tb`
m`sfklot`m strofl. @costfj eimucus vocu`s or` pr`a`rodc` olm ?:.?.?
?:.?.?=
= Ov`r
v`rok`
ok` t`l
t`lsfc`
sfc` str
str`lk
`lktb
tb ot dr`
dr`og
og (li
(liefl
efloc)
oc) olm
sbocc d` jocjucot`m wb`l`v`r pissfdc`. Biw`v`r, air eot`rfocs stolmorm m`vfotfil,
wb`r` li pripirtfilocfty fs `vfm`lt, tb` s`jolt eimucus vocu`s ?:.?.?0
?:.?.?0 Ov`rok
v`rok`` p`rj`
p`rj`lt
lt `cilk
`cilkotfil
otfil ot dr`og olm stolm
stolmorm
orm
sbocc d` jocjucot`m. Mrow tb` tolk`lt os mfr`jt`m fl  O?.:  O?.:   olm m`vfotfil,
Afk.. O?.
Afk O?.44  ia  Oll`x
 Oll`x O?O?,, olm eorg iaa tb` m`sfklot`m strofl arie ?:.?.?1
?:.?.?1 [b`r` oppcfjodc`,
oppcfjodc`, ov`rok` t`lsfc` `l`rky ti dr`og 
tb` yf`cm piflt wb`r` tb` tolk`lt cfl` ki`s tbriukb z`ri str`ss. olm stolmo
stolmorm
rm m`vfot
m`vfotfil,
fil,
]b` str`ss ti d` us`m fl tb` jocjucotfil fs tb`l m`t`refl`m dy ?:.?.?; Fl tb` jos` ia eot`rfoc
?:.?.?; eot`rfocss `xbfdftflk –yf`cm―
–yf`cm― pb`lie-
mfvf
mfvfmf
mflk
lk tb tb`` ai
airj
rj`` ot tb
tb`` m`
m`sf
sfkl
klot`
ot`m
m str
strofl
ofl il tbtb`` ai
airj
rj`-
`- `lil8
`li l8 ov`
ov`rok
rok`` yf`
yf`cm
cm str
str`lk
`lktb
tb olm stostolmo
lmorm
rm m`v
m`vfotf
fotfil7
il7 olm
`xt`lsfil
`xt`ls fil jurv` dy tb` irfkfirfkfloc
loc ov`rok` jriss
jriss-s`jtfi
-s`jtfiloc
loc or`o ia  ov`rok` p`rj`lt `cilkotfil ot yf`cm olm stolmorm m`vfotfil,
tb` sp`jfe`
sp`jfe`l.l. ?:.?.?
?:.?.?22 Air eot`rfocs
eot`rfocs wbf
wbfjb
jb mi lit `xbfdft
`xbfdft o yf`
yf`cm
cm pif
piflt8
lt8
?4.?>   ]`lsfc` @l`rky ti Dr`og,   wb`r` oppcfjodc`, sbocc d` ov`rok` ”% iaas`t yf`cm str`lktb olm stolmorm m`vfotfil7 olm
jocjucot`m dy flt`krotflk tb` `l`rky p`r ulft vicue` ulm`r tb` ov`rok
ov` rok`` p`r
p`rj`l
j`ltt `ci
`cilko
lkotfil
tfil ot ”% ia iaas`
as`tt yf`
yf`cm
cm str
str`lk
`lktb
tb olm
str`ss-strofl jurv` ir dy flt`krotflk tb` titoc `l`rky odsird`m stolmorm m`vfotfil,
olm mfvfmflk
mfvfmflk ft dy tb` vicue` ia tb` irfkf
irfkfloc
loc kok` r`kfil ia tb` ?:.?.?6
?:.?. ?6 Ov`rok
v`rok`` eimuc
eimucusus ia `costfjf
`costfjfty
ty olm stolmorm m`vfo-
sp`jfe`l.
sp`jfe` l. Os flmfjot`m
flmfjot`m fl Oll
fl Oll`x
`x O4
O4,, tbfs sbocc d` mil` mfr`jtcy tfil (fa s`jolt eimucus fs us`m, si flmfjot` olm r`pirt strofl ot
murflk tb` t`st dy ol `c`jtrilfj flt`krotir, ir suds`qu`ltcy dy wbfjb jocjucot`m), olm
jieputotfil arie tb` or`o ia tb` pcitt`m jurv`. ]b` r`suct sbocc ?:.?.4>
?:.?. 4> [b`l ol `xt`lsie`t`r
`xt`lsie`t`r fs `epciy
`epciy`m,`m, si flmfjot
flmfjot`.
`.
d` `xpr`ss`m fl `l`rky p`r ulft vicue`, usuoccy fl e`kohiuc`s
p`r judfj e`tr` (ir fljb-p
fljb-piulm
iulms-air
s-airj`
j` p`r judfj fljb). ]bfs ?=. ^r`
^r`jfsf
jfsfil
il olm Dfos
vocu` sbocc d` r`pirt`m ti twi sfklf﬏jolt ﬏kur`s.
?=.? ]wi fl
?=.? flt`
t`rc
rcod
odir
iroti
otiry
ry t`s
t`sts
ts bo
bov`
v` d`
d``l
`l ru
rul
l ai
airr tb
tb`s`
`s`
?4.?? Air `ojb s`rf`s ia t`s
?4.?? t`sts,
ts, tb` orf
orftbe
tbe`tfj
`tfj e`ol ia occ t`lsfc` prip`rtf`s.
prip`rtf`s. ]b` ﬏rst wos rul air eimu
eimucus
cus ilcy, fl ?6;;,
vocu`s idtofl`m sbocc d` jocjucot`m ti tb` prip`r lued`r ia  fl wbfjb rolmiecy mrowl soepc`s ia aiur tbfl (7>.>40 ee
sfklf﬏jolt ﬏kur`s. (>.>>?-fl.)) eot`rfocs w`r` t`st`m wftb ﬏v` sp`jfe`ls fl `ojb
?4.?4 ]b` stolmorm
stolmorm m`vfotfil (`stfeot`m)
(`stfeot`m) sbocc d` jocjucot`m codiroti
codi rotiry
ry.. @cos
@costfj
tfj (tol
(tolk`l
k`lt)
t) eim
eimucu
ucuss e`os
e`osur`
ur`e`l
e`ltsts w`r
w`r``
os aicciws olm r`pirt`m ti twi sfklf﬏jolt ﬏kur`s8 eom` dy sfx codirotirf`s, olm s`jolt (? %) eimucus e`osur`-
e`lts w`r` tog`l dy ﬏v` codirotirf`s. ]b` r`cotfv` pr`jfsfil
s0 5~ ( R  4
4 l ¯  !
R 4  / ~ l 4 ? !   (4 ) idtofl`m fl tbfs flt`rcodirotiry stumy fs fl  ]odc` 4.
4.

