Brief Calculus An Applied Approach 9th Edition Larson Solutions Manual

Brief Calculus An Applied Approach 9th
Edition Larson Solutions Manual

Visit to Download in Full: https://testbankdeal.com/download/brief-calculus-an-applied
-approach-9th-edition-larson-solutions-manual/
Brief Calculus An Applied Approach 9th Edition Larson Solutions Manual
C H A P T E R 3
Applications of the Derivative
Section 3.1 Increasing and Decreasing Functions ................................................146
Section 3.2 Extrema and the First-Derivative Test...............................................156
Section 3.3 Concavity and the Second-Derivative Test.......................................165
Section 3.4 Optimization Problems.......................................................................180
Quiz Yourself .............................................................................................................190
Section 3.5 Business and Economics Applications..............................................193
Section 3.6 Asymptotes .........................................................................................201
Section 3.7 Curve Sketching: A Summary ...........................................................209
Section 3.8 Differentials and Marginal Analysis..................................................217
Review Exercises ........................................................................................................223
Test Yourself .............................................................................................................243
© 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Visit TestBankDeal.com to get complete for all chapters

C H A P T E R 3
Applications of the Derivative
Section 3.1 Increasing and Decreasing Functions
Skills Warm Up
1. x2 = 8x 2
6. The domain of is ( −∞, 1).
x − 8x = 0
2 1− x
x( x − 8) = 0 2x + 1
7. The domain of is
x = 0 x 2 − 3x − 10
x −8 = 0 ⇒ x = 8 (−∞, − 2) ∪ ( − 2, 5) ∪ (5, ∞).
5 2
2. 15 x = x
15 x − 5 2
x
8
= 0
8. The domain of
3x
9 − 3x 2
(
is − 3, )
3.
8
(
x 15 − 58 x = 0 ) 9. When x = − 2: − 2( − 2 + 1)(− 2 − 1) = − 6
x = 0
When x = 0: − 2(0 + 1)(0 − 1) = 2
5
15 − x = 0 ⇒ x = 24
8
When x = 2: − 2( 2 + 1)( 2 − 1) = − 6
3. x − 25
2
= 0 10. When x = − 2: 4 ⎡⎣2( − 2) + 1⎤⎦ ⎡⎣2( − 2) − 1⎤⎦ = 60
x3
1 25
− 3 = 0 When x = 0: 4( 2 ⋅ 0 + 1)( 2 ⋅ 0 − 1) = − 4
x x
When x = 2: 4( 2 ⋅ 2 + 1)( 2 ⋅ 2 − 1) = 60
1 25
= 3
x x
2( − 2) + 1 1
x3 = 25 x 11. When x = − 2: = −
(− 2 − 1) 2
3
x3 − 25 x = 0
2⋅0+1
x( x 2 − 25) = 0 When x = 0: =1
(0 − 1)
2
x( x + 5)( x − 5) = 0
2⋅2+1
x = 0 Extraneous When x = 2: = 5
(2 − 1)
2
x + 5 = 0 ⇒ x = −5
x −5 = 0 ⇒ x = 5 − 2( − 2 + 1) 1
12. When x = − 2: =
2x (− 2 − 4) 2
18
4. = 0
1 − x2 − 2(0 + 1) 1
When x = 0: = −
2x = 0 (0 − 4)
2
8
x = 0
− 2( 2 + 1) 3
When x = 2: = −
5. The domain of
x +3
is ( −∞, 3) ∪ (3, ∞).
(2 − 4)
2
2
x −3
1. f has a critical number at x = −1. 2. f has critical numbers at x = ± 2.
f is increasing on ( − ∞, −1). f is increasing on ( − ∞, − 2) ∪ ( 2, ∞).
f is decreasing on ( −1, ∞). f is decreasing on ( − 2, 2).
146 © 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Section 3.1 Increasing and Decreasing Functions 147
3. f has critical numbers at x = ±1, 0. x 2 − 4 = ( x 2 − 4)

12
9. f ( x ) =
f is increasing on ( −1, 0) ∪ (1, ∞).
1 2
( x − 4) (2 x)
−1 2
f ′( x) =
f is decreasing on ( − ∞, −1) ∪ (0, 1). 2
x
=
4. f has critical numbers at x = ± 3, 0.
( x2 − 4)
12
f is increasing on ( − ∞, − 3) ∪ (0, 3).

Set f ′( x) = 0.
f is decreasing on ( − 3, 0) ∪ (3, ∞).
x = 0 ( Note: x = 0 is not in the domain of f ( x).)
5. f ( x) = 4 x − 6 x
2
f ′( x) is undefined at x = ± 2.
f ′( x) = 8 x − 6 = 2( 4 x − 3) Critical numbers: x = ± 2
Set f ′( x) = 0.
x
10. y =
2( 4 x − 3) = 0 x2
+ 16
4x − 3 = 0
y′( x) =
( x2 + 16)(1) − x( 2 x)
( x2 + 16)
3 2
x = 4
f ′( x) is never undefined. 16 − x 2
y′ =
( x2 + 16)
2
3
Critical number: x = 4
Set y′ = 0.
6. f ( x ) = 3x 2 + 10
16 − x 2 = 0
f ′( x) = 6 x
x 2 = 16
Set f ′( x) = 0. x = ±4
6x = 0 y′ is never undefined.
x = 0 Critical numbers: x = ± 4
f ′( x) is never undefined.
11. f ( x) = 2 x − 3
f ′( x) = 2
7. y = x + 4 x + 8
4 3
There are no critical numbers. Since the derivative is
y′ = 4 x3 + 12 x 2 = 4 x 2 ( x + 3) positive for all x, the function is increasing on ( −∞, ∞).
Set y′ = 0. 1
−4
4 x 2 ( x + 3) = 0
5
4 x2 = 0 x +3 = 0
x = 0 x = −3
y′ is never undefined. −5
Critical numbers: x = 0, − 3 12. f ( x) = 5 − 3 x

f ′( x) = −3
8. g ( x) = 2 x 2 − 54 x
There are no critical numbers. Since the derivative is
g ′( x) = 4 x − 54 = 4( x − 16)
negative for all x, the function is decreasing on ( −∞, ∞).
Set g ′( x) = 0. 7
4( x − 16) = 0
x − 16 = 0
x = 16 −3 3
g ′( x) is undefined. −1
148 Chapter 3 Applications of the Derivative
13. y = x 2 − 6 x 15. f ( x) = − 2 x 2 + 4 x + 3
y′ = 2 x − 6 f ′( x) = −4 x + 4
Critical number: x = 3 Critical number: x = 1
Interval −∞ < x < 3 3 < x < ∞ Interval −∞ < x < 1 1< x < ∞
Sign of y′ y′ < 0 y′ > 0 Sign of f ′ f′ > 0 f′ < 0
Conclusion Decreasing Increasing Conclusion Increasing Decreasing
2
6
−2 7 (1, 5)
−2 4
(3, −9)
− 10
−3
14. y = −( x − 2 x) = 2 x − x
2 2
16. f ( x) = x 2 + 8 x + 10
y′ = − 2 x + 2
f ′( x) = 2 x + 8
Critical number: x = −4
Interval −∞ < x < 1 1< x < ∞
Interval −∞ < x < −4 −4 < x < ∞
Sign of y′ y′ > 0 y′ < 0
Sign of f ′ f′ < 0 f′ > 0
Conclusion Increasing Decreasing
Conclusion Decreasing Increasing
2
4
(1, 1)
−1 5 −12 6
−2 (−4, −6)
−8
17. y = 3 x3 + 12 x 2 + 15 x
y′ = 9 x 2 + 24 x + 15 = 3( x + 1)(3 x + 5)
Critical numbers: x = −1, − 53 2
−4 2
Interval −∞ < x < − 53 − 53 < x < −1 −1 < x < ∞
(5 50
− ,− )
y′ > 0 y′ < 0 y′ > 0
3 9
Sign of y′
(−1, 6)
Conclusion Increasing Decreasing Increasing

− 10
f ( x) = x3 − 3 x + 2 = ( x − 1) ( x + 2)
2
18.
f ′( x) = 3 x 2 − 3 = 3( x + 1)( x − 1)
Critical numbers: x = ±1 5
(−1, 4)
Interval −∞ < x < −1 −1 < x < 1 1< x < ∞

Sign of f ′ f′ > 0 f′ < 0 f′ > 0 −6
(1, 0)
6

−3
19. f ( x) = x 4 − 2 x3
f ′( x) = 4 x3 − 6 x 2 = 2 x 2 ( 2 x − 3)
3
Critical numbers: x = 0, x = 2 4
Interval −∞ < x < 0 0 < x < 3 3 < x < ∞

2 2
Sign of f ′ f′ < 0 f′ < 0 f′ > 0 −2 3
Conclusion Decreasing Decreasing Increasing −2
f is decreasing on −∞, ( 3
2 ) and increasing on ( 32 , ∞).
20. f ( x) = 1 4
4
x − 2 x2
f ′( x) = x3 − 4 x = x( x − 2)( x + 2)
Critical numbers: x = 0, 2, − 2 4
Interval (−∞, − 2) (−2, 0) (0, 2) (2, ∞) −7 8
Sign of f ′ f′ < 0 f′ > 0 f′ < 0 f′ > 0

Conclusion Decreasing Increasing Decreasing Increasing −6
21. g ( x) = ( x + 2) 22. y = ( x − 2)
2 3
g ′( x) = 2( x + 2) y′ = 3( x − 2)
2
Critical number: x = −2 Critical number: x = 2
Interval −∞ < x < − 2 −2 < x < ∞ Interval −∞ < x < 2 2 < x < ∞
Sign of g′ g′ < 0 g′ > 0 Sign of y′ y′ > 0 y′ > 0
Conclusion Decreasing Increasing Conclusion Increasing Increasing
7 2
(2, 0)
−1 5
−8 4
(−2, 0)
−1 −2
y is increasing on ( −∞, ∞).
23. g ( x) = − ( x − 1)
2
g ′( x) = −2( x − 1)
Critical number: x = 1 1
(1, 0)
Interval −∞ < x < 1 1< x < ∞ −2 4
Sign of g′ g′ > 0 g′ < 0

−3
24. y = x3 − 6 x 2 30
y′ = 3 x 2 − 12 x = 3 x( x − 4)
(0, 0)
−4 8
Critical numbers: x = 0, x = 4
(4, −32)
Interval −∞ < x < 0 0 < x < 4 4 < x < ∞
− 50
Sign of y′ y′ > 0 y′ < 0 y′ > 0
x 2 − 1 = ( x 2 − 1)
12
25. y = x1 3 + 1 27. f ( x) =
1 −2 3 1
y′ = x = Domain: ( −∞, −1] ∪ [1, ∞)
3 3x 2 3
1 2 x
( x − 1) (2 x) =
−1 2
Critical number: x = 0 f ′( x) =
2 x −1
2
Interval −∞ < x < 0 0 < x < ∞ Critical numbers: x = ±1 ( x = 0 not in domain)

Sign of y′ y′ > 0 y′ > 0
Interval −∞ < x < −1 1< x < ∞
Conclusion Increasing Increasing
Sign of f ′ f′ < 0 f′ > 0
4
10
(0, 1)
−5 4
−2
(−1, 0) (1, 0)
−9 9
y is increasing on ( −∞, ∞).
−2
26. y = x 2 3 − 4
9 − x 2 = (9 − x 2 )
12
28. f ( x) =
2 2
y′ = x −1 3 = 1 3
3 3x Domain: −3 ≤ x ≤ 3
Critical number: x = 0 1 x
(9 − x 2 ) (−2 x) = −
−1 2
f ′( x) =
2 9 − x2
Interval −∞ < x < 0 0 < x < ∞
Critical numbers: x = 0, ± 3
Sign of y′ y′ < 0 y′ > 0
Conclusion Decreasing Increasing Interval −3 < x < 0 0 < x < 3
2
Sign of f ′ f′ > 0 f′ < 0
−6 6
10
(0, −4)
(0, 3)
−6
(−3, 0) (3, 0)
−9 9
−2
29. g ( x) = ( x + 2) 30. g ( x) = ( x − 1)
13 23
2 2
g ′( x) =
1
( x + 2) (1) =
−2 3 1 g ′( x) = ( x − 1)−1 3 =
3( x − 1)
13
3 3( x + 2)
23 3
g ′( − 2) is undefined. Critical number: x = 1
Critical number: x = − 2 Interval −∞ < x < 1 1< x < ∞

Sign of g′ g′ < 0 g′ > 0
Interval −∞ < x < −2 −2 < x < ∞
Sign of g ′ g′ > 0 g′ > 0
5
4
(−2, 0) −5 7
−8 4
(1, 0)
−1
−4
31. f ( x) = x x + 1 = x( x + 1)
12
Domain: [−1, ∞)
⎡1 −1 2 ⎤ 1 3x + 2
f ′( x) = x ⎢ ( x + 1) ⎥ + ( x + 1) = ( x + 1) ⎡⎣ x + 2( x + 1)⎤⎦ =
12 −1 2
⎣2 ⎦ 2 2 x +1
2
Critical numbers: x = −1, −
3
Interval −1 < x < − 23 − 23 < x < ∞

Sign of f ′ f′ < 0 f′ > 0
2
−3 3
−2
32. h( x) = x 3 x − 1 = x( x − 1)
13
1 1 4x − 3
h′( x) = x( x − 1) + ( x − 1) = ( x − 1) ⎡⎣ x + 3( x − 1)⎤⎦ =
−2 3 13 −2 3
3( x − 1)
23
3 3
3
Critical numbers: x = ,1
4
Interval −∞ < x < 3 3 < x <1 1< x < ∞ 4

4 4
Sign of h′ h′ < 0 h′ > 0 h′ > 0

Conclusion Decreasing Increasing Increasing −4 5
h is decreasing on −∞, ( 3
4 ) and increasing on ( 34 , ∞). −2
x 1
33. f ( x) =
x + 9
2
(3, 16 )
f ′( x) =
(x 2
+ 9)(1) − x( 2 x)
=
9− x 2 −6 6
(−3, − 16 )
( x2 + 9) ( x2 + 9)
2 2
−1
f ′( x) = 0:
9 − x2 = 0 Interval −∞ < x < −3 −3 < x < 3 3 < x < ∞
x2 = 9 Sign of f ′ f′ < 0 f′ > 0 f′ < 0

x = ±3 Conclusion Decreasing Increasing Decreasing
Critical numbers: x = ± 3
x2 x + 4
34. f ( x) = 35. f ( x) =
x + 4
2 x −5
f ′( x) =
( x 2 + 4)(2 x) − ( x 2 )(2 x) =
8x
f ′( x) =
(x − 5)(1) − ( x + 4)(1)
= −
9
( x 2 + 4) (x + 4) ( x − 5) ( x − 5)
2 2 2 2
2
Critical number: x = 0 Discontinuity: x = 5
Interval −∞ < x < 0 0 < x < ∞ Interval −∞ < x < 5 5 < x < ∞
Sign of f ′ f′ < 0 f′ > 0 Sign of f ′ f′ < 0 f′ < 0
Conclusion Decreasing Increasing Conclusion Decreasing Decreasing
y
3
15
12
9
6
3
−4 4
x
−8 −6 −4 −2 4 6 8
−1 −6
−9
−12
−15
x
36. f ( x) =
x +1
f ′( x) =
( x + 1) − ( x) =
1
(x + 1)
2
(x + 1)
2
y
Discontinuity: x = −1 3
Interval −∞ < x < −1 −1 < x < ∞ 1
x
−3 −2
Sign of f ′ f′ > 0 f′ > 0
1 2 3
2x
37. f ( x) = y
16 − x 2 6
f ′( x) =
(16 − x 2 )2 − 2 x(−2 x) =
2 x 2 + 32 4
(16 − x 2 ) (16 − x 2 )
2 2 2
x
−6 2
−2
Discontinuities: x = ± 4 −4
−6
Interval −∞ < x < −4 −4 < x < 4 4 < x < ∞
Sign of f ′ f′ > 0 f′ > 0 f′ > 0
Conclusion Increasing Increasing Increasing
x2
38. f ( x) =
x −9
2
( x 2 − 9)(2 x) − x 2 (2 x)
y
−18 x
f ′( x) = = −
( x 2 − 9) ( x 2 − 9)
2 2 5
f ′( x) = 0: −18 x = 0
1
x
−5 −3 −1 1 3 5
x = 0 −3
Critical number: x = 0 −5
Discontinuities: x = ± 3
Interval −∞ < x < −3 −3 < x < 0 0 < x < 3 3 < x < ∞

Sign of f ′ f′ > 0 f′ > 0 f′ < 0 f ′( x) < 0
Conclusion Increasing Increasing Decreasing Decreasing
⎪⎧4 − x , x ≤ 0
2 y
⎧3 x + 1, x ≤ 1 y
39. y = ⎨ 40. y = ⎨
⎩5 − x , x > 1
2
⎪⎩−2 x, x > 0
4
3
3
⎧3, x <1
2
⎧−2 x, x < 0
y′ = ⎨
1
y′ = ⎨ 2
⎩−2, x > 0 ⎩−2 x, x > 1

x
− 4 −3 −1 1 2 3 4 1
y′(1) is undefined.
−2
y′(0) is undefined. −3 −1 1 2 3 4
x
−4
( x = 0 is not a critical number.)
Interval −∞ < x < 0 0 < x < ∞
Interval −∞ < x < 1 1< x < ∞
Sign of y′ y′ > 0 y′ < 0
Sign of y′ y′ > 0 y′ < 0
y
⎧2 x + 1, x ≤ −1
41. y = ⎨ 2 Interval −∞ < x < −1 −1 < x < 0 0 < x < ∞ 3
⎩x − 2, x > −1 2
Sign of y′ y′ > 0 y′ < 0 y′ > 0
⎧2, x < −1 1
y′ = ⎨
⎩2 x, x > −1 Conclusion Increasing Decreasing Increasing −3 −2 −1 1 2 3
x
−1
y′( −1) is undefined.

−3
Critical numbers: x = −1, 0
y
⎪⎧− x + 1, x ≤ 0
3
42. y = ⎨ 2 Interval −∞ < x < 0 0 < x <1 1< x < ∞
⎪⎩− x + 2 x, x > 0
4
Sign of y′ y′ < 0 y′ > 0 y′ < 0 3
⎪⎧−3x , x < 0
2 2
y′ = ⎨ Conclusion Decreasing Increasing Decreasing
⎪⎩−2 x + 2, x > 0 x
−3 −2 −1 1 3
y′(0) is undefined.
−2
Critical numbers: x = 0, 1
43. S = −1.598t 2 + 45.61t + 130.2, 3 ≤ t ≤ 9

S ′ = − 3.196t + 45.61
Since S ′ > 0 when t ≈ 14.3, there is no critical number in the interval [3, 9].
S ′ > 0 on the interval [3, 9], so S is increasing on [3, 9].
Sales for Wal-Mart are strictly increasing from 2003 to 2009.
44. As the temperature increases, the average velocity (the curve’s peak) and the speed of velocities increases. For each
temperature, the number of N 2 molecules increases to the peak of the curve and decreases after the peak.
45. y = 0.692t 3 − 50.11t 2 + 1119.7t + 7894
y′ = 2.076t 2 − 100.22t + 1119.7

(a) 18,000
0 38
0
Increasing from 1970 to late 1988 and from late 2001 to 2008
Decreasing from late 1988 to late 2001
(b) Set y′ = 0.
2.076t 2 − 100.22t + 1119.7 = 0
− ( −100.22) ± (−100.22) − 4(2.076)(1119.7)

2
t =
2( 2.076)
Critical numbers: t ≈ 17.6, 30.7
Interval 0 < t < 17.6 17.6 < t < 30.7 30.7 < t < 38
Sign of y′ y′ > 0 y′ < 0 y′ > 0
Conclusion Increasing Decreasing Decreasing
Therefore, the model is increasing from 1970 to late 1988 and from late 2001 to 2008 and
decreasing from late 1988 to late 2001.
⎛1 x ⎞
46. C = 10⎜ + ⎟, 1 ≤ x
⎝x x + 3⎠
(a)
dC ⎡
= 10 ⎢− x −2 +
( x + 3) − ( x) ⎤⎥ = 10⎡⎢− 1 + 3 ⎤
⎥ = 10
⎡ −( x + 3)2 + 3 x 2 ⎤
⎢
⎡ 2x2 − 6 x − 9⎤
⎥ = 10⎢ ⎥
( x + 3) ⎥⎦ ( x + 3) ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ x ( x + 3) ⎢⎣ x 2 ( x + 3) ⎥⎦
2 2 2 2 2
dx ⎢⎣ ⎢⎣ x 2
⎥⎦
By the Quadratic Formula, 2 x 2 − 6 x − 9 = 0 when

6± 108 3±3 3
x = = .
4 2
The only critical number in the domain is x ≈ 4.10. C is decreasing on [1, 4.10) and increasing on ( 4.10, ∞).
(b) 14
0 22
0
(c) C = 9 when x = 2 and x = 15.

Answers will vary.
x2
47. P = 2.36 x − − 3500, 0 ≤ x ≤ 50,000
25,000
1 Interval 0 ≤ x ≤ 29,500 29,500 < x ≤ 50,000
(a) P′ = 2.36 − x
12,500
Sign of P′ P' > 0 P′ < 0
Domain: 0 ≤ x ≤ 50,000
Critical number: x = 29,500
(b) You should charge the price that yields sales of x = 29,500 bags of popcorn. Since the function changes
from increasing to decreasing at x = 29,500, the maximum profit occurs at this value.
48. (a) P = R − C
1
P =
20,000
(65,000 x − x 2 ) − (0.6 x + 7500)
1
= 3.25 x − x 2 − 0.6 x − 7500
20,000
1
= − x 2 + 2.65 x − 7500
20,000
(b) P′ = −0.0001x + 2.65 Interval 0 < x < 26,500 26,500 < x < 50,000
Domain: 0 ≤ x ≤ 50,000
Sign of P′ P' > 0 P′ < 0
Critical number: x = 26,500
(c) The restaurant needs to sell 26,500 hamburgers to obtain a maximum profit. Because the function changes
from increasing to decreasing at x = 26,500, the maximum profit occurs at this value
Section 3.2 Extrema and the First-Derivative Test
Skills Warm Up
1. f ( x) = 4 x 4 − 2 x 2 + 1 6. f ( x) =
x −1
x2 + 4
f ′( x) = 16 x3 − 4 x = 0
− x2 + 2x + 4
f ′( x) = = 0
4 x( 4 x − 1) = 0
( x2 + 4)
2 2
4 x( 2 x + 1)( 2 x − 1) = 0
− x2 + 2 x + 4 = 0
1
x = 0, x = ± −2 ± 22 − 4( −1)( 4)
2 x =
2( −1)
2. f ( x) = 1 3
3
x − 3 2
2
x − 10 x −2 ± 20
=
f ′( x) = x − 3 x − 10 = 0
2 −2
−2 ± 2 5
(x − 5)( x + 2) = 0 =
−2
x = −2, x = 5 =1± 5
3. f ( x) = 5 x 4 5 − 4 x 7. g ′( x) = −5 x 4 − 8 x3 + 12 x 2 + 2
f ′( x) = 4 x −1 5
− 4 g ′( −4) = −574 < 0
4
= 15 − 4 = 0
x 8. g ′( x) = −5 x 4 − 8 x3 + 12 x 2 + 2
x1 5 = 1 g ′(0) = 2 > 0
x =1
9. g ′( x) = −5 x 4 − 8 x3 + 12 x 2 + 2
4. f ( x) = 1 x2
2
− 3x 53
g ′(1) = 1 > 0
f ′( x) = x − 5 x 2 3 = 0
10. g ′( x) = −5 x 4 − 8 x3 + 12 x 2 + 2
x 2 3 ( x1 3 − 5) = 0
g ′(3) = −511 < 0
x = 0, x = 125
11. f ( x) = 2 x 2 − 11x − 6, (3, 6)
x + 4 f ′( x) = 4 x − 11
5. f ( x) =
x2 + 1
f ′( 4) = 5 > 0
− x2 − 8x + 1
f ′( x) = = 0 So, f is increasing on (3, 6).
( x2 + 1)
2
− x2 − 8x + 1 = 0 12. f ( x) = x3 + 2 x 2 − 4 x − 8, ( −2, 0)
f ′( x) = 3 x 2 + 4 x − 4
8± (−8)2 − 4(−1)(1)
x = f ′( −1) = −5 < 0
2( −1)
8± 68 So, f is decreasing on ( −2, 0).
=
−2
8 ± 2 17
=
−2
= −4 ± 17
Section 3.2 Extrema and the First-Derivative Test 157
1. f ( x) = − 2 x 2 + 4 x + 3 3. f ( x) = x 2 − 6 x
f ′( x) = 4 − 4 x = 4(1 − x) f ′( x) = 2 x − 6 = 2( x − 3)
Interval −∞ < x < 1 1< x < ∞ Interval −∞ < x < 3 3 < x < ∞
Sign of f ′ f′ > 0 f′ < 0 Sign of f ′ f′ < 0 f′ > 0
Conclusion Increasing Decreasing Conclusion Decreasing Increasing
Relative maximum: (1, 5) Relative minimum: (3, − 9)
2. f ( x) = x 2 + 8 x + 10
4. f ( x) = −4 x 2 + 4 x + 1
f ′( x) = 2 x + 8 = 2( x + 4)
f ′( x) = −8 x + 4 = −4( 2 x − 1)
Critical number: x = − 4 1
Interval (−∞, − 4) (−4, ∞) 1 1
Interval −∞ < x < 2 2
< x < ∞
Sign of f ′ f′ < 0 f′ > 0
Sign of f ′ f′ > 0 f′ < 0
Relative minimum: ( −4, − 6)
Relative maximum: ( 12 , 2)
5. f ( x) = x 4 − 12 x3
f ′( x) = 4 x3 − 36 x 2 = 4 x 2 ( x − 9)
Interval −∞ < x < 0 0 < x < 9 9 < x < ∞

Sign of f ′ f′ < 0 f′ < 0 f′ > 0
Conclusion Decreasing Decreasing Increasing
Relative minimum: (9, − 2187)
6. g ( x) = 1 x5
5
− x = 1
5 ( x5 − 5 x)
g ′( x) = x 4 − 1 = ( x 2 + 1)( x + 1)( x − 1)
Critical numbers: x = ±1
Interval −∞ < x < −1 −1 < x < 1 1< x < ∞

Sign of g′ g′ > 0 g′ < 0 g′ > 0
( 54 )
Relative maximum: −1,
Relative minimum: (1, − 54 )
7. h( x) = −( x + 4)
3
Interval −∞ < x < − 4 −4 < x < ∞
h′( x) = −3( x + 4)
2
Sign of h′ h′ < 0 h′ < 0
Critical number: x = − 4
Conclusion Decreasing Decreasing
No relative extrema
8. h( x) = 2( x − 3)
3
Interval −∞ < x < 3 3 < x < ∞
h′( x) = 6( x − 3)
2
Sign of h′ h′ > 0 h′ > 0
No relative extrema
9. f ( x) = x3 − 6 x 2 + 15
f ′( x) = 3 x 2 − 12 x = 3 x( x − 4)
Interval −∞ < x < 0 0 < x < 4 4 < x < ∞

Sign of f ′ f′ > 0 f′ < 0 f′ > 0
Relative maximum: (0, 15)
Relative minimum: ( 4, −17)
10. f ( x) = x 4 − 32 x + 4
Interval −∞ < x < 2 2 < x < ∞
f ′( x) = 4 x3 − 32 = 4( x3 − 8)
Sign of f ′ f′ < 0 f′ > 0
Relative minimum: ( 2, − 44)
11. f ( x) = 6 x 2 3 + 4 x
4
f ′( x) = 4 x −1 3 + 4 = + 4
x1 3
f ′(0) is undefined.
Set f ′( x) = 0.
4
+ 4 = 0
x1 3
4 = − 4 x1 3
−1 = x1 3
−1 = x
Critical numbers: x = −1, 0
Interval − ∞ < x < −1 −1 < x < 0 0 < x < ∞

Sign of f ′ f′ > 0 f′ < 0 f′ > 0
Relative maximum: ( −1, 2)
Relative minimum: (0, 0)
12. f ( x) = 3x − 36 x1 3
12
f ′( x) = 3 − 12 x − 2 3 = 3 −
x2 3
f ′(0) is undefined.
Set f ′( x) = 0.
12
3− = 0
x2 3
12
3 = 23
x
3 x 2 3 = 12
x2 3 = 4
x = ( 4)
32
= ±8
Critical numbers: x = ± 8, 0
Interval − ∞ < x < −8 −8 < x < 0 0 < x < 8 8 < x < ∞

Sign of f ′ f′ > 0 f′ < 0 f′ < 0 f′ > 0
Conclusion Increasing Decreasing Decreasing Increasing
Relative maximum: ( − 8, 48)
13. f ( x) = 2 x − 6 x 2 3
2( x1 3 − 2)
0
4 −15 15
f ′( x) = 2 − 4 x −1 3 = 2 − =
x1 3 x1 3
Critical numbers: x = 0, 8
Interval −∞ < x < 0 0 < x < 8 8 < x < ∞ −15
Sign of f ′ f′ > 0 f′ < 0 f′ > 0

f (t ) = (t − 1)
13
14.
4
1 1
f ′(t ) = (t − 1)
−2 3
=
3(t − 1)
23
3
−6 6
Critical number: t = 1
Interval −∞ < t < 1 1< t < ∞ −4
Sign of f ′ f′ > 0 f′ > 0

No relative extrema
1 1
15. g (t ) = t − 2
= t − t −2 4
2t 2
g ′(t ) = 1 + t −3
−6 6
t3 + 1
=
t3
−4
Critical number: t = −1
Discontinuity: t = 0
Interval −∞ < t < −1 −1 < t < 0 0 < t < ∞

Sign of g′ g′ > 0 g′ < 0 g′ > 0
Relative maximum: −1, − 32 ( )

1 4
16. f ( x) = x + = x + x −1
x
1
f ′( x) = 1 − x −2 = 1 − 2 −6 6
x
−4
Interval −∞ < x < −1 −1 < x < 0 0 < x <1 1< x < ∞

Sign of f ′ f′ > 0 f′ < 0 f′ < 0 f′ > 0
Conclusion Increasing Decreasing Decreasing Increasing
Relative maximum: ( −1, − 2)
x 6
= 6( x 2 + 2)
−1
17. f ( x) = 18. h( x) =
x +1 x2 + 2
f ′( x) =
( x + 1) − x =
1 h′( x) = − 6( x 2 + 2)
−2
( 2 x) =
−12 x
(x + 2)
2
(x + 1) (x + 1)
2 2 2
Discontinuity: x = −1 Critical number: x = 0
Interval −∞ < x < −1 −1 < x < ∞ Interval −∞ < x < 0 0 < x < ∞
Sign of f ′ f′ > 0 f′ > 0 Sign of h′ h′ > 0 h′ < 0
Conclusion Increasing Increasing Conclusion Increasing Decreasing
No relative extrema Relative maximum: (0, 3)

