Chapter 1: Measuring

1.1 Length

1. What are the S.I. units and symbols for:-

Quantity S.I. unit Symbol

length
mass
time

(3)
2. Explain which of the two readings, 2.40 cm or 2.4 cm, is more accurate?
______________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________ (2)

3. The length of a pencil measured by a metre rule is recorded as 6.75 cm. Why is the
reading wrongly recorded?
______________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________ (1)

4. A student wanted to take the length of the pencil with her eye in the positions shown in
Fig.1.1 below.

1
(a) What type of error is likely to occur with the eye in the positions shown above?
______________________________________________________________ (1)
(b) On the diagram, place the eye in the correct positions.
______________________________________________________________ (1)
5. Explain why for measuring short lengths, a vernier calliper is said to be more accurate
than a metre rule.
______________________________________________________________ (1)
6. Fig 6.1 shows two instruments used to measure 2 different quantities.

Fig 6.1 Fig 6.2

(a) State the accuracy and reading of each instrument

Fig 6.1: Accuracy ………………..……….. Reading ………………………………

Fig 6.2: Accuracy ………………..……….. Reading ………………………………
[2]
7. What are the readings shown by the vernier callipers below?

2
_________________________ ___________________________ (4)

8. What are the readings shown by the micrometers below?

____________________ ______________________ (4)

9. The Figure below shows a micrometer with 40 cards between the anvil and spindle.
What is the thickness of each card?

__________________________ (4)

3
10. The diagrams below show a micrometer before and after a measurement is made.

(a)
What kind of error is shown in the instruments?
_________________________________________________________________(1)

(b) What is the actual reading?

________________(3)

11 (a) (i) Figs. 11.1 and 11.2 show the dimensions of a rectangular block being
measured using a ruler. They are not shown full size.
Use the scales shown to find the length and the width of the block, giving your answers
in cm.

4
Fig. 11.1
length of block ..................... [1]

Fig. 11.2

width of block ............................ [1]

5
(ii) When the block was made, it was cut from a piece of metal 2.0 cm thick.
Calculate the volume of the block.

volume = ................................................. [2]

(b) Another block has a volume of 20 cm3.

Fig. 11.3 shows the reading when the block is placed on a balance.

Fig. 11.3

Find the density of this block.

density = ......................................................... [4]

6
12 (a) Fig. 12.1 shows the faces of two ammeters. One has an analogue display and the
other a digital display.

Fig. 12.1
(a) State the accuracy of both ammeters
Analogue ammeter …………………………………………..
Digital ammeter……………………………………………….
[2]
(b) Using your answer to (a) above, explain which instrument is more accurate.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….[1]
13. Fig. 2.1 is a full-size diagram of a rectangular block.

Fig. 13.1

7
(a) Use your rule to measure the lengths of the three sides AB, BC and CD. Write
yourvalues below, in cm, to 2 significant figures.
length of AB = ......................... cm
length of BC = ......................... cm
length of CD = ........................ cm
[2]
(b) Write down the equation you would use to calculate the volume of the block. Do not
attempt a calculation.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….[1]
(c) If you used your values from (a), what would be the unit for the volume of the block?
unit of volume = ........................... [1]

1.2 Time and Volume measurement (42)

1. The Figure below shows a digital stopwatch.

(a) What is the reading shown?

____________________________ (1)

(b)A worker on the production line in a factory is making brackets. An inspector times the
worker whilst he makes 5 brackets. To start, the stopwatch is set to zero.
After 5 brackets have been made, the stopwatch is as shown in Fig. 1.1b.

8
 Fig. 1.1b
(ii) State the reading on the stopwatch.
reading = .......................... [1]
(ii) Calculate the time taken to make 1 bracket.

time taken = .......................... [2]

2. The figure below shows an oscillating pendulum.

(a) What is meant by the period of the pendulum?

9
_________________________________________________________________ (1)

(b) The time, t, taken for 10 oscillations of a pendulum is recorded. This time is then
divided by 10 to give its period, T. Why is this practice more accurate than just recording
the time for 1 oscillation to give the period?
______________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________ (1)

(c) Explain what happens to the period of a pendulum if:

(i) The pendulum is taken to the Moon where there is less gravity.
(ii) The mass of the bob is doubled.

(iii) The length of the pendulum is increased.

__________________________________________________________________ (3)

3. An engineering machine has a piston which is going up and down approximately 75

times per minute. Describe carefully how a stopwatch may be used to find accurately the
time for one up-and down cycle of the piston.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________ [4]

4.Drops of water from a cracked gutter fall past the window of a Physics student’s room,
as shown in Fig. 4.1.

10
 Fig. 4.1
The student uses a digital stopwatch to find the time between one drop and the next.
To do this he sets the stopwatch to zero, then, starts the stopwatch as a drop comes into
view at the top of the window and stops the stopwatch 40 drops later.
The appearance of the stopwatch after 40 drops is shown in Fig. 4.2.

Fig. 4.2
(a) State the reading on the stopwatch.
Reading = .................. [1]
(b) Calculate the time interval between one drop and the next.

Time = ...................................................... [2]

(c) Explain why it is better to time 40 intervals than to time just 1 interval.
.............................................................................................................................................

11
.........................................................................................................................................[1]
(d) Using Fig. 1.1, estimate the time for a drop to fall from the top of the upper window to
the ground.
Time = ...................................................... [3]

(e) Fig. 4.1 shows that the drops get further apart as they get closer to the ground.
Explain why this happens.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................[1]

5. The diagram below shows a liquid in a measuring cylinder.

Draw the correct position of the eye when the volume of the liquid is to be read.
[1]
What is the volume of the liquid?
V = _________________________ [2]
Using the measuring cylinder above, describe how the volume of an irregular- shaped
stone can be determined.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

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______________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________ [3]

6.(a) A measuring cylinder contains 100 cm3 of water. 20 cm3 of the water is poured into
a beaker.
On Fig. 6.1, mark the level of the water left in the cylinder. [2]

Fig. 6.1
(b) A rule, calibrated in cm, is placed alongside the measuring cylinder, as shown in Fig.
6.2.

13
 Fig. 6.2
What is the length of the measuring cylinder, from zero up to the 100 cm3 mark?
.............................................................................................................................................
(ii) The volume of a cylinder is found using the equation

Volume = cross-sectional area × length.

Calculate the cross-sectional area of the measuring cylinder.

Cross-sectional area = .................................[5]

14
7. The volume of a stone is to be found using the equipment illustrated in Fig. 7.1.

Fig. 7.1
The following five steps are intended to describe how the volume of the stone is found.
Complete the sentences by adding appropriate words.
(a) Pour some .................................................................... into the measuring cylinder. [1]
(b) Take the reading of the .......................................... from the scale on the measuring
cylinder. [1]
(c) Carefully put ................................................................. into the measuring cylinder. [1]
(d) Take the new reading of the ........................................................ from the scale on the
measuring cylinder.
[1]
(e) Calculate the volume of the stone by..............................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................[2]

15
Fig. 8.1 shows a simple pendulum that swings backwards and forwards between P and
Q.

Fig. 8.1
(a) The time taken for the pendulum to swing from P to Q is approximately 0.5 s.
Describe how you would determine this time as accurately as possible.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................ [2]
(b) (i) State the two vertical forces acting on the pendulum bob when it is at position R.
1. .........................................................................................................................................
2. .................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) The pendulum bob moves along the arc of a circle. State the direction of the
resultant of the two forces in (i).
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(c) The mass of the bob is 0.2 kg. During the swing it moves so that P is 0.05 m higher
than R.
Calculate the increase in potential energy of the pendulum bob between R and P.

potential energy = ………………. [2]

16
 Chapter 2: Mass, inertia, Weight, Density and Centre of Gravity
2.1 Mass and inertia (13)
1. What is the definition of mass?
___________________________________________________________________ (1)
2. What is inertia?
___________________________________________________________________ (1)
3. Give two examples of inertia.
______________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________ (2)

4. Explain why a small boat like a canoe can be stopped easily in a few metres whereas
a larger ship like the titanic might need a few kilometres to be stopped.
______________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________(2)

5. In the figure below a card with a coin on it, is placed on top of a glass.

Explain why when the card is pull slowly to the right, the coin remains on it. When the
card is pulled quickly, the coin drops into the glass.

17
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________ (2)

6. Explain, using Newton’s 1st Law of motion, why:

(i) Passengers lurch backward when a vehicle suddenly accelerates.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………................................………..……………….………………….. (2)
(ii) If you were being chased by an angry elephant, why would it be good to make a
sudden, sharp turn?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………..……………..…………. (2)
(iii) What is the name given to the concept responsible for the situations in (i) & (ii)
above? ………………………………………..……………………………….……………… (1)

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 2.2 Weight (25)

1. What is the definition of weight?

___________________________________________________________________(1)

2. What is the S.I. unit for weight?

___________________________________________________________________(1)

3. What is the formula to calculate weight?

___________________________________________________________________(1)

4. List 2 differences between mass and weight?

______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________(2)

5. A rocket is launched to space where the pull of gravity is much lower than that on the
ground. What happens to its mass and weight a few minutes after launching?
Mass:_______________________________________________________________

Weight:____________________________________________________________ (2)

6. The gravitational force on Earth and Moon is 10 N/kg and 1.6 N/kg respectively. On
Earth, a stone weighs 2 kg. What is its weight on Moon?

W = __________________ (2)

19
7. Here are two statements made by people who haven’t learned their Physics very well.
Each statement is incorrect. In the space alongside each statement, say what is wrong
with the statement.