1
 

  M224 ∔ ?2
]ODC@ 4 ^r`jfsf
^r`jfsfil
il Moto air Eimucus
]olk`lt Eimucus
Eot`rfoc ]bfjgl`ss, Ov`rok`, Z r , Z T , F r , F T ,
efcs ?>: psf ?>: psf ?>: psf ?>   :
psf ?>: psf
CM^@ ?.= 0:.6 ?.2? 2.2? 0.?4 4=.6
BM^@ ?.1 ?6? 0.=; ?1.4 ?0.0 =0.6
^^ ?.? =40 ?>.: :?.0 46.> 26.?
^@] >.6 1;4 ?:.2 00.0 :6.? ?0;.?
Z`jolt Eimucus
CM^@ ?.= =0.> 4.?? :.=: 0.62 6.;>
BM^@ ?.1 ?0> :.46 6.02 6.:> 4;.?

^
^^
@] ?
>..?
6 :
1;
=4
> ?=
>..1
>1 4
41
;..0
0 ?
4:
2..4
= ;
;=
;..6
2

?=
?=.?.?.?
.? Fl m`m`rf
rfvf
vflk
lk tb
tb`` `s
`stfe
tfeot`
ot`ss fl   ]od
]odc`
c` 4,   stotfstfjoc tbot pridodcy wos lit sujj`ssauccy rolmiefz`m iut ia tb` d`tw``l-cods
iutcf`rs w`r` lit r`eiv`m, fl g``pflk wftb ^rojtfj`  @16?  @16?..0 jiepil`lt ia vorfolj`.
?=.?.4
?=.?. 4 ]b` wftbfl-cod
wftbfl-cod stolmorm m`vfotfil
m`vfotfil ia o e`ol vocu`, ?=.: Air tb` purpis`
purpis` ia jiepfcflk sueeory
sueeory stotfstfjs,
stotfstfjs, o t`st
Z  x x̄ ¯ , fl `ojb jos` wos m`t`refl`m arie tb` stolmorm m`vfotfil, r`suct
r`suct boboss d`
d``l
`l m`m`﬏l
﬏l`m
`m ti d` tbtb`` ov
ov`r
`rokok`` ia ﬏v
﬏v`` r`
r`pc
pcfjo
fjot`
t`
Z  x x̄ ¯ , ia tb` ﬏v` flmfvfmuoc sp`jfe`ls os aicciws8  Z  x x̄ ¯  5   Z  x  /(0)   ⁍    .
?
4 e`osur`e`lts ia o prip`rty air o eot`rfoc fl o codirotiry, os
]b`   Z  x x̄ ¯    vocu`s
vocu`s w`r
w`r`` pii
piic`m
c`m oei
oeilk
lk cod
codiro
irotir
tirf`s
f`s air o kfv kfv`l`l sp`jf﬏`m fl tbfs t`st e`tbim. Zueeory stotfstfjs or` kfv`l fl
eot`rfoc ti idtofl tb` wftbfl-cod stolmorm m`vfotfil,  Z r , ia o t`st ]odc` :.:.   Fl `ojb todc`, air tb` eot`rfoc flmfjot`m,   Z(r)   fs tb`
r`suct (e`ol ia ﬏v` sp`jfe`ls). Z``  ?=.: ‚ ?=.:.4  air m`﬏lf- piic`m
piic` m wftbfl
wftbfl-codir
-codirotiry
otiry stolmorm m`vfotfil ia o t`st r`suct,
tfils ia t`res fl tb` todc`s. Z(T)   fs tb` d`t
d`tw``
w``l-c
l-codi
odirot
rotiry
iry sto
stolmo
lmorm
rm m`v
m`vfotf
fotfil
il ia o t`st`stt
?=.4 Ol flt`rcodi flt`rcodirotiry rotiry t`st wos rul
rul air occ tb` itb`r
itb`r t`lsfc`
t`lsfc` r`suct,, wb`r`   r   `quocs 4.2: Û  Z(r)   (s``   ?=.:.?)
r`suct ?=.:.?) olm   T   `quocs
prip`rtf`s `xj`pt eimucus fl ?62?, fl wbfjb rolmiecy mrowl 4.2: Û  Z(T)   (s``   ?=.:.4).
?=.:.4). ([orlflk”
[orlflk”]b` ]b` aicciwflk `xpcolo-
soepc`s
soep c`s ia sfx eot`rfocs eot`rfocs (il (il`` ia tb`
tb`s`
s` fl tbr
tbr``
`` tbf
tbfjgl
jgl`ss`
`ss`s)
s) tfils ia  F 
 F r  olm  F  T  (
 (?=.:
?=.: ‚ ?=.:.:)
?=.:.:) or` ilcy flt`lm`m ti pr`s`lt o
rolkflk fl tbfjgl`ss arie >.>?6 ti >.?;2 ee (>.>>>;0 ti >.>>; e`olflkauc woy ia jilsfm`rflk tb`  Opprixfeot`  pr`jfsfil ia 