4 6
−4 2
−6 6
−4 −2
19. f ( x) = 2(3 − x), [−1, 2] 21. f ( x) = 5 − 2 x 2 , [0, 3]

f ′( x) = −2 f ′( x) = −4 x
No critical numbers Critical number: x = 0 (endpoint)
Endpoint Endpoint Endpoint Endpoint

x-value x-value
x = −1 x=2 x=0 x=3
f ( x) 8 2 f ( x) 5 −13
Conclusion Maximum Minimum Conclusion Maximum Minimum
20. f ( x) = 1
3
(2 x + 5), [0, 5] 22. f ( x) = x 2 + 2 x − 4, [−1, 1]
f ′( x) = 2
3
f ′( x) = 2 x + 2
No critical numbers Critical number: x = −1 (endpoint)
Endpoint Endpoint Endpoint Endpoint

x-value x-value
x=0 x=5 x = −1 x=1
f ( x) 5
3
5 f ( x) −5 −1
Conclusion Minimum Maximum Conclusion Minimum Maximum
23. f ( x) = x3 − 3 x 2 , [−1, 3] Endpoint Critical Critical Endpoint

x-value
f ′( x) = 3 x − 6 x = 3 x( x − 2)
2 x = −1 x=0 x=2 x=3
Critical numbers: x = 0, x = 2 f ( x) −4 0 −4 0
Conclusion Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum
24. f ( x) = x3 − 12 x, [0, 4] Endpoint Critical Endpoint

x-value
x=0 x=2 x=4
f ′( x) = 3 x 2 − 12 = 3( x 2 − 4) = 0
f ( x) 0 −16 16
Conclusion Minimum Maximum
1
25. h( s ) = = (3 − s ) , [0, 2]
−1
Endpoint Endpoint
3− s s-value
s=0 s=2
1
h′( s ) = −(3 − s ) ( −1) =
−2
(3 − s ) 2 h( s ) 1
3
1
No critical numbers Conclusion Minimum Maximum
t
26. h(t ) = , [3, 5] Endpoint Endpoint
t − 2 t-value
t=3 t=5
h′(t ) =
( t − 2) − t = − 2
h(t ) 3 5
( t − 2) ( t − 2)
2 2
3
No critical numbers Conclusion Maximum Minimum
t2
27. g (t ) = , [−1, 1] Endpoint Critical Endpoint
t +3
2 t-value
t = −1 t=0 t=1
g ′(t ) =
(t 2 + 3)(2t ) − t 2 (2t ) =
6t g (t ) 1 0 1
4 4
(t 2 + 3) (t 2 + 3)
2 2
Conclusion Maximum Minimum Maximum

Critical number: t = 0
⎛ 1 1⎞
28. g ( x) = 4⎜1 + + 2 ⎟ = 4(1 + x −1 + x −2 ), [−4, 5] x-value
Endpoint Critical Discontinuity Endpoint
⎝ x x ⎠ x = −4 x = −2 x=0 x=5
⎛ 1 2⎞ ⎛ x + 2⎞
g ′( x) = 4( − x −2 − 2 x −3 ) = 4⎜ − 2 − 3 ⎟ = −4⎜ 3 ⎟ g ( x) 3.25 3 Undefined 4.96
⎝ x x ⎠ ⎝ x ⎠
Conclusion Minimum
Discontinuity: x = 0 No maximum
29. h(t ) = (t − 1) , [−7, 2]

23
Endpoint Critical Endpoint
t-value
2 2 t = −7 t=1 t=2
h′(t ) = (t − 1)
−1 3
=
3(t − 1)
13
3 h(t ) 4 0 1
Critical number: t = 1 Conclusion Maximum Minimum
30. g ( x) = ( x 2 − 4) , [− 6, 3]
23
2 2 Endpoint Critical Critical Critical Endpoint

( x − 4) (2 x)
−1 3
g ′( x) = x-value
x = −6 x = −2 x = 0 x = 2 x = 3
3
=
4x f ( x) 8 3 2 ≈ 10.1 0 2 3 2 ≈ 2.5 0 3
25 ≈ 2.9
3( x − 4)
13
2
Conclusion Maximum Minimum Minimum
31. Critical number: x = 2

The function has an absolute maximum at the critical number.
32. Critical number: x = 0

The function has no maximum or minimum at the critical number.
33. Critical number: x = 1, absolute maximum and relative maximum

Critical number: x = 2, absolute minimum and relative minimum
Critical number: x = 3, absolute maximum and relative maximum
34. Critical number: x = 2, neither absolute nor relative extrema

Critical number: x = 5, absolute maximum and relative maximum
35. f ( x) = 0.4 x3 − 1.8 x 2 + x − 3, [0, 5] 36. f ( x) = 3.2 x5 + 5 x3 − 3.5 x, [0, 1]
Maximum: (5, 7) Maximum: (1, 4.7)
Minimum: ( 2.69, 5.55) Minimum: (0.44, −1.06)

10 5
0 5
0 1
−10 −2
37. f ( x) = 4x
3
3 − x , [0, 3] 41. f ( x) =
2x
, [0, ∞)
x + 4
2
Maximum: ( 2, 2.67)
f ′( x) =
( x2 + 4)( 2) − 2 x( 2 x)
Minimum: (0, 0), (3, 0)
( x2 + 4)
2
4
8 − 2 x2
=
( x2 + 4)
2
2( 2 − x)( 2 + x)
=
( x2 + 4)
2
0 3
0
38. f ( x) = 4 x − 2 x + 1, [0, 6]
Endpoint Critical
Maximum: (1, 3) x-value
x=0 x=2
Minimum: (6, −1.20) f ( x) 0 1
2
4
4x
42. f ( x) = 8 − , [0, ∞)
0 6
x2 + 1
−2
f ′( x) = −
( x 2 + 1)(4) − 4 x(2 x)
( x 2 + 1)
2
39. f ( x) = x 2 + 16 x −1 , [0, ∞)
4x2 − 4
16 =
f ′( x) = 2 x − 16 x ( x 2 + 1)
−2 2
= 2x − 2
x
2( x3 − 8) 4( x + 1)( x − 1)
= =
( x 2 + 1)
2
2
x
Critical Endpoint Critical

x-value x-value
x=2 x=0 x=1
f ( x) 12 f ( x) 8 6
Conclusion Maximum Conclusion Maximum Minimum
Absolute minimum: ( 2, 12) 43. Answers will vary. Sample answer:

y
8 4
f ( x) = = 8( x + 1) , [0, ∞)
−1
40. 3
x +1 2
8
f ′( x) = −8( x + 1) = −
−2 1
( x + 1)2
x
−2 1 3 4 5
−2
No critical numbers
−3
Endpoint
x-value 44. Answers will vary. Sample answer:
x=0
y
f ( x) 8 4
3
Conclusion Maximum 2
1
x
−2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
−2
−3
−4
45. (a) Population tends to increase each year, so the minimum population occurred in 1790 and the maximum population
occurred in 2010.
(b) P = 0.000006t 3 + 0.005t 2 + 0.14t + 4.6
dP
= P′ = 0.000018t 2 + 0.01t + 0.14
dt
P′ = 0: 0.000018t 2 + 0.01t + 0.14 = 0
t ≈ 14.4, − 541.2
No critical numbers in interval [−10, 210].
Endpoint Endpoint
t-value
t = −10 t = 210
P (t ) 3.69 million 310.07 million

(c) The minimum population was about 3.69 million in 1790 and the maximum population was about
310.07 million in 2010.
46. (a) The fertility rate was the highest in 1970 (t = 0) and was approximately 2475 births per 1000 women.
(b) During the time period from 1983 to 1991 (13 ≤ t ≤ 21), the fertility rate was increasing most rapidly.
During the time period from 1997 to 2003 ( 27 ≤ t ≤ 33), the fertility rate was increasing most slowly.
(c) During the time period from 1970 to 1975 (0 ≤ t ≤ 5), the fertility rate was decreasing most rapidly.
During the time period from 1979 to 1982 (9 ≤ t ≤ 12), the fertility rate was decreasing most slowly.
(d) Answers will vary.
20,000
47. C = 3x + = 3x + 20,000 x −1 , 0 < x ≤ 200
x
3 x 2 − 20,000
C ′ = 3 − 20,000 x −2 =
x2
20,000
Critical numbers: x = ≈ 82 units
3
C (82) ≈ 489.90, which is the minimum by the First-Derivative Test
48. v = k ( R − r )r 2 , 0 ≤ r < R 49. Demand: (6000, 1.00), (5600, 1.20)

1.20 − 1.00
= k ( Rr 2 − r 3 )
0.2
m = = = −0.0005
5600 − 6000 −400
dv
= k ( 2 Rr − 3r 2 ) = kr ( 2 R − 3r ) p − 1 = −0.0005( x − 6000)
dr
p = −0.0005 x + 4
2R
Critical numbers: r = 0,
3 Cost = C = 5000 + 0.50 x
The maximum air velocity occurs when r = 2 R 3. Profit = P = R − C
= xp − C
Endpoint Critical
r-value = x( −0.0005 x + 4) − (5000 + 0.50 x)
r=0 r = (2 R) 3
= −0.0005 x 2 + 3.50 x − 5000
v 0 (4kR3 ) 27
Selling the cans for $2.25 will maximize the profit.
Conclusion Maximum
Section 3.3 Concavity and the Second-Derivative Test 165
Section 3.3 Concavity and the Second-Derivative Test
Skills Warm Up
1. f ( x) = 4 x 4 − 9 x3 + 5 x − 1 7. f ( x) = 5 x3 − 5 x + 11
f ′( x) = 16 x3 − 27 x 2 + 5 f ′( x) = 15 x 2 − 5 = 0
f ′′( x) = 48 x − 54 x
2
15 x 2 = 5
1
2. g ( s ) = ( s 2 − 1)( s 2 − 3s + 2) x2 =
3
= s 4 − 3s 3 + s 2 + 3s − 2 1
x = ±
g ′( s ) = 4 s − 9 s + 2 s + 3
3 2 3
g ′′( s ) = 12s 2 − 18s + 2 1

Critical numbers: x = ±
3
g ( x) = ( x 2 + 1)
4
3.
8. f ( x) = x 4 − 4 x3 − 10
g ′( x) = 4( x 2 + 1) ( 2 x) = 8 x( x 2 + 1)
3 3
f ′( x) = 4 x3 − 12 x 2 = 0
g ′′( x) = 8 x ⎡3( x 2 + 1) ( 2 x)⎤ + ( x 2 + 1) (8) 4 x 2 ( x − 3) = 0
2 3
⎣⎢ ⎥⎦
4x2 = 0 ⇒ x = 0
= 8( x 2 + 1) (7 x 2 + 1)
2
x −3 = 0 ⇒ x = 3
4. f ( x) = ( x − 3)
43
4 16 + t 2 16
f ′( x) = ( x − 3)
13
9. g (t ) = = −t
3 t t
4 4 16
f ′′( x) = ( x − 3)
−2 3
= g ′(t ) = − 2 − 1 = 0
9( x − 3)
23
9 t
4x + 3 t 2 = −16
5. h( x) =
5x − 1 No critical numbers
h′( x) =
(5 x − 1)(4) − (4 x + 3)(5)
x 4 − 50 x 2
(5 x − 1) 10. h( x) =
2
8
20 x − 4 − 20 x − 15
= 1 3 25
(5 x − 1)
2
h′( x) = x − x = 0
2 2
= −19(5 x − 1)
−2
1
x( x 2 − 25) = 0
90 2
h′′( x) = 18(5 x − 1) (5)
−3
=
(5 x − 1)
3
1
x( x + 5)( x − 5) = 0
2
2x − 1 1
6. f ( x) = x = 0 ⇒ x = 0
3x + 2 2
f ′( x) =
(3x + 2)(2) − (2 x − 1)(3) x + 5 = 0 ⇒ x = −5
(3 x + 2) x −5 = 0 ⇒ x = 5
2
6x + 4 − 6x + 3 Critical numbers: x = 0, x = ±5
=
(3 x + 2)
2
= 7 ( 3 x + 2)
−2
42
f ′′( x) = −14(3 x + 2) (3)
−3
= −
( 3 x + 2) 3
1. f is increasing so f ′ > 0. 6. f ( x) = − 5 x1 2 , domain: [0, ∞]

f is concave upward so f ′′ > 0. 5
f ′( x) = − x
2
2. f is increasing so f ′ > 0.
5 −3 2 5
f is concave downward so f ′′ < 0. f ′′( x) = x =
4 4 x3 2
3. f is decreasing so f ′ < 0. f ′′( x) ≠ 0 for any value of x.
f is concave downward so f ′′ < 0. f ′′( x) is undefined at x = 0.
4. f is decreasing so f ′ < 0. Interval 0 < x < ∞

f is concave upward so f ′′ > 0.
Sign of f ′′ f ′′ > 0
5. f ( x) = − 3 x 2 Conclusion Concave upward
f ′( x) = − 6 x
f ′′( x) = − 6 7. f ( x) = − x3 + 3x 2 − 2
f ′′( x) ≠ 0 for any value of x. f ′( x) = −3 x 2 + 6 x

f ′′( x) = −6 x + 6
Interval −∞ < x < ∞
f ′′( x) = 0 when x = 1.
Sign of f ′′ f ′′ < 0
Interval −∞ < x < 1 1< x < ∞
Conclusion Concave downward
Sign of f ′′ f ′′ > 0 f ′′ < 0
Conclusion Concave upward Concave downward
8. f ( x) = − x3 + 6 x 2 − 9 x − 1
Interval −∞ < x < 2 2 < x < ∞
f ′( x) = −3 x 2 + 12 x − 9
Sign of f ′′ f ′′ > 0 f ′′ < 0
f ′′( x) = −6 x + 12
f ′′( x) = 0 when x = 2.
x2 − 1
9. f ( x) =
2x + 1
(2 x + 1)( 2 x) − ( x 2 − 1)( 2) 2 x2 + 2x + 2
f ′( x) = = ( 2 x 2 + 2 x + 2)( 2 x + 1)
−2
=
(2 x + 1)
2
(2 x + 1)
2
f ′′( x) = ( 2 x 2 + 2 x + 2) ⎡−2( 2 x + 1) (2)⎦⎤ + ( 2 x + 1) (4 x + 2)

−3 −2
⎣
= −8( x 2 + x + 1)( 2 x + 1) + 2( 2 x + 1) (2 x + 1)
−3 −2
= 2( 2 x + 1) ⎡⎣−4( x 2 + x + 1) + ( 2 x + 1)( 2 x + 1)⎤⎦

−3
= 2( 2 x + 1) ⎡⎣−4 x 2 − 4 x − 4 + 4 x 2 + 4 x + 1⎤⎦
−3
−6
=
(2 x + 1)
3
f ′′( x) ≠ 0 for any value of x.
x = − 12 is a discontinuity.
Interval −∞ < x < − 12 − 12 < x < ∞

Sign of f ′′ f ′′ > 0 f ′′ < 0
x2 + 4
10. f ( x) =
4 − x2
f ′( x) =
(4 − x 2 )(2 x) − ( x 2 + 4)(−2 x) = 16 x
(4 − x 2 ) (4 − x 2 )
2 2
( 4 − x 2 ) (16) − 16 x ⎡⎣2( 4 − x 2 )( −2 x)⎤⎦

2
f ′′( x) =
(4 − x 2 )
4
Interval −∞ < x < −2 −2 < x < 2 2 < x < ∞

16( 4 + 3 x 2 )
=
Sign of f ′′ f′ < 0 f ′′ > 0 f ′′ < 0
(4 − x2 )
3
Conclusion Concave downward Concave upward Concave downward

f ′′ is undefined at x = ± 2.
24
= 24( x 2 + 12)
−1
11. f ( x) =
x 2 + 12
f ′( x) = −24( 2 x)( x 2 + 12) = −48 x( x 2 + 12)
−2 −2
−48( −4 x 2 + x 2 + 12) 144( x 2 − 4)

f ′′( x) = −48 x ⎡−2( x 2 + 12) (2 x)⎥⎦⎤ + ( x 2 + 12)
−3 −2
⎢⎣ (−48) = =
( x2 + 12) ( x2 + 12)
3 3
f ′′( x) = 0 when x = ±2.
Interval −∞ < x < −2 −2 < x < 2 2 < x < ∞

Sign of f ′′ f ′′ > 0 f ′′ < 0 f ′′ > 0
Conclusion Concave upward Concave downward Concave upward
x2
12. f ( x) =
x +1
2
f ′( x) =
( x2 + 1)( 2 x) − x 2 ( 2 x)
=
2x
( x + 1) ( x + 1)
2 2
2 2
( x 2 + 1) (2) − 2 x ⎡⎣2( x 2 + 1)(2 x)⎤⎦ −2(3x 2 − 1)

2
f ′′( x) = =
( x 2 + 1) ( x 2 + 1)
4 3
1
f ′′( x) = 0 when x = ± .
3
1 1 1 1
Interval −∞ < x < − − < x < < x < ∞
3 3 3 3
Sign of f ′′ f ′′ < 0 f ′′ > 0 f ′′ < 0
13. f ( x) = x3 − 9 x 2 + 24 x − 18
Interval −∞ < x < 3 3 < x < ∞
f ′( x) = 3 x 2 − 18 x + 24
Sign of f ′′ f ′′ < 0 f ′′ > 0
f ′′( x) = 6 x − 18 = 6( x − 3)
Conclusion Concave downward Concave upward
f ′′( x) = 0
6( x − 3) = 0 Point of inflection: (3, 0)
x = 3
14. f ( x) = − 4 x3 − 8 x 2 + 32 15. f ( x) = 2 x3 − 3 x 2 − 12 x + 5
f ′( x) = −12 x 2 − 16 x f ′( x) = 6 x 2 − 6 x − 12
f ′′( x) = − 24 x − 16 = − 8(3 x + 2) f ′′( x) = 12 x − 6 = 6( 2 x − 1)
f ′′( x) = 0 f ′′( x) = 0
− 8(3 x + 2) = 0 6( 2 x − 1) = 0
x = − 23 x = 1
2
Interval −∞ < x < − 23 − 23 < x < ∞ Interval −∞ < x < 1

2
1
2
< x < ∞
Sign of f ′′ f ′′ > 0 f ′′ < 0 Sign of f ′′ f ′′ < 0 f ′′ > 0
Conclusion Concave upward Concave downward Conclusion Concave downward Concave upward
(
Point of inflection: − 23 , 800
27 ) Point of inflection: ( 12 , − 23 )
16. f ( x) = 1 x4
2
+ 2 x3
f ′( x) = 2 x3 + 6 x 2
f ′′( x) = 6 x 2 + 12 x = 6 x( x + 2)
f ′′( x) = 0
6 x( x + 2) = 0
x = 0 or x = − 2
Interval −∞ < x < −2 −2 < x < 0 0 < x < ∞

Sign of f ′′ f ′′ > 0 f ′′ < 0 f ′′ > 0
Points of inflection: ( − 2, − 8), (0, 0)
17. g ( x) = 2 x 4 − 8 x3 + 12 x 2 + 12 x
g ′( x) = 8 x3 − 24 x 2 + 24 x + 12
g ′′( x) = 24 x3 − 48 x + 24 = 24( x 2 − 2 x + 1) = 24( x − 1)

2
g ′′( x) = 0
24( x − 1) = 0
2
x =1
Interval − ∞ < x < −1 −1 < x < ∞
Sign of g ′′( x) g ′′ > 0 g ′′ > 0

Conclusion Concave upward Concave upward
No points of inflection
18. g ( x) = x5 + 5 x 4 − 40 x 2
g ′( x) = 5 x 4 + 20 x3 − 80 x
g ′′( x) = 20 x3 + 60 x 2 − 80 = 20( x3 + 3 x 2 − 4)
g ′′( x) = 0
20( x3 + 3 x 2 − 4) = 0
x = − 2 or x = 1
(Note: Use synthetic division to solve.)
Interval −∞ < x < − 2 −2 < x < 1 1< x < ∞

Sign of g ′′( x) g ′′ < 0 g ′′ < 0 g ′′ > 0
Conclusion Concave downward Concave downward Concave upward
Point of inflection: (1, − 34)
19. f ( x) = x(6 − x) = x(36 − 12 x + x 2 ) = 36 x − 12 x 2 + x3

2
f ′( x) = 3 x 2 − 24 x + 36
f ′′( x) = 6 x − 24 = 6( x − 4)
f ′′( x) = 0
6( x − 4) = 0
x = 4
Interval −∞ < x < 4 4 < x < ∞

Sign of f ′′( x) f ′′ < 0 f ′′ > 0
Point of inflection: ( 4, 16)
20. f ( x) = ( x − 1) ( x − 5)
3
f ′( x) = 4( x − 1) ( x − 4)
2
f ′′( x) = 12( x − 1)( x − 3)
f ′′( x) = 0
12( x − 1)( x − 3) = 0
x = 1 or x = 3
Interval −∞ < x < 1 1< x < 3 3 < x < ∞

Sign of f ′′( x) f ′′ > 0 f ′′ < 0 f ′′ > 0
Points of inflection: (1, 0), (3, −16)
21. f ( x) = 6 x − x 2 26. f ( x) = x +
4
= x + 4 x −1
x
f ′( x) = 6 − 2 x
x2 − 4
Critical number: x = 3 f ′( x) = 1 − 4 x −2 =
x2
f ′′( x) = −2 Critical numbers: x = ± 2
f ′′(3) = −2 < 0 8
f ′′( x) =
(3, 9) is a relative maximum. x3
f ′′( 2) = 1 > 0
22. f ( x) = 9 x 2 − x3
f ′′( −2) = −1 < 0
f ′( x) = 18 x − 3 x 2 = − 3x( x − 6)
So, (2, 4) is a relative minimum and ( −2, − 4)
is a relative maximum.
f ′′( x) = 18 − 6 x
f ( x) = x 2 + 1 = ( x + 1)
12
27.
f ′′(0) = 18 > 0
1 2 x
( x + 1) ( 2 x) =
−1 2
f ′( x) =
f ′′(6) = −18 < 0 2 ( 1)
x 2
+
12
So, (0, 0) is a relative minimum and (6, 108) is a Critical number: x = 0

relative maximum.
⎡1 ⎤
( x2 + 1) − x ⎢ ( x 2 + 1) ( 2 x)⎥
12 −1 2
⎣ 2 ⎦
23. f ( x) = x3 − 5 x 2 + 7 x f ′′( x) =
x2 + 1
f ′( x) = 3 x − 10 x + 7 = (3 x − 7)( x − 1)
2
1
=
( x 2 + 1)
32
3
f ′′( x) = 6 x − 10 f ′′(0) = 1 > 0
f ′′(1) = −4 < 0 So, (0, 1) is a relative minimum.
( 73 ) = 4 > 0
f ′′
28. f ( x) = 2 x 2 + 6 = ( 2 x 2 + 6)
12
So, (1, 3) is a relative maximum and ( 73 , 2749 ) f ′( x) =

1
( 2 x 2 + 6) ( 4 x )
−1 2
is a relative minimum. 2
2x
=
24. f ( x) = x 4 + 8 x3 − 6 (2 x 2 + 6)
12
f ′( x) = 4 x3 + 24 x 2 = 4 x 2 ( x + 6) Critical number: x = 0
Critical numbers: x = 0, x = − 6
(2 x 2 + 6) − 2 x ⎡ 12 ( 2 x 2 + 6) ( 4 x)⎤⎦⎥
12 −1 2
(2) ⎣⎢
f ′′( x) = 12 x + 48 x
2 f ′′( x) =
2x2 + 6
f ′′(0) = 0 ⇒ Test fails. 12
=
(2 x + 6)
32
2
Use the First-Derivative Test to conclude that there is no
extrema at x = 0.
2
f ′′( − 6) = 144 > 0 f ′′(0) = > 0
6
So, ( − 6, − 438) is a relative minimum.
(
So, 0, )
6 is a relative minimum.
25. f ( x) = x 2 3 − 3
2 −1 3 2
f ′( x) = x = 13
3 3x
The Second-Derivative Test does not apply, so use
the First-Derivative Test to conclude that (0, − 3) is
a relative minimum.
9 − x 2 = (9 − x 2 )
12 x
29. f ( x) = 32. f ( x) =
x + 16
2
1 x
( 9 − x 2 ) ( −2 x) = −
−1 2
f ′( x) =
2 (9 − x 2 )
12
f ′( x) =
( x2 + 16)(1) − x( 2 x)
=
16 − x 2
( x2 + 16) ( x2 + 16)
2 2
Critical number: x = 0, x = ±3
(9 − x 2 ) (−1) − (− x)⎡⎢⎣ 12 (9 − x 2 ) (−2 x)⎤⎥⎦
12 −1 2
( x 2 + 16) (− 2 x) − (16 − x 2 )(2)( x 2 + 16)(2 x)

2
f ′′( x) =
9− x 2 f ′′( x) =
( x 2 + 16)
4
9
= −
(9 − x 2 ) 2 x( x 2 + 16) ⎡⎣− ( x 2 + 16) − 2(16 − x 2 )⎤⎦
32
=
( x 2 + 16)
4
1
f ′′(0) = − < 0
3
2 x( x 2 − 48)
So, (0, 3) is a relative maximum. There are absolute =
( x 2 + 16)
3
minima at ( ±3, 0).
1
f ′′( 4) = − < 0
4 − x 2 = (4 − x 2 )
12
30. f ( x) = 128
1
(4 − x 2 ) (−2 x) = − x 2 1 2 1
−1 2
f ′( x) = f ′′( − 4) = − > 0
2 (4 − x ) 128
Critical number: x = 0, x = ± 2 ( 18 ) is a relative maximum and (− 4, − 18 ) is a

So, 4,
relative minimum.
(4 − x 2 ) (−1) − (− x)⎡⎢⎣ 12 (4 − x 2 ) (−2 x)⎤⎥⎦
12 −1 2
f ′′( x) = x
4 − x2 33. f ( x) =
x −1
4
= −
f ′( x) =
( x − 1) − ( x)
(4 − x 2 )
32
(x − 1)
2
1
f ′′(0) = − < 0 1
2 = −
( x − 1) 2
So, (0, 2) is a relative maximum.

No critical numbers
There are absolute minima at ( ±2, 0).
No relative extrema
8
= 8( x 2 + 2)
−1
31. f ( x) = x
x2 + 2 34. f ( x) =
x2 − 1
f ′( x) = −8( x 2 + 2)
−2
( 2 x)
f ′( x) =
( x 2 − 1) − x(2 x) = −
x2 + 1
16 x
( x 2 − 1) ( x 2 − 1)
2 2
= −
(x + 2)
2
2
No critical numbers
No relative extrema
(x + 2) ( −16) − ( −16 x) ⎡⎣( 2)( x + 2)( 2 x)⎤⎦
2
2 2
f ′′( x) = 35. f ( x) = 5 + 3 x 2 − x3
( x 2 + 2)
4
12
( x 2 + 2)⎡⎣−16( x 2 + 2) + 64 x 2 ⎤⎦
=
( x 2 + 2)
4
48 x 2 − 32 −3 5
=
(x + 2)
3 −2
2

f ′′(0) = −4 < 0
So, (0, 4) is a relative maximum.
36. f ( x) = x3 − 6 x 2 + 7 15
40. f ( x) = x3 − 3x
Relative maximum: −5 7 f ′( x) = 3x 2 − 3 = 3( x 2 − 1)
(0, 7) Critical numbers: x = ±1
Relative minimum:
f ′′( x) = 6 x
(4, − 25) − 30
f ′′( −1) = −6 < 0
37. f ( x) =
1 4 1 3 1 2
x − x − x f ′′(1) = 6 > 0
2 3 2
0.2

−2 2
f ′′( x) = 0 when x = 0.
f ′′( x) < 0 on ( −∞, 0).

− 0.4
f ′′( x) > 0 on (0, ∞).

Relative minima: ( −0.5, − 0.052), (1, − 0.333) Point of inflection: (0, 0)
4
1 1
38. f ( x) = − x5 − x 4 + x (−1, 2) (0, 0)
3 2
−6 6
3
(1, −2)
−5 −4
4
41. g ( x) = x1 2 + 4 x −1 2
−3
1 −1 2
Relative maximum: (0.683, 0.525) g ′( x ) = x − 2 x−3 2
2
Relative minimum: ( −1.413, −1.529) 1 2 x − 4
= − 32 =
2 x1 2 x 2 x3 2
39. f ( x) = x 3 − 12 x
f ′( x) = 3x 2 − 12 = 3( x 2 − 4)
1 1 3 12 − x
g ′′( x ) = − x − 3 2 + 3 x − 5 2 = − 3 2 + 5 2 =
Critical numbers: x = ±2 4 4x x 4 x5 2
f ′′( x) = 6 x 1
g ′′( 4) = > 0
f ′′( 2) = 12 > 0 16
f ′′( −2) = −12 < 0 Relative minimum at ( 4, 4)
Relative maximum: ( −2, 16) g ′′( x) = 0 when x = 12.
Relative minimum: ( 2, −16) g ′′( x) > 0 on (0, 12)
f ′′( x) = 0 when x = 0. g ′′( x) < 0 on (12, ∞)
f ′′( x) < 0 on ( −∞, 0). ⎛ 8 3⎞

Point of inflection: ⎜⎜12, ⎟
f ′′( x) > 0 on (0, ∞). ⎝ 3 ⎟⎠
10
Point of inflection: (0, 0)
18
(− 2, 16) (4, 4)
(12, 8
3
3
)
−8 8
(0, 0) 0 30
0
(2, − 16)
− 18
42. f ( x) = x3 −
3 2
x − 6x 44. f ( x) = 2 x 4 − 8 x + 3
2
f ′( x) = 8 x 3 − 8 = 8( x3 − 1)
f ′( x) = 3x 2 − 3 x − 6 = 3( x + 1)( x − 2)
Critical numbers: x = −1, x = 2
f ′′( x) = 24 x 2
f ′′( x) = 6 x − 3
f ′′(1) = 24 > 0
f ′′( −1) = −9 < 0
f ′′( 2) = 9 > 0 Relative minimum: (1, − 3)
Relative maximum: −1, ( 7

2 ) f ′′( x) = 24 x 2 = 0 when x = 0.
f ′′( x) > 0 on ( −∞, 0) and on (0, ∞ )
Because there are no inflection points.
f ′′( x) = 0 when x = 1.
2 1
( )
f ′′( x) < 0 on −∞, 1
2
.
(−1, (
7
2
6
−1 3
f ′′( x) > 0 on ( 12 , ∞).

−8 10
( 21 , − 134 (
( 1,
2
− 13
4 ) −12
(2,−10) −4
45. g ( x) = ( x − 2)( x + 1) = x3 − 3x − 2
2
1
43. f ( x) = x 4 − 2 x 2
g ′( x) = ( x − 2) ⎡⎣2( x + 1)⎤⎦ + ( x + 1) = 3( x 2 − 1)
2
4
f ′( x) = x3 − 4 x = x( x 2 − 4) Critical numbers: x = ±1
Critical numbers: x = ± 2, x = 0 g ′′( x) = 6 x
f ′′( x) = 3 x 2 − 4 g ′′( −1) = −6 < 0
f ′′( −2) = 8 > 0 g ′′(1) = 6 > 0
f ′′(0) = −4 < 0 Relative maximum: ( −1, 0)
f ′′( 2) = 8 > 0 Relative minimum: (1, − 4)
Relative maximum: (0, 0) g ′′( x) = 6 x = 0 when x = 0.
Relative minima: ( ± 2, − 4) g ′′( x) < 0 on ( −∞, 0).
2 3 g ′′( x) > 0 on (0, ∞).
f ′′( x) = 3x 2 − 4 = 0 when x = ± .
3
⎛ 2 3⎞
f ′′( x) > 0 on ⎜⎜ −∞, − ⎟.
3
⎝ 3 ⎟⎠
(− 1, 0)
−6 6
⎛ 2 3 2 3⎞
f ′′( x) < 0 on ⎜⎜ − , ⎟.
3 ⎟⎠
(0, − 2)
⎝ 3 (1, − 4)
⎛2 3 ⎞ −6
f ′′( x) > 0 on ⎜⎜ , ∞ ⎟⎟.
⎝ 3 ⎠
⎛ 2 3 20 ⎞ ⎛ 2 3 20 ⎞
Points of inflection: ⎜⎜ − , − ⎟⎟, ⎜⎜ , − ⎟⎟
⎝ 3 9⎠ ⎝ 3 9⎠
(0, 0)
−6 6
(−2, −4) (2, −4)
−6
(− 2 3 3 , − 209 ( ( 2 3 3 , − 209 (
46. g ( x) = ( x − 6)( x + 2) 48. g ( x) = x 9 − x = x(9 − x)

3 12
g ′( x) = ( x − 6) ⎡3( x + 2) ⎤ + ( x + 2) The domain of g is ( −∞, 9].

