Name: Mary Kate L.

Ceballos Date: October 07, 2021

Course/Year/Sec: BSN 1-YA-18 Teacher: Dr. Ramon Lirio

EXERCISE NO .1
INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

GIO 1. To study the generalities regarding the study of Human Anatomy and
Physiology.

SIO:
1. Differentiate Human Anatomy from Human Physiology
➢ Human Anatomy is the study or investigation of the normal structure of
the human body. It also covers the relationship of these structures with
one another. Studying anatomy contains the different compositions of
body parts, their microscopic organization, and how they develop. All
the same, Human Physiology is the study of the different processes or
functions of the normal structures of the human body. Studying human
physiology helps in understanding and predicting the body's responses
to different stimuli.

2. Describe the main divisions of Human anatomy

➢ There are four Divisions of Human Anatomy. Mainly,
Gross/Macroscopic Anatomy, Microscopic Anatomy, Embryology, and
Neuroanatomy.

Gross/Macroscopic Anatomy is the study of the normal structures

that is enough to be studied by the naked eyes, without the usage of
the microscope. Under this, it includes the systemic anatomy, which is
the study of the structures of the body systems; regional anatomy,
which studies the specific region of the body, such as the head; and the
surface anatomy, which focuses on the external features, or the
landmarks on the body's organs.

Microscopic Anatomy, on the other hand, is the study of body

structures using a microscope. Under this is cytology, which is the study
of cells or the structural features of the cell, and histology, which is the
study of tissues. Since they require the usage of a microscope to be
studied and analyzed, they belong to the microscopic anatomy.

Embryology is the study of the development of embryos from

fertilization up to the extrauterine life or where the womb is. Lastly is
Neuroanatomy, where the macroscopic features and development of
the nervous system are studied. Basically, it is the anatomy of the
nervous system.
3. Describe the main divisions of Human Physiology
➢ Similar to the number of divisions of human anatomy, human
physiology also has four divisions. They are Cell, Special, Systemic,
and Pathologic Physiology.

Cell Physiology is the study of the functions of living cells. It

examines the process which occurs in the cells, like metabolism.

Special Physiology is the study of the functions of the different

specific organs in the body, such as cardiac physiology, which studies
the function of the heart.

Systemic Physiology is the study of the functions or role of the

specific organ system. It is similar to systemic anatomy as they both
study the body systems. An example of this is neurophysiology which
deals with the function of the nervous system.

Lastly, Pathologic Physiology or Pathology studies the effects of

diseases in an organ or organ system. Pathology comes from the
Greek word 'pathos' which means diseases or suffering.

4. Explain the term homeostasis and the process of

homeostasis regulation.
➢ Homeostasis is the maintenance of the body's environment. According
to VanPutte, Regan, & Russo (2016), homeostasis is the ability to
maintain balance regardless of the changes in the internal and external
environment. It tends to maintain the stability for our survival. The
maintenance it does is for the organs in our body to properly function
because once homeostasis fails, toxic wastes may increase, causing
diseases/illnesses. And for our body to attain this, it must actively
regulate. An example of this is when the surrounding temperature is
increasing. Our body produces sweat to lower our body's temperature,
which changes because of the external environment.

Homeostatic regulation is the adjustment of the physiological

systems of the body. The three main parts are; receptor, control center,
and effector. The receptor receives a signal whenever something in the
internal and external environment is changing. It monitors the
controlled condition and sends information to the control center for the
reaction. Then, the control center will receive the input and processes
it. It will then send output commands to the effector. Lastly, once the
effector receives the output command, it will now produce a response
that will either oppose or enhance the stimulus to change the controlled
condition. Like the example of temperature. The increase in body
temperature is detected by the receptor. The response of the system
is to produce sweat to regulate the temperature.
5. Discuss the different levels of structural organization of the human
body.
➢ The different levels of structural organization of the body are; chemical,
cell, tissue, organ, organ system, and organism.
The chemical level is where the different atoms interact and
combine to form molecules. The cell level, which is the basic and
smallest unit of organization, is where the molecules formed by atoms
create organelles, such as the nucleus and mitochondria, which make
up cells. This level performs all activities that maintain life, like
metabolism. The next is the tissue level/tissues. Homogenous or similar
cells combine to produce tissues, such as epithelial, connective, etc.
Their similarity determines the function of a specific tissue created.
After tissues are at the organ level. Combined tissues form organs to
perform one or more functions. An example of an organ is the stomach.
Then, the different groups of organs make up an organ system. These
organs work together to sustain a specific function. Lastly is the
organism level, which is the combination of the different organ system
that is interrelated and have their specific roles.

6. Describe a person in anatomical position.

➢ An anatomical position is the standard or normal position reference for
the body. A person is in an anatomical position when it is standing erect
when their eyes and head are directed forward, the upper limbs are on
the side with palms facing forward, and the lower limbs together, with
the toes, facing forward.

In addition, when the person is lying down, its anatomical position

is called supine and prone. Supine is when the body is lying on its back
with its head facing in front, upper limbs on the side with the palms
facing upward, and lower limbs together, with the toes facing upward.
Prone is the term when the body is lying on its belly and face is down.

7. Describe the following imaginary planes.

a. Sagittal plane
➢ The sagittal plane divides the body lengthwise into right and left
sides. This plane does not exactly divide the body into two equal
parts.

b. Midsagittal plane
➢ The midsagittal is the same as the sagittal plane, wherein the
body is divided lengthwise into right and left sides. However, this
plane divides the body exactly in the midline producing two equal
proportions of right and left.
 c. Coronal plane
➢ The coronal plane or also called the frontal plane divides the body
lengthwise into anterior and posterior parts.

d. Horizontal plane
➢ The horizontal plane or commonly known as the transverse plane
divides the body horizontally into upper (superior) and lower
(inferior) parts.

8. Discuss the following anatomical terms used for the different parts of the
body to describe their relations with one another.

a. Anterior and Posterior

➢ Anterior and posterior are described as the front and back.

Anterior or also called ventral, is the front or is directed towards
the front of the body. For example, the sternum is anterior to the
spine. On the other hand, the posterior or also called dorsal, is
the back or directed towards the back of the body. An example
is the spine is posterior to the sternum

b. Superior and Inferior

➢ Superior and Inferior are understood as the above and below.
Superior or also called cranial is the above or is directed towards
the head or upper part structure. It can also be used or identified
as higher than another structure of the body. An example is the
head is superior to the abdomen. While inferior or also called
caudal is the below or directed away from the head and towards
the lower part. It is also described as lower than another structure
of the body. An example is the pelvis is inferior to the abdomen.

c. Medial and Lateral

➢ Medial and Lateral are terms used when describing related to the
midline. The medial is directed towards or at the body's midline.
While lateral is directed away from the body's midline. An
example is the heart is medial to the arm, and the arm is lateral
to the heart.

d. Superficial and Deep

➢ Superficial (external) is the term used to describe when it is
directed toward or at the body's surface. An example is the skin
is superficial to the bones. On the contrary, deep (internal) is the
term used in describing the direction away from the body's
surface. An example is the lungs are deep to the skin.
e. Proximal and Distal
➢ Proximal is the term used when the direction is closer to the point
of origin of the body part or position of a limb near the point of
attachment or the trunk of the body. An example is the
antebrachial is proximal to the carpal. Inversely, distal is the term
used when the direction is farther from the point of origin or
position of a limb farther from the point of attachment. An
example is the crural is distal to the femur.