fl.) w`r` t`st`m fl s`v`l codirotirf`s. O t`st r`suct wos m`﬏l`m tbfs t`st e`tbim. Mi lit rfkiriuscy oppcy tb` moto fl ]odc` fl  ]odc` 4 ti
4  ti
os tb` e`ol ia ﬏v` sp`jfe`l m`t`reflotfils. Biw`v`r, `ojb tb`` oj
tb ojj`p
j`ptoltolj`
j` ir r` r`h`
h`jtf
jtfil
il ia eoeot`r
t`rfoc
foc,, os tb
tbis
is`` mo
moto
to or
or``
codirotiry t`st`m `fkbt sp`jfe`ls, olm tb`   Z  x x̄ ¯   wos m`t`refl`m sp`jf﬏j ti tb` riulm ridfl olm or` lit l`j`ssorfcy r`pr`s`lto-
arie   Z  x x̄ ¯  5  Z  x  /(0)   ⁍     os od
?
4 odiv
iv`.
`. ]b
]bfs
fs wo
woss mi
mil`
l` ti fefepr
priv
iv`` tb
tb`` tfv` ia itb`r cits, jilmftfils, eot`rfocs, ir codirotirf`s. Ps`rs
quocfty ia tb` stotfstf stotfstfjs js wbfc` eofltoflflk
eofltoflflk tb`fr oppcfjodfcfty
oppcfjodfcfty ti ia tbfs t`st e`tbim l``m ti oppcy tb` prfljfpc`s iutcfl`m fl
o ﬏v`-sp`jfe`l t`st r`suct. ]b` eot`rfocs olm tb`fr tbfjgl`ss`s ^rojtfj` @16?
^rojtfj`  @16? ti  ti k`l`rot` moto sp`jf﬏j ti tb`fr codirotiry olm
or` fm`ltf﬏`m fl ]odc`s fl  ]odc`s :-;, :-;,  `ojb ia wbfjb jiltofl moto air il` eot`rfocs, ir d`tw``l sp`jf﬏j codirotirf`s. ]b` prfljfpc`s ia 
ia tbtb`` ai aicci
cciwfl wflk k pr prip
ip`rt
`rtf`s
f`s88 t`l
t`lsfc
sfc`` yf
yf`cm
`cm str
str`lk
`lktb,
tb, yf`
yf`cm
cm ?=.: ‚ ?=.:.: wiucm
?=.:.:  wiucm tb`l d` vocfm air sujb moto.)
`cilkotfil,
`cilko tfil, t`lsfc` str`lktb, t`lsfc` `cilko `cilkotfil
tfil ot dr`og
dr`og,, olm ?=.:.?   T`p`otodfcfty”]b` vocu` d`ciw wbfjb tb` odsicut`
t`lsfc` `l`rky ot dr`og (s``  Lit` 4>). 4>).1 mfaa`r`lj` d`tw``l twi t`st r`sucts idtofl`m ulm`r r`p`otodfcfty
jilmftf
jil mftfils
ils fs cfg cfg`cy`cy ti ijjijjur
ur wft
wftb
b o pri
pridod
dodfcft
fcfty
y ia opp
opprix
rixf-f-
LI]@  4>”Zuds`qu`lt ti ﬏cflk tb` r`s`orjb r`pirt, `xoeflotfil ia tb`
CM^@ us`m fl tbfs stumy d`tw`
d`tw``l`l jriss
jriss`m
`m picorf
picorfz`rs
z`rs r`v`oc`m c`lktbwfs`
c`lktbwfs`
eot`cy >.60 (60 %).
cfl`s r`pr`s`ltflk sudstoltfoc wfmtbwfs` vorfotfil fl eic`jucor irf`ltotfil ?=.:.4   T`primujfdfcfty”]b` vocu` d`ciw wbfjb tb` odsi-
cut` mfaa`r`lj` d`tw``l twi t`st r`sucts idtofl`m ulm`r r`pri-
mujfdfcfty jilmftfils fs cfg`cy ti ijjur wftb o pridodfcfty ia 
0
opprixfeot`
oppri xfeot`cy
cy >.60 (60 %).
Zuppirtflk moto bov` d``l ﬏c`m ot OZ]E Flt`rlotfiloc B`omquort`rs olm eoy
d` idtofl`m dy r`qu`stflk T`s`orjb T`pirt TT8M4>-?>2=. ?=.:.:
?=.:. : Air aurtb`r flaireotfil,
flaireotfil, s`` ^rojtfj
^rojtfj``   @16?   olm air
1
Zuppirtflk moto bov` d``l ﬏c`m ot OZ]E Flt`rlotfiloc B`omquort`rs olm eoy flaireotfil il `qufvoc`lj` t`stflk, s`` ^rojtfj`  @46:0
 @46:0..
d` idtofl`m dy r`qu`stflk T`s`orjb T`pirt TT8M4>-??>?.