2 3
⎣ ⎦
= ( x + 2) ⎡⎣3( x − 6) + ( x + 2)⎤⎦ 18 − 3x
2
⎡1 ⎤
g ′( x) = x ⎢ (9 − x) ( −1)⎥ + (9 − x) =
−1 2 12
2(9 − x)
12
⎣2 ⎦
= ( x + 2) ( 4 x − 16)
2
g ′′( x) = ( x + 2) ( 4) + ( 4 x − 16) ⎡⎣2( x + 2)⎤⎦

2 2(9 − x)
12
(−3) − (18 − 3x) ⎡⎣2( 12 )(9 − x)−1 2 (−1)⎤⎦
g ′′( x) =
4(9 − x)
= 2( x + 2) ⎡⎣2( x + 2) + ( 4 x − 16)⎤⎦
3( x − 12)
= 2( x + 2)(6 x − 12) =
4(9 − x)
32
= 12( x + 2)( x − 2)
g ′′(6) < 0
g ′′( −2) = 0
15
g ′′( 4) = 144 > 0 Relative maximum:
(6, 6 3 )
( 6, 6 3)

100 g ′′( x) < 0 for all x in
( − 2, 0 ) −9 18
−6 8
the domain, so there are
−3
no points of inflection.
(2, − 256 )
4
= 4(1 + x 2 )
−1
(4, − 432 ) 49. f ( x) =
− 500 1+ x 2
8x
f ′( x) = −4(1 + x 2 )
−2
g ′′( x) = 12( x + 2)( x − 2) = 0 when x = ±2. ( 2 x) = −
(1 + x 2 )
2
g ′′( x) > 0 on ( −∞, − 2).

g ′′( x) < 0 on ( −2, 2).
(1 + x 2 ) (−8) − (−8x)⎡⎣2(1 + x 2 )(2 x)⎤⎦
2
g ′′( x) > 0 on ( 2, ∞).
f ′′( x) =
(1 + x 2 )
4
So, ( −2, 0) and ( 2, − 256) are points of inflection.
8(1 − 3 x 2 )
47. g ( x) = x x + 3 = x( x + 3) = −
12
(1 + x 2 )
3
The domain of g is [−3, ∞).

f ′′(0) = −8 < 0
⎡1 −1 2 ⎤ 3x + 6
g ′( x) = x ⎢ ( x + 3) ⎥ + ( x + 3) =
12
2( x + 3)
12
⎣2 ⎦
Critical numbers: x = −3, x = −2 3
f ′′( x) = 1 − 3 x 2 = 0 when x = ± .
3
(3) − (3x + 6)⎡⎣2( 12 )( x + 3)−1 2 ⎤⎦
12
2( x + 3) ⎛ 3⎞
g ′′( x) = f ′′( x) > 0 on ⎜⎜ −∞, − ⎟.
4( x + 3) ⎝ 3 ⎟⎠
3( x + 4) ⎛ 3 3⎞
= f ′′( x) < 0 on ⎜⎜ − , ⎟.
4( x + 3) 3 ⎟⎠
32
⎝ 3
g ′′( −3) is undefined. ⎛ 3 ⎞

f ′′( x) > 0 on ⎜⎜
6
, ∞ ⎟⎟.
3 ⎝ 3 ⎠
g ′′( −2) =
(0, 4)
> 0
2 Points of inflection: ( − 33 , 3 ( ( 33 , 3(
Relative minimum: 4
⎛ 3 ⎞ ⎛ 3 ⎞
(−2, − 2)
−6 6
⎜⎜ , 3⎟⎟, ⎜⎜ − , 3⎟⎟
⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠ −1
g ′′( x) > 0 for all x in the −6 4
domain, so there are no (− 2, − 2)

points of inflection. −4
2
= 2( x 2 − 1)
−1
50. f ( x) =
x −1
2
4x
f ′( x) = −2( x 2 − 1)
−2
( 2 x) = −
(x − 1)
2
2
Discontinuities: x = ±1
( x2 − 1) ( −4) − ( −4 x) ⎡⎣2( x 2 − 1)( 2 x)⎤⎦ 4(3 x 2 + 1)

2
f ′′( x) = =
( x2 − 1) ( x2 − 1)
4 3
f ′′(0) < 0 2
f ′′(1) is undefined.
−4
f ′′( −1) is undefined.
5
(0, −2)
Relative maximum: (0, − 2)

−4
51. Function First Derivative Second Derivative Answers will vary. Sample answer:
f ( 2) = 0 f ′( x) < 0, x < 3 f ′′( x) > 0 y
f ( 4) = 0 f ′(3) = 0
5
4
f
f ′( x) > 0, x > 3 3
The function has x-intercepts at (2, 0) and (4, 0). On ( −∞, 3), f is 1
(2, 0) (4, 0)
decreasing, and on (3, ∞), f is increasing. A relative minimum occurs 1 2 3 4 5 6
x
when x = 3. The graph of f is concave upward.
f ( 2) = 0 f ′( x) > 0, x < 3 f ′′( x) > 0, x ≠ 3 y y
f ( 4) = 0 f ′(3) is undefined. 3 3
(3, 2)
2 2
f ′( x) < 0, x > 3 1
(2, 0) (4, 0)
1
(3, 1)
(2, 0) (4, 0)
x x
The function has x-intercepts at (2, 0) and (4, 0). On ( −∞, 3), 2 3 4 6 2 3 4
f is increasing and on (3, ∞), f is decreasing. f has either a

−2 −2
−3 −3
relative maximum at x = 3 or a discontinuity at x = 3. Also,
f is concave upward on ( −∞, 3) and (3, ∞).
f (0) = 0 f ′( x) > 0, x < 1 f ′′( x) < 0 y
4
f ( 2) = 0 f ′(1) = 0 3
2
f ′( x) < 0, x > 1
(1, 1)
(0, 0) (2, 0)
x
The function has x-intercepts at (0, 0) and (2, 0). On ( −∞, 1),
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 5
f is increasing and on (1, ∞), f is decreasing. A relative maximum f

−4
occurs when x = 1. The graph of f is concave downward.
f (0) = 0 f ′( x) < 0, x < 1 f ′′( x) > 0 y
f ( 2) = 0 f ′(1) = 0
2
f
f ′( x) > 0, x > 1 (0, 0) (2, 0)

x
−1 1 2 3
The function has x-intercepts at (0, 0) and (2, 0). On ( −∞, 1), −1
(1, −1)
f is decreasing and on (1, ∞), f is increasing. A relative minimum −2
occurs when x = 1. The graph of f is concave upward.
(a) f ′( x) > 0 on ( −∞, 0) where f is increasing.

y
55.
(b) f ′( x) < 0 on (0, ∞) where f is decreasing.

2
f′
1
(c) f ′ is not increasing. f is not concave upward.
x
(d) f ′ is decreasing on ( −∞, ∞) where f is concave downward.

−2 −1 1 2
−1
−2
(a) f ′ is positive on (0, 2) where f is increasing.

y
56.
(b) f ′ is negative on ( −∞, 0) and ( 2, ∞) where f is decreasing.
2
f′
1
(0, 0) (2, 0)
x
(c) f ′ is increasing on ( −∞, 1) where f is concave upward.
−1 1 2 3
(d) f ′ is decreasing on (1, ∞) where f is concave downward.
−2
57. f ′( x) = 2 x + 5
f ′′( x ) = 2
(a) Because the second derivative is positive for all x, f ′ is increasing on ( −∞, ∞).
(b) Because the second derivative is positive for all x, f is concave upward.
5
(c) Critical number: x = − (d) y
2 4 f
⎛ 5⎞
f ′′⎜ − ⎟ = 2 > 0
2
⎝ 2⎠ −8 −6 −2 2 4
x
5
A relative minimum occurs when x = − .
2 −6
f ′′( x) > 0 on ( −∞, ∞) (− 52 , − 254 ( −8

6
58. f ′( x) = 3x 2 − 2; Critical numbers: x = ±
3
f ′′( x ) = 6 x; f ′′( x) = 0 when x = 0
(a) The value of f ′′( x) is negative on ( −∞, 0) and positive on (0, ∞). So, f ′( x) is increasing on (0, ∞)
and decreasing on ( −∞, 0).
(b) f ′′( x) < 0 on ( −∞, 0).
f ′′( x) > 0 on (0, ∞).
So, f is concave downward on ( −∞, 0) and concave upward on (0, ∞).
⎛ 6⎞
(c) f ′′⎜⎜ − ⎟⎟ = −2 6 < 0 (d) y
⎝ 3 ⎠
2
⎛ 6⎞ (− 3
6 4 6
,
9 (
f ′′⎜⎜
f
⎟⎟ = 2 6 > 0
1
⎝ 3 ⎠ (0, 0)
x
−2 −1 1 2
6 −1
A relative maximum occurs when x = −
3 −2
( 3
6
,− 4 6
9 (
6
and a relative minimum occurs when x = .
3
Concavity changes at x = 0, so (0, 0) is a
point of inflection.
59. f ′( x) = − x 2 + 2 x − 1; Critical number: x = 1
f ′′( x) = −2 x + 2; f ′′( x) = 0 when x = 1
(a) The value of f ′′( x) is positive on ( −∞, 1) and (b) f ′′( x) > 0 on ( −∞, 1).
negative on (1, ∞). So, f ′( x) is increasing on f ′′( x) < 0 on (1, ∞).
(−∞, 1) and decreasing on (1, ∞). So, f is concave upward on ( −∞, 1) and
concave downward on (1, ∞).
(c) f ′′(1) = 0 (d) y
The Second-Derivative Test fails. Because f ′( x) ≤ 0,

4
3
f is never increasing and there are no relative extrema. 2
Concavity changes at x = 1, so a point of inflection −4 −3 −2 −1 3 4

x
−1
occurs when x = 1. −2 (1, − 13 (
−3
f
−4
60. f ′( x) = x 2 + x − 6 = ( x − 2)( x + 3); Critical numbers: x = 2, x = −3
1
f ′′( x) = 2 x + 1; f ′′( x) = 0 when x = −
2
⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 1⎞
(a) The value of f ′′( x) is negative on ⎜ −∞, − ⎟ (b) f ′′( x) < 0 on ⎜ −∞, − ⎟.
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠
⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞
and positive on ⎜ − , ∞ ⎟. So, f ′( x) is increasing f ′′( x) > 0 on ⎜ − , ∞ ⎟.
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞
on ⎜ − , ∞ ⎟ and decreasing on ⎜ −∞, − ⎟. So, f is concave upward on ⎜ − , ∞ ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
⎛ 1⎞
and concave downward on ⎜ −∞, − ⎟.
⎝ 2⎠
(c) f ′′( 2) = 5 > 0 (d) y
f ′′( −3) = −5 < 0 (− 3, 272 ( 15

12
f
A relative minimum occurs at x = 2, and a
(− 12 , 3712 (
relative maximum occurs at x = − 3.
x
−8 −6 2 4 6 8
1 −3
Concavity changes at x = − , so a point of −6
(2, − 223 (
2 −9
1
inflection occurs when x = − .
2
1
61. R =
50,000
(600 x 2 − x3 ), 0 ≤ x ≤ 400 62. R = − 94 x3 + 4 x 2 + 12, 0 ≤ x ≤ 5
R′ = − 43 x 2 + 8 x
1
R′ =
50,000
(1200 x − 3x 2 ) R′′ = − 83 x + 8 = 0 when x = 3.
R′′ =
1
(1200 − 6 x) = 0 when x = 200. R′′ > 0 on (0, 3).
50,000
R′′ < 0 on (3, 5).
R′′ > 0 on (0, 200).
R′′ < 0 on ( 200, 400). Point of diminishing returns: (3, 36)
Point of diminishing returns: ( 200, 320)
63. N (t ) = −0.12t 3 + 0.54t 2 + 8.22t , 0 ≤ t ≤ 4

N ′(t ) = −0.36t 2 + 1.08t + 8.22
N ′′(t ) = −0.72t + 1.08 = 0 when t = 1.5.
N ′′′(t ) = −0.72
N ′′′(1.5) = −0.72 < 0
The student is assembling components at the greatest rate when t = 1.5, or 8:30 P.M.
20t 2
64. N (t ) = ,0 ≤ t ≤ 4
4 + t2
N ′(t ) =
(4 + t 2 )(40t ) − (20t 2 )(2t ) = 160t ( 4 + t 2 )
−2
(4 + t 2 )
2
160( 4 − 3t 2 )
{
N ′′(t ) = 160 t ⎡−2( 4 + t 2 )
⎣⎢
−3
(2t )⎤⎦⎥ + (4 + t 2 )
−2
} = 160(4 + t ) 2
−3
⎡−4t 2 + ( 4 + t 2 )⎤ =
⎣ ⎦
(4 + t 2 )
3
= 0
2 2 3
when t = = .
3 3
(4 + t 2 ) (−960t ) − 160(4 − 3t 2 )⎡⎢⎣3(4 + t 2 ) (2t )⎤⎥⎦

3 2
(4 + t 2 ) (−3840t − 960t 3 − 3840t + 2880t 3 ) 1920 x( x 2 − 4)
2
N ′′′(t ) = = =
(4 + t 2 ) (4 + t 2 ) (4 + t 2 )
6 6 4
⎛2 3⎞
N ′′′⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ≈ −7.31 < 0
⎝ 3 ⎠
The student is assembling components at the greatest rate when t = 2 3 3 or at approximately 8:09 P.M. ( )
1 3 1 5 1 2 1
65. f ( x) = x − x 2 + 3 x − 5, [0, 3] 66. f ( x) = − x − x − x + 1, [−2, 2]
2 20 12 3
3 1 4 1 1
f ′( x) = x 2 − 2 x + 3 f ′( x) = − x − x −
2 9 4 6 3
f ( x) = 3x − 2
4
′′ 1
f′ f ′′( x) = − x3 − f ′′
f″ 6 f
No relative extrema. 0 3
No relative extrema. −3 3
Point of inflection: f
Point of inflection: f′
( 23 , − 3.30) −6
(−0.55, 1.16) −4
f is increasing when f ′ is positive. f is concave upward f is decreasing when f ′ is negative. f is concave

when f ′′ is positive and concave downward when f ′′ is upward when f ′′ is positive and concave downward
negative. when f ′′ is negative.
2 7200
= 2( x 2 + 1) , [−3, 3]
−1
67. f ( x) = 69. C = 0.5 x + 10 +
x +12
x
4x 7200
f ′( x) = −2( x 2 + 1) ( 2 x) = −
−2
C ′ = 0.5 −
( x + 1) x2
2
2

( x2 + 1) ( −4) − ( −4 x) ⎡⎣2( x 2 + 1)( 2 x)⎤⎦
2
f ′′( x) = C ′′ =
14,400
( x 2 + 1)
4
x3
1
12 x 2 − 4 C ′′ (120) = > 0
= 120
( x2 + 1)
3
So, producing 120 units minimizes the average cost per

4 unit.
f
300,000
70. C = 2 x +
−3 3 x
f′ 300,000
f ′′ C′ = 2 −
x2
−4
Critical number: x ≈ 387
Relative maximum: (0, 2) 600,000
C ′′ =
Points of inflection: (0.58, 1.5), ( −0.58, 1.5) x3
f is increasing when f ′ is positive and decreasing C ′′(387) ≈ 0.010 > 0
when f ′ is negative. f is concave upward when f ′′ is So, ordering 387 units will produce a minimum cost.
positive and concave downward when f ′′ is negative.
71. (a) 250
x2
68. f ( x) = 2 , [−3, 3]
x +1
f ′( x ) =
( x2 )
+ 1 ( 2 x) − x 2 ( 2 x)
=
2x
( x + 1) ( x + 1)
2 2
2 2 5 19
100
( x 2 + 1) (2) − 2 x ⎡⎣2( x 2 + 1)(2 x)⎤⎦

2
(b) t ≈ 5: 1995
f ( x) =
′′
( x 2 + 1)
4
(c) t ≈ 17: 2007
2(1 − 3 x 2 ) (d) t ≈ 13: 2003; the greatest rate of increase

=
( x 2 + 1)
3
t ≈ 19: 2009; the least rate of increase
72. (a) Relative maximum: (3, 2120)

3
Relative minimum: (1.5, 2050)

f
−3
f′
3
Absolute maximum: (0, 2250)
f ′′
Absolute minimum: (6.5, 1750)
−1
The market opened at the maximum for the day and

Relative minimum: (0, 0) closed at the minimum. At approximately 11:00 A.M.
Points of inflection: (0.58, 0.25), ( −0.58, 0.25) the market started to recover after falling, and at
approximately 12:30 P.M. the market started to fall
f is increasing when f ′ is positive and decreasing again.
when f ′ is negative. f is concave upward when f ′′ is (b) (2, 2100) is the approximate point of inflection.
positive and concave downward when f ′′ is negative. At approximately 11:30 A.M. the market began to
increase at a greater rate.
73. (a) 4500
5 18
2500
(b) and (c) v = − 0.0687t 4 + 3.169t 3 − 45t 2 + 230.6t + 2950, 5 ≤ t ≤ 18

dv
v′ = = − 0.2748t 3 + 9.507t 2 − 90t + 230.6
dt
d 2v
v′′ = = − 0.8244t 2 + 19.014t − 90
dt 2
v′′ = 0
− 8.244t + 19.014t − 90 = 0
2
t ≈ 16.4, 6.7
Interval 5 < t < 6.7 6.7 < t < 16.4 16.4 < t < 18
Sign of v′′ v′′ < 0 v′′ > 0 v′′ < 0
Points of inflection: (6.7, 3289.6), (16.4, 3637.2)

(d) The first inflection point is where the change in the number of veterans receiving benefits starts to increase after it has
been decreasing. The second inflection point is where the change in the number of veterans receiving benefits starts to
decrease again.
74. (a) S ′ is increasing, so S ′′ > 0.

(b) Both S and S ′ are increasing, so S ′ > 0 and S ′′ > 0.
(c) S ′ is not changing, so S ′′ = 0.
(d) S is not changing, so S ′ = 0.
(e) S is decreasing, but S ′ is increasing, so S ′ < 0 and S ′′ > 0.
(f ) S is increasing, so S ′ > 0. There are no restrictions on S ′′.
75. Answers will vary.
Section 3.4 Optimization Problems
Skills Warm Up
1. Let x be the first number and y be the second number. 5. y = x 2 + 6 x − 9
x + 1y = 12
2 y′ = 2 x + 6 = 0
2. Let x be the first number and y be the second number. Critical number: x = − 3
2 xy = 24
6. y = 2 x3 − x 2 − 4 x
3. Let x be the length of the rectangle and y be the width
y′ = 6 x 2 − 2 x − 4 = 0
of the rectangle.
xy = 24 2(3x 2 − x − 2) = 0
4. Let ( x1 , y1 ) be the first point and ( x2 , y2 ) be the 2(3x + 2)( x − 1) = 0

second point. Critical numbers x = − 23 , x = 1
( x1 − x2 ) + ( y1 − y2 )
2 2
= 10
Section 3.4 Optimization Problems 181
Skills Warm Up —continued—

125 x2 + 1 1
7. y = 5 x + 9. y = = x +
x x x
125 1
y′ = 5 − 2 = 0 y′ = 1 − = 0
x x2
5( x 2 − 25) x2 − 1
2
= 0 = 0
x x2
5( x − 25) = 0
2 x2 − 1 = 0
96 x
8. y = 3 x + 10. y =
x2 x +9
2
192 x 2 + 9 − x( 2 x )
y′ = 3 − = 0 y′ = = 0
( x2 + 9)
2
x3
3( x3 − 64)
= 0 9 − x2
x 3 = 0
( x2 + 9)
2
3( x − 64) = 0
3
9 − x2 = 0
1. Let l be the length and w be the width of the rectangle. 3. Let l and w be the length and width of the rectangle. Then
Then 2l + 2 w = 100 and w = 50 − l. The area is: the area is lw = 64 and w = 64 l. The perimeter is:
A = lw = l (50 − l ) ⎛ 64 ⎞
P = 2l + 2 w = 2l + 2⎜ ⎟
A′ = 50 − 2l ⎝ l ⎠
A′′ = −2 128 2(l 2 − 64)
P′ = 2 − =
A′ = 0 when x = 25. Because A′′( 25) = −2 < 0, l2 l2
A is maximum when l = 25 meters and 256
P′ =
w = 50 − 25 = 25 meters. l3
P′ = 0 when l = 8. Because P′′(8) = 1 > 0, P is a
2. Let l be the length and w be the width of the rectangle. 2
minimum when l = 8 and w = 64 8 = 8 feet.
Then P = 2 w + 2l and y = 1
2
(P − 2l ). The area is:
⎛1⎞ 1 4. Let l and w be the length and width of the rectangle. The
A = lw = l ⎜ ⎟( P − 2l ) = Pl − l 2 area is A = lw and w = A l. The perimeter is:
⎝ 2⎠ 2
1 ⎛ A⎞
A′ = P − 2l P = 2l + 2 w = 2l + 2⎜ ⎟
2 ⎝l⎠
A′′ = −2 2A 2l 2 − 2 A
P′ = 2 − =
A′ = 0 when l = P 4. Because A′′( P 4) = −2 < 0, l 2
l2
A is a maximum when l = P 4 and w = P 4. 4A
P′′ =
l3
P′ = 0 when l = A. Because P′′ ( A ) > 0, P is
minimum when l = A and w = A.
5. The length of fencing is given by 4 x + 3 y = 200 and 7. (a) 9 + 9 + 4(3)(11) = 150 in.2
y = ( 200 − 4 x) 3. The area of the corrals is: 6( 25) = 150 in.2
⎛ 200 − 4 x ⎞ 8 36 + 36 + 4(6)(3.25) = 150 in.2
A = 2 xy = 2 x⎜ ⎟ = (50 x − x )
2
⎝ 3 ⎠ 3
(b) V = 3(3)(11) = 99 in.3
8
A′ = (50 − 2 x)
3 V = 5(5)(5) = 125 in.3
A′′ = −
16 V = 6(6)(3.25) = 117 in.3
3
(c) Let the base measure x by x, and the height measure y.
A′ = 0 when x = 25. Because A′′( 25) = − 16 < 0,
3 Then the surface area is 2 x 2 + 4 xy = 150 and
100
A is maximum when x = 25 feet and y = feet. 1
3
y =
2x
(75 − x 2 ). The volume of the solid is:
6. Let x be the length of the fence parallel to the river and
⎡1 ⎤ 75 x3
y be the length of fence perpendicular to the river. V = x 2 y = x 2 ⎢ (75 − x 2 )⎥ = x −
⎣2x ⎦ 2 2
245,000
Then, Area = xy = 245,000 ⇒ y = . 75 3 x 2
x V′ = −
2 2
Amount of fencing:
V ′′ = −3 x
⎛ 245,000 ⎞ 490,000
F = x + 2 y = x + 2⎜ ⎟ = x + V ′ = 0 when x = 5. Because V ′′(5) = −15 < 0, V
⎝ x ⎠ x
is maximum when x = 5 inches and y = 5 inches.
490,000
F′ = 1 −
x2 8. (a) Let the base of the solid have dimensions x by x and
980,000 let the height be y.
F ′′ =
x3
Then the surface area is given by
F′ = 0
1
490,000 2 x 2 + 4 xy = 337.5 ⇒ y =
4x
(337.5 − 2 x 2 ).
1− = 0
x2
Volume of the solid: V = x 2 y
x 2 = 490,000
⎡1 ⎤
x = 700 V = x 2 ⎢ (337.5 − 2 x 2 )⎥
⎣4x ⎦
F ′′(700) > 0 ⇒ F is minimum when x = 700 meters.
= 84.375 x − 0.5 x3
245,000
When x = 700, y = = 350 meters. V ′ = 84.375 − 1.5 x 2
700
V ′′ = − 3 x
V′ = 0
84.375 − 1.5 x 2 = 0
1.5 x 2 = 84.375
x 2 = 56.25
x = 7.5 cm
V ′′(7.5) < 0 ⇒ V is a maximum when x = 7.5 cm.
When
x = 7.5 cm, y =
1
4(7.5)
( )
337.5 − 2(7.5) = 7.5 cm.
2
(b) V = 84.375(7.5) − 0.5(7.5) = 421.875 cm3

3
9. (a) Let the base have dimensions x by x and the height 10. (a) Profit is increasing for advertising costs between
have dimension y. Then the volume is given by $0 and $40 thousand, 0 ≤ x < 40.
8000 (b) Profit is decreasing for advertising costs between
V = x 2 y = 8000 ⇒ y = . $40 thousand and $61 thousand, 40 < x ≤ 61.
x2
(c) To yield a maximum profit of approximately
Surface area: S = 2 x 2 + 4 xy
$3.55 million ( P = 3550), the company should
⎛ 8000 ⎞
= 2 x 2 + 4 x⎜ 2 ⎟ spend $40 thousand in advertising costs.
⎝ x ⎠
(d) The point of diminishing returns is approximately
32,000
= 2x2 + (20, 2000).
x
32,000 11. Let x and y be the length and width of the rectangle. The
S′ = 4x −
x2 radius of the semicircle is r = y 2, and the perimeter is
64,000
S ′′ = 4 + ⎛ y⎞
x3 200 = 2 x + 2π r = 2 x + 2π ⎜ ⎟ = 2 x + π y and
⎝ 2⎠
S′ = 0
y = ( 200 − 2 x) π . The area of the rectangle is:
32,000
4x − = 0
x2 ⎡ 200 − 2 x ⎤ 2
A = xy = x ⎢ ⎥ = π (100 x − x )
2
4 x3 = 32,000 ⎣ π ⎦
x3 = 8000 2
A′ = (100 − 2 x)
x = 20 π
4
S ′′( 20) > 0 ⇒ S is a minimum when x = 20. A′′ = −
π
When x = 20 in., y =
8000
= 20 in. A′ = 0 when x = 50. Because A′′ < 0, A is maximum
(20)
2
when x = 50 meters and
32,000 200 − 2(50) 100
(b) S = 2( 20) +
2
= 2400 in.2 y = = meters.
20 π π
π ⎛1 π ⎞
12. The perimeter of the window is x + 2 y + x = 16 and y = 8 − ⎜ + ⎟ x.
2 ⎝2 4⎠
The area of the window is:
2
π ⎛ x⎞ ⎡ ⎛ 1 π ⎞ ⎤ π x2 ⎛1 π ⎞
A = xy + ⎜ ⎟ = x ⎢8 − ⎜ + ⎟ x⎥ + = 8x − ⎜ + ⎟ x2
2⎝2⎠ ⎣ ⎝ 2 4 ⎠ ⎦ 8 ⎝2 8⎠
⎛ π⎞
A′ = 8 − ⎜1 + ⎟ x
⎝ 4⎠
⎛ π⎞
A′′ = −⎜1 + ⎟
⎝ 4⎠
8 8 32 16
A′ = 0 when x = . Because A′′ < 0, A is maximum when x = = feet and y = feet.
1+π 4 1+π 4 4+π 4+π
13. Let the base measure x by x and the height measure y. 16. Let x be the length of the cut from each corner of the
80 3-foot by 8-foot rectangle.
Then the volume is x 2 y = 80 and y = 2 . The cost of
x
x
the box is:
C = (0.20)( 2) x 2 + (0.10)( 4) xy 3 − 2x
⎛ 80 ⎞ x
= 0.40 x 2 + 0.40 x⎜ 2 ⎟
⎝x ⎠ x 8 − 2x x
32
= 0.40 x 2 + V = Length ⋅ Width ⋅ Height
x
32 = (3 − 2 x )(8 − 2 x) x
C ′ = 0.80 x − 2
x = 4 x3 − 22 x 2 + 24 x
0.80 x − 32 3
V ′ = 12 x 2 − 44 x + 24
=
x2
V ′′ = 24 x − 44
64
C ′′ = 0.80 + 3 V′ = 0
x
12 x − 44 x + 24 = 0
2
C ′ = 0 when x = 3
40 = 2 3 5. Because
4(3 x 2 − 11x + 6) = 0
( )
C ′′ 2 3 5 > 0, C is minimum when
4(3x − 2)( x − 3) = 0
x = 2 3 5 centimeters and y = 4 3 5 centimeters.
x = 2 or x = 3
3
1 250
14. The volume of the enclosure is x y = 83 = 2
and (Note that x = 3 does not make sense in the context of
3 3
the problem.)
250
y =
3x 2
.
V ′′ ( 23 ) < 0 ⇒ V is a maximum when x = 2
3
ft.
The surface area of the enclosure is: 2 200
When x = 3
ft, V = 27
ft 3 ≈ 7.41 ft 3 .
⎛ 250 ⎞ 250
A = 3 xy + x = 3 x⎜ 2 ⎟ + x 2 =
2
+ x2
⎝ 3x ⎠ x 17. Let x and y be the lengths shown in the figure.
250 2 x3 − 250
A′ = − 2 + 2 x =
x x2 1.5
500
A′′ = 3 + 2
x
x
A′ = 0 when x = 5. Because A′′(5) > 0, the surface
area is minimum when x = 5 meters and
1.5
250 10
y = = meters.
3(5)
2
3 1.5 y 1.5
36
15. The volume of the box is: Then xy = 36 and y = .
x
V = x(6 − 2 x ) , 0 < x < 3
2
The area of the page is:
V ′ = 12( x − 1)( x − 3) ⎛ 36 ⎞ 108
A = ( x + 3)⎜ + 3⎟ = 45 + + 3x
V ′ = 0 when x = 3 and x = 1. Because V = 0 when ⎝ x ⎠ x
x = 3 and V = 16 when x = 1, the volume is maximum 108 3( x 2 − 36)
A′ = − + 3 =
when x = 1. The corresponding volume is x2 x2
V = 16 cubic inches. 216
A′′ = 3
x
A′ = 0 when x = 6. Because A′′(6) = 1 > 0, A is
36
minimum when x = 6 inches and y = = 6 inches.
6
The dimensions of the page are 9 inches by 9 inches.
18. Let x and y be the dimensions of the printed area. 20. The triangles (0, y), (1, 2), (0, 2) and (1, 2), (x, 0), (1, 0)
are similar.
2 in.
y − 2 0− 2
(a) =
0 −1 x −1
2
y − 2 =
y
x −1
2
y = 2+
x −1
L = x2 + y2
2 in.
2
⎛ 2 ⎞
= x2 + ⎜ 2 + ⎟
1 in. x 1 in. ⎝ x − 1⎠
50 8 4
Printed area: xy = 50 ⇒ y = = x2 + 4 + + , x >1
x x − 1 ( x − 1)2
Area of the entire page: A = ( x + 2)( y + 4) (b) 10
⎛ 50 ⎞
= ( x + 2)⎜ + 4⎟
⎝ x ⎠
100 (2.587, 4.162)
= 50 + 4 x + +8
x 0 10
0
100
A′ = 4 − 2 L is a minimum when x ≈ 2.587 units and
x
200 L ≈ 4.162 units.
A′′ = 3
x (c) The area is:
A′ = 0 1 1 ⎛ 2 ⎞ x
A( x) = xy = x⎜ 2 + ⎟ = x+
100 2 2 ⎝ x − 1⎠ x −1
4 − 2 = 0
( x − 1) − x ( x − 1) − 1 x( x − 2)
2
x
A′( x) = 1 + = =
4 x = 100
2
( x − 1)
2
( x − 1)
2
( x − 1)
2
x 2 = 25 2
A′′( x) =
x = 5 ( x = − 5 in not in the domain.) ( x − 1)
3
A′′(5) > 0 ⇒ A is a minimum when x = 5 inches. A′( x) = 0 when x = 2. Because A′′( 2) > 0,
50 A( x) is minimum when x = 2 and y = 4.
When x = 5 inches, y = = 10 inches.
5 Vertices: (0, 0), (2, 0), (0, 4)
19. The area of the rectangle is
⎛6 − x⎞ 1
A = xy = x⎜ ⎟ = (6 x − x )
2
⎝ 2 ⎠ 2
1
A′ = (6 − 2 x).
2
A′′ = −1
A′ = 0 when x = 3. Because A′′ < 0, A is maximum
6 −3 3
when x = 3 units and y = = units.
2 2
21. The area is:
A = 2 xy = 2 x( 25 − x 2 )
12
⎡ ⎤
⎡ ⎛1⎞ 1 2⎤ 25 − 2 x 2 ⎥
A′ = 2 ⎢ x⎜ ⎟( 25 − x 2 ) ( −2 x) + ( 25 − x 2 ) ⎥ = 2 ⎢
−1 2
⎣( ) ⎦
⎣ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎦ ⎢ 25 − x 2 1 2 ⎥
⎡ 2 ⎛1⎞ ⎤
⎢ ( 25 − x ) ( −4 x) − ( 25 − 2 x )⎜ 2 ⎟( 25 − x ) (−2 x) ⎥
12 −1 2
2 2
⎡ ⎤
⎝ ⎠ 2 x 2 − 75 ⎥
A′′ = 2 ⎢ ⎥ = 2x⎢
⎣( ) ⎦
⎣ 25 − x 2
⎦ ⎢ 25 − x 2 ⎥3 2
A′ = 0 when x = 5 (
2. Because A′′ 5 )
2 < 0, A is maximum when the length is
2
10 ⎛ 5 ⎞ 5
2x = ≈ 7.07 units and the width is y = 25 − ⎜ ⎟ = ≈ 3.54 units.
2 ⎝ 2⎠ 2
22. The area is:
A = 2 xy = 2 x( r 2 − x 2 )
12
⎡ 2 ⎤
⎡ ⎛1⎞ 1 2⎤ r − 2x2 ⎥
A′ = 2 ⎢ x⎜ ⎟( r 2 − x 2 ) ( −2 x) + ( r 2 − x 2 ) ⎥ = 2 ⎢
−1 2 y
⎣( ) ⎦
⎣ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎦ ⎢ r 2 − x2 1 2 ⎥
2r
⎡ 2 2 ⎛1⎞ 2 ⎤
⎢ ( r − x ) ( −4 x) − ( r − 2 x )⎜ 2 ⎟( r − x ) ( −2 x) ⎥
12 −1 2
2 2 2
⎡ 2 ⎤
⎝ ⎠ 2 x − 3r 2 ⎥
A′′ = 2 ⎢ ⎥ = 2x⎢
(x, y)
⎣( ) ⎦
⎣ r − x
2 2
⎦ ⎢ r 2 − x2 ⎥
3 2
x
r
r 2r ⎛ 2r ⎞
A′ = 0 when x = = . Because A′′⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ < 0, A is maximum when the
2 2 ⎝ 2 ⎠
12
⎡ ⎛ r ⎞ ⎤
2
2r
length is 2 x = 2r units and the width is y = ⎢r 2 − ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ = units.
⎣⎢ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎥⎦ 2
23. The volume of the cylinder is

