Rocket Propulsion Systems:

Rocket propulsion systems are categorized into two main types: chemical and non-
chemical. Chemical propulsion involves the combustion of propellants, typically
consisting of a fuel and an oxidizer, to produce hot gases that are expelled at
high speeds through a rocket nozzle. The most common chemical propellant
combination is liquid hydrogen (LH2) and liquid oxygen (LOX), which burns to
produce water vapor and a significant amount of thrust. Solid rocket propellants,
composed of a mixture of fuel and oxidizer bound together in a solid form, offer
simplicity and reliability, making them suitable for various applications,
including booster stages.

Rocket Components and Stages:

Rockets are composed of several key components, including the payload, which
carries the cargo or instruments to be placed in orbit or beyond; the propulsion
system, responsible for generating thrust; and the structural elements that hold
everything together. Rockets are often designed with multiple stages. Each stage
consists of its engines and propellant tanks. As a stage's propellant is depleted,
it is jettisoned to reduce mass, making the rocket more efficient. The first stage
ignites at liftoff and is responsible for the initial boost, followed by subsequent
stages that continue to propel the vehicle to its desired trajectory.