]ODC@ : ^r`jfsfil Moto air Vf`cm Ztr`ss

Eot`rfoc ]bfjgl`ss, efcs Ov`rok`, ?>: psf (Z r )O ?>: psf (Z T )D  ?>: psf   F (r )J  ?>: psf   F (T )M  ?>: psf
CM^@ ?.> ?.=6 >.>0? >.?: >.?= >.:;
BM^@ ?.> =.:: >.>2= >.?1 >.4= >.==
^^ >.;0 1.=> >.?: >.04 >.:; ?.=1
^J =.> 2.06 >.>;4 >.46 >.4> >.24
J]O 0.: ??.= >.?4 >.0> >.:= ?.=:
^@] =.> ?=.: >.?4 >.4: >.:= >.11
^@] 4.0 ?=.= >.?= >.0= >.=> ?.04
^@] ;.> ?=.= >.?: >.:1 >.:; ?.>:
O
Z   r   fs tb` wftbfl-codirotiry stolmorm m`vfotfil ia tb` ov`rok`.
D 
Z T   fs tb` d`tw``l-codirotirf`s stolmorm m`vfotfil ia tb` ov`rok`.
J 
F r    5 4.2: Z 
4.2:  Z r .
M 
F  T   5 4.2: Z 
4.2:  Z T .

;
 

  M224 ∔ ?2
]ODC@ = ^r`jfsfil Moto air Vf`cm @cilkotfil
Eot`rfoc ]bfjgl`ss, efcs Ov`rok`, % (Z r )O , % (Z T )D  , %   F (r )J  , %   F (T )M  , %
^^ >.;0 :.0 >.?0 >.=? >.=4 ?.4
^@] 4.0 0.4 >.41 >.64 >.;= 4.1
^@] =.> 0.: >.40 >.1> >.;? ?.;
^@] ;.> 0.= >.?= ?.>0 >.=> :.>
J]O 0.: 0.= >.?6 >.66 >.0= 4.2
^J =.> 1.6 >.4= >.62 >.12 4.2
BM^@ ?.> 2.2 >.:4 ?.24 >.6? 0.4
CM^@ ?.> ?>.> >.00 :.=? ?.01 6.1

I]@
L  ?”Z`` ]odc`
 ?”Z``  ]odc` : 
:   air aiitlit` `xpcolotfil.

]ODC@ 0 ^r`jfsfil Moto air ]`lsfc` Ztr`lktb

Eot`rfoc ]bfjgl`ss, efcs Ov`rok`, ?>: psf (Z r )O ?>: psf (Z T )D  ?>: psf   F (r )J  ?>: psf   F (T )M  ?>: psf
CM^@ ?.> :.=4 >.?= >.0: >.=> ?.0
BM^@ ?.> 1.2; >.4; >.2? >.;1 4.:
^J =.> ?4.> >.:= >.6: >.61 4.1
J]O 0.: ?=.1 >.4> ?.:; >.0; :.6
^^ >.;0 42.= ?.0; =.01 =.= ?4.6
^@] =.> 42.6 >.10 ?.4; ?.2 :.1
^@] ;.> :>.: >.2: ?.:4 4.: :.;
^@] 4.0 :>.1 ?.44 4.1= :.= ;.0

LI]@  ?”Z``
 ?”Z`` ]odc`
 ]odc` : 
:   air aiitlit` `xpcolotfil.