V = π r 2 h = (12 oz)(1.80469 in.3per oz) ≈ 21.66 in.3
which implies that h = 21.66 (π r 2 ). The surface area of the container is:
⎛ 21.66 ⎞ ⎛ 21.66 ⎞
S = 2π r 2 + 2π rh = 2π r 2 + 2π r ⎜ 2 ⎟
= 2⎜π r 2 + ⎟
⎝ πr ⎠ ⎝ r ⎠
⎛ 21.66 ⎞ ⎛ 2π r 3 − 21.66 ⎞
S ′ = 2⎜ 2π r − 2 ⎟
= 2⎜ ⎟
⎝ r ⎠ ⎝ r2 ⎠
⎛ 43.32 ⎞
S ′′ = 2⎜ 2π + ⎟
⎝ r3 ⎠
21.66
S ′ = 0 when r = 3 ≈ 1.51 inches. Because S ′′(1.51) > 0, S is minimum when r ≈ 1.51 inches and
2π
21.66
h = ≈ 3.02 inches.
π (1.51)
2
24. Let s represent the cost per square inch of the sides. 26. The distance between a point ( x, y ) on the graph and the
The volume of the cylinder is point (5, 3) is
V = π r 2 h = (16 oz)(1.80469 in.3 per oz) ≈ 28.88 in.3
d = (x − 5) + ( y − 3)
2 2
which implies that h = 28.88 (π r 2 ). The cost of the

2
container is given by the following. = (x − 5) + ⎡( x + 1) − 3⎤
2
⎣
2
⎦
C = 2 s( 2π r 2 ) + s( 2π rh)
and d can be minimized by minimizing its square
⎛ 28.88 ⎞
= 2 s( 2π r 2 ) + 2π rs⎜ 2 ⎟
L = d 2.
⎝ πr ⎠ 2
L = ( x − 5) + ⎡( x + 1) − 3⎤
2 2
⎛ 28.88 ⎞ ⎣ ⎦
= 2 s⎜ 2π r 2 + ⎟
⎝ r ⎠ = x 4 + 4 x3 + x 2 − 18 x + 29
⎛ 28.88 ⎞ ⎛ 4π r − 28.88 ⎞ 3
L′ = 4 x3 + 12 x 2 + 2 x − 18
C ′ = 2 s⎜ 4π r − 2 ⎟
= 2s⎜ ⎟
⎝ r ⎠ ⎝ r2 ⎠ L′′ = 12 x 2 + 24 x + 2
⎛ 57.76 ⎞ L′ = 0 when x = 1. Because L′′(1) > 0, L is minimum
C ′′ = 2 s⎜ 4π + ⎟
⎝ r3 ⎠
when x = 1 and y = (1 + 1) = 4. The point nearest
2
7.22
C ′ = 0 when r = 3 ≈ 1.32. (5, 3) is (1, 4).
π
Because C ′′(1.32) > 0, C is minimum when 27. The distance between a point ( x, y ) on the graph and the
28.88 point ( 4, 0) is
r ≈ 1.32 inches and h = ≈ 5.28 inches.
π (1.32)
2
d = (x − 4) + y 2 =
2
(x − 4) + x
2
25. The distance between a point ( x, y ) on the graph and the

and d can be minimized by minimizing its square
point ( 2, 1 2) is
L = d 2.
2 2
L = ( x − 4) + x = x 2 − 7 x + 16
2
⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 1⎞
d = ( x − 2) 2 + ⎜y − ⎟ = ( x − 2) 2 + ⎜ x2 − ⎟
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ L′ = 2 x − 7
and d can be minimized by minimizing its square L = d . 2
L′′ = 2
2
⎛ 1⎞ 17 7 ⎛7⎞
L = ( x − 2) + ⎜ x 2 − ⎟ = x 4 − 4 x +
2
L′ = 0 when x = . Because L′′⎜ ⎟ > 0, L is
⎝ 2⎠ 4 2 ⎝ 2⎠
L′ = 4 x3 − 4 = 4( x3 − 1) minimum when x =
7
and y =
7
=
14
. The
2 2 2
L′′ = 12 x 2
⎛7 14 ⎞
L′ = 0 when x = 1. Because L′′(1) > 0, L is minimum point nearest ( 4, 0) is ⎜⎜ , ⎟.
⎝2 2 ⎟⎠
when x = 1 and y = (1) = 1. The point nearest
2
(2, 1 2) is (1, 1).
28. The distance between a point ( x, y ) on the graph and the point (12, 0) is
( )
2
(x − 12) + ( y − 0) (x − 12) +
2 2 2
d = = x −8 −0 and d can be minimized by minimizing its square L = d 2 .
L = ( x − 12) ( x − 8)
2
= x 2 − 24 x + 144 + x − 8
= x 2 − 23 x + 136
L′ = 2 x − 23
L′′ = 2
L′ = 0 when x = 23
2
. Because L′′ ( 232 ) > 0, L is a minimum when x = 23
2
and y = 23
2
−8 = 7
2
.
The point nearest (12, 0) is ( 23

2
, 7
2 ).
29. The length and girth is 4 x + y = 108 and 32. Using the formula Distance = (Rate)(Time), we have
y = 108 − 4 x. The volume is: T = D R.
V = x 2 y = x 2 (108 − 4 x) = 108 x 2 − 4 x3 T = Trowed + Twalked

Drowed D
V ′ = 216 x − 12 x 2 = 12 x(18 − x). = + walked
Rrowed Rwalked
V ′′ = 216 − 24 x
1 + (3 − x )
2
V ′ = 0 when x = 0 and x = 18. Because V ′′(18) < 0, x2 + 4
= +
2 4
V is minimum when x = 18 inches and y = 36 inches.
x 3− x
The dimensions are 18 inches by 18 inches by 36 inches. T′ = −
2 x2 + 4 4 1 + (3 − x )
2
4 3 12 4
30. The volume is π r + π r 2 h = 12 and h = − r. By setting T ′ = 0, we have:
3 π r2 3
The surface area is: x2 (3 − x )
2
=
A = 4π r + 2π rh 4( x + 4)
2
16 1 + (3 − x) ⎤
⎡
2 2
⎣ ⎦
⎛ 12 4 ⎞
= 4π r 2 + 2π r ⎜ 2 − r ⎟ x2 9 − 6 x + x2
⎝πr 3 ⎠ =
x + 4
2
4(10 − 6 x + x 2 )
24 8 2
= 4π r 2 + − πr
r 3 4( x 4 − 6 x3 + 10 x 2 ) = ( x 2 + 4)(9 − 6 x + x 2 )
4 2 24
= πr + r x 4 − 6 x3 + 9 x 2 + 8 x − 12 = 0
3 r
Possible rational roots: ±1, ± 2, ± 3, ± 4, ± 6, ±12
8 24 8(π r 3 − 9)
A′ = πr − 2 = Using a graphing utility, the solution on [0, 3] is
3 r 3r 2
8 48 x = 1 mile.
A′′ = π + 3
3 r By testing, we find that x = 1 mile.
A′ = 0 when r = 3 9 π ≈ 1.42 inches. Because
33. Let x be the length of a side of the square and r be the
A′′(1.42) > 0, A is minimum when r ≈ 1.42 inches. radius of the circle. Then the combined perimeter is
4 x + 2π r = 16 and
31. Let p represent the cost per square foot of the material. 16 − 2π r πr
4 x = = 4− .
The volume is π r 3 + π r 2 h = 3000 and 4 2
3
The total area is:
3000 4
h = − r. The cost of the tank is: πr ⎞
2
π r2 3 ⎛
A = x2 + π r 2 = ⎜ 4 − ⎟ + πr
2
C = 2 p( 4π r 2 ) + p( 2π rh) ⎝ 2 ⎠
⎛ π r ⎞⎛ π ⎞ 1 2
⎛ 3000 4 ⎞
= 2 p( 4π r 2 ) + 2π rp⎜ 2 − r ⎟
A′ = 2⎜ 4 − ⎟⎜ − ⎟ + 2π r = (π r + 4π r − 8π )
⎝ 2 ⎠⎝ 2 ⎠ 2
⎝ π r 3 ⎠
1 2
⎛8 3000 ⎞ A′′ = (π + 4π )
= 2 p⎜ π r 2 + ⎟ 2
⎝3 r ⎠
8π 8
⎛ 16 3 ⎞ A′ = 0 when r = = . Because
⎛ 16 3000 ⎞ ⎜ 3 π r − 3000 ⎟ π 2 + 4π π + 4
C ′ = 2 p⎜ π r − 2 ⎟ = 2 p ⎜ ⎟ 8
⎝3 r ⎠ ⎝ r3 ⎠ A′′ > 0, A is minimum when r = units and
π + 4
⎛ 16 6000 ⎞
C ′′ = 2 p⎜ π + ⎟ π ⎡⎣8 (π + 4)⎤⎦ 16
⎝3 r3 ⎠ x = 4− = .
2 π + 4
562.5
C ′ = 0 when r = 3 ≈ 5.64 feet.
π
Because C ′′(5.64) > 0, C is minimum when
r ≈ 5.64 feet and
3000 4
h = − (5.64) ≈ 22.50 feet.
π (5.64)
2
3
34. Let x be the length of a side of the triangle and y be the length of a side of the square.
The combined perimeter is 3x + 4 y = 10 and y = 1
4
(10 − 3x). The total area is:
2
1 1 ⎛ 3x ⎞ ⎡ 1 ⎤ 3 2 1
A = bh + y 2 = x⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ + ⎢ (10 − 3x)⎥ = x + (100 − 60 x + 9 x 2 )
2 2 ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎣4 ⎦ 4 16
3 1 ⎛ 3 9 ⎞ 15
A′ = x + ( −60 + 18 x) = x⎜⎜ + ⎟⎟ −
2 16 ⎝ 2 8⎠ 4
3 9
A′′ = +
2 8
30
A′ = 0 when x = .
4 3 +9
30 1⎡ ⎛ 30 ⎞⎤ 10 3
Because A′′ > 0, A is minimum when x = units and y = ⎢10 − 3⎜ ⎟⎥ = .
4 3 + 9 4⎣ ⎝ 4 3 + 9 ⎠⎦ 4 3 + 9
2 − 2x
35. (a) The perimeter is 4 x + 2π r = 4 and r = .
π
⎛ 2 − 2x ⎞
The area is: A( x) = x 2 + π r 2 = x 2 + π ⎜
( 2 − 2 x)
2 2
⎛ 4⎞ 8 4
⎟ = x + = ⎜1 + ⎟ x 2 − x +
2
⎝ π ⎠ π ⎝ π⎠ π π
2 − 2x
(b) Because x ≥ 0 and r = ≥ 0, the domain is 0 ≤ x ≤ 1
π
(c) 2
0 1
0
⎛ 8⎞ 8
(d) A′( x) = ⎜ 2 + ⎟ x −
⎝ π⎠ π
8
A′′( x) = 2 +
π
8π 4
A′( x) = 0 when x = = .
2 + 8π 4+π
4 2
Because A′′( x) > 0, A( x) is minimum when x = ≈ 0.56 feet and r = ≈ 0.28 feet.
4+π 4+π
So the total area is minimum when 2.24 feet is used for the square and 1.76 feet is used for the circle.
2
From the graph, A( x) is maximum when x = 0 feet and r = ≈ 0.64 feet. So the total area is maximum
π
when all 4 feet is used for the circle.
36. Let x = each additional tree, then x + 16 is the total number of trees. Since 80 is the average yield of apples per tree,
then 80 − 4x is the average yield if x trees are added.
The total yield, T , is the number of trees times the average yield per tree.
T = ( x + 16)(80 − 4 x ) = − 4 x 2 + 16 x + 1280
T ′ = − 8 x + 16
T ′′ = − 8
T′ = 0
− 8 x + 16 = 0
x = 2
T ′′( 2) < 0 ⇒ T is a maximum when x = 2.
The total number of trees is 16 + 2 = 18 and the maximum yield is T = 1296 apples.
37. Let w be the number of weeks and p be the price per bushel. Use the points (1, 30) and ( 2, 29.20) to determine the
linear equation relating the price per bushel to the number of weeks that pass.
29.20 − 30
p − 30 = ( w − 1)
2 −1
p − 30 = −0.80 w + 0.80
p = −0.80 w + 30.80
Let b be the number of bushels in the field.
Use the points (1, 120) and ( 2, 124) to determine the linear equation relating the number of bushels in the field to
the number of weeks that pass.
124 − 120
b − 120 = ( w − 1)
2 −1
b − 120 = 4 w − 4
b = 4 w + 116
The total value of the crop is:
R = pb = ( −0.80w + 30.80)( 4w + 116) = −3.2w2 + 30.4 w + 3572.8
R′ = −6.4 w + 30.4
R′′ = −6.4
R′ = 0 when w = 4.75. Because R′′ < 0, R is maximum when w = 4.75. So the farmer should harvest the strawberries
after 4 weeks.
The total bushels harvested is b( 4.75) = 135 bushels.
The maximum value of the strawberries is R( 4.75) = $3645.
Chapter 3 Quiz Yourself

1. f ( x) = x 2 − 6 x + 1 4
f ′( x) = 2 x − 6
−7 11
Interval −∞ < x < 3 3 < x < ∞

−8
Sign of f ′ f′ < 0 f′ > 0

2. f ( x) = 2 x3 + 12 x 2 100
f ′( x) = 6 x 2 + 24 x = 6 x( x + 4)
Critical numbers: x = 0, x = −4
− 10 10
Interval −∞ < x < −4 −4 < x < 0 0 < x < ∞ − 10
Sign of f ′ f′ > 0 f′ < 0 f′ > 0

Chapter 3 Quiz Yourself 191
x
3. f ( x) = 0.15
x + 25
2
x 2 + 25(1) − x( 2 x)
f ′( x) =
( x2 + 25)
2 −6 6
25 − x 2
f ′( x) = −0.15
( x2 + 25)
2
Interval −∞ < x < −5 −5 < x < 5 5 < x < ∞

Sign of f ′ f′ < 0 f′ > 0 f′ < 0
Conclusion Decreasing Increasing Decreasing
4. f ( x) = x3 + 3x 2 − 5
f ′( x) = 3 x 2 + 6 x = 3x( x + 2)
Interval −∞ < x < −2 −2 < x < 0 0 < x < ∞

Sign of f ′ f′ > 0 f′ < 0 f′ > 0
Relative maximum: ( −2, −1)
5. f ( x) = x 4 − 8 x 2 + 3
f ′( x) = 4 x 3 − 16 x = 4 x( x 2 − 4)
Critical numbers: x = ± 2, x = 0
Interval −∞ < x < −2 −2 < x < 0 0 < x < 2 2 < x < ∞

Sign of f ′ f′ < 0 f′ > 0 f′ < 0 f′ > 0
Conclusion Decreasing Increasing Decreasing Increasing
Relative minima: ( −2, −13), ( 2, −13)
6. f ( x) = 2 x 2 3
4 −1 3 4
f ′( x) = x = 13
3 3x
Interval −∞ < x < 0 0 < x < ∞

Sign of f ′ f′ < 0 f′ > 0
7. f ( x) = x 2 + 2 x − 8, [−2, 1] Endpoint Critical Endpoint

x-value
f ′( x) = 2 x + 2 x = −2 x = −1 x =1
Critical number: x = −1 f ( x) −8 −9 −5
8. f ( x) = x3 − 27 x, [− 4, 4] Endpoint Critical Critical Endpoint

x-value
f ′( x) = 3 x 2 − 27 x = −4 x = −3 x = 3 x = 4
Critical numbers: x = ± 3 f ( x) 44 54 −54 44

Conclusion Maximum Minimum
x
9. f ( x) = , [0, 2] Endpoint Critical Endpoint
x +1
2
x-value
x = 0 x =1 x = 2
f ′( x) =
(x 2
− 1) − x( 2 x) 1 − x2
= f ( x) 0 1 2
( x2 + 1) ( x 2 + 1)
2 2 2 5

10. f ( x) = x3 − 6 x 2 + 7 x
Interval −∞ < x < 2 2 < x < ∞
f ′( x) = 3x 2 − 12 x + 7
Sign of f ′′( x) f ′′( x) < 0 f ′′( x) > 0
f ′′( x) = 6 x − 12
f ′′( x) = 0 when x = 2.
Point of inflection: ( 2, − 2)
11. f ( x) = x 4 − 24 x 2
Interval −∞ < x < −2 −2 < x < 2 2 < x < ∞
f ′( x) = 4 x3 − 48 x
f ′′( x) = 12 x 2 − 48 Sign of f ′′( x) f ′′( x) > 0 f ′′( x) < 0 f ′′( x) > 0
f ′′( x) = 0 when x = ± 2. Conclusion Concave upward Concave downward Concave upward
Points of inflection: ( −2, − 80), ( 2, − 80)
12. f ( x) = 2 x3 + 3 x 2 − 12 x + 16 13. f ( x) = 2 x + 18 x −1
f ′( x) = 6 x 2 + 6 x − 12 = 6( x + 2)( x − 1) 18 2( x 2 − 9)
f ′( x) = 2 − 18 x − 2 = 2 − =
Critical numbers: x = −2, x = 1 x2 x2
f ′′( x) = 12 x + 6
f ′′( −2) = −18 < 0 36
f ′′( x) = 36 x − 3 =
x3
f ′′(1) = 18 > 0
f ′′( − 3) < 0 and f ′′(3) > 0
So, ( −2, 36) is a relative maximum and (1, 9) is a
So, ( − 3, −12) is a relative maximum and (3, 12) is a
relative minimum.
relative minimum.
Section 3.5 Business and Economics Applications 193
1 15. The perimeter is x + 2 y = 200 and

14. S =
3600
(360 x 2 − x3 ), 0 ≤ x ≤ 240 1
y = 100 − x. The area is:
1 2
S′ =
3600
(720 x − 3x 2 )
⎛ 1 ⎞ 1
1 A = xy = x⎜100 − x ⎟ = 100 x − x 2
S ′′ = (720 − 6 x) = 0 when x = 120. ⎝ 2 ⎠ 2
3600
′
A = 100 − x
S ′′ > 0 on (0, 120).
A′′ = −1
S ′′ < 0 on (120, 240).
A′ = 0 when x = 100. Because A′′ = −1 < 0, A is
Since (120, 960) is a point of inflection, it is the point of maximum when x = 100 feet and
diminishing returns. 1
y = 100 − (100) = 50 feet.
2
16. P = 0.001t 3 − 0.64t 2 + 10.3t + 1276, 0 ≤ t ≤ 9

P′ = 0.003t 2 − 1.28t + 10.3
P′ = 0
0.003t − 1.28t + 10.3 = 0
2
t ≈ 8.2 or 418.5 (t ≈ 418.5 is not in the domain.)

(a) (b)
Interval 0 < t < 8.2 8.2 < t < 9 Endpoint Critical number Endpoint
t -value
t = 0 t = 8.2 t = 9
Sign of P′ P′ > 0 P′ < 0
P (t ) 1276 1317.8 1317.4
The maximum population was 1317.8 thousand or
The population was increasing from 2000 to early
1,317,800 in early 2008 and the minimum population
2008 (0 < t < 8.2) and decreasing from early
was 1276 thousand or 1,276,000 in 2000.
2008 to 2009 (8.2 < t < 9).
Section 3.5 Business and Economics Applications
Skills Warm Up
300 dP
1. − + 3 = −2 + 3 = 1 6. = 0.02 x + 11
150 dx
dP
600 4 6 7. = −1.4 x + 7
2. − + 2 = − + 2 = dx
5(150) 5 5
dC
8. = 4.2 + 0.003 x 2
20(150) 20(150)
−1 2 −3 2
150 dx
3. = = 2
−10(150) −10(150)
−3 2 −3 2
dR x
9. = 14 −
dx 1000
4.
(4000 1502 ) 150 =
4000(150)
−3
= −
1
−8000(150) −8000(150)
−3 −3 dR x
2
10. = 3.4 −
dx 750
dC
5. = 1.2 + 0.006 x
dx
1. R = 800 x − 0.2 x 2 5000

7. C = 2 x + 255 +
R′ = 800 − 0.4 x x
5000
R′′ = −0.4 C′ = 2 −
x2
R′ = 0 when x = 2000. Because R′′ < 0, R is
10,000
maximum when x = 2000 units. C ′′ =
x3
2. R = 48 x 2 − 0.02 x3 C ′ = 0 when x = 50. Because C ′′(50) > 0, C is
R′ = 96 x − 0.06 x = x(96 − 0.06 x)
2 minimum when x = 50 units.
R′′ = 96 − 0.12 x 1380
8. C = 0.02 x 2 + 55 x +
R′′(1600) < 0, x
R′ = 0 when x = 0 or x = 1600. Because 1380
C ′ = 0.04 x + 55 − 2
R′′(1600) < 0, R is maximum when x = 1600 units. x
2760
C ′′ = 0.04 +
3. R = 400 x − x 2 x3
R′ = 400 − 2 x Using a graphing utility, C ′ = 0 when x = 5. Because
R′′ = −2 C ′′(5) > 0, C is minimum when x = 5 units.
R′ = 0 when x = 200. Because R′′ < 0, R is
maximum when x = 200 units. 9. P = xp − C = x(90 − x) − (100 + 30 x)
= − x 2 + 60 x − 100
4. R = 30 x 2 3 − 2 x
P′ = −2 x + 60
20
R′ = 20 x −1 3
− 2 = 3 − 2 P′′ = −2
x
P′ = 0 when x = 30. Because P′′(30) < 0,
20 20
R′′ = − x −4 3 = − 4 3 P is maximum when x = 30 units and
3 3x
p = 90 − 30 = $60 per unit.
R′ = 0 when x = 1000. Because R′′(1000) < 0, R is
maximum when x = 1000 units. 10. P = xp − C
5000 = x(70 − 0.01x) − (8000 + 50 x + 0.03x 2 )

5. C = 0.125 x + 20 +
x = −0.04 x 2 + 20 x − 8000
5000 P′ = −0.08 x + 20
C ′ = 0.125 −
x2 P′′ = −0.08
10,000
C ′′ = P′ = 0 when x = 250. Because P′′( 250) < 0,
x3
P is maximum when x = 250 units and
C ′ = 0 when x = 200.
p = 70 − 0.01( 250) = $67.50 per unit.
Because C ′′( 200) > 0, C is minimum when
x = 200 units. ⎛ x⎞
11. P = xp − C = x⎜⎜ 50 − ⎟ − (35 x + 500)
⎝ 10 ⎟⎠
250
6. C = 0.001x 2 + 5 + 1 32
x = 15 x − x − 500
10
250 0.002 x3 − 250
C ′ = 0.002 x − = 3 12
x 2
x2 P′ = 15 − x
20
500
C ′′ = 0.002 + 3 3 −1 2 3
x P′′ = − x = −
40 40 x1 2
C ′ = 0 when x = 50. Because C ′′(50) > 0, C is P′ = 0 when x = 10,000.
minimum when x = 50 units. Because P′′(10,000) < 0, P is maximum when
10,000
x = 10,000 units and p = 50 − = $40 per
10
unit.
12. P = xp − C 15. (a) P = xp − C

⎛ 24 ⎞ = x(80 − 0.2 x) − (30 x + 40)
= x⎜ ⎟ − (0.4 x + 600)
⎝ x⎠ = − 0.2 x 2 + 50 x − 40
= 24 x − 0.4 x − 600 P′ = − 0.4 x + 50
P′ = 12 x −1 2
− 0.4 P′′ = − 0.4
P′′ = − 6 x − 3 2 P′ = 0
P′ = 0 when x = 900. − 0.4 x + 50 = 0
Because P′′(900) < 0, P is a maximum when − 0.4 x = − 50
24 x = 125 units
x = 900 units and p = = $0.80 per unit.
900 P′′(125) < 0 ⇒ P is a maximum when
x = 125 units and
18
p = 80 − 0.2(125) = $55 per unit.
100
13. C = 2 x + 5 +
x
18 C 30 x + 40
C′ = 2 − (b) C = =
x2 x x
36 C = (125) = $30.32 per unit
C ′′ = 0 20
x3 0
16. (a) P = xp − C
C ′ = 0 when x = 3. Because C ′′(3) > 0, C is
= x(100 − 0.5 x) − (50 x + 37.5)
minimum when x = 3 units and C (3) = $17 per unit.
= − 0.52 x 2 + 50 x − 37.5
dx
Marginal cost = = 4x + 5 P′ = − x + 50
dc
dx P′′ = −1
When x = 3, = C = 17.
dc P′ = 0
− x + 50 = 0
14. C = x3 − 6 x 2 + 13 x 7
x = 50
C = x 2 − 6 x + 13
P′′(50) < 0 ⇒ P is a maximum when
C ′ = 2x − 6 x = 50 units and
p = 100 − 0.5(50) = $75 per unit.
C ′′ = 2 0
3
6
C 50 x + 37.5
C ′ = 0 when x = 3. (b) C = =
x x
Because C ′′ > 0, C is minimum when x = 3 units and C (50) = $50.75 per unit
C (3) = $4 per unit.
17. P = −2s 3 + 35s 2 − 100 s + 200
dC
Marginal cost = = 3 x 2 − 12 x + 13 P′ = −6s 2 + 70 s − 100
dx
dx = −2(3s 2 − 35s + 50)
When x = 3, = C = 4.
dC = −2(3s − 5)( s − 10)
P′′ = −12 x + 70
P′ = 0 when s = 5
3
or s = 10.
Because P′′ ( 53 ) = 50 > 0, P is minimum when s = 5

3
.
Because P′′(10) = −50 < 0, P is maximum when

s = 10.
P′′ = −12s + 70 = 0 when s = 35
6
. The point of
35
diminishing returns occurs at s = 6
.
1 s 3 + 6 s 2 + 400
18. P = − 10 19. Let x = number of units purchased, p = price per unit,
and P = profit.
P′ = − 10
3 2 3
s + 12 s = s − 10 (
s + 12 ) p = 150 − (0.10)( x − 100) = 160 − 0.10 x, x ≥ 100
P′′ = − 53 s + 12
P = xp − C
P′ = 0 when s = 0 or s = 40. = x(160 − 0.10 x) − 90 x
Because P′′(0) = 12 > 0, P is minimum when s = 0.
= − 0.10 x 2 + 70 x
Because P′′( 40) = −12 < 0, P is maximum when P′ = − 0.2 x + 70
s = 40. P′′ = − 0.2
P′′ = − 53 s + 12 = 0 when s = 20. P′ = 0
The point of diminishing returns occurs at s = 20. − 0.02 x + 70 = 0
− 0.2 x = − 70
x = 350
P′′(350) < 0 ⇒ P is a maximum when
x = 350 MP3 players.
20. Let x = the number of $40 increases in rent and P = profit.