(2)

8. A space research organisation plans to send astronauts to Mars to examine rocks on

its surface.
The organisation will produce a report containing information about conditions on Mars.
(a) (i) The gravitational field strength on the surface of Mars is 3.7 N / kg.
Calculate the weight, on Mars, of a rock of mass 0.50 kg.

weight = ……………………………..[2]
(ii) A rock dropped on Mars falls to the surface. State the acceleration of the falling rock.
Assume that there is no air resistance on Mars.
Acceleration = …………………………….[1]
(iii) Calculate the kinetic energy of a 0.50 kg rock as it strikes the surface at a speed of
3.2 m/s.

20
 kinetic energy = ………………………………[2]
(b) While still on the surface of Mars, the astronauts will measure the mass of each rock
collected.

9. Fig. 9.1 shows two devices for measuring mass.

Fig. 9.1
(a) (i) When the two devices are used on Mars, they will give different readings for the
mass of the same rock. Explain why.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………[3]
(ii) State which device will give the correct reading for the mass.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………[1]
(b) The astronauts will also determine the density of each rock.
(i) Apart from the mass of the rock, state what other information is needed in order to
calculate the density of the rock.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………[1]
(ii) Describe a method for determining the density of a small, irregularly shaped rock of
known mass m.

21
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………[4]

10. A cube has sides that are 3.0 cm long. The mass of the cube is 54 g.
(a) Explain what is meant by mass.
.........................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) Calculate the weight of the cube. Give the unit. (g = 10m/ s2)

weight = ................................................ [2]

(c) Calculate the density of the cube.

Density = ..................................... [3]

11. An astronaut has a mass of 65 kg on Earth, where the gravitational field strength is
10 N / kg.
(a) Calculate the astronaut’s weight on Earth.
weight on Earth = ............................................................[2]
(b) Complete the following sentence.
The astronaut’s weight on Earth is the ................................................................... force
between the astronaut and ........................................................................................... . [1]
(c) The astronaut undertakes a Moon landing. On the Moon the gravitational field
strength is 1.6 N / kg.
(i) State the astronaut’s mass on the Moon.
mass = ...............................................................
(ii) Calculate the weight of the astronaut on the Moon.
weight on Moon = ...............................................................
[2]

22
 2.3 Density (31)
1. What is density and its formula?
______________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________ (2)

2. The block shown below has a mass of 2000 g. The students were asked to identify the
material used in making the block.

(a) What is its density?

D =_______________ (3)

3. A student is given a cube with sides of 2cm and a density of 4 g/cm3. What is
its mass?

M = ________________ (3)

4.A glass rod below is of mass 600 g. The density for glass is 2.5g/cm3.

23
The rod is immersed in a measuring cylinder containing 40cm3 of water. What is
the new volume of water in the measuring cylinder?

V = _______________ (4)

5. The Figure below shows the readings of an electronic balance before and after a
metal is placed in the measuring cylinder.

What is the density of the metal?

D = _________________ (4)

24
6. A 10 cent coin is very much lighter than a ship. Why does the coin sink in water while
the ship floats?
_________________________________________________________________ (1)

7. When a plane crashed, the fuel easily catches fire. To put out the fire, foam, instead of
water is used. Why isn’t water used?

__________________________________________________________________ (2)

8 Fig. 8.1(a) shows a measuring cylinder, containing some water, on a balance.

Fig.8.1 (b) shows the same arrangement with a stone added to the water.

Fig. 8.1

(a) Which two readings should be subtracted to give the volume of the stone?

25
 Reading ...................... and reading ...................... [1]

(b) Which two readings should be subtracted to give the mass of the stone?

Reading ...................... and reading ...................... [1]

(c)In a certain experiment,

mass of stone = 57.5 g,

volume of stone = 25 cm3.

(d) Write down the equation linking density, mass and volume.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………….[1]

(ii) Calculate the density of the stone.

Density of stone = ........................ [2]

10. A scientist needs to find the density of a sample of rock whilst down a mine. He has
only a spring balance, a measuring cylinder, some water and some thread.

(a) In the space below, draw two labelled diagrams, one to show the spring balance
being used and the other to show the measuring cylinder being used with a suitable rock
sample.

[2]

26
(b) The spring balance is calibrated in newtons. State how the mass of the rock sample
may be found from the reading of the spring balance.
.........................................................................................................................................[1]
(c) State the readings that would be taken from the measuring cylinder.
..........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................[1]
(d) State how the volume of the rock would be found from the readings.
.........................................................................................................................................[1]
(e) State in words the formula that would be used to find the density of the sample.
density = ……………………………………[1]

11. A student measures the mass and the volume of four samples of rock A, B, C and D.
The results are shown in Fig. 11.1.

Fig. 11.1

(a) (i) Describe in detail how a measuring cylinder is used to find the volume of rock A.

.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Explain why the volume of rock D cannot be found with an ordinary laboratory
measuring cylinder.

............................................................................................................................................

27
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(b) Calculate the density of rock A.

density = ................................................ [2]

(c) ©Three of the rocks are made from the same material.

State and explain which of the rocks is made from a different material.

.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]

12. The stages in an experiment to determine the density of a solid are shown in Fig. 3.1.

Fig. 12.1

(a) Use data from Fig. 12.1 to complete the results of the experiment in the spaces
below.
28
(i) mass of solid = ........................... g

(ii) volume of solid = ....................... cm3 [1]

(d) Use your answers in (a) to calculate the density of the solid.

Density = ..................................... g / cm3 [2]

(e) ©The liquid used was not water. Suggest one reason why water may not have
been suitable.

.........................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................... [1]

13. A student wishes to find the density of a stone. He uses a measuring cylinder and a
spring balance with a scale marked in newtons. The measuring cylinder, spring balance
and stone are shown in Fig. 13.1.

Fig. 13.1
The student knows that the gravitational field strength is 10 N / kg.
(a) Describe how the student uses the spring balance to find the mass of the stone.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................[2]

29
(b) Describe how the student uses the measuring cylinder to find the volume of the
stone.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................[2]
(c) The mass of the stone is 150 g and its volume is 70 cm3.
Calculate the density of the stone.

density of stone = ...............................................[1]

(d) The stone is taken to another place, where the gravitational field strength is less than
10 N / kg. State how this affects the mass and the weight of the stone.
mass ...................................................................................................................................
weight ..................................................................................................................................
[1]
14 Fig. 14.1 shows a measuring cylinder containing water.
Fig. 14.2 shows the same measuring cylinder after stone A has been lowered into it on a
finestring.

Fig. 14.1 Fig. 14.2

30
(a) Calculate the volume of stone A.

volume = .......................... [2]

(b) The mass of stone A is measured as 40.5 g.
Calculate the density of the rock from which stone A was formed.

density = ................................. [4]

(c) Stone B, from the same rock as stone A, has a larger volume.
Stone A is removed from the water and replaced by stone B. The measurements are
then repeated.
Which of the values in the experiment will be different when using stone B?
Tick boxes alongside any of the quantities that will have changed.

[2]

31
 2.4Centre of Gravity (36)
1. What is meant by “centre of gravity” (centre of mass)?
.............................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................[1]

2. Where is the position of the centre of mass for a uniform metre rule?
.........................................................................................................................................[2]

3. 1 (a) Fig. 3.1 shows a uniform rod.

Fig. 3.1
(f) Use your rule to find the length of the rod.
Length = ........................................... [1]
(ii) On Fig. 1.1, show the position of the centre of mass of the rod using the letter C.
[1]
(b) Fig. 1.2 shows another rod, of the same length as the previous one, but this rod is
thicker at one end.

Fig. 3.2
Use your judgment to mark with the letter M approximately where the centre of mass of
this rod will be.
[2]

32
4. The Figure below shows a plane lamina.

How do you determine its centre of gravity?

.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................[2]

5. Both glasses shown in Fig. 5.1 are similar

Fig 5.1
Which glass can be easily toppled? Why?
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................[2]

6. The Figure below shows a wooden block in different situations.

33
In which situation will it be toppled? Why?
.............................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................[2]

7. Explain how the following objects are made stable:

(a) A tractor
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................[2]
(b) A boxer in the ring
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................[2]

(c) A retort stand

.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................[2]

8. Explain
(i) why standing passengers are not allowed in a double decker bus.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................[2]

34
 (ii) a boxer in a fight stands with his feet apart.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................[2]

9. What are the types of equilibrium shown in the following diagram?

______________________
__

____________________________
_____

____________________________
____ [3]
10. (a) Fig. 10.2 and Fig. 10.3 show a thick piece of wood with one corner on a table.
Fig. 10.4 shows the same piece of wood balanced on the table. B is the centre of mass.

Fig. 10.2 Fig. 10.3 Fig. 10.4

(i) Explain why in Fig. 9.2 the piece of wood falls to the right and in Fig. 9.3 it falls to the
left.

35
…………………………………………………………………………………..…………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….[2]
(ii) Explain why the piece of wood in Fig. 10.4 does not fall over.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….[1]
(iii) Suggest how the thickness of the wood in Fig. 10.4 affects its stability.
…………………………………………………………………………………..………………..[1]

12 (a) A small pin is fixed to the edge of a bench. A triangular piece of card with a small
hole in each corner is hung on the pin from corner A and allowed to settle, as shown in
Fig. 12.1. A plumb-line is then hung from the pin and the vertical line AP is marked on
the card.

Fig. 12.1
This procedure is then repeated with the card hanging from C and the vertical line CQ is
marked.
After this, the card is as shown in Fig. 12.2.