]ODC@ 1 ^r`jfsfil Moto air @cilkotfil ot Dr`og 

  (Z r )O (Z T )D    F (T )M 
Eot`rfoc ]bfjgl`ss, efcs Ov`rok`, %   F (r )J  , %
,% ,% ,%
J]O 0.: 41.= ?.> =.: : ?4
^^ >.;0 0;.2 =.= ?4.; ?4 :1
^@] 4.0 ?4> 2.> ?=.1 4: =?
^@] ;.> ?:4 0.2 ?>.1 ?1 :>
^@] =.> ?:= =.= ?4.4 ?4 :0
^J =.> ?00 0.= ?;.? ?0 =2
CM^@ ?.> 4>0 4=.= ;:.: 16 4?>
BM^@ ?.> 0;> 41.> 6?.; ;= 41>

LI]@  ?”Z``
 ?”Z`` ]odc`
 ]odc` : 
:   air aiitlit` `xpcolotfil.

]ODC@ ; ^r`jfsfil Moto air ]`lsfc` @l`rky ti Dr`og 

  Ov`rok`, ?>: (Z r )O ?>: (Z T )D  ?>: F(r) J  ?>: F(T) M  ?>:
Eot`rfoc ]bfjgl`ss, efcs fl./cd fl./cd fl./cd fl./cd fl./cd
fl.: fl.: fl.: fl.: fl.:
J]O 0.> :.?= >.?= >.;> >.= 4.>
CM^@ ?.> 0.00 >.2= 4.=; 4.= ;.>
^^ >.;0 ??.: ?.?6 :.?? :.= 2.2
^J =.> ?4.6 >.06 ?.00 ?.; =.=
BM^@ ?.> 41.> ?.2; 0.>4 0.: ?=.4
^@] 4.0 41.? 4.?: =.4> 1.> ??.6
^@] =.> 4;.? ?.=4 4.;0 =.> ;.2
^@] ;.> 42.= ?.;? 4.;4 =.2 ;.;

LI]@  ?”Z``
 ?”Z`` ]odc`
 ]odc` : 
:   air aiitlit` `xpcolotfil.

?=.=   Dfos”]b
”]b`` sys
syst`eo
t`eotfj
tfj `rr
`rrir
ir wbf
wbfjb
jb jil
jiltrf
trfdut
dut`s
`s ti tb` ?0. G`yw
G`ywirms
irms
mfaa`r`lj` d`tw``l o t`st r`suct olm o tru` (ir r`a`r`lj`) vocu`. ?0.? eim
?0.? eimucu
ucuss ia `co
`costfj
stfjfty7
fty7 pcos
pcostfj
tfj ﬏ce
﬏ce77 pcos
pcostfj
tfj sb`
sb``tfl
`tflk7
k7
]b`r` or` li r`jiklfz`m stolmorms il wbfjb ti dos` ol `stfeot`
t`lsfc` prip`rtf`s7 t`lsfc` str`lktb7 tiukbl`ss7 yf`cm str`ss
ia dfos air tb`s` t`st e`tbims.

2
 

  M224 ∔ ?2

OLL@R@Z

(Eolmotiry Flaireotfil)

O?. ]I@ JIE^

JIE^@LZO
@LZO]FIL
]FIL

O?.? Fl o typfjoc str`ss-str

str`ss-strofl
ofl jurv` (Afk
(Afk.. O?.
O?.?
?) tb`r` fs o ti` `costfj eimucus jol d` m`t`refl`m dy mfvfmflk tb` str`ss ot oly
r`kfil, OJ , wbfjb mi`s lit r`pr`s`lt o prip`rty ia tb` eot`rfoc. piflt ocilk tb` cfl`   JM   (ir fts `xt`lsfil) dy tb` strofl ot tb`
Ft fs ol ortfaojt jous`m dy o tog`up ia scojg, olm ocfkle`lt ir soe` piflt (e`osur`m arie piflt   D, m`﬏l`m os z`ri-strofl).

s`otflk ia tb` sp`jfe`l.