P = ( Rent )( Number of apartments) − (Cost )( Number of apartments)
= (580 + 40 x)(50 − x) − 45(50 − x)
= −40 x 2 + 1465 x + 26,750
P′ = −80 x + 1465
P′′ = −8
P′ = 0 when x = 18.3125. Because P′′ < 0, P is maximum when x ≈ 18.
To maximize profit, the rent should be P(18) = 580 + 40(18) = $1300.
21. Let x be the number of units sold per week, p be the price 22. A = ki 2 , k > 0
per unit, and R be the revenue. Use the points
P = 0.12 A − i( A) = 0.12ki 2 − ki 3
(40, 300), and (45, 275) to determine the linear
equation relating units sold to price per unit. P′ = ki 2 ( −1) + (0.12 − i)( 2ki ) = 0.24ki − 3ki 2
275 − 300 = ki(0.24 − 3i )
x − 300 = ( p − 40)
45 − 40
P′ = 0 when i = 0 and i = 0.08. The profit is
x = −5 p + 500
maximum when i = 8%.
R = xp = ( −5 p + 500) p
P′ = 0.24ki − 3ki 2 = ki(0.24 − 3i )
= −5 p 2 + 500 p
P′′ = 0.24k − 6ki
R′ = −10 p + 500
P′ = 0 when i = 0 and when i = 0.08. Because
R′′ = −10
P′′(0.08) = −0.24k < 0
R′ = 0 when p = 50. Because R′′ < 0, R is maximum
when p = $50. P is maximum when i = 0.08.
23. Let T be the total cost 25. distance = ( rate)( time)

r = cost under water + cost on land
110 = vt
T = 25(5280) x 2 + 0.25 + 18(5280)(6 − x) 110
= t
= 132,000 x + 0.25 + 570,240 − 95,040 x
2 v
Let T be the total cost.
x ≈ 0.52
v 2 ⎛ 110 ⎞ ⎛ 110 ⎞
The line should run from the power station to a point T = ⎜ ⎟ + 12⎜ ⎟
across the river approximately 0.52 mile downstream. 300 ⎝ v ⎠ ⎝ v ⎠
11 1320
800,000 = v +
30 v
11 1320
(0.52, 616,042.3) T′ = − 2
30 v
2640
T ′′ =
0
600,000
6
v3
T ′ = 0 when v = 60. Since T ′′(60) > 0, T is minimum
24. Let k = cost per mile to run the line overland. The total when V = 60 mi h.
cost to buy the pipe is:
C = 2k x 2 + 1 + k ( 2 − x) 26. distance = (rate)(time)
110 = vt
= k ⎡2( x 2 + 1) + ( 2 − x)⎤
12
⎣⎢ ⎦⎥ 110
= t
⎡ ⎛1⎞ ⎤ v
C ′ = k ⎢2⎜ ⎟( x 2 + 1) ( 2 x) − 1⎥
−1 2
Let T be the total cost.
⎣ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎦
⎡ ⎤ V 2 ⎛ 110 ⎞ ⎛ 110 ⎞
2x T = ⎜ ⎟ + 9.5⎜ ⎟
= k⎢ ⎥ 500 ⎝ v ⎠ ⎝ v ⎠
(⎣ ) ⎦
⎢ x2 + 1 ⎥
1 2
11 1045
= v +
50 v
⎡1 ⎤
( x2 + 1) 2 x ⎢ ( x 2 + 1) ( 2 x)⎥
12 −1 2
(2) − T′ =
11 1045
− 2
C ′′ = ⎣2 ⎦
50 v
x2 + 1
2090
2k T ′′ =
= v3
(x + 1)
32
2
T ′ = 0 when v = 4750 ≈ 68.9. Because
C ′ = 0 when
2x
=1 T ′′ ( )
4750 > 0, T is minimum when v ≈ 68.9 mi h.
x2 + 1
2x = x2 + 1 27. Because dp dx = − 5, the price elasticity of demand is
4 x2 = x2 + 1 600 − 5 x
p x x 600
3x 2 = 1 η = = = 1− .
dp dx −5 5x
1 3
x = = 600
3 3 When x = 60, you have η = 1 − = −1.
5(60)
3
Because C ′′ > 0, C is minimum when x = mile. Because η (60) = 1, the demand is unit elastic.
3
Offshore oil well 20,000
x2 + 1
1
Refinery
x 2−x
0 120
0
Elastic: (0, 60)

Inelastic: (60, 120)
28. Because dp dx = −3, the price elasticity of demand is 30. Because dp dx = −0.0002, the price elasticity of
η =
p x
=
(400 − 3x) x = 1 − 400 . demand is
dp dx −3 3x
η =
p x
=
(20 − 0.0002 x) x
dp dx −0.0002
When x = 20, you have
−100,000
400 17 = + 1.
η =1− = − . x
3( 20) 3
−100,000 9997
17 When x = 30, you have η = +1 = − .
Because η ( 20) = > 1, the demand is elastic. 30 3
3
Because η (30) > 1, the demand is elastic.
( )
18,000
200
Elastic: 0, 3 550,000
Inelastic: ( 200 400

3
, 3 )
0 140
0
0 110,000
0
29. Because dp dx = −0.03, the price elasticity of demand is
Elastic: (0, 50,000)
η =
p x
=
(5 − 0.03x) x = 1 − 5 .
dp dx −0.03 0.03 x Inelastic: (50,000, 100,000)
When x = 100, you have dp 500

31. Because = − , the price elasticity of
x ( x + 2)
2
dx
5 2
η =1− = − . demand is
0.03(100) 3
2 η =
p x
=
500
⋅
( x + 2) 2
= −
x + 2
Because η (100) = < 1, the demand is inelastic. dp dx x ( x + 2) −500 x
.
3
( ) When x = 23, you have

300
250
Elastic: 0, 3
23 + 2 25
Inelastic: ( 2503 , 5003 ) η = −
23
= − .
23
25
0 180 Because η ( 23) = > 1, the demand is elastic.
0 23
600
Elastic: (0, ∞)
0 180
0
−1000
32. Because dp dx = , the price elasticity of demand is
x3
500
+5
x2
p x x 500 + 5 x 2 100 + x 2 1 x2
η = = = − = − = − − .
dp dx −1000 1000 200 2 200
3
x
1 (5)
2
5
When x = 5, you have η = − − = − .
500
2 200 8
5
Because η (5) = < 1, the demand is inelastic. Elastic: (10, ∞)
8
0 50 Inelastic: (0, 10)
0
33. (a) p = 20 − 0.02 x, 0 ≤ x ≤ 1000

dp
= − 0.02
dx
20 − 0.02 x
p x x 1000
η = = = − + 1.
dp dy − 0.02 x
1000
In the interval [0, 1000], the solution to η = − + 1 = 1 is x = 500. So the demand is of unit elasticity
x
when x = 500. For x-values in [0, 500), η > 1, so demand is elastic. For x-values in (500, 1000], η < 1,
so demand is inelastic.
(b) The revenue function increases on the interval [0, 500), then is flat at x = 500, and decreases on the interval (500, 1000].
34. (a) p = 800 − 4 x, 0 ≤ x ≤ 200

dp
= −4
dx
800 − 4 x
p x x 200
η = = = − + 1.
dp dx −4 x
200
In the interval [0, 200], the solution to η = − + 1 = 1 is x = 100.
x
So the demand is of unit elasticity when x = 100. For x-values in [0, 100), η > 1, so demand is elastic.
For x-values in (100, 200], η < 1, so demand is inelastic.
(b) The revenue function increases on the interval [0, 100), then is flat at x = 100, and decreases on the interval (100 200].
⎛ 25 x ⎞ x
35. C = 4⎜ 2 − ⎟ 37. x = 900 − 45 p ⇒ p = 20 −
⎝ x x − 10 ⎠ 45
dp 1
20
= −
dx 45
8
p x 540 2
When p = 8, x = 540 and η = = = − .
dp dx 1 3
0 10 −
0 45
C is minimum when x = 5, or 500 units shipped. 2

Because η = < 1, the demand is inelastic.
3
⎛ 2500 x ⎞
36. C = 8⎜ 2 − ⎟ 38. (a) Demand function; the number of units sold decreases
⎝ x x − 100 ⎠
as the price increases.
75
(b) Cost function; cost increases linearly with the
number of units produced.
(c) Revenue function; a revenue function is greater than
a profit function.
0 100 (d) Profit function; a profit function is less than a
0
revenue function.
C is minimum when x = 50, or an order size of 5000.
39. S = −1.893t 3 + 41.03t 2 − 58.6t + 3972, 1 ≤ t ≤ 10

S ′ = − 5.679t 2 + 82.06t − 58.6
S ′′ = −11.358t + 82.06
(a) –(c) S ′′ = 0
−11.358t + 82.06 = 0
t ≈ 7.2 ⇒ t = 7
Endpoint Critical value of S ′′ Endpoint

t -value
t =1 t = 7 t = 10
s -value 17.78 237.55 194.1

Most rapidly: 2007; rate: $237.55 million yr

Slowest rate: 2001; rate: $17.78 million yr
(d) 6000
0 10
0
18.17 + 8.165t
40. S = , 1 ≤ t ≤ 10
1 + 0.116t
S′ =
(1 + 0.116t )(8.165) − (18.17 + 8.165t )(0.116)
=
6.05728
or 6.05728(1 + 0.116t )
−2
(1 + 0.116t )
2
(1 + 0.116t )
2
Note: S ′ ≠ 0
−1.40528896
S ′′ = (6.05728)( − 2)(1 + 0.116t ) (0.116)
−3
=
(1 + 0.116t )
3
Note: S ′′ ≠ 0
(a)
Endpoint Endpoint
t -value
t =1 t = 10
S -value 23.598 46.213

Sales were greatest in 2010 with $46.213 billion and sales were the least in 2001 with $23.598 billion.
(b)
Endpoint Endpoint
t -value
t =1 t = 10
S ′-value 4.864 1.298

(c) 50
1 10
20
Sales were greatest in 2010 with $46.213 billion and sales were the least in 2001 with $23.598 billion.
Sales were increasing at the greatest rate in 2001 and sales were decreasing at the greatest rate in 2010.
Section 3.6 Asymptotes 201
a
41. x = , m >1
pm
am dp
1 = −
p m + 1 dx
dp p m +1
= −
dx am
p x p − am p − am p m + 1 − am
η = = ⋅ m +1 = m
⋅ m +1 = ⋅ m +1 = −m
dp dx x p a p p a p
Section 3.6 Asymptotes
Skills Warm Up
1. lim ( x + 1) = 2 + 1 = 3 7. lim x = 0 = 0
x→2 x → 0+
2. lim (3 x + 4) = 3( −1) + 4 = 1
x →−1 8. lim x +
x →1+
( )
x −1 = 1+ 1−1 = 1
3. lim
2 x 2 + x − 15
= lim
(2 x − 5)( x + 3)
C 150
x →−3 x+3 x →−3 x+3 9. C = = +3
x x
= lim ( 2 x − 5) = 2( −3) − 5
x →−3 dC
= 3
= −11 dx
4. lim
3x 2 − 8 x + 4
= lim
(3x − 2)( x − 2) C 1900
10. C = = + 1.7 + 0.002 x
x→2 x−2 x → 2 x −2 x x
= lim (3 x − 2) = 3( 2) − 2 = 4 dC
x→2 = 1.7 + 0.004 x
dx
5. lim
x2 − 5x + 6
= lim
( x − 3)( x − 2)
C 1375
x − 4 x → 2 ( x + 2)( x − 2)
2
x → 2+ + 11. C = = 0.005 x + 0.5 +
x x
x −3 2−3 1
= lim = = − dC
x → 2+ x + 2 2+ 2 4 = 0.01x + 0.5
dx
6. lim
x2 − 6x + 5
= lim
( x − 5)( x − 1) C 760
x →1− x2 − 1 x →1− ( x + 1)( x − 1) 12. C = = + 0.05
x x
x−5 1−5 dC
= lim = = −2 = 0.05
x →1− x +1 1+1 dx
1. A horizontal asymptote occurs at y = 1 because 2. A horizontal asymptote occurs at y = 0 because

x +12
x +12 4 4
lim = 1, lim = 1. lim = 0 and lim = 0.
x→∞ x2 x →−∞ x2 ( )
x →∞ x − 2 3
( )
x →−∞ x − 2 3
A vertical asymptote occurs at x = 0 because

x2 + 1 x2 + 1 4 4
lim = ∞ , lim = ∞. lim = −∞ and lim = ∞.
x → 0− x2 x → 0+ x2 x → 2 ( x − 2)
− 3
x → 2 ( x − 2)
+ 3
3. A horizontal asymptote occurs at y = 1 because 7. A horizontal asymptote occurs at y = 1 because

2
x −22
x −2 2
lim = 1, lim 2 = 1. x2 − 1 1 x2 − 1 1
x →∞ x 2 − x − 2 x →−∞ x − x − 2 lim = and lim = .
x →∞ 2x − 8
2
2 x →−∞ 2x2 − 8 2
Vertical asymptotes occur at x = −1 and x = 2 because
Vertical asymptotes occur at x = ±2 because
x2 − 2 x2 − 2
lim 2 = −∞, lim 2 = ∞,
x → −1− x − x − 2 x → −1+ x − x − 2 x2 − 1 x2 − 1
lim = −∞, lim = ∞,
x → 2− 2x − 8
2
x→2 2x − 8
+ 2
x2 − 2 x2 − 2
lim = −∞, lim 2 = ∞.
x → −2− x − x − 2
2
x → − 2+ x − x − 2 x2 − 1 x2 − 1
lim = ∞, lim = −∞.
x →−2− 2x − 8
2
x →−2+ 2 x − 8
2
4. A horizontal asymptote occurs at y = 1 because

8. A horizontal asymptote occurs at y = 0 because
x +1 x +1
lim = 1, lim = 1. x2 + 1 x2 + 1
x→∞ x + 2 x → −∞ x + 2 lim = 0 and lim 3 = 0.
x →∞ x −8
3 x →−∞ x − 8
A vertical asymptote occurs at x = − 2 because
x +1 x +1 x2 + 1 x2 + 1
lim = ∞, lim = −∞. lim 3 = −∞ and lim 3 = ∞.
x → − 2− x + 2 x → − 2+ x + 2
x → 2− x − 8 x → 2+ x − 8
3 x −3 x −3
5. A horizontal asymptote occurs at y = because 9. f ( x) = =
2 x 2 + 3x x( x + 3)
3x 2 3 3x 2 3
lim = and lim = . x( x + 3) = 0
x →∞ 2( x + 1)
2
2 x →−∞ 2( x 2 + 1) 2
x = 0 or x = − 3
The graph has no vertical asymptotes because the
denominator is never zero. Vertical asymptotes: x = 0, x = − 3
6. A horizontal asymptote occurs at y = 0 because x x 1

10. f ( x) = = = ,x ≠ 0
−4 x −4 x x2 + 6 x x( x + 6) x+6
lim = 0 and lim 2 = 0.
x →∞ x 2 + 4 x → −∞ x + 4
x + 6 = 0
The graph has no vertical asymptotes because the
x = −6
denominator is never zero.
Vertical asymptote: x = − 6
11. f ( x ) =
x 2 − 8 x + 15
=
( x − 3)( x − 5) = x − 5 , x ≠ 3
x2 − 9 ( x − 3)( x + 3) x + 3
x +3 = 0
x = −3
12. f ( x ) =
x 2 + 2 x − 35
=
( x + 7)( x − 5) = x + 7 , x ≠ 5
x 2 − 25 ( x + 5)( x − 5) x + 5
x +5 = 0
x = −5
13. f ( x) =
2x2 − x − 3
=
(2 x − 3)( x + 1) = x + 1 , x ≠ 3
2 x 2 − 11x + 12 (2 x − 3)( x − 4) x − 4 2
x − 4 = 0
x = 4
Vertical asymptote: x = 4
14. f ( x ) =
x 2 + x − 30
=
( x + 6)( x − 5) = x + 6 , x ≠ 5
4 x − 17 x − 15
2
(4 x + 3)( x − 5) 4 x + 3
4x + 3 = 0
3
x = −
4
3
Vertical asymptote: x = −
4
1 4x − 3 4
15. lim = ∞ 25. lim = = 2
(x − 6)
2
x→6 + x → ±∞ 2x + 1 2
Horizontal asymptote: y = 2
1
16. lim = −∞
x →−2 − x + 2 5x2 + 1
26. lim = 0
x → ±∞ 10 x 3 − 3x 2 + 7
x−4
17. lim = −∞ Horizontal asymptote: y = 0 or x-axis
x →3 x − 3
+
3x
2+ x 27. lim = 0
18. lim = −∞ x → ±∞ 4 x2 − 1
x →1+ 1− x
Horizontal asymptote: y = 0 or x-axis
x2 + 1
19. lim 2 = ∞ 2 x 2 − 5 x − 12 2 1
x → −1 − x −1 28. lim = − = −
x → ±∞ 1 − 6 x − 8 x 2 8 4
2x − 3 1
20. lim = ∞ Horizontal asymptote: y = −
x →5+ x 2 − 25 4
⎛ 1⎞ 5x2
21. lim ⎜1 + ⎟ = 1 + 0 = 1 29. lim = ± ∞, does not exist.
x→∞ ⎝ x⎠ x → ±∞ x +3
No horizontal asymptote
⎛ 3⎞
22. lim ⎜ 6 − ⎟ = 6 + 0 = 6
x → −∞ ⎝ x⎠ x3 − 2 x 2 + 3x + 1
30. lim = ± ∞, does not exist.
x → ±∞ x 2 − 3x + 2
⎛ 4⎞
23. lim ⎜ 7 + 2 ⎟ = 7 + 0 = 7 No horizontal asymptote
x → −∞ ⎝ x ⎠
⎛ 2x 3x ⎞
⎛ 8⎞ 31. lim ⎜ + ⎟ = 2+3 = 5
24. lim ⎜10 − 2 ⎟ = 10 − 0 = 10 x → ±∞ ⎝ x − 1 x + 1⎠
x→∞ ⎝ x ⎠
⎛ 2x2 3x ⎞ ⎛ 2 x3 + 5 x 2 − 3x ⎞
32. lim ⎜ + ⎟ = lim ⎜ ⎟ = ± ∞, does not exist.
x → ±∞ x − 1 x + 1⎠ x → ±∞ x2 − 1
⎝ ⎝ ⎠
No horizontal asymptote
33. The graph of f has a horizontal asymptote at y = 3. 5 x3 − 3

37. (a) h( x) =
It matches graph (d). x2
34. The graph of f has a horizontal asymptote at y = 0. lim h( x) = ∞

x →∞
It matches graph (b).
5 x3 − 3
(b) h( x) =
35. The graph of f has a horizontal asymptote at y = 2. x3
It matches graph (a). lim h( x) = 5
x →∞
36. The graph of f has a horizontal asymptote at y = 5. 5 x3 − 4

(c) h( x) =
It matches graph (c). x4
lim h( x) = 0
x →∞
3x 2 + 7 x2 + 2
38. (a) h( x) = 39. (a) lim = 0
x x →∞ x3 − 1
lim h( x) = ∞ x2 + 2
x →∞ (b) lim =1
x →∞ x2 − 1
3x 2 + 7
(b) h( x) = x2 + 2
x2 (c) lim = ∞
x →∞ x −1
lim h( x) = 3
x →∞
4 − 5x
3x 2 + 7 40. (a) lim = 0
(c) h( x) = x→∞ 2 x3 + 6
x3
4 − 5x 5
lim h( x) = 0 (b) lim = −
x →∞
x→∞ 2x + 6 2
4 − 5x2
(c) lim = −∞
x→∞ 2x + 6
41. f ( x) = x3 + 6 − 2 x
x 100 101 102 103 104 10 5 106
f ( x) 0.646 11.718 800.003 29,622.777 980,000 31,422,776.6 998,000,000
lim x3 + 6 − 2 x = ∞
x→∞
42. f ( x) = x − x( x − 1)
x 100 101 102 103 104 10 5 106
f ( x) 1 0.5132 0.5013 0.5001 0.5000 0.5000 0.5000
lim x − x( x − 1) = 0.5
x→∞
x +1
43. f ( x ) =
x x
x 100 101 102 103 104 105 106
f ( x) 2.000 0.348 0.101 0.032 0.010 0.003 0.001
lim f ( x) = 0
x →∞
x
44. f ( x) =
x2 + 3
x 100 101 102 103 104 10 5 106
f ( x) 0.25 0.031 0.001 0.00003 0.000001 0.00000003 0.000000001
x
lim = 0
x→∞ x2 + 3
y
3x y
x
45. y = 48. f ( x ) =
1− x 8 x2 + 4 3
6 2
Intercept: (0, 0)
Intercept: (0, 0) ( (
4 1 1
(0, 0) 2, 4
(0, 0) 2 x
x Horizontal asymptote: −1 1 2 3
Horizontal asymptote: −8 −6 −4 −2 (−2, − 1 ( −1
y = 0
2 4 6 8 4
y = −3 −4
−2
Vertical asymptote:
−6
−8 f ′( x) =
( x2 + 4) − x(2 x) −3
( x2 + 4)
2
x =1
y′ =
(1 − x)3 − 3x(−1) =
1 4 − x2
=
(1 − x)2 (1 − x) 2
( x2 + 4)
2
y′ ≠ 0 so there are no relative extrema.

The critical numbers are x = ±2 and by the First-
x−3
46. y =
x−2
Derivative Test 2, ( 1
4 ) is a relative maximum and
Intercepts: (3, 0), 0, ( 3
) (−2, − 14 ) is a relative minimum.
2
x2
Horizontal asymptote: y = 1 49. g ( x) =
x 2 − 16
Intercept: (0, 0)
y′ =
(x − 2) − ( x − 3)
=
1
(x − 2) (x − 2)
2 2
Vertical asymptotes: x = ±4
y′ ≠ 0 so there are no relative extrema.
y g ′( x) =
( x2 − 16)(2 x) − x2 (2 x) =
−32 x
( x2 − 16) (x − 16)
2 2
2
4
The critical number is x = 0 and by the First-Derivative

3
2
(0, 23 ( Test (0, 0) is a relative maximum.
x y
−1 1 (3, 0) 5
−1
6
−2
4
2
x2
47. f ( x ) = −6
x
x +9
2 (0, 0)
−2
2 6
Intercept: (0, 0) −4
−6
f ′( x) =
( x2 + 9)(2 x) − x2 (2 x) =
18 x 50. g ( x) =
x
x 2 − 36
( x2 + 9) ( x2 + 9)
2 2
Intercept: (0, 0)
The critical number is x = 0 and by the First-Derivative
Test (0, 0) is a relative minimum. Horizontal asymptote: y = 0
y
Vertical asymptotes: x = ± 6
g ′( x) =
( x2 − 36)(1) − x( 2 x)
=
− ( x 2 + 36)
( x2 − 36) ( x2 − 36)
2 2
1
No critical numbers because y
g ′( x) ≠ 0, so there are no
(0, 0)
x 8
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4
relative extrema. 4
(0, 0)
x
−8 −4 4 8
−4
−8
3 y
x−2 x−2
51. y = 1 − 54. f ( x) = =
x2 8 x2 − 4 x + 3 ( 1)( x − 3)
x −
6
Intercepts: ± ( 3, 0 ) 4
2
Intercepts: ( 2, 0), (0, −2 3)
Horizontal asymptote: −8 −6 −4 −2 2 4 6 8
x
y =1 Vertical asymptotes: x = 1 and x = 3
f ′( x) =
( x 2 − 4 x + 3) − ( x − 2)(2 x − 4)
6
( x 2 − 4 x + 3)
2
y′ =
x3
No critical numbers because y′ ≠ 0, so there are no
= −
( x 2 − 4 x + 5)
( x 2 − 4 x + 3)
2
relative extrema.
y
52. y = 1 +
1
4
f ′( x) ≠ 0 so there are no relative extrema.
x 3
y
Intercept: ( −1, 0)
2
1
x 2
−4 −3 −2
Horizontal asymptote: (−1, 0)
1 2 3 4
1
y =1 −2
−3
(2, 0)
x
Vertical asymptote: x = 0 −4 2 4
−1
( 2
0, − 3 (
1
y′ = − −2
x2
55. g ( x) =
x2 − x − 2
=
( x − 2)( x + 1)
relative extrema.
x−2 x −2
1 = x + 1 for x ≠ 2
53. f ( x) = y
x2 − x − 2 Intercepts: ( −1, 0), (0, 1)
1 2
= No asymptotes
( x + 1)( x − 2) 1
(12 , − 49 (
x g ′( x) = 1 for x ≠ 2
−2 3
⎛ 1⎞ (0, − 12 (
Intercept: ⎜ 0, − ⎟ g ′( x) ≠ 0 so there are no relative extrema.
⎝ 2⎠ −2
y
Horizontal asymptote: −3
y = 0 4
3
(2, 3)
Vertical asymptotes: x = −1, x = 2 2
f ′( x) = −( x 2 − x − 2)
−2 (0, 1)
(2 x − 1) (− 1, 0)
x
−3 −2 1 2 3
2x − 1 −1
= −
(x − x − 2)
2 −2
2
The critical number is x =

1
and by the First-Derivative 56. g ( x) =
x2 − 9
=
( x + 3)( x − 3) = x − 3 for x ≠ 3
2 x +3 x +3
⎛1 4⎞ Intercepts: (3, 0), (0, − 3)
Test ⎜ , − ⎟ is a relative maximum.
⎝2 9⎠
No asymptotes
g ′( x) = 1 for x ≠ −3 y
g ′( x) ≠ 0 so there are
(3, 0)
x
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3
−1
no relative extrema.
−2
−3
(0, − 3)
−5
−6
(− 3, − 6)
2 x2 − 6 2( x 2 − 3) 59. y =
x
57. y = =
x2 − 2 x + 1 ( x − 1)
2 x +1 2
Intercept: (0, 0)
(
Intercepts: ± 3, 0 , (0, − 6) )
Horizontal asymptotes: y = −1 as x → −∞
y = 1 as x → ∞
Vertical asymptote: None
( x 2 − 2 x + 1)(4 x) − (2 x 2 − 6)(2 x − 2)
( x2 + 1) ( 12 )( x + 1)
−1 2
y′ = 12
(1) − x 2
( 2 x)
( x − 1) 4
y′ =
( )
2
4(3 − x) x2 + 1
=
(x − 1)
3
( x2 + 1)
−1 2
⎡( x 2 + 1) − x 2 ⎤
= ⎣ ⎦
3
y
(3, 3) ( x 2
+ 1)
1
( 3 , 0( =
( x 2 + 1)
1 32
x
−4 −3 −2 3 4 5
(− 3 , 0(
relative extrema.
( 0 , − 6)
y
−6
5
The critical number is x = 3 and by the First-Derivative 4

3
Test (3, 3) is a relative maximum. 2
1
x
x 2 4 6 8 10
58. y = −2
(x + 1)
2
−3
−4
Intercept: (0, 0) −5
Horizontal asymptote: y = 0 2x
60. y =
Vertical asymptote: x = −1 x2 + 4
(x + 1) − x ⎡⎣2( x + 1)⎤⎦
2
1− x Intercept: (0, 0)
y′ = =
( x + 1) ( x + 1)
4 3
Horizontal asymptotes: y = − 2 as x → −∞
The critical number is x = 1 and by the First-Derivative y = 2 as x → ∞
Test 1, ( ) 1
4
is a relative maximum. Vertical asymptote: None
( x2 + 4) ( 12 )( x + 4)
12 −1 2
y
( 2) − 2x 2
( 2 x)
y′ =
( )
1 2
(1, 41 ( x2 + 4
x
−3 −2
2( x 2 + 4) ⎡( x 2 + 4) − x 2 ⎤
1 −1 2
(0, 0)
= ⎣ ⎦
( x 2 + 4)
8
=
(x + 4)
32
2

relative extrema.
y
4
3
2
(0, 0) 1
x
−4 −3 −2 1 2 3 4
−2
−3
−4
61. C = 1.15 x + 6000 64. (a) lim T = 425°F. When the apple pie is removed
t →0 +
C 1.15 x + 6000 from the oven, it has a temperature of 425°F.
(a) C = =
x x
(b) lim T = 72°F. As time passes after the apple pie is
(b) C (600) = $11.15 unit
t →∞
removed from the oven, its temperature cools toward
C (6000) = $2.15 unit 72°F (possibly room temperature).
1.15 x + 6000 528 p
(c) lim C = lim = $1.15 unit 65. C = , 0 ≤ p < 100
x→∞ x→∞ x (100 − p)
The cost approaches $1.15 as the number of units
528( 25)
produced increases. (a) C ( 25) = = $176 million
100 − 25
62. C = 1.25 x + 10,500 528(50)
C (50) = = $528 million
10,500 100 − 50
(a) C = 1.25 +
x 528(75)
C (75) = = $1584 million
(b) C (100) = $106.25 ton 100 − 75
C (1000) = $11.75 ton 528 p

(b) lim = ∞
p →100− 100 − p
⎛ 10,500 ⎞
(c) lim ⎜1.25 + ⎟ = $1.25 As the percent of illegal drugs seized approaches
x →∞ ⎝ x ⎠ 100%, the cost increases without bound.
As the amount of material recycled increases, 25,000
the average cost of recycling one ton of material
approaches $1.25.
63. C = 34.5 x + 15,000, R = 69.9 x

R −C 69.9 x − (34.5 x + 15,000) 0 100
(a) P = = 0
x x
15,000 85,000 p
= 35.4 − 66. C = , 0 ≤ p ≤ 100
x 100 − p
(b) P(1000) = $20.40 unit (a) C (15) = $15,000
P(10,000) = $33.90 unit C (50) = $85,000
P(100,000) = $35.25 unit C (95) = $1,615,000
85,000 p
⎛ 15,000 ⎞ (b) lim C = lim = ∞.
(c) lim ⎜ 35.4 − ⎟ = $35.40 p →100 − p →100 − 100 − p
x →∞ ⎝ x ⎠
As the number of products produced increases, the As the percent of air pollutants removed approaches
average profit approaches $35.40. 100%, the cost increases without bound.
67. (a) n 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
P 0.50 0.74 0.82 0.86 0.89 0.91 0.92 0.93 0.94 0.95
0.5 + 0.9( n − 1)
(b) lim =1
n →∞ 1 + 0.9( n − 1)
(c) p
As the number of times the task is performed increases,

1 the percent of correct responses approaches 100%.
n
2 4 6 8 10
Section 3.7 Curve-Sketching: A Summary 209
Section 3.7 Curve Sketching: A Summary
Skills Warm Up
1. A vertical asymptote occurs at x = 0 because 4. Vertical asymptotes occur at x = 1 and x = 3 because
1 1 x2 − 3 x2 − 3
lim 2 = ∞ and lim 2 = ∞. lim 2 = −∞, lim 2 = ∞,
x →0 x
− x →0 x
+
x →1 x − 4 x + 3
− x →1 x − 4 x + 3
+
No horizontal asymptotes. x2 − 3
lim 2 = −∞, and
x → 3− x − 4 x + 3
2. A vertical asymptote occurs at x = 2 because
x2 − 3
8 8 lim 2 = ∞. A horizontal asymptote
lim = ∞ and lim = ∞. x →3 + x − 4x + 3
x → 2 ( x − 2) x → 2 ( x − 2)
− 2 + 2
x2 − 3
occurs at y = 1 because lim 2 = 1 and
No horizontal asymptotes. x →∞ x − 4 x + 3
x2 − 3
3. A vertical asymptote occurs at x = −3 because lim = 1.
x →−∞ x 2 − 4 x + 3
40 x 40 x
lim = ∞ and lim = −∞.
x →−3 − x + 3 x →−3+ x +3 5. f ( x) = x 2 + 4 x + 2
A horizontal asymptote occurs at y = 40 because
f ′( x) = 2 x + 4
40 x 40 x
lim = 40 and lim = 40. Critical number: x = −2
x →∞ x + 3 x →−∞ x + 3
Interval −∞ < x < −2 −2 < x < ∞

Sign of f ′ f′ < 0 f′ > 0
6. f ( x) = − x 2 − 8 x + 1 Interval −∞ < x < −4 −4 < x < ∞

f ′( x) = −2 x − 8
Sign of f ′ f′ > 0 f′ < 0
7. f ( x) = x3 − 3x + 1 Interval −∞ < x < −1 −1 < x < 1 1< x < ∞

f ′( x) = 3 x 2 − 3
Sign of f ′ f′ > 0 f′ < 0 f′ > 0
− x3 + x 2 − 1 1
8. f ( x) = −∞ < x < 0 0 < x < 3
= −x + 1 − 2 Interval 2 3
2 < x < ∞
x2 x
2 − x3 + 2 Sign of f ′ f′ < 0 f′ > 0 f′ < 0
f ′( x) = −1 + 3
=
x x3 Conclusion Decreasing Increasing Decreasing
2
Discontinuity: x = 0
x −2
9. f ( x) = Interval −∞ < x < 1 1< x < ∞
x −1
( x − 1) − ( x − 2) 1 Sign of f ′ f′ > 0 f′ > 0
f ′( x) = =
(x − 1) (x − 1)
2 2
No critical numbers
Discontinuity: x = 1
10. f ( x) = − x3 − 4 x 2 + 3x + 2 Interval −∞ < x < −3 −3 < x < 1 1 < x < ∞