36
 Fig. 12.2
On Fig. 12.2,
(i) draw the vertical line that would be obtained if the card were hung from B,
(ii) clearly mark the centre of mass of the card using a dot labelled G. [2]

(b) Fig. 12.3a shows a glass ornament standing on a shelf. Fig. 12.3b shows an identical
ornament filled with coloured glass beads.

Fig. 12.3a Fig. 12.3b

State which ornament is more stable, and why.

37
.........................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................[2]
(c) Fig. 12.4 shows two wooden blocks standing on a hinged board with a rough surface.

Fig. 12.4
The board is slowly tilted. The blocks do not slip. State which block falls over first, and
explain why.
.........................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................[2]

13 The front views of two cars are shown in Fig. 13.1, to the same scale.
family car racing car

Fig. 13.1
(a) Suggest which car has the greater stability, and give two reasons.
38
car .......................................................................................................................................
reason 1
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
reason 2
.............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
[2]
(b) The cars have the same weight.
Study Fig. 13.1 and suggest why the stationary racing car exerts less pressure on the
ground.
.............................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................[1]
(c) The family car’s tyres each have an area of 0.012 m2 in contact with the ground.
The weight of the car and its contents is 9600 N.
Calculate the pressure exerted by the car on the ground.

pressure = ......................................................... [2]

Chapter 3: Motion

39
3.1 Average speed, Velocity and Acceleration (20)

1. A jet plane was cruising at a constant speed of 800 km/h. A city is 40 km away from it.
What is the time taken for the plane to be flying over the city?

t = ___________________(2)

2. A boy saw a lightning striking in a distance. Exactly 3 seconds later he heard a

thunder of the lightning. How far is the boy from the place where the lightning strikes?
[Speed of sound in air is 330 m/s]

Distance = ___________(2)

3. A bus covers 100 m in the first 10 s and another 50 m in 5 s after that. What is its
average speed?

Average Speed = _____________________ (2)

4. A car increases its velocity from rest to 64 m/s in 8 s. What is its acceleration?

Acceleration _________________(3)
5. A car starts off at 10 m/s and accelerates at 1 m/s2 for 10 seconds. What is its final
velocity?

40
 Velocity __________________(3)

6. A car going at 20 m/s stops in a distance of 20 m. What is it’s deceleration?

Deceleration ____________________(3)

7. The driver of a car which travels at a velocity of 32 m/s slammed the car’s brake to
come to rest in 8 s. What is its deceleration?

Deceleration______________ (3)

8. A motorcycle accelerates from rest at a rate of 5 m/s2 for 6 s. What is its final velocity?

Velocity________________(2)

3.2 Motion-Time Graphs and Equations of Motion (41)

41
1. a) The graph below shows how the speed of a lift changes with time as it descends
from the third to the ground floor of a building.

(i) State its maximum speed _____________________ (1)

(ii) For how many seconds did it decent at maximum speed? __________________ (1)
(iii) What can be calculated using the gradient of the graph? __________________ (1)
(iv) Between which times is it increasing its speed? __________________________ (1)

(g) What is the direction of the resultant force on the lift between 8 and 10
seconds? Explain your answer.
______________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________ (2)

(h) ©Estimate the height of the third floor above the ground floor. Show clearly
how you arrived at your answer.

Height = ______________________ (3)

(i) Calculate the deceleration of the lift as it comes to rest.

Deceleration ____________________ (2)

2. Fig. 2.1 shows the speed-time graph for a bus during tests.
At time t = 0, the driver starts to brake.

42
 Fig. 2.1
(a) For test 1,
(i) determine how long the bus takes to stop,
(ii) state which part of the graph shows the greatest deceleration,
(iii) use the graph to determine how far the bus travels in the first 2 seconds.

Distance = ____________________________
[4]
(b) For test 2, a device was fitted to the bus. The device changed the deceleration.
(i) State two ways in which the deceleration during test 2 is different from that during
test 1.
1 ____________________________________________________________________
2 ____________________________________________________________________
(ii) Calculate the value of the deceleration in test 2.

Deceleration = ___________________
[4]

3 Fig. 3.1 shows the path of one drop of water in the jet from a powerful hose.

43
 Fig. 3.1
Fig. 3.2 is a graph of speed against time for the water drop shown in Fig. 3.1.

Fig. 3.2

(a) Describe the movement of the water drop in the 8s after leaving the hose.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................

44
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................[3]

(b) Use Fig. 3.2 to find

(i) the speed of the water leaving the hose
speed = …………………...
(ii) the time when the speed of the water is least.
Time = ………….………..
[2]
© Use values from Fig. 3.2 to calculate the acceleration of the drop as it falls back
towards the ground. Show your working.

Acceleration = ……………………...[3]
(j) Calculate the greatest distance above the ground reached by the drop.

Distance = ……………………...[3]

4. A bus travels from one bus stop to the next. The journey has three distinct parts.
Stated in order they are
 uniform acceleration from rest for 8.0 s,
 uniform speed for 12 s,
 non-uniform deceleration for 5.0 s.
Fig. 1.1 shows only the deceleration of the bus.

45
 Fig. 4.1
(a) On Fig. 4.1, complete the graph to show the first two parts of the journey. [3]
(b) Calculate the acceleration of the bus 4.0 s after leaving the first bus stop.

Acceleration = ........................[2]
(c) Use the graph to estimate the distance the bus travels between 20 s and 25 s.

estimated distance = ........................[2]

(d) On leaving the second bus stop, the uniform acceleration of the bus is 1.2 m / s 2. The
mass of the bus and passengers is 4000 kg.
Calculate the accelerating force that acts on the bus.

Force = ........................[2]
(e) The acceleration of the bus from the second bus stop is less than that from the first
bus stop.

46
Suggest two reasons for this.
1.........................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
2. .........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................[2]

3.4 Equations of motion (15)

1. A car starts from rest, and accelerates at 1 m/s2 for 10 seconds. How far does it
move?

Distance___________ (2)

2. A car is travelling at 30 m/s and stops in 2 seconds. What is its stopping distance for
this speed?

Distance ___________(2)

3. An object starts from rest, moves in a straight line with a constant acceleration and
covers a distance of 64 m in 4 s. Calculate
(a) its acceleration

acceleration ___________(2)
(b) its final velocity

47
 velocity ___________(2)
(c) the time the object had covered half the total distance

time __________(2)
(d) the distance the object had covered in half the total time.

Distance _____________(3)

4. A racing car has an initial velocity of 100 m/s and it covers a displacement of 725 m in
10 s. Find its acceleration.

Acceleration____________(2)

48
3.5 Acceleration of Free Fall and Terminal Velocity (40)

1. What is meant by the term “acceleration of free fall?” What is its magnitude?
.........................................................................................................................................[2]

2. Fig. 2.1 shows apparatus that demonstrates how a coin and a piece of paper fall from
rest.

Fig. 2.1 Fig. 2.2

At the positions shown in Fig. 2.1, the coin and paper are falling through air in the tube.
The forces on them are shown in Fig. 2.2. The length of an arrow indicates the size of
each force.

(a) State the initial value of the acceleration of the coin as it falls.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(b) Explain how Fig. 2.2 shows that
(i) the paper falls with constant speed,
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(ii) the coin accelerates.
.............................................................................................................................................

49
............................................................................................................................................
[2]
(c) A vacuum pump is connected to A and the air in the tube is removed.
The coin and paper fall differently in a vacuum from the way they fall in air.
State two of these differences.
1.........................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
2. .........................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]

3. A ball is thrown vertically upwards with a velocity of 10 m/s from the balcony of a tall
building.
The balcony is 15 m above the ground and gravitational acceleration is 10 m/s 2.

(a) Make a sketch of the motion [2]

(b) Calculate:
(i) the time required for the ball to reach the maximum height.

Time ______________ [3]

50
(ii) the maximum height.

Maximum height ______________[3]

(iii) the total distance travelled by the ball

total distance _________________[2]

(iv) the time required for the ball to hit the ground from the time it was released,

time ______________[1]
(v) the velocity with which it hits the ground.

Velocity ___________[3]

4. The graph shows how the downward velocity of a parachutist changes with time from
leaving the aircraft to landing on the ground. The parachute is not opened until sometime
into the fall.

51
(a) What is meant by “terminal velocity”?
___________________________________________________________________ [1]

(b) (i) What is the value of the acceleration of the parachutist immediately after he has
jumped from the aeroplane?

Acceleration____________________ [1]

(ii) Without any calculations, how can you tell that the acceleration decreases until the
maximum velocity is reached?
______________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________ [1]

(c) Consider section 0s to 7s of the graph.

(i) State what is happening to the parachutist’s speed in this section.
….................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) What can be said about the forces on the parachutist during this section?
….........................................................................................................................................
….................................................................................................................................... [1]

52
(iii) State why the acceleration of the parachutist decreases until the maximum velocity is
reached.
….........................................................................................................................................
….........................................................................................................................................
….........................................................................................................................................
….................................................................................................................................... [2]

(d)(i) What was the maximum velocity of the parachutist? V =__________________ [1]

(ii) For how long did the parachutist fall after leaving the aircraft? T ______________ [1]

(iii) At what time did the parachutist open the parachute? Explain your answer.
T ___________
Reason_______________________________________________________________
[2]
(iv) What was the terminal velocity at which the parachutist fell while the parachute was
open?
V __________________[1]

(e) The diagram shows the forces acting on the parachutist once the parachute has been
opened.