sujb poroe`t`rs Fl irm`r
os eimucus, strofl,tiolm
idtofl jirr`jt
iaas`t vocu`stbfs
yf`cm piflt, ia  O?.: Fl tb
O?.: tb`` jos
jos`` ia o eoeot`r
t`rfo
focc tb
tbot
ot mi
mi`s`s li
litt `x
`xbf
bfdf
dftt ol
oly
y
ortfaojt eust d` jiep`lsot`m air ti kfv` tb` jirr`jt`m z`ri cfl`or r`kfil (
r`kfil  (Afk
Afk.. O?.
O?.4
4), tb` soe` gflm ia ti` jirr`jtfil ia tb`
piflt il tb` strofl ir `xt`lsfil oxfs. z`ri-strofl piflt jol d` eom` dy jilstrujtflk o tolk`lt ti tb`
eoxfeue
eoxfeu e scip` ot tb` flffl`jtfil piflt ( B' ). ). ]bfs fs `xt`lm`m ti
O?.4
O? .4 Fl tb tb`` jo
jos`
s` ia o eo
eot`
t`rf
rfoc
oc `x
`xbf
bfdf
dftftflk
lk o r` r`kf
kfil
il ia  flt`rs`jt tb` strofl oxfs ot piflt   D', tb` jirr`jt`m z`ri-strofl
Biig`ol (cfl`or) d`bovfir (Afk.(Afk. O?.?),
O?.?), o jiltfluotfil ia tb` piflt. Psflk piflt  D ' os z`ri strofl, tb` str`ss ot oly piflt ( K')
cfl`or (JM   ) r`kr`kfil
fil ia tb` jur
jurv`
v` fs jil
jilstr
strujt
ujt`m
`m tbr
tbriuk
iukbb tb` il tb` jurv` jol d` mfvfm`m dy tb` strofl ot tbot piflt ti idtofl
z`ri-str`ss
z`ri-s tr`ss oxfs. ]bfs flt`rs`jtfil ( D) fs tb` jirr`jt`m
jirr`jt`m z`ri-
z`ri- o s`jolt eimucus (scip` ia cfl`  D '  K '). Air tbis` eot`rfocs wftb
strof
strofl
l pi
pifl
fltt ar
arie
ie wbwbfjb
fjb occ `x
`xt`
t`ls
lsfi
fils
ls ir str strofl
oflss eu
eustst d` li cfl`or r`kfil, oly ott`ept ti us` tb` tolk`lt tbriukb tb`
e`osur`m, fljcumflk tb` yf`cm iaas`t ( D@ ), ) , fa oppcfjodc`. ]b` flffl`jtfil piflt os o dosfs air m`t`reflotfil ia ol iaas`t yf`cm
piflt jol r`suct fl ulojj`ptodc` `rrir.

LI]@  ?”Zie` `qufpe`lt pcit tb` efrrir feok` ia tbfs kropb. LI]@  ?”Zie` `qufpe`lt pcit tb` efrrir feok` ia tbfs kropb.
AFK. O?.? Eot`rfoc wftb Biig`ol T`kfil AFK. O?.4 Eot`rfoc wftb Li Biig`o
Biig`ol l T`kfil

6
 

  M224 ∔ ?2

O4. M@]@TEFLO
M@]@TEFLO]FIL
]FIL IA ]@LZFC@ @L@TKV ]I DT@OG

O4.? ]`lsfc` `l`rky

`l`rky ti dr`og (]@D) fs m`﬏l`
m`﬏l`m
m dy tb` or`o sjoc` il sie` jbort pop`r fs lit fl riulm-lued`r mfe`lsfils.
ulm`r tb` str`ss-strofl jurv`, ir Eir`iv`r, fa tb` jurv` jiirmflot`s or` fl t`res ia airj` olm
`xt`lsfil flst`om ia str`ss olm strofl, tb` jocjucot`m `l`rky,
*
ΰ
] 
]@D 0 Z  m
 m ΰ   (O4.?) jirr`spilmflk ti tb` e`osur`m or`o, eust d` mfvfm`m dy tb`
>

wb`r`   Z   fs tb` str`ss ot oly strofl,   ΰ, olm   ΰ]  fs tb` strofl ot primujt ia kok` c`lktb, sp`jfe`l wfmtb, olm e`ol jocfp`r8
ruptur`. ]b` vocu` fs fl ulfts ia `l`rky p`r ulft vicue` ia tb`
jurv` or`o airj` p`r ulft jbort sjoc`   (O4.:)
sp`jfe`l‖s flftfoc kok` r`kfil. ]@D fs eist jilv`lf`ltcy olm ~ !~ !
ojjurot`cy e`osur`m wftb o t`lsfil t`st`r `qufpp`m wftb ol
~ `xt`lsfil p`r ulft jbort trov`c!
flt`krotir. ]b` jocjucotfil fs tb`l8 ]@D 0
~ e`ol jocfp`r ! ~ sp`jfe`l wfmtb! ~ kok` c`lktb!
]@D 0 ~ F  / G !   (O4.4)
O4.: Air `xoepc`,
`xoepc`, fa tb` or`o ulm`r o airj`-`xt`lsf
airj`-`xt`lsfil
il jurv`
4
~ aucc sjoc` ciom! ~ jbort sp``m! ~ jrissb`om sp``m/jbort sp``m! fs 1>,>>> ee , tb` airj` jiirmflot` fs 4.> L/ee ia jbort sjoc`,
~ e`ol jocfp`r! ~ sp`jfe`l wfmtb! ~ kok` c`lktb! tb` `xt`lsfil jiirmflot` fs >.40 ee ia `xt`lsfil p`r ee ia 
wb`r`   F    fs tb
tb`` fl
flt`k
t`kro
roti
tirr ji
jiul
ultt r`
r`om
omfl
flk
k ol
olm
m   G    fs tb
tb`` jbort trov`c, olm tb` sp`jfe`l mfe`lsfils or` >.? ee jocfp`r,
eoxfeue pissfdc` jiult p`r ulft tfe` air o jilstolt aucc sjoc` ?0 ee wfmtb olm ?>> ee kok` c`lktb, tb`l tb` jocjuco
jocjucotfil
tfil air
airj`. ]bfs wbic` jocjucotfil fs typfjoccy mil` `c`jtrilfjoccy. t`lsfc` `l`rky ti dr`og fs8
]b` r`sucts or` d`st `xpr`ss`m fl e`kohiuc`s p`r judfj e`tr`
(ir fljb-piulms-airj` p`r judfj fljb). ~ 1> >>> ee ! ~ 4.> L/ee! ~ >.40 : ?>4 e/ee!
4 :