3 3
f ′( x) = −3 x − 8 x + 3 2
Sign of f ′ f′ < 0 f′ > 0 f′ < 0
1
Critical numbers: x = −3, x = Conclusion Decreasing Increasing Decreasing
3
1. y = − x 2 − 2 x + 3 = −( x + 3)( x − 1) 4. y = − x3 + x − 2
y′ = −2 x − 2 = −2( x + 1) y′ = −3x 2 + 1
y
y′′ = −2 y′′ = −6 x
1
Intercepts: (0, 3), (1, 0), ( −3, 0) Relative minimum:
⎛ ⎞
x
3 2 3 −2 −1
1 2
⎜⎜ − ,− − 2 ⎟⎟
y
⎝ 3 9 ⎠
−1 ( 3
3, 2 3
9
−2 (
−2
Relative maximum: (0, −2)
(−1, 4)
4
⎛ 3 2 3 ⎞
(−
3
3, 2 3
−
9
−2 (
3 ⎜⎜ , − 2 ⎟⎟
2 ⎝ 3 9 ⎠
1 Point of inflection: (0, − 2)
(−3, 0) (1, 0)
x
−2 −1 2
−1 5. y = 2 − x − x3 y
y′ = −1 − 3 x 2 3
2. y = 2x2 − 4x + 1 y′′ = −6 x
(0, 2)
y′ = 4 x − 4 = 4( x − 1) No relative extrema
y′′ = 4 Point of inflection: (0, 2) 1
( )
(1, 0)
Intercepts: (0, 1), 1 ±
x
2 2, 0 −2 −1
Relative minimum: (1, −1)

6. y = x3 + 3x 2 + 3x + 2 y
y
y′ = 3 x + 6 x + 3 = 3( x + 1)
2 2
3
y′′ = 6 x + 6 = 6( x + 1)
1
2
(−1, 1)
1 2
x Intercepts: (0, 2), ( −2, 0) 1
x
No relative extrema −3 −1 1
−1
−1
Point of inflection: ( −1, 1)
(1, −1)
3. y = x3 − 4 x 2 + 6
7. y = 3 x 4 + 4 x 3 = x 3 ( 3 x + 4)
y′ = 3 x 2 − 8 x = x(3x − 8)
y y′ = 12 x3 + 12 x 2 = 12 x 2 ( x + 1)
y′′ = 6 x − 8 = 2(3 x − 4) ( 43 , 3427 )
y′′ = 36 x 2 + 24 x = 12 x(3 x + 2)
(0, 6)
y
Relative maximum: (0, 6) (−1.086, 0)

⎛ 4 ⎞
2
(1.572, 0)
Intercepts: (0, 0), ⎜ − , 0⎟ 2
⎛ 8 94 ⎞ ⎝ 3 ⎠
Relative minimum: ⎜ , − ⎟ 1 (3.514, 0)
⎝ 3 27 ⎠
x 1
−3 − 2 1 3 4 5 6
Relative minimum: ( −1, −1) (− 43, 0) (0, 0)
⎛ 4 34 ⎞ x
Point of inflection: ⎜ , ⎟ −4 ( 83 , − 9427) Points of inflection: −2 1
⎝ 3 27 ⎠
(0, 0), ⎛⎜ − , − ⎞⎟
2 16
(−1, −1)
⎝ 3 27 ⎠ (− 23 , − 1627 )
8. y = x 4 − 2 x 2 = x 2 ( x 2 − 2)
y
x2 + 1 1
11. y = = x+ 5
x x
y′ = 4 x3 − 4 x = 4 x( x 2 − 1)
4
3
1 x2 − 1
y′ = 1 − =
2
y′′ = 12 x − 4 = 4(3 x − 1)
(1, 2)
2 2 2
x x2 1
x
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1
2 1 2 3 4 5
( ) y′′ = 3 (− 1, − 2)
Intercepts: (0, 0), ± 2, 0 x
Relative minima: ( −1, −1), (1, −1) No intercepts
Relative maximum: ( −1, − 2)
⎛ 3 5⎞ ⎛ 3 5⎞
Points of inflection: ⎜⎜ − , − ⎟⎟, ⎜⎜ , − ⎟⎟ No points of inflection
⎝ 3 9⎠ ⎝ 3 9⎠
y
x+ 2 2 y
12. y = = 1+
3 x x 4
3
2
2
1 y′ = − 2 2
(0, 0)
x
x 1
x
−3 −2 1 2 3
4 −4 −3 −2 1 2 3 4
(−1, −1) (1, −1) y′′ = 3
x
(− 3
, −5 ( ( 3
, −5 (
Intercept: ( −2, 0)
3 9 3 9
9. y = x 4 − 8 x3 + 18 x 2 − 16 x + 5 = ( x − 5)( x − 1)
3 No relative extrema
y′ = 4 x3 − 24 x 2 + 36 x − 16 = 4( x − 4)( x − 1)
2
y′′ = 12 x 2 − 48 x + 36 = 12( x − 1)( x − 3) x 2 − 6 x + 12

13. y =
x −4
Intercepts: (0, 5), (1, 0), (5, 0)
(x − 4)( 2 x − 6) − ( x 2 − 6 x + 12)
Relative minimum: ( 4, − 27) y′ =
(x − 4)
2
Points of inflection: (1, 0), (3, −16) x 2 − 8 x + 12

=
y
(x − 4)
2
4
(x − 2)( x − 6)
(1, 0) (5, 0)
x
1 3 4 =
(x − 4)
−4 2
−12
(x − 4) ( 2 x − 8) − ( x 2 − 8 x + 12) ⎡⎣2( x − 4)⎤⎦

2
(3, −16)
−20 y′′ =
( x − 4)4
−28
(4, −27)
8
=
(x − 4)
3
10. f ( x) = x 4 − 4 x3 + 16 x − 16 = ( x + 2)( x − 2)
3
Intercept: (0, − 3)
f ′( x) = 4 x3 − 12 x 2 + 16 = 4( x + 1)( x − 2)
2 y
x=4
f ′′( x) = 12 x − 24 x = 12 x( x − 2)
2 Relative maximum: (6, 6) 8 (6, 6)
6
Intercepts: (0, −16), ( −2, 0), ( 2, 0) Relative minimum: ( 2, − 2) 4
Relative minimum: ( −1, − 27) No points of inflection x

−2 2 6 8 10
Vertical asymptote: x = 4 −2 (2, − 2)
Points of inflection: (0, −16), ( 2, 0)
Domain: ( −∞, 4) ∪ ( 4, ∞) (0, − 3)
y
5
(2, 0)
x
(− 2, 0) − 1 2 3 4
− 10
− 15
(0, − 16)
− 20
(−1, − 27)
y
x2 + 4x + 7 2x
14. y = 8 (0, 73 ) 16. y =
x + 3 x = −3 6 x −1
2
( x2 − 1)( 2) − 2 x( 2 x) −2( x 2 + 1)
4
x2 + 6x + 5 (− 1, 2)
y′ = x
y′ = = −
(x + 3)
2
−8 −6 −4 −2 2 4 6 8
( x2 − 1)
2
( x2 − 1)
2
(−5, −6) −4
8 −6
y′′ =
( x2 − 1) (−4 x) − (−2 x2 − 2)⎡⎣2( x2 − 1)(2 x)⎤⎦
−8 2
(x + 3)
3
y′′ =
( x2 − 1)
4
No x-intercepts; y -intercept: 0, ( )
7
3
4 x( x 2 + 3)
Vertical asymptote: x = − 3; No horizontal asymptote =
( x2 − 1)
3
Relative minimum: ( −1, 2)

Intercept: (0, 0) y
Relative maximum: ( − 5, − 6)
No relative extrema
No points of inflection x = −1
3
Point of inflection: (0, 0) y=0

(0, 0)
x +1
2
15. y = Horizontal asymptote: −2 2 4
x
x2 − 9 y = 0
y′ =
( x 2 − 9)(2 x) − ( x 2 + 1)(2 x) = −
20 x Vertical asymptotes: x =1
( x 2 − 9) (x − 9) x = ±1
2 2
2
Domain: ( −∞, −1) ∪ ( −1, 1) ∪ (1, ∞)

( x2 − 9) (−20) − (−20 x)⎡⎣2( x2 − 9)(2 x)⎤⎦
2
y′′ =
( x2 − 9) 17. y = 3 x 2 3 − x 2
4
y
2
60( x 2 + 3) y′ = 1 3 − 2 x 5
= x 4
( x2 − 9)
3 (−1, 2)
3
(1, 2)
⎛ 1 ⎞
y′′ = − 2⎜ 4 3 + 1⎟ (−33/4, 0) 1
⎝ 3x ⎠ (33/4, 0)
No intercepts −5 −4 −3 (0, 0) 1 2 3 4 5
x
⎛ 1⎞ Intercepts: −2
Relative maximum: ⎜ 0, − ⎟
(± )
−3
⎝ 9⎠ 4
27, 0 , (0, 0) −4
−5
Relative maxima: ( ±1, 2)
Vertical asymptote: x = ±3 Relative minimum: (0, 0)
Domain: ( −∞, − 3) ∪ ( −3, 3) ∪ (3, ∞) No points of inflection
y
18. y = x5 3 − 5 x 2 3 y
5( x − 2)
6
4
4
y= 1 y′ = 13
2
2 3x (0, 0) (5, 0)
x
10( x + 1)
x −4 −2 2 4 6 8
−2
−6 −4
−2
4 6
y′′ =
(0, − 19 ( 9 x4 3
x = −3 −4 (−1, − 6) (2, −3 3 4 )
−6 x=3 Intercepts: (5, 0), (0, 0)
Relative minimum: 2, − 3 3 4 ( )
Point of inflection: ( −1, − 6)
y
19. y = x 9− x (6, 6 3) 23. y = 3 x3 − 9 x + 1
10
3(6 − x) 8
y′ = 9 x 2 − 9 = 9( x 2 − 1) 10
y′ = 6 (−1, 7)
2 9− x 4
y′′ = 18 x
(0, 0) 2 (0, 1)
( x − 12)
(9, 0)
Intercept: (0, 1)
x −5 5
y′′ = 3 −8 −6 −4 −2 2 4 6 8 10
4(9 − x)
32
(1, −5)
Intercepts: (0, 0), (9, 0) −10

Relative maximum: 6, 6 ( 3 ) Point of inflection: (0, 1)
y 24. y = − 4 x3 + 6 x 2
20. y = x 4 − x 2 ( 2, 2(
y′ = −12 x 2 + 12 x = −12 x( x − 1)
2( 2 − x 2 )
2
y′ = 1 y′′ = − 24 x + 12 = −12( 2 x − 1)
4 − x2 (− 2, 0) (0, 0) (2, 0)
Intercept: (0, 0)
x 3
2 x( x 2 − 6)
−1 1 2
y′′ = (1, 2)
(4 − x2 )
32
−2 ( 12 , 1)
(− 2, −2(
Relative maximum: (1, 2) −2
Intercepts: (0, 0),
4
(0, 0)
(2, 0), (−2, 0) Point of inflection: ( 12 , 1) −1
Relative maximum: ( 2, 2 ) 25. y = x5 − 5 x

Relative minimum: ( − 2, − 2 ) y′ = 5 x 4 − 5 = 5( x 4 − 1) = 5( x 2 − 1)( x 2 + 1)
Point of inflection: (0, 0) y′′ = 20 x3

Intercept: (0, 0)
10
No asymptotes
(−1, 4)
Domain: [−2, 2] Relative maximum: ( −1, 4) (0, 0)
−5 5
Relative minimum: (1, − 4) (1, −4)

⎧⎪ x 2 + 1, x ≤ 0 y
21. y = ⎨
⎪⎩1 − 2 x, x > 0 4 Point of inflection: (0, 0) −10
⎧2 x, x < 0
3
y′ = ⎨ 26. y = ( x − 1)
5
2
⎩ −2 x > 0
( 12 , 0) y′ = 5( x − 1)
4 2
⎧2, x < 0 x
y′′ = ⎨ −3 −2 −1 1 2 3
y′′ = 20( x − 1)
3
⎩0 x > 0
−1
−2 −2 4
( ) Intercepts: (0, −1), (1, 0)

(1, 0)
Intercept: 1, 0
2
No relative extrema No relative extrema −2
No points of inflection Point of inflection: (1, 0)
⎪⎧x + 4, x < 0
2
22. y = ⎨ y
⎪⎩ 4 − x, x ≥ 0 10
⎧2 x, x < 0 8
y′ = ⎨
⎩−1, x > 0
⎧2, x < 0 2
y′′ = ⎨
⎩0, x > 0
x
−6 −4 −2 2 4 6
−2
Intercept: ( 4, 0)
No relative extrema
5 − 3x 30. y = (1 − x)
23
27. y =
x − 2
2
y′ =
( x − 2)(− 3) − (5 − 3x)(1) =
1 y′ = − (1 − x)−1 3
3
(x − 2)
2
(x − 2)
2
2
−2 = −
3(1 − x)
13
y′′ = − 2( x − 2) (1)
−3
=
(x − 2)
3
2
y′′ = − (1 − x)
−4 3
⎛ 5⎞ ⎛5 ⎞ 9
Intercepts: ⎜ 0, − ⎟, ⎜ , 0⎟
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝3 ⎠ 2
= − 3
9(1 − x)
43
No relative extrema
No points of inflection Intercepts: (0, 1), (1, 0)
10
x=2 Relative minimum: (1, 0) −2

(1, 0)
4
5
( )
3
,0 y = −3
No points of inflection −1
−5 5
(0, − 52 ) 31. y = x 4 3
−10
4 13
y′ = x
x 3
28. y = 2
x +1 4 4 6
y′′ = x −2 3 =
9 9 x2 3
y′ =
( x2 + 1) − x(2 x) 1 − x2
= Intercept: (0, 0)
( x2 + 1) ( x2 + 1)
2 2

−6 6
(0, 0)
( x2 + 1) (−2 x) − (1 − x2 )⎡⎣2( x2 + 1)(2 x)⎤⎦

2
−2
y′′ = No points of inflection
( x2 + 1)
4
1
32. y = x −1 3 =
2 x( x 2 − 3) x1 3
=
( x2 + 1)
3
1 1
y′ = − x −4 3 = − 4 3
3 3x
Intercept: (0, 0)
4
4 4
y′′ = x −7 3 =
9 9 x7 3
Relative maximum: (1, 1 2)
−6 6
No intercepts
Relative minimum: ( −1, −1 2)
No relative extrema
Points of inflection: No points of inflection −4
(0, 0), (− 3, − 3 4, )( 3, 3 4 ) x
33. y = , x > 2
2
x2 − 4
( 3,
3
( ⎡1 ⎤
( x 2 − 4) − x ⎢ ( x 2 − 4) ( 2 x)⎥
4
−1 2
(−1, − 12 ( 12
−3
(0, 0)
3
y′ = ⎣2 ⎦
(1, 12 ( x2 − 4
(− 3, −
4
3
( 4
−2 = −
( x 2 − 4)
32
29. y = 1 − x 2 3
12 x
y′′ = 6( x 2 − 4)
−5 2
2 2 ( 2 x) =
(x − 4)
52
y′ = − x −1 3 = − 1 3 2
3 3x
2 2 No intercepts 4
y′′ = x −4 3 = 3
9 9 x4 3 No relative extrema
Intercepts: (0, 1), ( ±1, 0) No points of inflection
(0, 1)
−6 6
−4 4

−4
No points of inflection −3
Section 3.7 Curve Sketching: A Summary 215
x −3 38. f ′( x) is negative and f ( x) is decreasing on ( −∞, 1)

34. y = 6
x and (3, ∞).
3
y′ = 2
x −9 9 f ′( x) is positive and f ( x) is increasing on (1, 3).
(3, 0)
6 f ′( x) = 0 when x = 1 and x = 3, so f ( x) has a
y′′ = − 3
x −6
relative minimum when x = 1 and f ( x) has a relative
Intercept: (3, 0)
maximum when x = 3.
No relative extrema Answers will vary. Sample answer:
No points of inflection y
x3 4
35. y =
x3 − 1 x
y=1 (− 3 1 1
,
2 3 ) 1 2 3 4
− 3x 2 −1
y′ =
(x − 1)
2
3 −4 6 −2 f
(0, 0)
x=1
6 x( 2 x3 + 1)
−3
−2
y′′ =
(x − 1)
3
3
39. f ′′( x) = 2 > 0 so f ( x) is a concave upward parabola.

Intercept: (0, 0)
Answers will vary. Sample answer:
No relative extrema y
⎛ 1 1⎞
Points of inflection: ⎜⎜ − 3 , ⎟⎟, (0, 0)
4
⎝ 2 3⎠ 3
f
2
x4
36. y = 2
x −1
4 1
− 4 x3 (0, 0) x
y′ = −2 −1 1 2
( x4 − 1)
2 −3 3
x = −1 x=1
4 x (5 x 4 + 3)
2 40. When x < 0, f ′′( x) < 0 and f ( x) is concave
y′′ = −2
( x4 − 1)
3
downward. When x > 0, f ′′( x) > 0 and f ( x) is
concave upward.
Intercept: (0, 0)
Relative maximum: (0, 0) y
No points of inflection 2
f
1
37. Because f ′( x) = 2, the graph of f is a line with a slope
x
of 2. −2 −1 1 2
−1
−2
y
2 f
x
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3
−2
−3
41. Answers will vary. Sample answer:

Interval −∞ < x < −1 −1 < x < 0 0 < x < ∞
y
Sign of f ′ f′ > 0 f′ < 0 f′ > 0 3
Conclusion Increasing Decreasing Increasing 2 f
x
Intercepts: ( −2, 0), (0, 0) −3 −1
−1
1 2 3
Relative maximum: ( −1, f ( −1))

−2
−3
Relative minimum: (0, f (0)) = (0, 0)
42.
Interval −∞ < x < 1 1< x < ∞ 46. (a) distance = ( rate)( time) so the total time traveled is
100
Sign of f ′ f′ < 0 f′ > 0 t = . The number of gallons of gasoline used is
s
Conclusion Decreasing Increasing 100 s
= .
700 s 7
Intercepts: ( −1, 0), (3, 0)
Let C be the total cost.
Horizontal asymptote: y = 4 ⎛ 100 ⎞ ⎛s⎞
C = 10⎜ ⎟ + 2.80⎜ ⎟
Vertical asymptote: x = 1 ⎝ s ⎠ ⎝7⎠
Answers will vary. Sample answer: 1000 2
= + s
y s 5
8 (b) 43
6
(−1, 0) 2 (3, 0)
x (50, 40)
−6 −4 −2 2 4 6 8
−4 40 65
−6 39
When s = 50, cost is minimum. So, the most

43. Answers will vary. Sample answer: economical speed is 50 miles per hour.
1
f ( x) = 47. 85
x −5
44. Answers will vary. Sample answer:

x2
f ( x) =
x +3 1 12
30
45. (a) 1500

Absolute maximum: (7, 82.28)
Absolute minimum: (1, 34.84)
The maximum temperature of 82.28°F occurs in July.

2 9 The minimum temperature of 34.84°F occurs in January.
850
The model fits the data well.

(b) 2014: B(14) ≈ $1468.54
(c) No, because the benefits increase without bound as
time approaches the year 2035 ( x = 35), and the
benefits are negative for the years past 2035.
Section 3.8 Differentials and Marginal Analysis 217
48. (a) P′ = 0 at t = − 4 and t = 4

P′ > 0 for −10 < t < − 4 and 4 < t < 10
P′ < 0 for − 4 < t < 4
P′ > 0 for −10 < t < − 4 means that the profit was increasing from 1990 to 1994. Then in 1994 (t = − 4),
when P′ = 0, profit reached a (relative) maximum. P′ < 0 for − 4 < t < 4 means that profit was decreasing
from 1994 to 2004. Then in 2004 (t = 4), when P′ = 0, profit dropped to a (relative) minimum.
P′ > 0 for 4 < t < 10 means that profit was increasing from 2004 to 2010.
(b) P′′ = 0 at t = 0
P′′ > 0 for 0 < t < 10
P′′ < 0 for −10 < t < 0
P′′ < 0 for −10 < t < 0 means that the rate at which profit was changing was decreasing from 1990 to 2000.
Then in 2000 (t = 0) when P′′ = 0, the rate at which profit was changing reached a (relative) minimum.
P′′ > 0 for 0 < t < 10, means that the rate at which profit was changing was increasing from 2000 to 2010.
49. 10
x2 − 2x + 4 x2 − 2x 4
51. (a) f ( x) = = +
x − 2 x − 2 x − 2
−10 x( x − 2) 4 4
= + = x +
10
x − 2 x − 2 x − 2
(b) 50
−10
6 − 2x 2(3 − x)
h( x ) = = = 2, x ≠ 3 −50 50
3− x 3− x
The rational function simplifies to a constant function
that is undefined at x = 3. −50
50. 10
The graphs become almost identical as you zoom
out.
(c) A slant asymptote is neither horizontal nor vertical.
−15 15 It is diagonal, following y = x.
−10
g ( x) =
x2 + x − 2
=
( x − 1)( x + 2) = x + 2, x ≠ 1
x −1 x −1
The rational function simplifies to a linear function that
is undefined at x = 1.
Section 3.8 Differentials and Marginal Analysis
Skills Warm Up
1. C = 44 + 0.09 x 2 (
3. R = x 1.25 + 0.02 )
x = 1.25 x + 0.02 x3 2
dC
= 0.18 x dR
dx = 1.25 + 0.03 x
dx
2. C = 250 + 0.15 x
4. R = x(15.5 − 1.55 x) = 15.5 x − 1.55 x 2
dC
= 0.15 dR
dx = 15.5 − 3.1x
dx
5. P = −0.03 x1 3 + 1.4 x − 2250 10. P = 4 w

dP −0.01 dP
= 2 3 + 1.4 = 4
dx x dw
6. P = −0.02 x 2 + 25 x − 1000 11. S = 4π r 2

dP dS
= −0.04 x + 25 = 8π r
dx dr
1 12. P = 2 x + 2x
7. A = 3x 2
4 dP
dA 1 = 2+ 2
= 3x dx
dx 2
13. A = π r 2
8. A = 6 x 2
dA 14. A = x 2
= 12 x
dx
15. V = x3
9. C = 2π r
dC 16. V = 43 π r 3
= 2π
dr
1. y = 0.5 x3 , x = 2, ∆x = dx = 0.1 4. y = 2 x + 1, x = 1, ∆ x = dx = 0.01

dy = 2 dx
dy = 1.5 x 2 dx
= 2(0.01)
= 1.5( 2) (0.1)
2
= 0.02
= 0.6
∆ y = ⎡⎣2(1 + 0.01) + 1⎤⎦ − ⎡⎣2(1) + 1⎤⎦
∆y = 0.5( 2 + 0.1) − 0.5( 2)
3 3
= 0.02
= 0.6305
dy = ∆ y
dy ≈ ∆y
2. y = 1 − 2 x 2 , x = 0, ∆x = dx = −0.1 5. y = 3x1 2 , x = 4, ∆ x = dx = 0.1

3
dy = −4 x dx dy = dx
2 x1 2
= −4(0)( −0.1)
3
12(
= 0 = 0.1)
2( 4)
∆y = 1 − 2 ⎡⎣0 + ( −0.1)⎤⎦ − ⎡1 − 2(0) ⎤
2 2
⎣ ⎦ = 0.075
= −0.02 ∆ y = 3( 4 + 0.1)
12
− 3( 4)
12
dy ≈ ∆y ≈ 0.0745
dy ≈ ∆ y
3. y = x 4 + 1, x = −1, ∆x = dx = 0.01
dy = 4 x3 dx
= 4( −1) (0.01)
3
= −0.04
∆y = ( −1 + 0.01) + 1 − ⎡(−1) + 1⎤
4 4
⎣ ⎦
≈ −0.0394
dy ≈ ∆y
6. y = 6 x 4 3 , x = −1, ∆ x = dx = 0.01 1 1 1
10. dy = − dx, x = 2, ∆y = −
x2 x + ∆x x
dy = 8 x1 3 dx
= 8( −1) (0.01)
13
dx = ∆x dy ∆y ∆y − dy dy ∆y
= − 0.08 1.000 −0.25 −0.167 0.083 1.5
∆ y = 6( −1 + 0.01) − 6( −1)
43 43
0.500 −0.125 −0.1 0.025 1.25
≈ − 0.0799
0.100 −0.025 −0.024 0.001 1.05
dy ≈ ∆ y
0.010 −0.003 −0.002 0.000 1.005
7. dy = 2 x dx, x = 2, ∆y = ( x + ∆x) − x
2 2
0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 1.001
dx = ∆x dy ∆y ∆y − dy dy ∆y 1 −3 4 1
11. dy = x dx = dx, x = 2,
1.000 4 5 1 0.8 4 4 x3 4
∆y = ( x + ∆x)
14
0.500 2 2.25 0.25 0.889 − x1 4
0.100 0.4 0.41 0.010 0.976 dx = ∆x dy ∆y ∆y − dy dy ∆y

0.010 0.04 0.040 0.000 0.998 1.000 0.149 0.127 −0.022 1.172
0.001 0.004 0.004 0.000 1.000 0.500 0.074 0.068 −0.006 1.089
0.100 0.015 0.015 0.000 1.019
8. dy = 5 x 4 dx, x = 2, ∆y = ( x + ∆x) − x5
5
0.010 0.001 0.001 0.000 1.002

0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 1.000
1.000 80 211 131 0.379
1
0.500 40 65.656 25.656 0.609 12. dy = dx, x = 2, ∆y = x + ∆x − x
2 x
0.100 8 8.841 0.841 0.905
0.010 0.8 0.808 0.008 0.990
1.000 0.354 0.318 −0.036 1.112
0.001 0.08 0.080 0.000 0.999
0.500 0.177 0.167 −0.010 1.059
2 1 1 0.100 0.035 0.035 0.000 1.012
9. dy = − dx, x = 2, ∆y = − 2
( )
2
x3 x + ∆x x
0.010 0.004 0.004 0.000 1.001
dx = ∆x dy ∆y ∆y − dy dy ∆y 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 1.000
1.000 −0.25 −0.139 0.111 1.8
13. x = 12, dx = ∆x = 1
0.500 −0.125 −0.09 0.035 1.389
∆C ≈ dC = (0.10 x + 4) dx
0.100 −0.025 −0.023 0.002 1.076
= ⎡⎣0.10(12) + 4⎤⎦ (1)
0.010 −0.003 −0.002 0.000 1.008
= $5.20
0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 1.001 90
0 15
0
14. x = 10, dx = ∆x = 1 18. x = 25, dx = ∆x = 1

∆C ≈ dC = (0.05 x + 8) dx ∆P ≈ dP = ( −2 x + 60) dx
= ⎡⎣0.05(10) + 8⎤⎦ (1) ⎣ 2( 25) + 60⎤⎦ (1)
= ⎡−
= 8.5 = $8.50 = $10
200 1000
0 20 0 30
0 0
15. x = 75, dx = ∆x = 1 19. y = 6x4

∆R ≈ dR = (30 − 0.30 x) dx dy
= 24 x3
dx
= ⎡⎣30 − 0.30(75)⎤⎦ (1) = $7.50
dy = 24 x3 dx
2000
8 − 4x 8 4
20. y = = − x
3 3 3
dy 4
= −
0 100 dx 3
0
⎛ 4⎞
dy = ⎜ − ⎟ dx
16. x = 15, dx = ∆x = 1
⎝ 3⎠
∆R ≈ dR = (50 − 3 x) dx 21. y = 3x 2 − 4
= ⎡⎣50 − 3(15)⎤⎦ (1) dy
= 6x
dx
= $5.00
dy = 6 x dx
500
22. y = 3x 2 3
dy
= 2 x −1 3
dx
0 30 2
0 dy = 1 3 dx
x
17. x = 50, dx = ∆x = 1
y = ( 4 x − 1)
3
23.
(
∆P ≈ dP = −1.5 x + 2500 dx
2
) dy
= 3( 4 x − 1) ( 4)
2
= ⎡−1.5(50) + 2500⎤ (1)

2
dx
⎣ ⎦
dy = 12( 4 x − 1) dx
2
= −$1250
y = ( x 2 + 3)( 2 x + 4)
65,000
2
24.
dy
= ⎡( x 2 + 3)( 2)( 2 x + 4)( 2) + ( 2 x + 4) ( 2 x)⎤
2
dx ⎣ ⎦
0 75
= 2( 2 x + 4) ⎡⎣2( x 2 + 3) + x( 2 x + 4)⎤⎦
dy = 8( x + 2)( 2 x 2 + 2 x + 3) dx
0
x +1 x
25. y = 31. f ( x) = , (0, 0)
2x − 1 x2 + 1
dy
=
(2 x − 1) − ( x + 1)(2) ( x 2 + 1) − x(2 x) 1 − x2
dx (2 x − 1) 2 f ′( x) = =
( x 2 + 1) ( x 2 + 1)
2 2
3
dy = − dx f ′(0) = 1
(2 x − 1)
2
x y − 0 = 1( x − 0)
26. y =
x2 + 1 y = x Tangent line
dy
=
( x + 1)(1) − x(2 x)
2
f (0 + 0.01) ≈ 0.009999
( x 2 + 1)
2
dx y(0 + 0.01) = 0.01
( x 2 − 1) dx f (0 − 0.01) ≈ −0.009999
dy = −
y(0 − 0.01) = −0.01
( x2 + 1)
2
32. f ( x) = 25 − x 2 , (3, 4)
27. y = 9 − x2
1 −x
dy 1 x
(25 − x2 ) (−2 x) =
−1 2
= (9 − x 2 ) ( −2 x) = −
−1 2
f ′( x) =
dx 2 9− x 2 2 25 − x 2
x −3 3
dy = − dx f ′(3) = = −
9− x 2
25 − 9 4
3
28. y = 3
6 x2 y − 4 = − ( x − 3)
4
dy 1
= (6 x 2 ) (12 x)
−2 3 3 25
y = − x + Tangent line
dx 3 4 4
1 2 −2 3 4x 4
dy = (6 x ) (12 x) dx = dx = 3
dx f (3 + 0.01) ≈ 3.99248
3 3
36 x 4 36 x
y(3 + 0.01) = 3.9925
29. f ( x) = 2 x − x + 1, ( −2, −19)
3 2 f (3 − 0.01) ≈ 4.00748
y(3 − 0.01) = 4.0075
f ′( x) = 6 x 2 − 2 x
f ′( −2) = 24 + 4 = 28
33. P = (500 x − x 2 ) − ( 12 x 2
− 77 x + 3000 )
y + 19 = 28( x + 2)
= − 32 x 2 + 577 x − 3000
y = 28 x + 37 Tangent line
(a) dP = ( − 3 x + 577) dx
f ( −2 + 0.01) ≈ −18.72
Find dP for x = 115 and dx = 5.
y( −2 + 0.01) = −18.72
f ( −2 − 0.01) ≈ −19.28 ⎣ 3(115) + 577⎤⎦ (5) = $1160
dP = ⎡−
y( −2 − 0.01) = −19.28 (b) Find ∆ P for x = 115 and ∆ x = 5.
∆ P = P( x + ∆ x) − P( x)
30. f ( x) = 3x 2 − 1, ( 2, 11)
= P(115 + 5) − P(115)
f ′( x) = 6 x, f ′( 2) = 12 = $1122.50
y − 11 = 12( x − 2)
y = 12 x − 13 Tangent line
f ( 2 + 0.01) ≈ 11.1203
y( 2 + 0.01) = 11.12
f ( 2 − 0.01) ≈ 10.8803
y( 2 − 0.01) = 10.88
34. R = 900 x − 0.1x 2 39. (150, 50), (120, 60)