53
(i) Write down the names of the two forces, shown by the arrows, acting on the
parachutist. [2]

(ii) At which time did the parachutist open his parachute?

t................................................ [1]

(iii) Describe the way in which the forces acting on the parachutist change during this
time. Your answer should refer to the two forces mentioned above.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................[4]

5. Fig. 5.1 shows a free-fall parachutist falling vertically downwards. Fig. 5.2 shows how
thespeed of the parachutist varies with time.

Fig. 5.1 Fig. 5.2

(a) (i) State the name of the downward force acting on the parachutist.
.............................................................................................................................................
(ii) State the name of one upward force acting on the parachutist.
.............................................................................................................................................
[2]
(b) (i) State the initial value of the acceleration of the parachutist. Give the unit of your
answer.

54
.............................................................................................................................................
(ii) Explain why the acceleration decreases from A to B.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(iii) Explain why the parachutist falls at a constant speed after B.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
[4]

Chapter 4: Force and Its Effects

4.1 Effects of force on shape: Hook’s Law (45)

1. In an experiment, forces are applied to a spring as shown in Fig. 1.1a. The results of
this experiment are shown in Fig. 1.1b.

55
P Fig. 1.1a Fig. 1.1b

4 What is the name given to the point marked Q on Fig. 1.1b?

.....................................................................................................................................[1]
5 For the part OP of the graph, the spring obeys Hooke’s Law.
State what this means.
.........................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................[1]

6 ©The spring is stretched until the force and extension are shown by the point R on
the graph. Compare how the spring stretches, as shown by the part of the graph OQ,
with that shown by QR.
.........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................... ................................ [2]

7 The part OP of the graph shows the spring stretching according to the expression
F = kx.

56
Use values from the graph to calculate the value of k.

k = .................................. [2]

2. A helical spring is hung from the edge of a bench top, as shown in Fig. 2.1.

Fig. 2.1
Before the load is hung on the spring, the pin points to the 29.8 cm mark on the metre
rule.
When a load of 5.5 N is hung on the spring, the pin points to 62.8 cm.

8 Calculate the extension of the spring.

Extension = .......................................... [2]

9 The law relating extension to load is given by the equation

57
load = constant × extension.
10 Calculate the numerical value of the constant.

Constant = ................................................ [2]

(ii) Suggest a suitable unit for the constant.
............................................................................................................................ [1]

3. In an experiment, different weights are hung on the end of a spring, and the length of
the spring is measured. The results are as follows.

11 What is the length of the unstretched spring?

Length of unstretched spring = __________________ [1]

12 Some of the extensions have been calculated for you.

Complete the table by writing in the remaining extensions. [2]

c) (i) On the graph grid of Fig 3.1, plot the values from your table.

58
 Fig. 3.1
(ii) Draw the best straight line through your points.
(iii) The experimenter has read one of the lengths incorrectly.
1. Which one is it? ............................................................................................................
2. What do you think the length reading should have been? ...........................................
[5]

4. The length of a spring is measured when various loads from 1.0N to 6.0N are hanging
from it. Fig. 4.1 gives a graph of the results.

59
 Fig. 4.1
Use the graph to find
13 the length of the spring with no load attached,
length = ......................... [1]

14 the length of the spring with 4.5N attached,

length = ......................... [1]

15 ©the extension caused by a 4.5N load.

Extension = ...................... [2]

60
16 The spring is now attached to a block resting on a rough surface, as shown in Fig.
3.2.

Fig. 4.2

As the pulling force is increased, the block just starts to move to the right when the spring
is 68 mm long.
17 What is the extension of the spring when it is 68 mm long?
Extension = …………........
(ii) Use your graph to find the force that causes this extension.
Force = ..................
(iii) What is the value of the friction force as the block starts to move?
Friction force = ........................
[4]
5. Fig. 5.1 shows a spring before and after a load is hung at its end.

(a) Mark the extension of the spring in Fig. 5.1

(b) What is meant by the proportionality

61
limit of a spring?
[2]

6. Fig. 6.1 shows a spring before and after different loads were attached to it.

Fig. 6.1

What is the length L in (c)?

L = ___________________ [4]

7 Fig. 7.1 shows a spring before and after different loads were attached to it.

Fig. 7.1

What is the mass m?

M =_______________________ [4]

8. A spring is 8 cm. A weight of 6 N extended the spring by 3 cm.

62
 Fig. 8.1

If the limit of proportionality is not exceeded, what is the weight required to make the
length of the spring 24 cm?

W = __________________ [4]

9. Spring B is 16 cm long. A load of 5 N extends it by 6 cm. A load of 20 N is hung using

3 springs of B as shown in Fig. 8.1.

Fig. 9.1
What is the length of L?
L= _________________ [4]

63
 4.2 Effect of Force on Motion (45)
18 What is the relation between force, mass and acceleration?

____________________________________________________________________[1]
2. Calculate the force required to cause a mass of 80kg to accelerate by 2m/s 2.

F = ____________________[2]

3. Two students make the statements about acceleration that are given below.

Student A: For a given mass the acceleration of an object is proportional to the

resultant force applied to the object.

Student B: For a given force the acceleration of an object is proportional to the mass of
the object.

One statement is correct and one is incorrect.

Re-write the incorrect statement, making changes so that it is now correct.

(a) For a given ..................... the acceleration of an object is .............................................

...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) Describe what happens to the motion of a moving object when

there is no resultant force acting on it,

.................................................................................................................................. [1]

(ii) a resultant force is applied to it in the opposite direction to the motion,

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) a resultant force is applied to it in the direction of the motion.

........................................................................................................................................[1]

64
4. A car’s engine exerts a forward force of 5000N against an air resistance force of
2000N and a frictional force of 1000N. What is the resultant force acting on the car?

Resultant force = ___________ [2]

5. Fig. 5.1 shows three forces acting on a 1.4 kg trolley.

Fig. 5.1

What is the trolley’s acceleration?

Acceleration = _____________________ [2]

6. (a) The diagram shows a box sliding along a slippery floor.

It has just been given a push and will soon stop moving. How does scientist explain, in
terms of forces, why the box stops?

65
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________ [3]

19 The diagram shows the forces acting on a box at one instant as it falls through the air.

Calculate the mass of the box. (The value of g is 10 N/kg.)

m = _____________ [2]
(ii) Calculate the unbalanced force on the box.

Unbalanced force = __________________ [1]

© The box continues to fall and reaches terminal velocity.

(i) State and explain what happens to the unbalanced force as the box falls.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________ [2]
(ii) State values for the drag and acceleration of the box when it reaches its terminal
velocity.

66
 Drag =___________
Acceleration = _____________
[2]

7. Fig. 7.1 shows three forces acting on an object of mass 0.5 kg. All three forces act
through the centre of mass of the object.

Fig. 7.1
Calculate
20 the magnitude and direction of the resultant force on the object,

magnitude = ……………… direction .............................................................. [2]

(ii) the magnitude of the acceleration of the object.

Acceleration =…………………… [2]

67
8.Fig. 8.1 shows the total forces acting forwards and backwards on a car at different
times X, Y and Z during a journey.

Fig. 8.1
In each case, the car is moving forwards. The mass of the car is 1000 kg.
21 State the name of one of the forces that is acting in the opposite direction to the
motion of the car.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
22 (i) State whether the speed of the car is changing at time X.
Explain your answer.
Speed at X is
........................................................................................................................
explanation ..........................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) State whether the speed of the car at time Z is increasing, decreasing or is constant.
Explain your answer.

68
Speed at Z is
........................................................................................................................
explanation ..........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................ [2]
23 ©Calculate the acceleration of the car at time Y.

acceleration = ...................................... [3]

9. (a) The diagram shows two forces acting on a car of mass 1 250 kg, travelling on a
level straight road.

Direction of motion

24 Calculate the unbalanced force acting on the car.

Unbalanced force = .................................. [2]

(ii) What effect will the unbalanced force have on the speed of the car?
............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................[1]

69
(iii) What name is given to the 750N force and state what causes it.
Name………………………………………………………………………………………………
Cause ……………………………………………………………………………………………..
[2]
(iv) Calculate the acceleration of the car.

Acceleration =…………………………………..[3]
(b) The car eventually reaches a constant speed.
(i) Explain why the car reaches a constant speed.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………..… [2]
(ii) State the name of the constant speed
……………………………………….…………………………………………………………..[1]
(iii) State the value of the force mentioned in (a) (i) above, at this point.
Force…………………………..[1]
(c) The car, starting from rest, completes one lap of the track in 10 s. Its motion is shown
graphically in Fig. 7.2.

70
 Fig. 7.2.
(i) Describe the motion between 3.0 s and 10.0 s after the car has started.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(ii) Use Fig. 1.2 to calculate the circumference of the track.

circumference = ................................................ [2]

(iii) Calculate the increase in speed per second during the time 0 to 3.0 s.

increase in speed per second = ................................................ [2]

71
4.2.1 Circular Motion (35)

1. What is centripetal force?

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

2. Fig. 2.1 shows an object moving with constant speed v, in a circle.

Even though the speed is constant, it does experience an acceleration.

(a)How is this possible?
........................................................................................................................................[1]
What is the direction of this acceleration?......................................................................[1]

3. A mass m tied to a weight W by a string, is turned in a horizontal circle with constant

speed, as shown in Fig..3.1.

72
(a) What force provides centripetal force to the mass?
.....................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) What happens to the mass if the centripetal force is suddenly removed?
.....................................................................................................................................[1]

4. Fig. 4.1 shows a car making a turn at a circular-shape curve at a constant speed.

(a)Why is it incorrect to describe the circular motion as having constant velocity?