]@D 0
~ >.? : ?>4 e ! ~ ?0 : ?>4 e ! ~ ?>> : ?>4 e !
: : :

O4.4 [f
O4.4 [ftbi
tbiut
ut ol flt`
flt`kro
krotir
tir,, tb` or`
or`oo ulm
ulm`r
`r tb` r`jr`jirm
irm`m
`m (O4.=)
str`ss-strofl
str`ss-strofl jurv` jol d` e`osur
e`osur`m `m dy pcolfe
pcolfe`t`r
`t`r,, jiul
jiultflk
tflk
squor`s, ir w`fkbflk tb` jut-iut jurv`. ]b`s` t`jblfqu`s or` 0
:

tfe`-jilsueflk olm cfg`cy ti d` c`ss ojjurot`, sflj` tb` airj` ]@D 4>> EH/e

O:. Z@]]FLK ]B@ JITT@J] FLF]FOC KTF^ Z@^OTO

Z@^OTO]FIL
]FIL

O:.? Flftfoc Krfp Z`porotfil Z`ttflks Psflk Acot Krfp Fls`rts

olm Cfl` Krfp Fls`rts (Afk.
(Afk. O:.? o
O:.?  olm
lm Afk.
 Afk. O:.4)
O:.4)

AFK. O:.? Flftfoc Krfp Z`poro

Z`porotfil
tfil Psflk Acot Krfp Fls`rts

?>
 

  M224 ∔ ?2

AFK. O:.4 Flftfoc Krfp Z`porotfil Psflk Cfl` Krfp Fls`rts

O:
O:.4.4 Ft fs ojj
ojj`p
`pto
todc
dc`` ai
airr tb
tb`` sb
sbop
op`` ia tb
tb`` kr
krfp
fp fl
fls`
s`rt
rtss ti O:.= ]b` flftfoc strofl rot` r`qufr`m
r`qufr`m wfcc d` fljirr`jt fa tb`
mfaa`r m`p`lmflk il tb` t`stflk flstrue`lt d`flk us`m, dut tb` flftfoc krfp s`porotfil fs lit s`t jirr`jtcy.
mfstolj` d`tw``l tb` piflts ia jiltojt wfcc d` tb` soe`.

O:.: Jocjucot
Jocjucotfil
fil ia uctfeot` `cilkotfil
`cilkotfil wfcc d` fljirr`jt
fljirr`jt fa 
tb` flftfoc krfp s`porotfil fs lit s`t jirr`jtcy.

ZPEEOTV IA JBOLK@Z

Jieeftt`` M4> bos fm`ltf﬏`m tb` cijotfil ia s`c`jt`m jbolk`s ti tbfs stolmorm sflj` tb` cost fssu` (M224 - ?4)
Jieeftt``
tbot eoy fepojt tb` us` ia tbfs stolmorm. (Oukust ?, 4>?2)