(a) dR = (900 − 0.2 x) dx 60 − 50 1
m = = −
120 − 150 3
Find dR for x = 3000 and dx = 100.
1
dR = ⎡⎣900 − 0.2(3000)⎤⎦ (100) = $30,000 p − 50 = − ( x − 150)
3
(b) Find ∆ R for x = 3000 and ∆ x = 100. 1
p = − x + 100
3
∆ R = R( x + ∆ x ) − R ( x )
1
R = xp = − x 2 + 100 x
= R(3000 + 100) − R(3000) 3
= $29,000 When x = 141 and dx = ∆x = 1,
⎛ 2 ⎞
35. R = xp ∆R ≈ dR = ⎜ − x + 100 ⎟ dx
⎝ 3 ⎠
= x(75 − 0.25 x)
⎡ 2 ⎤
= 75 x − 0.25 x 2 = ⎢− (141) + 100⎥ (1) = $6.00.
⎣ 3 ⎦
(a) dR = (75 − 0.5 x) dx
R = − 1 x 2 + 100x
3
Find dR for x = 7 and dx = 1.
y = 6x + 6627
dR = ⎡⎣75 − 0.5(7)⎤⎦ (1) = $71.50
(142, 7478 23 )
(b) Find dR for x = 70 and dx = 1.
dR ∆R
dR = ⎡⎣75 − 0.5(70)⎤⎦ (1) = $40
(141, 7473)
36. The change in profit is greater when the production level

changes from 900 to 901 units. The slope of the tangent
line (differential) is greater at 900 units. 40. (30,000, 25), ( 40,000, 20)
10(5 + 3t ) 20 − 25 −5 1
m = = = −
37. N = 40,000 − 30,000 10,000 2000
1 + 0.04t
1
(1 + 0.04t )(30) − 10(5 + 3t )(0.04) p − 25 = − ( x − 30,000)
dN = dt 2000
(1 + 0.04t )
2
1
p = − x + 40
28 2000
= dt
(1 + 0.04t )
2
C = 275,000 + 17 x
When t = 5 and dt = 6 − 5 = 1, you have the P = R − C = xp − C
following. ⎛ 1 2 ⎞
= ⎜− x + 40 x ⎟ − ( 275,000 + 17 x)
28 28 ⎝ 2000 ⎠
dN = (1) = ≈ 19.44
1 2
⎡⎣1 + 0.04(5)⎤⎦
2
1.44
= − x + 23 x − 275,000
2000
The change in herd size will be approximately 19 deer.
When x = 28,000 and dx = ∆x = 1,
3t 1
38. C = ∆P ≈ dP = − x + 23
27 + t 3 1000
dC =
(27 + t 3 )(3) − (3t )(3t 2 ) =
3( 27 − 2t 3 )
dt
= −
1
(28,000) + 23
1000
(27 + t 3 ) (27 + t 3 )
2 2
= −$5.00.
1
When t = 1 and dt = , you have y = −5x + 117,000
2
3( 25) ⎛ 1 ⎞ (28,000, −23,000)
dC = 2⎜ ⎟
≈ 0.0478. (28,001, −23,005)
(28) ⎝ 2 ⎠ ∆p dp
P = − 1 x 2 + 23x − 275,000
2000
Review Exercises for Chapter 3 223
41. A = x2 4 3
42. V = πr
dA = 2 x dx 3
dV = 4π r 2 dr
1
When x = 6 in. and dx = ± in., When r = 6 in. and dr = ± 0.02 in.,
16
dV = 4π (6) ( ± 0.02) = ± 2.88π in.3
2
⎛ 1⎞ 3
dA = 2(6)⎜ ± ⎟ = ± in.2 .
⎝ 16 ⎠ 4 ≈ ± 9.05 in.3
When x = 6 in. and A = 36 in. , the relative error is
2
When r = 6 in. and V = 288π in.3 , the relative error is
dA ± 34 dV 2.88π
= ≈ 0.0208 ⇒ 2.08%. = = 0.01 ⇒ 1.0%.
A 36 V 288π
dy
43. True; = 1 and dy = dx.
dx
44. True; ∆y = y( x + ∆x) − y( x)

= a( x + ∆x) + b − ( ax + b)
∆y a∆x dy
= a∆x and = = a = .
∆x ∆x dx
Review Exercises for Chapter 3

1. f ( x) = − x 2 + 2 x + 4 7. f ( x) = x 2 + x − 2
f ′( x) = −2 x + 2 f ′( x) = 2 x + 1
Critical number: x = 1 Set f ′( x) = 0.
2. y = 3 x 2 + 18 x 2x + 1 = 0
y′ = 6 x + 18 = 6( x + 3) x = − 12 ⇒ Critical number
Critical number: x = − 3 Interval − ∞ < x < − 12 − 12 < x < ∞
3. y = 4 x3 − 108 x Sign of f ′ f′ < 0 f′ > 0
y′ = 12 x 2 − 108 = 12( x 2 − 9) Conclusion Decreasing Increasing
8. g ( x) = ( x + 2)
3
4. f ( x) = x 4 − 8 x 2 + 13
g ′( x) = 3( x + 2) (1) = 3( x + 2)
2 2
f ′( x) = 4 x − 16 x = 4 x( x − 4)
3 2
Set g ′( x) = 0.
3( x + 2) = 0
2
5. g ( x) = ( x − 1) ( x − 3) x = − 2 ⇒ Critical number
2
g ′( x) = ( x − 3)( 2)( x − 1) + ( x − 1)
2
Interval −∞ < x < −2 −2 < x < ∞
= ( x − 1)(3 x − 7) Sign of g ′ g′ > 0 g′ > 0
7 Conclusion Increasing Increasing
Critical numbers: x = 1, x =
3
6. f ( x) = x3 2 − 3 x1 2
3 1 2 3 −1 2 3 3( x − 1)
f ′( x) = x − x = x −1 2 ( x − 1) =
2 2 2 2 x
9. f ( x) = x3 + 6 x 2 − 2
f ′( x) = − 3 x 2 + 12 x = − 3 x( x − 4) Interval −∞ < x < 0 0 < x < 4 4 < x < ∞
Set f ′( x) = 0. Sign of f ′ f′ < 0 f′ > 0 f′ < 0
− 3 x ( x − 4) = 0 Conclusion Decreasing Increasing Decreasing
x = 0, 4 ⇒ Critical numbers
10. y = x3 − 12 x 2
y′ = 3 x 2 − 24 x = 3x( x − 8) Interval −∞ < x < 0 0 < x < 8 8 < x < ∞
Set y′ = 0. Sign of y′ y′ > 0 y′ < 0 y′ > 0
3x( x − 8) = 0
x = 0, 8 ⇒ Critical numbers
11. y = ( x − 1)
23
12. y = 2 x1 3 − 3
2 2 2 −2 3 2
y′ = ( x − 1)−1 3 (1) = y′ = x =
3 3( x − 1)
13 3 3x 2 3
y′ is undefined at x = 0.
y′ is undefined at x = 1.
Interval −∞ < x < 0 0 < x < ∞
Interval −∞ < x < 1 1< x < ∞
Sign of y′ y′ > 0 y′ > 0
Sign of y′ y′ < 0 y′ > 0
13. R = 6.268t 2 + 136.07t − 191.3, 4 ≤ t ≤ 9

dR
R′ = 12.536t + 136.07 =
dt
Set R′ = 0.
12.536t + 136.07 = 0
t ≈ −10.85
The only critical number is t ≈ −10.85. Any t > −10.85 produces a positive dR dt ,
so the sales were increasing from 2004 to 2009.
14. R = − 5.5778t 3 + 67.524t 2 + 45.22t + 1969.2, 0 ≤ t ≤ 10

(a) 4000
The revenue was increasing from 2000 to about 2008.

The revenue was decreasing from about 2008 to 2010.
0 10
1800
dR
(b) R′ = = −16.7334t 2 + 135.048t + 44.22
dt
Setting R′ = 0 produces a solution of t ≈ 8.4.
Interval 0 < t < 8.4 8.4 < t < 10

Sign of R′ R′ > 0 R′ < 0
Revenue were increasing from 2000 to mid-2008, and decreasing from mid-2008 to 2010.
15. f ( x) = 4 x3 − 6 x 2 − 2
Interval −∞ < x < 0 0 < x <1 1< x < ∞
f ′( x) = 12 x 2 − 12 x = 12 x( x − 1)
Sign of f ′ f′ > 0 f′ < 0 f′ > 0
16. f ( x) =
1 4
x − 8x 17. g ( x) = x 2 − 16 x + 12
4
g ′( x) = 2 x − 16 = 2( x − 8)
f ′( x) = x3 − 8
Interval −∞ < x < 2 2 < x < ∞
Interval −∞ < x < 8 8 < x < ∞
Sign of f ′ f′ < 0 f′ > 0
Sign of g ′ g′ < 0 g′ > 0
18. h( x) = 4 + 10 x − x 2
Interval −∞ < x < 5 5 < x < ∞
h′( x) = 10 − 2 x = 2(5 − x)
Sign of h′ h′ > 0 h′ < 0
19. h( x) = 2 x 2 − x 4
h′( x) = 4 x − 4 x3
= 4 x(1 − x)(1 + x)
Interval −∞ < x < −1 −1 < x < 0 0 < x <1 1< x < ∞
Critical numbers: x = 0, x = ±1
Sign of h′ h′ > 0 h′ < 0 h′ > 0 h′ < 0
Relative maxima: ( −1, 1), (1, 1)
Conclusion Increasing Decreasing Increasing Decreasing
20. s( x) = x 4 − 8 x 2 + 3
s′( x) = 4 x3 − 16 x = 4 x( x − 2)( x + 2)
Interval −∞ < x < −2 −2 < x < 0 0 < x < 2 2 < x < ∞
Sign of s′ s′ < 0 s′ > 0 s′ < 0 s′ > 0
Relative minima: ( −2, −13), ( 2, −13)
6
21. f ( x) =
x2 + 1
12 x
f ′( x) = −6( x 2 + 1) −∞ < x < 0 0 < x < ∞
−2 Interval
( 2 x) = −
( x 2 + 1)
2
Sign of f ′ f′ > 0 f′ < 0
2
22. f ( x) =
x2 − 1
4x
f ′( x) = −2( x 2 − 1)
−2
( 2 x) = −
(x − 1)
2
2 Interval −∞ < x < −1 −1 < x < 0 0 < x <1 1< x < ∞
Critical number: x = 0 Sign of f ′ f′ > 0 f′ > 0 f′ < 0 f′ < 0

Discontinuities: x = ±1 Conclusion Increasing Increasing Decreasing Decreasing
x2
23. h( x) =
x −2
h′( x) =
(x − 2)( 2 x) − x 2
=
x( x − 4)
(x − 2) (x − 2)
2 2
Critical numbers: x = 0, x = 4 Interval −∞ < x < 0 0 < x < 2 2 < x < 4 4 < x < ∞
Discontinuity: x = 2 Sign of h′ h′ > 0 h′ < 0 h′ < 0 h′ > 0

Relative maximum: (0, 0) Conclusion Increasing Decreasing Decreasing Increasing
Relative minimum: ( 4, 8)
24. g ( x) = x − 6 x, x > 0
Interval 0 < x < 9 9 < x < ∞
x −3
g ′( x) = 1 − 3 x −1 2 =
x Sign of g ′ g′ < 0 g′ > 0
Critical number: x = 9 Conclusion Decreasing Increasing
25. f ( x) = x 2 + 5 x + 6, [−3, 0] 26. f ( x) = x 4 − 2 x3 , [0, 2]
f ′( x) = 2 x + 5 f ′( x) = 4 x3 − 6 x 2 = 2 x 2 ( 2 x − 3)
5 3
Critical number: x = − Critical numbers: x = 0 (endpoint), x =
2 2
Endpoint Critical Endpoint Endpoint Critical Endpoint

x-value x-value
x = −3 x = − 52 x = 0 x = 0 x = 32 x = 2
f ( x) 0 − 14 6 f ( x) 0 27
− 16 0
Conclusion Minimum Maximum Conclusion Maximum Minimum Maximum
27. f ( x) = x3 − 12 x + 1, [−4, 4]
f ′( x) = 3 x 2 − 12 = 3( x − 2)( x + 2)
Endpoint Critical Critical Endpoint

x-value
x = −4 x = −2 x = 2 x = 4
f ( x) −15 17 −15 17
Conclusion Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum
28. f ( x) = x3 + 2 x 2 − 3x + 4, [−3, 2]
f ′( x) = 3x 2 + 4 x − 3
−4 ± 52 −2 ± 13
Critical numbers: x = =
6 3
Endpoint Critical Critical Endpoint

x-value −2 − 13 −2 + 13
x = −3 x = x = x = 2
2 2
f ( x) 4 ≈ 10.06 ≈ 3.12 14
29. f ( x) = 2 x − x, [0, 9] 32. f ( x) =

8
+ x, [1, 4]
x
x 1−
f ′( x) = x −1 2 − 1 = 8 x2 − 8
x f ′( x) = − 2
+1 =
x x2
Critical numbers: x = 0 (endpoint), x = 1
Critical number: x = 2 2
x-value Endpoint Critical Endpoint
x = 0 x =1 x = 9 x-value
x =1 x = 2 2 x = 4
f ( x) 0 1 −3
f ( x) 9 4 2 6
x
30. f ( x) = , [0, 2]
x2 + 1 33. S = 2π r 2 + 50r −1
⎡1 ⎤
( x2 + 1) − x ⎢ ( x 2 + 1) ( 2 x)⎥
50
12 −1 2
S ′ = 4π r − 50r − 2 = 4π r −
f ′( x) = ⎣2 ⎦ r2
x2 + 1 Set S ′ = 0.
1
= 50
( x2 + 1) 4π r −
32
= 0
r2
No critical numbers 50
4π r = 2
r
Endpoint Endpoint
x-value
x = 0 x = 2 4π r 3 = 50
25
2 5 r3 =
f ( x) 0 2π
5
25
r = 3 ≈ 1.58 in.
Conclusion Minimum Maximum 2π
2x Interval 0 < r < 1.58 1.58 < r < ∞

31. f ( x) = , [−1, 2]
x2 + 1 Sign of S ′ S′ < 0 S′ > 0
f ′( x) =
(x 2
+ 1)( 2) − 2 x( 2 x)
= −
2( x − 1)
2
( x 2 + 1) ( x 2 + 1)
2 2
S is a minimum when r = 1.58 inches.

Critical numbers: x = 1, x = −1 (endpoint)

x-value
x = −1 x =1 x = 2
f ( x) −1 1 4
5
x2 35. f ( x) = ( x − 2)
3
34. P = 1.64 x − − 2500
15,000
f ′( x) = 3( x − 2)
2
1
P′ = 1.64 − x f ′′( x) = 6( x − 2)
7500
Set P′ = 0. f ′′( x) = 0 when x = 2.
1
1.64 − x = 0 Interval −∞ < x < 2 2 < x < ∞
7500
1 Sign of f ′′ f ′′ < 0 f ′′ > 0
− x = −1.64
7500
x = 12,300
1
P′′ = − 36. h( x) = x5 − 10 x 2
7500
h′( x) = 5 x 4 − 20 x
P′′(12,300) < 0 ⇒ P is a maximum when
x = 12,300 units. h′′( x) = 20 x3 − 20 = 20( x3 − 1)
The maximum profit is P(12,300) = $7586. h′′( x) = 0 when x = 1.
Interval −∞ < x < 1 1< x < ∞
Sign of h′′ h′′ < 0 h′′ > 0
1
37. g ( x) =
4
(− x 4 + 8x 2 − 12)
2 2 2 2
Interval −∞ < x < − − < x < < x < ∞
g ′( x) = − x3 + 4 x 3 3 3 3
g ′′( x) = −3 x 2 + 4 Sign of g ′′ g ′′ < 0 g ′′ > 0 g ′′ < 0
2
g ′′( x) = 0 when x = ± . Conclusion Concave downward Concave upward Concave downward
3
38. h( x) = x3 − 6 x
Interval −∞ < x < 0 0 < x < ∞
h′( x) = 3 x 2 − 6
Sign of h′′ h′′ < 0 h′′ > 0
h′′( x) = 6 x
h′′( x) = 0 when x = 0. Conclusion Concave downward Concave upward
39. f ( x) = 1 x4
2
− 4 x3
f ′( x) = 2 x3 − 12 x 2
f ′′( x) = 6 x 2 − 24 x = 6 x( x − 4)
f ′′( x) = 0
6 x ( x − 4) = 0
x = 0 or x = 4
Interval −∞ < x < 0 0 < x < 4 4 < x < ∞

Sign of f ′′ f ′′ > 0 f ′′ < 0 f ′′ > 0
Points of inflection: (0, 0), ( 4, −128)
1 4
40. f ( x) = x − 2x2 − x
4 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 3
Interval −∞ < x < − − < x < < x < ∞
f ′( x) = x3 − 4 x − 1 3 3 3 3
f ′′( x) = 3 x 2 − 4 Sign of f ′′ f ′′ > 0 f ′′ < 0 f ′′ > 0
f ′′( x) = 0 Conclusion Concave upward Concave downward Concave upward

3x 2 − 4 = 0
⎛ 2 3 2 3 20 ⎞ ⎛2 3 2 3 20 ⎞
4 Points of inflection: ⎜⎜ − , − ⎟, ⎜⎜ , − − ⎟
x =
2
⎝ 3 3 9 ⎟⎠ ⎝ 3 3 9 ⎟⎠
3
±2 ±2 3
x = =
3 3
41. f ( x) = x3 ( x − 3)
2
f ′( x) = x3 ⎡⎣2( x − 3)(1)⎤⎦ + ( x − 3) (3 x 2 ) = 5 x 4 − 24 x3 + 27 x 2
2
f ′′( x) = 20 x3 − 72 x 2 + 54 x = 2 x(10 x 2 − 36 x + 27)
f ′′( x) = 0
2 x(10 x 2 − 36 x + 27) = 0
x = 0
36 ± 362 − 4(10)( 27)
x =
2(10)
≈ 1.0652, 2.5348
Interval −∞ < x < 0 0 < x < 1.0652 1.0652 < x < 2.5348 2.5348 < x < ∞
Sign of f ′′ f ′′ < 0 f ′′ > 0 f ′′ < 0 f ′′ > 0
Conclusion Concave downward Concave upward Concave downward Concave upward
Points of inflection: (0, 0), (1.6052, 4.5244), ( 2.5348, 3.5246)
42. f ( x) = ( x − 1) ( x − 3)
2
f ′( x) = ( x − 1) (1) + ( x − 3) ⎡⎣( 2)( x − 1)(1)⎤⎦

2
= 3x 2 − 10 x + 7
f ′′( x) = 6 x − 10 = 2(3 x − 5)
f ′′( x) = 0
2(3x − 5) = 0
5
x = 3
5 5
Interval −∞ < x < 3 3
< x < ∞
Sign of f ′′ f ′′ < 0 f ′′ > 0
Point of inflection: ( 53 , − 1627 )
43. f ( x) = x3 − 6 x 2 + 12 x 46. f ( x) = x( x 2 − 3 x − 9) = x3 − 3 x 2 − 9 x
f ′( x) = 3x 2 − 12 x + 12 f ′( x) = 3 x 2 − 6 x − 9
f ′′( x) = 6 x − 12
= 3( x 2 − 2 x − 3)
= 3( x − 3)( x + 1)
f ′′( 2) = 0
f ′′( x) = 6 x − 6
By the First-Derivative Test, ( 2, 8) is not a relative
Critical numbers: x = 3, x = −1
extremum.
f ′′(3) = 12 > 0
44. f ( x) = x 4 − 32 x 2 + 12
f ′( x) = 4 x3 − 64 x
f ′′( −1) = −12 < 0
f ′′( x) = 12 x 2 − 64
Critical numbers: x = 0, x = ± 4
f ′′(0) = − 64 < 0 47. f ( x) = 2 x 2 (1 − x 2 )
f ′( x) = (1 − x 2 )( 4 x) + 2 x 2 ( −2 x)
f ′′( − 4) = 128 > 0
= 4 x − 8 x3
Relative minimum: ( − 4, − 244)
= 4 x(1 − 2 x 2 )
f ′′( 4) = 128 > 0
f ′′( x ) = 4 − 24 x 2
1
Critical numbers: x = 0, x = ±
45. f ( x) = x5 − 5 x3 2
f ′( x) = 5 x 4 − 15 x 2 = 5 x 2 ( x 2 − 3) f ′′(0) = 4 > 0
f ′′( x) = 20 x3 − 30 x Relative minimum: (0, 0)
Critical numbers: x = 0, x = ± 3 ⎛ 1 ⎞
f ′′⎜ − ⎟ = −8 < 0
⎝ 2⎠
( 3) = 30
f ′′ 3 > 0
⎛ 1 ⎞
f ′′⎜ ⎟ = −8 < 0
Relative minimum: ( 3, − 6 3 ) ⎝ 2⎠
⎛ 1 1⎞
( )
f ′′ − 3 = −30 3 < 0 Relative maxima: ⎜ ±
⎝
, ⎟
2 2⎠
Relative maximum: − 3, 6 3( ) 48. f ( x) = x − 4 x +1
f ′′(0) = 0 ⎛1⎞ 2
f ′( x) = 1 − 4⎜ ⎟( x + 1)
−1 2
=1−
By the First-Derivative Test, (0, 0) is not a relative ⎝ 2⎠ ( x + 1)1 2
extremum. ⎛1⎞ 1
f ′′( x) = 2⎜ ⎟( x + 1)
−3 2
=
⎝ 2⎠ ( x + 1)3 2
1
f ′′(3) = > 0
8
49. R = 1
1500(150 x2 − x3 ), 0 ≤ x ≤ 100 52. (a)
1500 ( )
R′ = 1 300 x − 3 x 2
y
R′′ = 1
1500 (300 − 6 x)
R′′ = 0
300 − 6 x = 0 x
x = 50 x
Interval 0 < x < 50 50 < x < 100 Let x be the dimensions of each side of the square
base and y be the height.
Sign of R′′ R′′ > 0 R′′ < 0
Then 2 x 2 + 4 xy = 432, and V = x 2 y.
Solving for y in the surface area equation yields
Point of diminishing returns: 50, ( 500
3 ) y =
432 − 2 x 2
=
108 1
− x.
4x x 2
50. R = − 23 ( x3 − 12 x 2 − 6), 0 ≤ x ≤ 8
⎛ 108 1 ⎞ 1
Then V = x 2 ⎜ − x ⎟ = 108 x − x3 .
R′ = − 23 (3 x 2 − 24 x) ⎝ x 2 ⎠ 2
R′′ = − 23 (6 x − 24) 3 2
V ′ = 108 − x
R′′ = 0 2
V ′′ = − 3 x
6 x − 24 = 0
x = 4 V′ = 0
3
Interval 0 < x < 4 4 < x < 8 108 − x 2 = 0
2
Sign of R′′ R′′ > 0 R′′ < 0 3 2
x = 108
2
x 2 = 72
Point of diminishing returns: 4, ( 268
3 ) x = 6 2 ≈ 8.49
51. ( )
V ′′ 6 2 < 0, so V is a maximum
y when x = 6 2 centimeters, and
y =
108
6 2
1
( )
− 6 2 = 6 2 centimeters.
2
x
( ) (6 2 )
2
Let x be the length and y be the width of the rectangle. (b) V = 6 2
Then A = xy = 225, and P = 2 x + 2 y.
= 432 2 cm3
⎛ 225 ⎞ 550
P = 2 x + 2⎜ ⎟ = 2x + = 2 x + 550 x −1 = $610.94 cm3
⎝ x ⎠ x
2 − 550
P′ = 2 − 550 x − 2 =
x2
1010
P′′ = 1010 x − 3 =
x3
P′ = 0
2 − 550
= 0
x2
2 x 2 = 550
x 2 = 225
x = ±15
P′′(15) > 0, so P is a minimum when x = 15 meters,
225
and y = = 15 meters.
15
3
53. x 54. 4
in.
10 − 2x
y
x
x 16 − 2x x
3
in.
4
V = (16 − 2 x)(10 − 2 x) x = 4 x3 − 52 x 2 + 160 x 1 in. x 1 in.
V ′ = 12 x 2 − 104 x + 160 108

Printed region: 108 = xy → y =
V ′′ = 24 x − 104 x
V′ = 0 Entire page: A = ( x + 2)( y + 1.5)
12 x − 104 x + 160 = 0
2
⎛ 108 ⎞ 216
A = ( x + 2)⎜ + 1.5 ⎟ = 108 + + 1.5 x + 3
4(3x 2 − 26 x + 40) = 0 ⎝ x ⎠ x
4(3 x − 20)( x − 2) = 0 − 216
A′ = − 216 x − 2 + 1.5 = + 1.5
20 x2
x = 3
or x = 2
432
A′′ =
(Note: x = 20
3
is not in the domain of V .) x3
V ′′( 2) < 0, so V is a maximum when x = 2 in. A′ = 0

− 216
V ( 2) = 144 in.3 + 1.5 = 0
x2
216
1.5 = 2
x
1.5 x 2 = 216
x 2 = 144
x = ±12
(Note: x = −12 is not in the domain of A.)
A′′(12) > 0, so A is a minimum when x = 12 in., and

108
y = = 9 in.
12
The entire page is 12 + 2 or 14 inches wide by
1
9 + 1.5 = 10 inches tall.
2
55. R = 450 x − 0.25 x 2

dR
R′ = = 450 − 0.5 x
dx
R′′ = − 0.5
R′ = 0
450 − 0.5 x = 0
− 0.5 x = − 450
x = 900
R′′(900) < 0, so R is a maximum when x = 900, and R(900) = $202,500.
56. R = 36 x 2 − 0.05 x3 59. P = R − C and R = xp

dR R = x(36 − 4 x) = 36 x − 4 x 2
R′ = = 72 x − 0.15 x 2 = x(72 − 0.15 x)
dx P = (36 x − 4 x 2 ) − ( 2 x 2 + 6)
R′′ = 72 − 0.3x
P = − 6 x 2 + 36 x − 6
R′ = 0
dP
x(72 − 0.15 x) = 0 = P′ = −12 x + 36
dx
x = 0 or 72 − 0.15 x = 0
P′′ = −12
− 0.15 x = − 72
P′ = 0
x = 480
−12 x + 36 = 0
(Note: x = 0 is not in the domain of R.)
x = 3
R′′( 480) < 0, so R is a maximum when x = 480, P′′(3) < 0, so P is a maximum when x = 3 units.
and R( 480) = $2,764,800.
(a) When x = 3, p = 36 − 4(3) = $24 unit.
C 0.2 x 2 + 10 x + 4500 C 2 x2 + 6 6
57. C = = = 0.2 x + 10 + 4500 x −1 (b) C = = = 2x +
x x x x x
4500 6
C ′ = 0.2 − 4500 x − 2 = 0.2 − 2 When x = 3, C = 2(3) + = $8 unit.
x 3
9000
C ′′ =
x3 60. P = − 4 s 3 + 72 s 2 − 240s + 500
C′ = 0 dP
= P′ = −12 s 2 + 144 s − 240
4500 ds
0.2 − = 0 P′′ = − 24 s + 144
x2
0.2 x 2 = 4500 P′ = 0
x 2 = 22,500 −12s + 144 s − 240 = 0
2
x = ±150 −12( s 2 − 12 s + 20) = 0
(Note: x = −150 is not in the domain of C. ) (s − 10)( s − 2) = 0

s = 10 or s = 2
C ′(150) > 0, so C is a minimum when
P′′(10) < 0, so P is a maximum when
x = 150 units, and C (150) = $70 unit.
s = $10 thousand.
C 0.03 x3 + 30 x + 3840 P′′ = 0

58. C = =
x x − 24 s + 144 = 0
= 0.03x 2 + 30 + 3840 x −1 s = 6
3840
C ′ = 0.06 x − 3840 x − 2 = 0.06 x − Interval 0 < s < 6 6 < s < ∞
x2
7680 Sign of P′′ P′′ > 0 P′′ < 0
C ′′ = 0.06 +
x3 Conclusion Concave upward Concave downward
C′ = 0
3840 Point of diminishing returns: (6, 788)
0.06 x − = 0
x2
0.06 x3 = 3840
x3 = 64,000
x = 40
C ′′( 40) > 0, so C is a minimum when
x = 40 units, and C ( 40) = $174 unit.
61. (a) 60 − 0.04 x, 0 ≤ x ≤ 1500 (b) R = xp = x(60 − 0.04 x) = 60 x − 0.04 x 2

dp dR
= − 0.04 R′ = = 60 − 0.08 x
dx dx
60 − 0.04 x R′ = 0
p x x x − 1500
η = = = 60 − 0.08 x = 0
dp dx − 0.04 x
x = 750
x − 1500
η =1= ⇒ x = x − 1500 ⇒ x = 750
x Interval 0 < x < 750 750 < x < 1500
For 0 < x < 750, η > 1 and demand is elastic. Sign of R′ R′ > 0 R′ < 0
For 750 < x < 1500, η < 1 and demand is inelastic. Conclusion Increasing Decreasing
For x = 750, demand is of unit elasticity. From 0 to 750 units, revenue is increasing.
From 750 to 1500 units, revenue does not increase.
62. (a) P = 960 − x, 0 ≤ x ≤ 960 (b) R = xp = x(960 − x) = 960 x − x 2

dp dR
= −1 R′ = = 960 − 2 x
dx dx
960 − x
R′ = 0
p x x x − 960
η = = = 960 − 2 x = 0
dp dx −1 x
x = 480
x − 960
η =1= ⇒ x = x − 960 ⇒ x = 480
x Interval 0 < x < 480 480 < x < 960
For 0 < x < 480, η > 1 and demand is elastic. Sign of R′ R′ > 0 R′ < 0
For 480 < x < 960, η < 1 and demand is inelastic. Conclusion Increasing Decreasing
For x = 480, demand is of unit elasticity. From 0 to 480 units, revenue is increasing.
From 480 to 960 units, revenue is decreasing.
x + 4 x + 4 x −1 x −1
63. f ( x) = = 64. f ( x) = =
x2 + 7 x x( x + 7) x2 − 4 ( x + 2)( x − 2)
Set denominator equal to 0. Set denominator equal to 0.
x( x + 7) = 0 (x + 2)( x − 2) = 0
x = 0 or x +7 = 0 x + 2 = 0 or x − 2 = 0
x = −7 x = − 2, x = 2
Vertical asymptotes: x = 0, x = − 7 Vertical asymptotes: x = − 2, x = 2
65. f ( x) =
x 2 − 16
=
( x + 4)( x − 4) = x − 4 , x ≠ − 4
2x + 9x + 4
2
(2 x + 1)( x + 4) 2 x + 1
Set denominator equal to 0.
2x + 1 = 0
1
x = −
2
1
Vertical asymptote: x = −
2
( x + 3)
2
x2 + 6x + 9 x +3
66. f ( x) = = = , x ≠ −3
x 2 − 5 x − 24 ( x − 8)( x + 3) x−8
Set denominator equal to 0.
x −8 = 0
x = 8
⎛ 1⎞ 76. C = 1.50 x + 8000