........................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) A force is required to maintain the circular motion.
(i) Explain why a force is required.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) In which direction does this force act?
.................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) Suggest what provides this force.
.................................................................................................................................... [1]

5A car travels around a circular track at constant speed.

(a) Why is it incorrect to describe the circular motion as having constant velocity?

73
.........................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) A force is required to maintain the circular motion.
(i) Explain why a force is required.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) In which direction does this force act?
.................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) Suggest what provides this force.
.................................................................................................................................... [1]

6 Fig. 6.1 shows a cycle track.

Fig. 6.1
A cyclist starts at A and follows the path ABCDEB.
The speed-time graph is shown in Fig. 6.2.

74
 Fig. 6.2
(a) Use information from Fig. 6.1 and Fig. 6.2 to describe the motion of the cyclist
(i) along AB,
.............................................................................................................................................
(ii) along BCDEB.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
[4]
(b) The velocity v of the cyclist at C is shown in Fig. 6.1.
State one similarity and one difference between the velocity at C and the velocity at E.
similarity ...........................................................................................................................
difference .........................................................................................................................[2]
Calculate
(i) the distance along the cycle track from A to B,

distance = ……………………
(ii) the circumference of the circular part of the track.

75
 Circumference = ……….……………
[4]
(d)Even though the speed is constant along BCDEB, it does experience an acceleration.
(i) How is this possible?
.........................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) What is the direction of this
acceleration?....................................................................................................................[1]
(iii) Nametheforce that is responsible to this acceleration.
.........................................................................................................................................[1]
(iv) What causes this force?
.........................................................................................................................................[1]

7 Fig. 7.1 shows a model car moving clockwise around a horizontal circular track

Fig. 7.1
(a) A force acts on the car to keep it moving in a circle.
(i) Draw an arrow on Fig. 7.1 to show the direction of this force. [1]
(ii) The speed of the car increases. State what happens to the magnitude of this force.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]

76
(b) (i) The car travels too quickly and leaves the track at P. On Fig. 7.1, draw an arrow to
show the direction of travel after it has left the track. [1]
(ii) In terms of the forces acting on the car, suggest why it left the track at P.
.............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................ [2]

77
4.3 The Turning Effect of a Force: Moment (48)

1. What is “moment of a force”?

........................................................................................................................................[1]
2. List 2 examples of moment of a force.
1..........................................................................................................................................
2..........................................................................................................................................
[2]
3. State the Principle of Moment.
.............................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................[1]

4. Fig. 4.1 shows a metre rule balance on a pivot by three loads.

Fig. 4.1
Calculate the value of d?

D = .........................................................[3]
5. Fig 5.1 shows a beam balanced about point A by a load and a force F.

78
What is the magnitude of F?

F = ........................................ [3]

6. A 50 cm, 30 N table top is hinged at P as shown in Fig. 6.1.The table top centre of
mass is at G, 25 cm away from the hinge. Books of total weight 2N were placed on the
table top as shown.

Fig. 6.1

What is the magnitude of F?

79
 F =…………………………………….. [3]

7. Fig. 7.1 shows a simple see-saw. One child A sits near to end X and another child B
sits near to end Y. The feet of the children do not touch the ground when the see-saw is
balanced.

Fig. 7.1
(a) Child A has a mass of 18.0 kg and child B has a mass of 20.0 kg.
Without calculation, indicate where the children could sit so that the see-saw balances
horizontally. You may draw on Fig. 7.1 if you wish.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) State the relationship between the moment caused by child A and that caused by
child B.
.........................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................... [1]
(c) Child A is 2.50m from the pivot. Calculate the distance of child B from the pivot.

Distance = .................................... [2]

80
8. (a) A uniform metre rule is pivoted at its centre, which is also the position of its centre
of mass.
Three loads, 2.0 N, F and 3.0 N are positioned on the rule at the 20 cm, 30 cm and 90
cm marks respectively, as shown in Fig. 8.1.

Fig. 8.1

(i) Calculate the moment of the 3.0 N load about the pivot.

Moment = ......................................................... [2]

25 Calculate the moment of the 2.0 N load about the pivot.

Moment = ......................................................... [2]

26 The force F maintains the metre rule in equilibrium on the pivot.
Calculate the value of F.

F = ......................................................... [3]

27 The weight of the metre rule is 1.2 N and can be considered to act at the 50 cm mark.

81
All the weights in (a) are removed. The pivot is positioned under the 30 cm mark and the
2.0 N load is placed on the rule as shown in Fig. 8.2.

Fig. 8.2

The position of the 2.0 N load is adjusted until the metre rule is again in equilibrium.
Determine the position of the 2.0 N load.

2.0 N load is at the .......................................... [3]

9. Fig. 9.1 shows apparatus for investigating moments of forces.

Fig. 9.1
The uniform metre rule shown in Fig. 9.1 is in equilibrium.
(a) Write down two conditions for the metre rule to be in equilibrium.

82
Condition 1 ........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
condition 2 ........................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) Show that the value of the reading on the spring balance is 8.0N. [2]

(c) The weight of the uniform metre rule is 1.5N.

Calculate the force exerted by the pivot on the metre rule.

Magnitude of force = …………………………………

direction of force ………………………………… [3]

10. (a) Complete the following statement:

The moment of a force about a point is ...............................................................................
multiplied..........................................................................................................................[1]

(b) Fig. 10.1 shows a uniform iron bar B of weight 30 N and length 1.40 m. The bar is
being used to lift one edge of a concrete slab S. A stone, placed 0.20 m from one end of
B, acts as a pivot.
A force of 40 N pushing down at the other end of B is just enough to lift the slab and hold
it as shown.

83
 Fig. 10.1
(i) On Fig. 10.1, draw an arrow to show the weight of bar B acting from its centre of
mass.
[1]
(ii) State the distance d of the centre of mass of bar B from the pivot.
d = ...........................................................[1]
(iii) Calculate the total clockwise moment, about the pivot, of the forces acting on bar B.

total clockwise moment = ...........................................................[3]

(iv) Calculate the downward force which the slab S exerts on the end of bar B.

force = ...........................................................[2]
(v) Suggest a change to the arrangement in Fig. 10.1 that would reduce the force
required to lift the slab.
..........................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................[1]

11Fig. 11.1 shows a balanced uniform metre rule. The knife edge is at the 50.0 cm mark
and the0.1 N weight is at the 20.0 cm mark.

84
 Fig. 11.1
(a) Calculate the anticlockwise moment of the 0.1 N weight about the knife edge.

anticlockwise moment = ………......................... [2]

(b) Calculate the distance of the 0.2 N weight from the knife edge.

distance = .............................. [2]

Chapter 5: Scalar and Vector Quantities(55)

1. What is a scalar quantity?

........................................................................................................................................[1]
2. What is a vector quantity?
........................................................................................................................................[1]

85
3. The following some common quantities in physics.
time, acceleration, mass, volume, velocity,
power, pressure, force, speed, temperature,
current, density, voltage, electrical resistance,
efficiency, heat capacity, latent heat.

Underline quantities which are vectors? [2]

4. Fig 4.1 and Fig.4.2 show two vectors F1 and F2 acting on a mass P.

Fig 4.1 Fig 4.2

What are the magnitude and direction of the resultant vectors for both cases?

Fig 4.1 Fig 4.2

Magnitude
Direction

[4]

5. Fig. 5.1 shows two vectors K and L acting on a mass P.

86
 Draw accurately and measure the resultant vector.

resultant vector = ..............................................[4]

6. Fig. 6.1 shows two vectors A and B, with magnitudes 15 N and 20 N respectively,
acting on a mass M. Using a scale diagram of 1cm: 2N, what is the magnitude and
direction of the resultant vector?

magnitude ............................and direction...................................................................[4]

7. An object of weight W is suspended by two ropes from a beam, as shown in Fig. 7.1.

87
 Fig. 7.1
The tensions in the ropes are 50.0 N and 86.6 N, as shown.
(a) In the space below, draw a scale diagram to find the resultant of the two tensions.
Use a scale of 1.0 cm = 10 N.
Clearly label the resultant. [3]

(b) From your diagram, find the value of the resultant.

resultant = ......................................................... [1]
(c) State the direction in which the resultant is acting.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(d) State the value of W.
W = ......................................................... [1]

88
8 (a) In an accident, a truck goes off the road and into a ditch. Two breakdown vehicles A
and B are used to pull the truck out of the ditch, as shown in Fig. 8.1.

Fig. 8.1
At one point in the rescue operation, breakdown vehicle A is exerting a force of 4000 N
and breakdown vehicle B is exerting a force of 2000 N.
(i) Choosing an appropriate scale, make a scale drawing to show the resultant force on
the truck. [4]

Scale = ……………………………………….

89
 (ii) Use your diagram to find the magnitude and direction of the resultant force on the
truck.

magnitude of resultant force = ......................................................

direction of resultant force = ............................... to direction of road [2]
(b) (i) State why the resultant force is an example of a vector quantity.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(ii) Give an example of a vector quantity that is not a force.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]

9. A student sets up the apparatus shown in Fig. 9.1 in order to find the resultant of the
two tensions T1 and T2 acting at P. When the tensions T1, T2 and T3 are balanced, the
angles between T1 and the vertical and T2 and the vertical are as marked on Fig. 2.1.

90
 Fig. 9.1
In the space below, draw a scale diagram of the forces T1 and T2. Use the diagram to
find the resultant of the two forces.