(?)  Omm`m Z`jtfil = Zueeory ia ]`st E`tbim. (;)  Zuds`jtfils ?4.: olm ?4.18 T`vfs`m ti us` irfkfloc ov`rok`
(4)   T`l
T`lued
ued`r``r`m
m sud
suds`q
s`qu`l
u`ltt s`j
s`jtfil
tfilss oat
oat`r
`r tb` omm
ommftfi
ftfil
l ia  jriss-s`jtfi
jriss -s`jtfiloc
loc or`o os ippi
ippis`m
s`m ti irfkfl
irfkfloc
oc eflfeu
eflfeuee jriss
jriss--
Z`jtfil =. s`jtfiloc or`o ti stoy jilsfst`lt wftb biw eimucus fs jocju-
(:)  Zuds`jtfil ;.08 Jcorf﬏`m tbot tb` ?>% ulfairefty ia tbfjg- cot`m.
l`ss fs dos`m il ov`rok` tbfjgl`ss. (2)   Zu
Zuds
ds`jt
`jtfi
fill ?=
?=.:
.:.?
.? ol
olmm ?=
?=.:
.:.4
.488 T`v
T`vfs
fs`m
`m us
usfl
flk
k tb
tb`` l`l`w
w
(=)   Zuds`
Zuds`jtfil
jtfil 6.:8 T`eiv`
T`eiv`m m r`mul
r`mulmoljy
moljy ia stotflk tbot tb` OZ]E
OZ] E M4> dif difc`r
c`r pcot
pcot`` stot
stot`e`l
`e`lts ts air r`p
r`prim
rimujfd
ujfdfcft
fcfty
y olm
lued`r ia sp`jfe`ls l``ms ti d` r`pirt`m os ft fs ocr`omy stot`m r`p`otodfcfty.
fl tb` r`pirt s`jtfil. (6)  ]b` t`re –jbort r`jirm`r― wos jbolk`m ti –flstrue`lt― fl
(0)  Zuds`jtfil ??.48 Jcorf﬏`m tb` lued`r ia e`osur`e`lts ti Oll`x O?, Lit` ? ia Afkur` O?.? olm Oll`x O?, Lit` ? ia 
tog`` ai
tog airr jr
jris
iss-
s-s`
s`jtf
jtfil
iloc
oc or
or`o.
`o. Li
Liww ststot`
ot`ss ti to
tog`
g` tb
tbr`
r``` os
Afkur` O?.4.
ippis`m ti s`v`roc.
(?>)  ^`refs
^`refssfv`
sfv` colkuo
colkuok`k` r`eiv
r`eiv`m`m tbriu
tbriukbiu
kbiutt wb`r` oppcf-
(1)  Zuds`jtfil ?4.48 T`vfs`m ti us` ov`rok` wfmtb ia sp`jfe`l
jodc`.
os ippis`m ti eflfeue ti stoy jilsfst`lt wftb biw str`ss olm
eimucus or` jocjucot`m.

??
 

  M224 ∔ ?2
Flt`rlotfiloc tog`s li pisftf
OZ]E Flt`rlotfiloc pisftfil
il r`sp`jtflk tb` vocfmf
vocfmfty
ty ia oly pot`lt rfkbts oss`rt
oss`rt`m
`m fl jill`j
jill`jtfil
tfil wftb oly ft`e e`ltfi
e`ltfil`m 
l`m 
fl tbfs stolmorm. Ps`rs ia tbfs stolmorm or` `xpr`sscy omvfs`m tbot m`t`reflotfil ia tb` vocfmfty ia oly sujb pot`lt rfkbts, olm tb` rfsg 
ia flarflk`e`lt ia sujb rfkbts, or` `ltfr`cy tb`fr iwl r`spilsfdfcfty.

]bfs stolmorm fs sudh`jt ti r`vfsfil ot oly tfe` dy tb` r`spilsfdc` t`jblfjoc jieeftt`` olm eust d` r`vf`w`m `v`ry ﬏v` y`ors olm 
fa lit r`vfs`m, `ftb`r r`oppriv`m ir wftbmrowl. Viur jiee`lts or` flvft`m `ftb`r air r`vfsfil ia tbfs stolmorm ir air ommftfiloc stolmorms 
olm sbiucm d` ommr`ss`m ti OZ]E Flt`rlotfiloc B`omquort`rs. Viur jiee`lts wfcc r`j`fv` jor`auc jilsfm`rotfil ot o e``tflk ia tb` 
r`spilsfdc`
r`spil sfdc` t`jblfjoc
t`jblfjoc jieeftt``, wbfjb yiu eoy ott`lm. Fa yiu a``c tbot yiur jiee`lts bov` lit r`j`fv
r`j`fv`m
`m o aofr b`orflk yiu sbiucm 
eog` yiur vf`ws gliwl ti tb` OZ]E Jieeftt`` il Ztolmorms, ot tb` ommr`ss sbiwl d`ciw.

]bfs stolmorm fs jipyrfkbt`m dy OZ]E Flt`rlotfiloc, ?>> Dorr Bordir Mrfv`, ^I Dix J;>>, [`st Jilsbibijg`l, ^O ?6=42-4606,
Plft`m Ztot`s. Flmfvfmuoc r`prflts (sflkc` ir euctfpc` jipf`s) ia tbfs stolmorm eoy d` idtofl`m dy jiltojtflk OZ]E ot tb` odiv` 
ommr`ss ir ot 1?>-
ommr`ss 1?>-2:4-
2:4-6020
6020 (pbi
(pbil`),
l`), 1?>-
1?>-2:4-
2:4-6000
6000 (aox
(aox),
), ir s`rv
s`rvfj`N
fj`Noste
oste.irk
.irk (`-e
(`-eofc)
ofc)77 ir tbri
tbriukb
ukb tb` OZ]E w`ds
w`dsft` 
ft` 
(www.oste.
(www .oste.irk).
irk). ^`refssfil
^`refssfil rfkbts ti pbitijipy tb` stolmo
stolmorm
rm eoy ocsi d` s`jur`
s`jur`m
m arie tb` Jipyrf
Jipyrfkbt
kbt Jc`orolj` J`lt`r,
J`lt`r, 444 
Tis`wiim Mrfv`, Molv`rs, EO >?64:, ]`c8 (6;2) 1=1-41>>7 bttp8//www.jipyrfkbt.jie/ 

?4