67. lim ⎜ x − 3 ⎟ = 0 − ∞ = −∞
x→0 ⎝
+ x ⎠ C 1.50 x + 8000 8000
(a) C = = = 1.50 +
x x x
⎛ 1⎞
68. lim ⎜ 3 + ⎟ = 3 − ∞ = −∞ (b) C (1000) = $9.50 unit.
x→0 ⎝
− x⎠
C (10,000) = $2.30 unit.
x2 − 2 x + 1
69. lim = ∞ 8000
x → −1 + x +1 (c) lim C = lim 1.50 + = $1.50 unit
x→∞ x→∞ x
3x 2 + 1 3x 2 + 1 The limit is 1.50. As more and more units are
70. lim = lim = −∞
x →3− x2 − 9 x → 3 − ( x + 3)( x − 3) produced, the average cost per unit will approach
$1.50.
2 x2 2
71. lim = 250 p
x→∞ 3x 2 + 5 3 77. C = , 0 ≤ p < 100
100 − p
2
y = is a horizontal asymptote. (a) C ( 20) = $62.5 million
3
C (50) = $250 million
2 x2 − 2 x + 3
72. lim = ∞ C (90) = $2250 million
x→∞ x +1
250 p
There is no horizontal asymptote. (b) lim C = lim = ∞
p →100 − p →100 − 100 − p
3x The limit is ∞, meaning that as the percent
73. lim = 0
x→∞ x2 + 1 approaches 100%, the cost increases without bound.
y = 0 is a horizontal asymptote.
160,000 p
78. C = , 0 ≤ p < 100
x 2x 100 − p
74. lim + =1+ 2 = 3
x→∞ x − 2 x + 2 (a) C ( 25) ≈ $53,333.33
y = 3 is a horizontal asymptote. C (50) = $160,000
75. C = 0.75 x + 4000 C (75) = $480,000
C 0.75 x + 4000 4000 160,000 p
(a) C = = = 0.75 + (b) lim C = lim = ∞
x x x p →100 − p →100 − 100 − p
(b) C (100) = $40.75 unit. The limit is ∞, meaning that as the percent
approaches 100%, the cost increases without bound.
C (1000) = $4.75 unit.
4000
(c) lim C = lim 0.75 + = $0.75 unit
x→∞ x→∞ x
The limit is 0.75. As more and more units
are produced, the average cost per unit will
approach $0.75.
79. f ( x) = 4 x − x 2 80. f ( x) = 4 x3 − x 4
f ′( x) = 4 − 2 x f ′( x) = 12 x 2 − 4 x3
f ′′( x) = − 2 f ′′( x) = 24 x − 12 x 2
x-intercepts: f ( x) = 0 x-intercept: f ( x) = 0
4x − x = 0 2
4x − x4 = 0
3
x( 4 − x ) = 0 x3 (4 − x) = 0
x = 0 or x = 4 x = 0 or x = 4
y -intercept: f (0) = 0 y -intercept: f (0) = 0
y = 0 y = 0
Critical number: f ′( x) = 0 Critical numbers: f ′( x) = 0
4 − 2x = 0 12 x − 4 x3 = 0
2
x = 2 4 x 2 (3 − x ) = 0
f ′′( 2) < 0 ⇒ relative maximum at ( 2, 4)
x = 0 or x = 3
f ′′ ≠ 0 ⇒ no points of inflection f ′′(3) < 0 ⇒ relative maximum at (3, 27)
y
Use the First-Derivative Test: no extrema at x = 0
f ′′ = 0
6
y
5
(2, 4)
4 24 x − 12 x = 0 2 30 (3, 27)
3
12 x( 2 − x) = 0
25
2 20
(2, 16)
x = 0 or x = 2
1 15
(0, 0) (4, 0)
x 10
−2 −1 1 2 3 5 6
−1 Points of inflection: 5
(4, 0)
(0, 0)
(0, 0), (2, 16) −2 1 2 3 5 6
x
81. f ( x) = x3 − 6 x 2 + 3 x + 10
f ′( x) = 3x 2 − 12 x + 3
f ′′( x) = 6 x − 12
x-intercepts: f ( x) = 0
x3 − 6 x 2 + 3 x + 10 = 0
(x − 5)( x − 2)( x + 1) = 0
x = 5 or x = 2 or x = −1
y -intercept: f (0) = 10
y = 10
Critical numbers: f ′( x) = 0
3 x − 12 x + 3 = 0
2
3( x 2 − 4 x + 1) = 0
x = 2± 3
(
f ′′ 2 + ) (
3 > 0 ⇒ relative minimum at 2 + 3, −10.39 ) 12
y
(2 − 3, 10.39)
f ′′( 2 − 3 ) < 0 ⇒ relative maximum at ( 2 − )

(0, 10)
3, 10.39 9
f ′′( x) = 0 (−1, 0) (2, 0) (5, 0)

x
6 x − 12 = 0 −6 −4 −2 4 6 8
x = 2
Point of inflection: ( 2, 0) (2 + 3, −10.39)
82. f ( x) = − x3 + 3 x 2 + 9 x − 2
f ′( x) = − 3x 2 + 6 x + 9
f ′′( x) = − 6 x + 6
− x3 + 3x 2 + 9 x − 2 = 0
5± 21
x = −2 or x =
2
y -intercept: f (0) = − 2
y = −2
Critical numbers: f ′( x) = 0
− 3x + 6 x + 9 = 0
2
− 3( x 2 − 2 x − 3) = 0
x = 3 or x = −1
y
f ′′( −1) > 0 ⇒ relative minimum at ( −1, − 7) 30

(3, 25)
25
f ′′(3) < 0 ⇒ relative maximum at (3, 25) 20
15
f ′′( x) = 0 10 (1, 9)
− 6x + 6 = 0 (−2, 0)
5 ( 5+
2
21
,0 )
x
−5 −3
x =1
1 3
(−1, −7)
− 10
(5− 21
, 0 )
2
(0, −2)
83. f ( x) = x 4 − 4 x3 + 16 x − 16 84. f ( x) = x5 + 1
f ′( x) = 4 x3 − 12 x 2 + 16 f ′( x) = 5 x 4
f ′′( x) = 12 x 2 − 24 x f ′′( x) = 20 x3
x-intercepts: f ( x) = 0 x-intercept: f ( x) = 0
x − 4 x + 16 x − 16 = 0
4 3
x +1= 0
5
x = 2 or x = − 2 x = −1
y -intercept: f (0) = −16 y -intercept: f (0) = 1
y = −16 y =1
Critical numbers: f ′( x) = 0 Critical number: f ′( x) = 0
4 x − 12 x + 16 = 0
3 2
5x4 = 0
x = 2 or x = −1 x = 0
f ′′( −1) > 0 ⇒ relative minimum at (−1, − 27) f ′′(0) = 0 ⇒ Use First-Derivative Test ⇒ no extrema
f ′′( 2) < 0 ⇒ Use First-Derivative Test ⇒ no extrema f ′′( x) = 0

y
20 x3 = 0
f ′′( x) = 0
y
4
5 x = 0
12 x − 24 x = 0
2 (−2, 0) (2, 0) 3

x
−3 −1
12 x( x − 2) = 0
2 3 2
−5
(0, 1)
−10
x = 0 or x = 2 −15
(−1, 0)
x
(0, −16) −3 −2 1 2 3
Points of inflection: −1
(0, −16), ( 2, 0) (−1, −27) −30

−2
85. f ( x) = x 16 − x 2 , − 4 ≤ x ≤ 4 86. f ( x) = x 2 9 − x2 , − 3 ≤ x ≤ 3
16 − 2 x 2 − 2( x 2 − 8) 18 x − 3x3 − 3 x( x 2 − 6)
f ′( x) = = f ′( x) = =
16 − x 2 16 − x 2 9 − x2 9 − x2
2 x3 − 48 x 2 x( x − 24)
2
6 x 4 − 81x 2 + 162 − 3( 2 x 4 − 27 x 2 + 54)
f ′′( x) = = f ′′( x) = =
(16 − x 2 ) (16 − x 2 ) (9 − x 2 ) (9 − x 2 )
32 32 32 32
x-intercepts: f ( x) = 0 x-intercepts: f ( x) = 0
x 16 − x 2
= 0 x 9 − x2 = 0
x = 0 or x = ± 4 x = 0 or x = ± 3
y -intercept: f (0) = 0 y -intercept: f (0) = 0
y = 0 y = 0
Critical numbers: f ′( x) = 0 Critical numbers: f ′( x) = 0
− 2( x 2 − 8) − 3x( x 2 − 6)
= 0 = 0
16 − x 2 9 − x2
x = ±2 2 x = 0 or ± 6
( ) (
f ′′ − 2 2 > 0 ⇒ relative minimum at − 2 2, − 8 ) f ′′(0) > 0 ⇒ relative minimum at (0, 0)
f ′′( 2 2 ) < 0 ⇒ relative maximum at ( 2 )

2, 8 f ′′( 6 ) < 0 ⇒ relative maximum at ( 6, 6 3)
f ′′( x) = 0 f ′′( − 6 ) < 0 ⇒ relative maximum at (− 6, 6 3 )
2 x( x 2 − 24) f ′′( x) = 0
= 0
(16 − x )
32
− 3( 2 x 4 − 27 x 2 + 54)
2
= 0
(9 − x 2 )
32
x = 0 or x = ± 2 6
(Note: x = ± 2 6 not in domain. ) x ≈ ±1.563 or x ≈ ±3.325

(Note: x = ± 3.325 are not in the domain.)
y
Points of inflection: ( ±1.563, 6.256)
10 y
(2 2, 8)
8 (−1.563, 6.256) (1.563, 6.256)
12
6
(− 6, 6 3) ( 6, 6 3)
4 10
(−4, 0) 2
(0, 0) (4, 0) 8
x
−6 −2 2 4 6
6
4
−6
−8 2
(−2 2, −8) −10 (−3, 0) (3, 0)
x
−4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4
−2 (0, 0)
x +1
87. f ( x) =
x −1
2
f ′( x) = −
( x − 1)2
4
f ′′( x) =
(x − 1)
3
x-intercept: f ( x) = 0 y -intercept: f (0) = −1

x +1 y = −1
= 0 y
x −1 6
x = −1 4
Vertical asymptote: x = 1 (−1, 0) 2
Horizontal asymptote: y = 1 −8 −6 −4 −2 2 4 6 8
x
−2 (0, −1)
Critical numbers: f ′( x) ≠ 0 ⇒ no extrema −4
f ′′( x) ≠ 0 ⇒ no points of inflection −6
x −1
88. f ( x) =
3x 2 + 1
− (3 x 2 − 6 x − 1)
f ′( x) =
(3x 2 + 1)
2
6(3 x3 − 9 x 2 − 3 x + 1)
f ′′( x) =
(3x 2 + 1)
3
x-intercept: f ( x) = 0 y -intercept: f (0) = −1

x −1 y = −1
= 0
3x 2 + 1
x =1
f ′( x) = 0
− (3 x 2 − 6 x − 1)
= 0
(3x 2 + 1)
2
− 3x 2 + 6 x + 1 = 0
3± 2 3
Critical numbers: x =
3 y
⎛3 + 2 3⎞ ⎛3 + 2 3 ⎞ (3+2 3
)
f ′′⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ < 0 ⇒ relative maximum at ⎜⎜ , 0.077 ⎟⎟ 1 3
, 0.077
⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠ (3.274, 0.069)
(1, 0)
x
⎛3 − 2 3⎞ ⎛3 − 2 3 ⎞ −4 −1 1 2 3 4
f ′′⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ > 0 ⇒ relative minimum at ⎜⎜ , −1.077 ⎟⎟ (0.210, −0.698)
⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠ (−0.484, − 0.872) (0, −1)
(3−2 3
, −1.077 )
f ′′( x) = 0: x ≈ − 0.484, 0.210, 3.274
3
−2
Points of inflection: ( − 0.484, − 0.872), (0.210, − 0.698), (3.274, 0.069)
89. f ( x) = 3 x 2 3 − 2 x
f ′( x) = 2 x −1 3 − 2
f ′′( x) = − 23 x − 4 3
3x 23
− 2x = 0
x(3 x −1 3
− 2) = 0
27
x = 0 or x = 8
y -intercept: f (0) = 0 y
y = 0
Critical number: f ′( x) = 0
(1, 1)
1
2x −1 3
− 2 = 0 (0, 0) ( 278, 0)
x
x =1 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1
−1
1 2 3 5
f ′′(1) < 0 ⇒ relative maximum at (1, 1) −2
−3
f ′′( x) = 0 ⇒ Use First-Derivative Test ⇒ relative minimum at (0, 0)
90. f ( x) = x 4 5
f ′( x) = 4 x −1 5
5
f ′′( x) = − 25
4 x −6 5
x-intercept: f ( x) = 0
x = 0
y = 0
Critical number: f ′( x) = 0 y
4 x −1 5 = 0
5
5 4
f ′ is underfined at x = 0. 3
Interval −∞ < x < 0 0 < x < ∞

Relative minimum at (0, 0)
1
(0, 0)
Sign of f ′ f′ < 0 f′ > 0 − 5 − 4 − 3 −2 − 1 1 2 3 4 5
x
f ′′( x) ≠ 0 ⇒ no points of inflection

91. (a) 3000
1 8
0
The model fits the data well.

(b) N (10) ≈ 2434 bacteria
13,250
(c) Answers will vary. Sample answer: The limit of N as t approaches infinity is ≈ 1893 bacteria; however,
7
many different factors can have many different effects on the culture thus affecting the number of bacteria.
31.6 − 1.822t + 0.0984t 2

92. T = , 1 ≤ t ≤ 12
1 − 0.194t + 0.0131t 2
T′ =
(1 − 0.194t + 0.0131t 2 )(−1.822 + 0.1968t ) − (31.6 − 1.822t + 0.0984t 2 )(− 0.194 + 0.0262t )
(1 − 0.194t + 0.0131t )
2
0.0047786t 2 − 0.63112t + 4.3084

=
(1 − 0.194t + 0.0131t 2 )
2
T ′ = 0: t ≈ 7.2, 124.9 ( Note: t = 124.9 is not in the domain.)
Endpoint Critical number Endpoint

t -value
t =1 t = 7.2 t = 12
T -value 36.5 83.5 42.8

The minimum average temperature is 36.5°F in January and the maximum average temperature is 83.5°F in July.
93. f ( x) = 2 x 2 , x = 2, ∆ x = dx = 0.01
∆ y = f ( x + ∆ x) − f ( x) = 2( 2 + 0.01) − 2( 2) = 0.0802
2 2
dy = f ′( x) dx
dy = 4 x dx
dy = 4( 2)(0.01) = 0.08
dy ≈ ∆ y
94. f ( x) = x 4 + 3, x = 1, ∆ x = dx = 0.1
∆ y = f ( x + ∆ y ) − f ( x) = ⎡(1 + 0.1) + 3⎤ − ⎡(1) + 3⎤ = 0.4641

4 4
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
dy = f ′( x) dx
dy = 4 x3 dx
dy = 4(1) (0.1) = 0.4
3
dy ≈ ∆ y
95. f ( x) = 6 x − x3 , x = 3, ∆ x = dx = 0.1
∆ y = f ( x + ∆ x) − f ( x) = ⎡6(3 + 0.1) − (3 + 0.1) ⎤ − ⎡6(3) − (3) ⎤ = − 2.191

3 3
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
dy = f ′( x) dx
dy = (6 − 3x 2 ) dx
(
= 6 − 3(3)
2
)(0.1) = − 2.1
dy ≈ ∆ y
96. f ( x ) = 5 x3 2 , x = 9, ∆ x = dx = 0.01
∆ y = f ( x + ∆ x) − f ( x) = 5(9 + 0.01) − 5(9)

32 32
≈ 0.22506249
dy = f ′( x) dx
(9) (0.01)
15 1 2 15 12
dy = 2
x dx = 2
= 0.225
dy ≈ ∆ y
97. C = 40 x 2 + 1225, x = 10, ∆ x = dx = 1 104. y = 7 x 4 + 2 x 2

dC = 80 x dx dy = ( 28 x3 + 4 x) dx
dC = 80(10)(1) = $800
105. y = (3x 2 − 2)
3
98. C = 1.5 3 x + 500, x = 125, ∆ x = dx = 1 dy

= 3(3 x 2 − 2) (6 x)
2
dx
dC = 0.5 x − 2 3 dx = 0.5(125) (1)
−2 3
= $0.02
dy = 18 x(3 x 2 − 2) dx
2
99. R = 6,25 x − 0.4 x3 2 , x = 225, ∆ x = dx = 1

106. y = 36 − x 2
dR = (6.25 + 0.6 x1 2 ) dx
dy 1
= (36 − x 2 ) ( −2 x)
−1 2
= ⎡6.25 + 0.6( 225) ⎤ (1) = $15.25
12
⎣ ⎦ dx 2
x
dy = − dx
100. R = 80 x − 0.35 x 2 , x = 80, ∆ x = dx = 1 36 − x 2
dR = (80 − 0.7 x) dx = ⎡⎣80 − 0.7(80)⎤⎦ (1) = $24 2− x

107. y =
x+5
101. P = 0.003x 2 + 0.019 x − 1200, x = 750, ∆ x = dx = 1 dy ( x + 5)(−1) − (2 − x)
=
dP = (0.006 x + 0.019) dx dx (x + 5)
2
= ⎡⎣0.006(750) + 0.019⎤⎦ (1) = 4.519 ≈ $4.52 dy = −

7
dx
(x + 5)
2
102. P = − 0.2 x3 + 3000 x − 7500, x = 50, ∆ x = dx = 1

3x 2
dP = ( − 0.6 x + 3000) dx 108. y =
x−4
⎣ 0.6(50) + 3000⎤⎦ (1) = $2970
= ⎡− dy ( x − 4)(6 x) − 3x 2 (1)
=
( x − 4)
2
dx
103. y = 0.5 x 2
3x 2 − 24 x
dy = 1.5 x 2 dx dy = dx
(x − 4)
2
109. P = − 0.8 x 2 + 324 x − 2000, x = 100, ∆ x = dx = 1
(a) dP = ( −1.6 x + 324) dx
⎣ 1.6(100) + 324⎤⎦ (1) = $164

dP = ⎡−
(b) ∆ P = P( x + ∆ x) = P( x)
= ⎡− 0.8(100 + 1) + 324(100 + 1) − 2000⎤ − ⎡− 0.8(100) + 324(100) − 2000⎤

2 2
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
= $163.20
This is $0.80 less than the answer in part (a).
110. R = xp, p = 108 − 0.2 x, x = 20, ∆ x = dx = 1 111. B = 0.1 5w = 0.1 5w1 2 , w = 90, ∆ w = dw = 5
R = x(108 − 0.2 x) = − 0.2 x 2 + 108 x 0.1 5 −1 2 0.05 5
dB = w dw = dw
(a) dR = ( − 0.4 x + 108) dx 2 w
0.05 5
⎣ 0.4( 20) + 108⎤⎦ (1) = $100
dR = ⎡− dB = (5) ≈ 0.059 m 2
90
(b) x = 40, ∆ x = dx = 1
dR = ( − 0.4 x + 108) dx
⎣ 0.4( 40) + 108⎤⎦ (1) = $92

dR = ⎡−
Chapter 3 Test Yourself 243
Chapter 3 Test Yourself

1. f ( x) = 3x 2 − 4
Interval −∞ < x < 0 0 < x < ∞
f ′( x) = 6 x
Sign of f ′ f′ < 0 f′ > 0
2. f ( x) = x3 − 12 x
Interval −∞ < x < −2 −2 < x < 2 2 < x < ∞
f ′( x) = 3 x 2 − 12 = 3( x − 2)( x + 2)
Sign of f ′ f′ > 0 f′ < 0 f′ > 0
3. f ( x) = ( x − 5)
4
Interval −∞ < x < 5 5 < x < ∞
f ′( x) = 4( x − 5)
3
Sign of f ′ f′ < 0 f′ > 0
1 3
4. f ( x) = x − 9x + 4 Interval −∞ < x < −3 −3 < x < 3 3 < x < ∞
3
f ′( x) = x − 9 = ( x + 3)( x − 3)
2
Sign of f ′ f′ > 0 f′ < 0 f′ > 0
Critical numbers: x = ±3 Conclusion Increasing Decreasing Increasing
Relative minimum: (3, −14)
5. f ( x) = 2 x 4 − 4 x 2 − 5
Interval −∞ < x < −1 −1 < x < 0 0 < x <1 1< x < ∞
f ′( x) = 8 x3 − 8 x = 8 x( x + 1)( x − 1)
Sign of f ′ f′ < 0 f′ > 0 f′ < 0 f′ > 0
Relative minima: ( −1, − 7), (1, − 7)
6. f ( x) =
5 7. f ( x) = x 2 + 6 x + 8, [−4, 0]
x + 2
2
f ′( x) = 2 x + 6
10 x
f ′( x) = −5( x 2 + 2)
−2
( 2 x) = − Critical number: x = −3
( x2 + 2)
2
Critical number: x = 0 Endpoint Critical Endpoint

x-value
x = −4 x = −3 x = 0
⎛ 5⎞
Relative maximum: ⎜ 0, ⎟ f ( x) 0 −1 8
⎝ 2⎠
Interval −∞ < x < 0 0 < x < ∞
Sign of f ′ f′ > 0 f′ < 0
8. f ( x) = 12 x − 4 x, [0, 5] 9. f ( x) =
6 x
+ , [1, 6]
x 2
⎛1 ⎞ 6
f ′( x) = 12⎜ x −1 2 ⎟ − 4 = 1 2 − 4 6 1
⎝2 ⎠ x f ′( x) = − 2 +
x 2
9
Critical number: x = Critical number: x = 2 3
4
Endpoint Critical Endpoint x-value
x-value x =1 x = 2 3 x = 6
x = 0 x = 9 x = 5
4
f ( x) 13 2 3 4
f ( x) 0 9 12 5 − 20 2

10. f ( x) = x5 − 80 x 2
Interval −∞ < x < 2 2 < x < ∞
f ′( x) = 5 x 4 − 160 x
Sign of f ′′( x) f ′′( x) < 0 f ′′( x) > 0
f ′′( x) = 20 x3 − 160 = 20( x3 − 8)
f ′′( x) = 0 when x = 2
20
11. f ( x) =
3x + 8
2
120 x
f ′( x) = −20(3 x 2 + 8)
−2
(6 x) = −
(3 x 2 + 8)
2
(3x 2 + 8) ( −120) − ( −120 x) ⎡⎣2(3 x 2 + 8)(6 x)⎤⎦ 120(9 x 2 − 8)

2
f ′′( x) = =
(3 x 2 + 8) (3x 2 + 8)
4 3
2 2
f ′′( x) = 0 when x = ±
3
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Interval −∞ < x < − − < x < < x < ∞
3 3 3 3
Sign of f ′′( x) f ′′( x) > 0 f ′′( x) < 0 f ′′( x) > 0
12. f ( x) = x 4 + 6 13. f ( x) = x 4 − 54 x 2 + 230

f ′( x) = 4 x3 f ′( x) = 4 x3 − 108 x
f ′′( x) = 12 x 2 = 0 when x = 0. f ′′( x) = 12 x 2 − 108 = 12( x 2 − 9)
f ′′( x) > 0 on ( −∞, 0). f ′′( x) = 0 when x = ± 3
f ′′( x) > 0 on (0, ∞). f ′′( x) > 0 on ( − ∞, − 3) ⇒ concave upward
There are no points of inflection.
f ′′( x) < 0 on ( − 3, 3) ⇒ concave downward
f ′′( x) > 0 on (3, ∞) ⇒ concave upward
Points of inflection: ( ± 3, −175)
Chapter 3 Test Yourself 245
14. f ( x) = x3 − 6 x 2 − 36 x + 50 19. y = − x3 + 3 x 2 + 9 x − 2
f ′( x) = 3x 2 − 12 x − 36 y′ = − 3 x 2 + 6 x + 9
= 3( x 2 − 4 x − 12) y′′ = − 6 x + 6
= 3( x − 6)( x + 2) x-intercepts: − x3 + 3 x 2 + 9 x − 2 = 0
5± 21
Critical numbers: x = − 2, x = 6 x = − 2,
2
f ′′( x) = 6 x − 12
y -intercept: f (0) = − 2
f ′′( − 2) < 0 y = −2
f ′′(6) > 0
Critical numbers: y′ = 0
Relative maximum: ( − 2, 90) − 3x + 6 x + 9 = 0
2
Relative minimum: (6, −166) x = −1, 3

y′′( −1) > 0 ⇒ relative minimum at ( −1, − 7)
3
15. f ( x) = x5 − 9 x3 y′′(3) < 0 ⇒ relative maximum at (3, 25)
5
f ′( x) = 3 x 4 − 27 x 2 = 3 x 2 ( x + 3)( x − 3) y′′ = 0 y
Critical numbers: x = 0, x = ±3 − 6x + 6 = 0 60
(4.79128785, 0)
x =1
40
f ′′( x) = 12 x3 − 54 x
(3, 25)
(1, 9)
20
Point of inflection: (1, 9) (−2, 0)
f ′′(0) = 0 −4 −3 −2 1 2 3 4
x
(−1, −7) (0.20871215, 0)

f ′′( −3) = −162 < 0 (0, −2)
−40
f ′′(3) = 162 > 0 −60
⎛ 486 ⎞
Relative maximum: ⎜ −3, ⎟ 20. y = x5 − 5 x
⎝ 5 ⎠
y′ = 5 x 4 − 5
⎛ 486 ⎞
Relative minimum: ⎜ 3, − ⎟ y′′ = 20 x3
⎝ 5 ⎠
By the First-Derivative Test, (0, 0) is not a relative x-intercepts: x5 − 5 x = 0
extremum. x( x 4 − 5) = 0
16. A vertical asymptote occurs at x = 5 because x = 0, ± 4 5

3x + 2 3x + 2 y -intercept: f (0) = 0
lim = −∞ and lim = ∞.
x →5 − x − 5 x →5 + x −5
y = 0
A horizontal asymptote occurs at y = 3 because
Critical numbers: y′ = 0
3x + 2 3x + 2
lim = 3 and lim = 3.
x →∞ x − 5 x →−∞ x − 5 5x − 5 = 0
4
5( x 4 − 1) = 0
17. There are no vertical asymptotes because the
denominator is never zero. A horizontal asymptote x = ±1
2x2 y′′( −1) < 0 ⇒ relative maximum at ( −1, 4)
occurs at y = 2 because lim 2 = 2 and
x →∞ x + 3
2 x2 y′′(1) > 0 ⇒ relative minimum at (1, − 4)

lim 2 = 2.
x →−∞ x + 3
y′′ = 0 y
18. A vertical asymptote occurs at x = 1 because 20 x3 = 0 200
2 x2 − 5 2 x2 − 5 x = 0 100
x →1− x −1 x →1+ x −1 Point of inflection: (−1, 4) (0, 0)
x
There are no horizontal asymptotes because (0, 0) −3 −1 1 2

(1, −4)
3
−100
2x2 − 5 2x2 − 5
x →∞ x − 1 x →−∞ x − 1 −200
Brief Calculus An Applied Approach 9th Edition Larson Solutions Manual
x 22. y = 5 x 2 − 3
21. y =
x − 4
2
dy
= 10 x
y′ = −
( x 2 + 4) dx
( x 2 − 4) dy = 10 x dx
2
2 x( x 2 + 12) 1− x
y′′ = 23. y =
x+3
( x 2 − 4)
3
dy
=
( x + 3)(−1) − (1 − x) = − 4
x
x-intercepts: = 0 dx ( x + 3)2 ( x + 3)2
x − 4
2
4
x = 0 dy = − dx
(x + 3)
2
y = 0
24. y = ( x + 4)
3
Vertical asymptotes: x 2 − 4 = 0 dy
= 3( x + 4)
2
x = ±2 dx
dy = 3( x + 4) dx
2
No critical numbers: y′ ≠ 0
25. p = 280 − 0.4 x, 0 ≤ x ≤ 700
y′′ = 0
dp
2 x( x 2 + 12) = −0.4
dx
= 0
( x2 − 4)
3
280 − 0.4 x
p x x − 700 x − 700
x = 0 η = = = +1 =
dp dx 0.4 x x
x − 700
y η =1= ⇒ x = x − 700 ⇒ x = 350
x
5
4 For 0 ≤ x < 350, η > 1 and demand is elastic.
3
(0, 0)
For 350 < x ≤ 700, η < 1 and demand is inelastic.
x
−8 −6 4 6 8 10
For x = 350, η = 1 and demand is of unit elasticity.
Visit TestBankDeal.com to get complete for all chapters

Brief Calculus An Applied Approach 9th Edition Larson Solutions Manual

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Brief Calculus An Applied Approach 9th Edition Larson Solutions Manual

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Brief Calculus An Applied Approach 9th

Edition Larson Solutions Manual

Section 3.1 Increasing and Decreasing Functions ................................................146

Section 3.2 Extrema and the First-Derivative Test...............................................156

Section 3.3 Concavity and the Second-Derivative Test.......................................165

Section 3.4 Optimization Problems.......................................................................180

Quiz Yourself .............................................................................................................190

Section 3.5 Business and Economics Applications..............................................193

Section 3.6 Asymptotes .........................................................................................201

Section 3.7 Curve Sketching: A Summary ...........................................................209

Section 3.8 Differentials and Marginal Analysis..................................................217

Review Exercises ........................................................................................................223

Test Yourself .............................................................................................................243

Visit TestBankDeal.com to get complete for all chapters

1. f has a critical number at x = −1. 2. f has critical numbers at x = ± 2.

f is increasing on ( − ∞, −1). f is increasing on ( − ∞, − 2) ∪ ( 2, ∞).

f is decreasing on ( −1, ∞). f is decreasing on ( − 2, 2).

3. f has critical numbers at x = ±1, 0. x 2 − 4 = ( x 2 − 4)

f is increasing on ( − ∞, − 3) ∪ (0, 3).

Critical numbers: x = 0, − 3 12. f ( x) = 5 − 3 x

Critical numbers: x = −1, − 53 2

Conclusion Increasing Decreasing Increasing

Interval −∞ < x < −1 −1 < x < 1 1< x < ∞

Conclusion Increasing Decreasing Increasing

Interval −∞ < x < 0 0 < x < 3 3 < x < ∞

Sign of f ′ f′ < 0 f′ < 0 f′ > 0 −2 3

Conclusion Decreasing Decreasing Increasing −2

Interval (−∞, − 2) (−2, 0) (0, 2) (2, ∞) −7 8

Sign of f ′ f′ < 0 f′ > 0 f′ < 0 f′ > 0

Critical number: x = −2 Critical number: x = 2

y is increasing on ( −∞, ∞).

Sign of g′ g′ > 0 g′ < 0

Interval −∞ < x < 0 0 < x < ∞ Critical numbers: x = ±1 ( x = 0 not in domain)

g ′( − 2) is undefined. Critical number: x = 1

Critical number: x = − 2 Interval −∞ < x < 1 1< x < ∞

Interval −1 < x < − 23 − 23 < x < ∞

Interval −∞ < x < 3 3 < x <1 1< x < ∞ 4

Sign of h′ h′ < 0 h′ > 0 h′ > 0

9 − x2 = 0 Interval −∞ < x < −3 −3 < x < 3 3 < x < ∞

x2 = 9 Sign of f ′ f′ < 0 f′ > 0 f′ < 0

Critical number: x = 0 Discontinuity: x = 5

Sign of f ′ f′ < 0 f′ > 0 Sign of f ′ f′ < 0 f′ < 0

Conclusion Decreasing Increasing Conclusion Decreasing Decreasing

Interval −∞ < x < −1 −1 < x < ∞ 1

Conclusion Increasing Increasing

Interval −∞ < x < −3 −3 < x < 0 0 < x < 3 3 < x < ∞

⎩−2, x > 0 ⎩−2 x, x > 1

y′( −1) is undefined.

Sign of y′ y′ < 0 y′ > 0 y′ < 0 3

43. S = −1.598t 2 + 45.61t + 130.2, 3 ≤ t ≤ 9

45. y = 0.692t 3 − 50.11t 2 + 1119.7t + 7894

y′ = 2.076t 2 − 100.22t + 1119.7

2.076t 2 − 100.22t + 1119.7 = 0

− ( −100.22) ± (−100.22) − 4(2.076)(1119.7)

By the Quadratic Formula, 2 x 2 − 6 x − 9 = 0 when

(c) C = 9 when x = 2 and x = 15.

Section 3.2 Extrema and the First-Derivative Test

Relative maximum: (1, 5) Relative minimum: (3, − 9)

Interval −∞ < x < 0 0 < x < 9 9 < x < ∞

Relative minimum: (9, − 2187)

Interval −∞ < x < −1 −1 < x < 1 1< x < ∞

Relative minimum: (1, − 54 )