State
(a) the scale used, scale = ........................................
(b) the value of the resultant, value = ........................................
(c) the direction of the resultant. direction = ........................................
[5]

91
10. A bus breaks down on a road with a 10° upward slope. The passengers get out and
push the bus to the top of the slope at a constant speed. Fig. 10.1 shows the passengers
exerting a force on the bus parallel to the line of the slope.

(a) The total mass of the bus is 3200 kg.

(i) Calculate the weight of the bus.

weight = ..................................................... [1]

(ii) On Fig. 10.1, draw two arrows to show the direction of the weight of the bus and the
direction of the force exerted on the bus by the passengers. [1]
(iii) The total force exerted by the passengers on the bus is 17 000 N along the line of the
slope. Use a graphical method to determine the size and direction of the resultant of this
force and the weight of the bus. State the scale used.

92
 scale = ...........................................................
size of resultant = ...........................................................
direction of resultant = ...........................................................
[4]
(iv) The bus travels at a constant speed. State the size of the resultant of all the forces
acting on the bus.
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) As the passengers push the bus up the slope, work is done against two forces. State
the names of these two forces and, for each force, state the form of energy produced as
work is done.
force 1 ..............................................................................................................................
form of energy 1 ...............................................................................................................
force 2 ..............................................................................................................................
form of energy 2 ...............................................................................................................
[4]
(c) When the bus reaches the top of the slope, it stops and the passengers get back in.
(i) On the axes of Fig. 10.2, sketch the distance-time graph for the bus from a time when
the passengers are pushing the bus at constant speed until they get back into the
stationary bus. [3]

93
 Fig. 10.2
(ii) State how the speed of a moving object may be obtained from an accurately drawn
distance-time graph.
.................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [1]

11. A microphone has a weight W of 6.0 N. It is suspended by wire X from the ceiling in
a radio studio.
Fig. 11.1 shows the microphone held in the correct position by a horizontal wire Y.

94
 Fig. 11.1
(a) The tension T in wire Y is 8.0 N. Use a vector diagram to determine the magnitude
and the direction of the resultant of W and T.

magnitude = ......................................................
direction = ......................................................
[4]
(b) The microphone is at rest. State the tension in wire X.
tension in X = ................................................. [1]

95
 Chapter 6: Work, Energy and Power (60)

1. The diagram shows a slide in a children's playground.

(a) A boy climbs the steps one at a time. What type of energy does he use?
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) What type of energy has this become at the top of the slide?
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(c) He slides down and stops before reaching the end of the slide. What has happened to
the energy he had at the top of the slide?
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(d) The boy climbs the steps two at a time.
(i) Does he use more energy getting to the top? ......................................................... [1]
(ii) Explain your answer.
.............................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[1]

3. A block of wood is placed on a rough horizontal surface, as shown in Fig 3.1. The
frictional force between the block and the surface is 4 N. A force of 10 N is used to pull
the wood for 1.5 m.

Fig 3.1

96
What is the work done?
w = ..............................................[2]

4. A 2000 kg car is travelling at a speed of 30 m/s. Calculate :-

a ) its kinetic energy

kinetic energy = ...................................[2]

b) the braking force needed to stop it in 40 m.

braking force= ............................[2]

5. A cyclist rides up and then back down the hill shown in Fig. 5.1.

Fig. 5.1

The cyclist and her bicycle have a combined mass of 90 kg. She pedals up to the top
and then stops. She turns around and rides back to the bottom without pedalling or using
her brakes.

97
(a) Calculate the potential energy gained by the cyclist and her bicycle when she has
reached the top of the hill.

potential energy = ................................................ [2]

(b) Calculate the maximum speed she could have when she arrives back at the starting
point.

speed = ................................................ [2]

(c) Explain why her actual speed will be less than that calculated in (b).
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]

5. What does the “Law of Conservation of Energy” say?

.............................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[1]

6. Fig. 6.1 shows a swinging pendulum. In this system, what are the energy changes
involved when the pendulum swings from P to R through Q?

98
.......................................................................................................................................[2]
7. For the pendulum above, at which point/s is/are :-
a) the potential energy maximum? Why?
______________________________________________________________________
b) the potential energy minimum? Why?
______________________________________________________________________
c) the kinetic energy maximum? Why?
______________________________________________________________________
d) the kinetic energy minimum? Why?
______________________________________________________________________
e) the pendulum is the fastest? Why?
______________________________________________________________________
[5]
8. A car of mass 900 kg is travelling at a steady speed of 30 m / s against a resistive
force of 2000 N, as illustrated in Fig. 8.1.

Fig. 8.1

(a) Calculate the kinetic energy of the car.

kinetic energy = ................................................ [2]

99
(b) Calculate the energy used in 1.0 s against the resistive force.

energy = ................................................ [2]

(c) What is the minimum power that the car engine has to deliver to the wheels?

minimum power = ................................................ [1]

(d) What form of energy is in the fuel, used by the engine to drive the car?
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(e) State why the energy in the fuel is converted at a greater rate than you have
calculated in (c).
............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]

9. Fig. 9.1 shows a model cable-car system. It is driven by an electric motor coupled to a
gear system.

Fig. 9.1

100
The model cable-car has a mass of 5.0 kg and is lifted from the bottom pulley to the top
pulley in 40 s. It stops automatically at the top.

(a) Calculate
(i) the average speed of the cable-car,

average speed = .......................................................... [2]

(ii) the gravitational potential energy gained by the cable-car,

gravitational potential energy gained = .......................................................... [2]

(iii) the useful output power of the driving mechanism.

power = ......................................................... [2]

(b) How would the electrical power input to the motor compare with your answer to
(a)(iii)?
....................................................................................................................................... [2]

10. A bob of mass of 0.15 kg is tied at the end of a cord to form a simple pendulum 0.70
m long.
The upper end of the cord is fixed to a support and the pendulum hangs vertically. A peg
is fixed 0.50 m vertically below the support, as shown in Fig. 10.1.

101
 Fig. 10.1
The mass is pulled to the right, until it is in the position shown in Fig. 10.1.
Ignore air resistance throughout this question.

(a) Calculate the gravitational potential energy of the bob, relative to the ground, when
the bob is in the position shown in Fig. 10.1.

gravitational potential energy = ......................................................... [3]

(b) The bob is released and swings to the left.
(i) Calculate the maximum kinetic energy of the bob.

kinetic energy = ......................................................... [4]

102
(ii) Calculate the maximum velocity of the bob.

velocity = ......................................................... [2]

(iii) As the pendulum swings to the left of vertical, state the maximum height above the
ground that is reached by the bob.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]

11. A car has a mass of 1300 kg. It can accelerate from rest to 30m/ s in 12 s.
(a) Calculate the acceleration of the car.

acceleration = ..................... [2]

(b) Calculate the force needed to give this acceleration.

force = .................... [2]

(c) At a speed of 40m/ s, the driving force is 5200 N. Calculate the work done when the
car travels 200m at this speed.

work done = ................ [2]

12. Some pupils tested a motorcyclist’s crash helmet. They dropped a steel ball of mass
5.0 kg so that it hit the helmet with a speed of 7.8m/ s.

103
(a) Calculate the kinetic energy of the steel ball just before it hit the helmet.

kinetic energy = .................... [2]

(b) State the form of energy that the ball had before it was dropped.
.........................................................................................................................................[1]
(c) The ball bounces off the helmet at a lower speed. State two energy transfers that
occur when the ball hits the helmet.
1. ........................................................................................................................................
2. .....................................................................................................................................[2]

13. An electric pump is used to raise water from a well, as shown in Fig. 13.1.

Fig. 13.1

104
(a) The pump does work in raising the water. State an equation that could be used to
calculate the work done in raising the water.
.........................................................................................................................................[2]
(b) The water is raised through a vertical distance of 8.0 m. The weight of water raised in
5.0 s is 100 N.
(i) Calculate the work done in raising the water in this time.

work done = .......................[1]

(ii) Calculate the power the pump uses to raise the water.

power = ........................[1]
(iii) The energy transferred by the pump to the water is greater than your answer to (i).
Suggest what the additional energy is used for.
.......................................................................................................................................[1]

105
 Chapter 7: Gas, atmospheric and Liquid Pressure

7.1 Pressure (20)

1. What is the definition for pressure? What is its formula? What is its S.I. unit?
definition...............................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................[1]
formula ............................................................................................................................[1]
S.I. unit.............................[1]
2. A boy of mass 60 kg stands on one of his foot. If the total surface area of that foot is
0.0240 m2, what is the pressure exerted. [g = 10 kg/ N]

pressure = ................................. [2]

3. What is the maximum pressure that can be exerted on a horizontal surface on a
2kg, 20 cm x 15 cm x 10 cm structure shown in Fig.3.1

Fig.3.1

maximum pressure = ..................................... [3]

106
4. In winter, the thin layer of ice on a frozen lake will break if the pressure on it is greater
than 1.2 N/ cm2. A 45 kg boy is wearing a pair of shoe with a total surface area 240 cm 2.
Explain whether it is safe for the boy to stand on the lake?

.............................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[3]

5. Fig. 5.1 shows a device for punching holes in a piece of paper. A person applies a
force F at the end of the arm. Just before the hole is made in the paper, the arm is at
rest.

Fig. 5.1
(a) Just before the hole is made, the force upwards on the steel rod is 7.2 N.
Calculate the value of F. Use the distances marked on Fig. 5.1.

F = ................................................ [2]
(b) The steel rod pushes the paper into the hole in the metal base with a force of 7.2 N.
The end of the steel rod has an area of 2.8 × 10 –5 m2.
Calculate the pressure exerted on the paper.
State the formula that you use in your calculation.

107
 pressure = ................................................ [2]
6 (a) A man squeezes a pin between his thumb and finger, as shown in Fig. 6.1.

Fig. 6.1
The finger exerts a force of 84 N on the pinhead.
The pinhead has an area of 6.0 × 10–5 m2.
(i) Calculate the pressure exerted by the finger on the pinhead.

pressure = ................................................ [2]

(ii) State the value of the force exerted by the pin on the thumb.
force ................................................. [1]
(iii) Explain why the pin causes more pain in the man’s thumb than in his finger.
............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]

4 (a) Fig. 4.1 shows end views of the walls built by two bricklayers.

108
 Fig. 4.1
Which wall is the least likely to sink into the soil, and why?
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................... [2]

109
7.2 Gas and atmospheric pressure (35)
1. Fig.1.1 shows a mercury barometer.

Fig.1.1
(a) How does the barometer show atmospheric pressure?
.............................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(b) Explain what happens to the mercury level of the barometer above if it is brought on
top of a mountain?
.............................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[2]

(c) What is the unit for pressure measured by the mercury barometer above?
unit .....................................................[1]

110
2. Fig. 2.1 shows a manometer.

Fig. 2.1

When the left end of the manometer is connected to a gas supply, the mercury level
changes as shown in Fig. 2.2

Fig. 2.2
What is the gas pressure in N/m2? [Atmospheric pressure = 103,360 N/m2; density of
mercury = 13600 kg/m3; g = 10 N/kg]

111
 Pressure =...................................[3]

3. (a) A U-tube manometer is used to measure lung pressure by blowing at A, as shown

in Fig. 3.1.

Fig. 3.1
(i) Before the person blows at A, the liquid levels X and Y are the same.
State the reason for this.
............................................................................................................................................
(ii) Which way do the liquid levels move when the person blows at A?
level X moves ..........................
level Y moves ..........................
(iii) What would you measure in order to find the person’s lung pressure?
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
[4]
112
4. What causes atmospheric pressure?
........................................................................................................................................[1]

5. If the atmospheric pressure is 100,000 Pa (100,000 N/m2), what is the force exerted
by it on a flat horizontal surface of dimensions 5 m x 4 m?

force = .............................[2]

6. The diagram below shows a mercury barometer. Write the pressure in cm Hg and also
N/m2 at points; (i) L (ii) M (iii) N [Density of mercury = 13 600 kg/m3; g = 10 N/kg]

L = ...........................................[2]
M = ..........................................[2]
N = ...........................................[1]

7. fig. 7.1 shows a clip from a weather chart.

113
 L
H

(a) What are isobars lines?

........................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) What unit is used to measure pressure in weather charts?
........................................................................................................................................[1]
(c) In which direction does the wind blow?
........................................................................................................................................[1]
(d) Which area experiences a strong wind?
........................................................................................................................................[1]
(e) What does the letter L indicate?
........................................................................................................................................[1]
(f) Describe the type of weather that can be expected at the area labelled H?
........................................................................................................................................[2]

8 Fig. 8.1 shows a manometer, containing mercury, being used to monitor the pressure
of a gas supply.

114
 Fig. 4.1
(a) Using the scale on Fig. 8.1, find the vertical difference between the two mercury
levels.

difference = ......................................... [1]

(b) What is the value of the excess pressure of the gas supply, measured in millimetres
of mercury?

excess pressure = ....................... [1]

(c) The atmospheric pressure is 750 mm of mercury.
Calculate the actual pressure of the gas supply.

115
 actual pressure = ....................... [1]
(d) The gas pressure now decreases by 20 mm of mercury.
On Fig. 8.1, mark the new positions of the two mercury levels. [2]

9. Fig. 4.2 shows two horizontal squares P and Q.

Fig. 4.2
The atmosphere is pressing down on both P and Q.
(i) Name two quantities that would need to be known in order to calculate the
atmospheric pressure on square P.
1. ........................................................................................................................................
2. ................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) The area of P is four times that of Q.
Complete the following sentences.
1. The atmospheric pressure on P is ……………………………… the atmospheric
pressure on Q.
2. The force of the atmosphere on P is ……………………………… the force of the
atmosphere on Q. [2]

116
 7.3 Liquid Pressure (35)

1. Fig. 1.1 shows streams of water shoot out from openings in a flask when the piston is
pushed down.

(a) What does this show?.............................................................................................(1)

(b) Fig. 7.6 shows the liquid level in a container.

Why are the liquid levels the same?

........................................................................................................................................[1]

117
2. (a)A submarine is 400 m below the sea water level. Calculate the total pressure
it experiences in:
(i) m water

pressure ................................................................[2]

(ii) (ii) N/m2

Pressure ...........................................[2]
[Atmospheric pressure = 10 m water, density of water = 1000 kg/m3]

(b) The density of the water in a swimming pool is 1000 kg / m3. The pool is 3 m deep.
(i) Calculate the pressure of the water at the bottom of the pool.

pressure = ................................................ [3]

(ii) Another pool has the same depth of water, but has twice the area.
State the pressure of the water at the bottom of this pool.

pressure = ................................................ [1]

118
3 Fig. 3.1 shows a diver 50 m below the surface of the water.

Fig. 3.1
(a) The density of water is 1000 kg/m3 and the acceleration of free fall is 10 m/s2.
Calculate the pressure that the water exerts on the diver.

pressure = .................................... [3]

(b) The window in the diver’s helmet is 150 mm wide and 70 mm from top to bottom.
Calculate the force that the water exerts on this window.

force = .......................................... [3]

119
4 Fig. 4.1 shows a reservoir that stores water.

Fig. 4.1

(a) The valve in the exit pipe is closed. The density of water is 1000 kg/m3 and the
acceleration of free fall is 10 m/s2.
Calculate the pressure of the water acting on the closed valve in the exit pipe.

pressure = ……………………...[2]
(b) The cross-sectional area of the pipe is 0.5m2.
Calculate the force exerted by the water on the closed valve.

force = ……………………...[2]

120
(c) The valve is then opened and water, originally at the surface of the reservoir, finally
flows out of the exit pipe. State the energy transformation of this water between the
surface of the reservoir and the open end of the pipe.
.........................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................[2]

5 A diver holds his breath and dives into the sea from a boat to a depth of 25.0 m. The
atmospheric pressure is 1.05 × 105 Pa.

(a) (i) Explain why the pressure at this depth is greater than the atmospheric pressure.
............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Other than the depth and the atmospheric pressure, state one quantity that affects
the pressure in a liquid.
............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) (i) The pressure due to 25.0 m of sea-water is 2.55 × 105 Pa. Calculate the total
pressure at this depth.
pressure = .................................................. [1]
(ii) As the diver holds his breath and descends to a depth of 25.0 m, the greater
pressure causes the volume of the air trapped in his lungs to change.
When he is on the boat, the total volume of the air in his lungs is 6000 cm3. Calculate
the volume of this air at a depth of 25.0 m.
volume = .................................................. [2]

121
6. During a period of hot weather, the atmospheric pressure on the pond in Fig. 6.1
remains constant.
Water evaporates from the pond, so that the depth h decreases.

Fig. 6.1
(a) Study the diagram and state, giving your reason, what happens during this hot period
to
(i) the force of the air on the surface of the pond,
.............................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) the pressure at the bottom of the pond.
.............................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) On a certain day, the pond is 12 m deep.
(i) Water has a density of 1000 kg / m3.
Calculate the pressure at the bottom of the pond due to the water.

pressure due to the water = ...........................................................[2]

122
(ii) Atmospheric pressure on that day is 1.0 × 105 Pa.
Calculate the total pressure at the bottom of the pond.

total pressure = ...........................................................[1]

(iii) A bubble of gas is released from the mud at the bottom of the pond. Its initial volume
is 0.5 cm3.
Ignoring any temperature differences in the water, calculate the volume of the bubble as
it reaches the surface.

volume = ...........................................................[2]
(iv) In fact, the temperature of the water is greater at the top than at the bottom of the
pond.
Comment on the bubble volume you have calculated in (b)(iii).
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................[1]

123
 Chapter 8: Kinetic Molecular Model of Matter
8.1 kinetic Theory of Matter
1. What does the Kinetic Theory of gases say?
.......................................................................................................................................[1]

2. What causes gas pressure in a close container?

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

3. In order to observe Brownian motion, some smoke is mixed with air trapped in a small
glass box. The box is strongly illuminated from the side, and the smoke is viewed from
above through a microscope. This is illustrated in Fig. 5.1.

Fig. 5.1
(a) Describe what is seen when the microscope is focussed on the smoke particles.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................[3]
(b) State what causes the effect described in (a).
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................

124
.........................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................[4]
(c) The temperature of the glass box and its contents is increased. Suggest what change
is
seen through the microscope.
.........................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................[1]

3 (a) Fig. 3.1 represents the path taken in air by a smoke particle, as seen in a Brownian
motion experiment. The smoke particles can be seen through a microscope, but the air
molecules cannot.

Fig. 3.1
(i) State what causes the smoke particles to move like this.
..........................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) What conclusions about air molecules can be drawn from this observation of the
smoke particles?
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................... [2]

125
5 (a) Fig. 5.1 shows a sealed box.

Fig. 5.1
(i) The box contains a large number of air molecules. On Fig. 5.1, draw a possible path
of one of the air molecules, as it moves inside the box.
(ii) Explain why smoke particles move in the way you have shown above
............................................................................................................................................

(iii) Explain
1. how air molecules in the box create a pressure on the inside walls,
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
2. why this pressure rises as the temperature of the air in the box increases.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
[5]

126
(b) A can, containing only air, has its lid tightly screwed on and is left in strong sunlight.

Fig. 5.2
(i) State what happens to the pressure of the air in the can when it gets hot.
.................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) In terms of molecules, explain your answer to (b)(i).
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................... [3]

6. Fig. 6.1 shows a way of indicating the positions and direction of movement of some
molecules in a gas at one instant.

Fig. 1.1

127
 (a) (i) Describe the movement of the molecules.
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) Explain how the molecules exert a pressure on the container walls.
..................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) When the gas in the cylinder is heated, it pushes the piston further out of the cylinder.
State what happens to:

(i) the average spacing of the molecules,

.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) the average speed of the molecules.
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(c) The gas shown in Fig. 1.1 is changed into a liquid and then into a solid by cooling.
Compare the gaseous and solid states in terms of
(i) the movement of the molecules,
..................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) the average separation of the molecules.
..................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [1]

128
8.2 Gas Laws (55)
1. (a) What is stated by Boyle’s Law?
.........................................................................................................................................[1]

(b) What is the formula derived from Boyle’s Law?

formula ......................................................[1]
(c) A given mass of oxygen has a volume of 4.5 x 10- 4 m3 at a pressure of 40.0 kPa.
What is the volume of the gas if the pressure is increased to 50.0 kPa, while the
temperature is kept constant?

volume = ....................................[2]
(d) A bubble of gas is released from the floor of a 3 m deep lake. If its initial volume is
0.4 cm3, calculate its volume when it reaches the surface. Assume that the lake’s water
temperature is constant. [Atmospheric pressure = 10 m water]

volume = ......................................[2]
(e) Fig. 1.1e shows a syringe use to draw in a liquid. How do you use Boyle’s Law to
explain how this instrument works?

Fig. 1.1e

129
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................[2]

(f) A toilet flush is operated by the compression of air. The air inside the flush has a
pressure of 1.0 × 105 Pa and a volume of 150 cm3. When the flush is operated the
volume is reduced to 50 cm3. The temperature of the air remains constant during this
process.
Calculate the new pressure of the air inside the flush.

pressure = .......................[2]

(g) Fig.1.1g shows the lungs of a human being. Use Boyle’s Law to explain how air is
inhaled or exhaled from the lungs.

Fig.1.1g
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................[2]

130
2. (a) Fig. 1.1 shows a master cylinder sealed at one end. Instead of brake fluid, the
cylinder contains air.

Fig. 2.1
When a force is applied to the piston, the length d changes from 6.0 cm to 4.0 cm.
The pressure of the air increases but the temperature stays constant.
(i) Explain why the pressure increases even though the temperature stays constant.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................ [2]
(iii) The initial pressure of the air inside the cylinder is 1.0 × 105 Pa.
Calculate the final pressure of the air. State the formula that you use in your calculation.

pressure = ................................................. [3]

(b) Air in a cylinder is compressed slowly, so that the temperature does not rise. The
pressure changes from 2.0 x 105 Pa to 5.0 x 105 Pa. The original volume was 0.35m3.
Calculate the new volume.

volume = ………………………...[3]
3. Fig. 3.1 is a design for remotely operating an electrical switch using air pressure.

131
 Fig. 3.1

The metal box and the pipe contain air at normal atmospheric pressure and the switch is
off.
When the pressure in the metal box and pipe is raised to 1.5 times atmospheric pressure
by pressing down on the flexible rubber box cover, the switch comes on.

(a) Explain in terms of pressure and volume how the switch is made to come on.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................[2]
(b) Normal atmospheric pressure is 1.0 × 105 Pa. At this pressure, the volume of the box
and pipe is 60 cm3. Calculate the reduction in volume that must occur for the switch to
be on.

reduction in volume = ................................................ [3]

(c) Explain, in terms of air particles, why the switch may operate, without the rubber
cover being squashed, when there is a large rise in temperature.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................ [2]

132
4. (a) Explain, using ideas about molecules,
(i) why a balloon filled with gas expands when heated,
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................[2]
(ii) why a balloon filled with water expands very little when heated.
..........................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) (i) A bubble of gas rises from the bottom of a lake to the surface. The pressure at the
bottom of the lake is 3.0 × 105 Pa and the pressure at the surface is 1.0 × 105 Pa. The
volume of the bubble at the bottom of the lake is 2.0 cm3.
Calculate the volume of the bubble at the surface.

volume = .............................................................[2]
(ii) State one assumption that you have made in your calculation in (i).
.............................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................[1]

5. A vertical cylinder has a smooth well-fitting piston in it. Weights can be added to or
removed from a tray on the top of the piston.
(a) Weights are added to the tray, as shown in Fig. 5.1.

133
 Fig. 5.1
(i) State what happens to the pressure of the air in the cylinder as a result of adding
these weights.
.........................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) The initial pressure of the trapped air is 1.05 × 10 5 Pa. When the weights are added,
the volume of the air decreases from 860 cm3 to 645 cm3. The temperature of the air
does not change. Calculate the final pressure of the trapped air.

pressure = ...............................................[3]
(iii) The area of the piston is 5.0 × 10–3 m2. Calculate the weight that is added to the
piston.

weight added = ................................................ [4]

134
 (b) The weights are kept as shown in Fig. 5.1. The temperature of the air in the cylinder
is increased.
(i) State what happens to the volume of the air in the cylinder as a result of this
temperature rise.
.........................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) State how, if at all, the pressure of the air changes as the temperature changes.
.........................................................................................................................................[1]
(iii) State what must be done to prevent the volume change in (b)(i).
.........................................................................................................................................[1]
(iv) The volume change in (b)(i) is prevented. State what happens to the pressure of the
air in the cylinder.
.........................................................................................................................................[1]

6 (a) Fig. 6.1 shows a cylinder containing air at a pressure of 1.0 × 105 Pa. The length of
the air column in the cylinder is 80 mm.

Fig. 6.1
The piston is pushed in until the pressure in the cylinder rises to 3.8 × 105 Pa.

Calculate the new length of the air column in the cylinder, assuming that the temperature
of the air has not changed.

135
 new length = .................................. [3]
(b) Fig. 6.2 shows the same cylinder containing air.

Fig. 6.2
The volume of the air in the cylinder changes as the temperature of the air changes.
(i) The apparatus is to be used as a thermometer. Describe how two fixed points, 0 °C
and 100 °C, and a temperature scale could be marked on the apparatus.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(ii) Describe how this apparatus could be used to indicate the temperature of a large
beaker of water.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
[5]
7. One of the sketch graphs in Fig. 7.1 shows how the pressure of the gas varies with
volume at constant temperature, and the other shows how the pressure varies with
temperature at constant volume.
The pressure axis has been labelled in each case.

136
 Fig. 2.1
(i) On the appropriate graphs, label one horizontal axis “ volume / m3 ” and the other
horizontal axis “ temperature / °C ”.
(ii) On one of the graphs, mark, with the letter X, the pressure of the gas at the ice point.
[2]

137
 Chapter 9: Thermal Energy

9.1 Thermal Expansion (34)

1 (a) The temperature of a block of iron is increased.

State what happens to
(i) the energy of the atoms due to their vibrations,
..........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) the average separation of the atoms,
..........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) the density of the iron.
..........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]

2 (a) Explain, in terms of molecules, how thermal expansion takes place in a solid and in
a gas.
solid......................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................

gas........................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
[4]

138
3 (a) Equal volumes of nitrogen, water and copper at 20 °C are heated to 50 °C.
(i) Which one of the three will have a much greater expansion than the other two?
............................................................................................................................................
(ii) Explain your answer in terms of the way the molecules are arranged in the three
substances.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
[3]
(b) When concrete roads are made, the concrete is laid in sections, with gaps between
the sections. The gaps are then filled with a soft material, called pitch. This is shown in
Fig. 3.1.

Fig. 3.1
Suggest why the concrete is laid in sections like this.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................[2]

139
4. (a)The diameter of the metal axle and the hole in the wheel are the same. Explain how
you can fit the metal axle into the hole of the wheel.

.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................[2]
(b) A metal rod and a metal ring are shown in Fig. 4.1.
At room temperature, the hole in the ring is only just large enough for the rod to be
pushedthrough it.

Fig. 4.1
One end of the metal rod is heated strongly. The entire rod becomes hot.
State
(a) the method by which thermal energy is transferred through the rod,
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(b) why the heated rod will no longer pass through the metal ring.
.........................................................................................................................................
140
..................................................................................................................................... [1]

5 Fig. 5.1 shows a device called a thermostat, which is being used to control the
temperature of the air in a room.

Fig. 5.1
X and Y are strips of two different metals, joined together along their length. Together
they are called a bimetallic strip. X expands more than Y for the same temperature rise.
(a) The temperature rises and the bimetallic strip bends.
State
(i) which way the bimetallic strip bends,
............................................................................................................................ [1]
(ii) what happens to the contacts,
............................................................................................................................ [1]
(iii) what happens to the current in the circuit,
............................................................................................................................ [1]
(iv) what adjustment could be made to this thermostat, in order to increase the
temperature at which the thermostat operates.
.................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................ [1]

141
6. (a) Fig. 6.1 shows two flasks at room temperature.

Fig. 6.1
The flasks are heated so that their temperatures are always the same as each other.
Flask A contains coloured water. Flask B contains air. A small bubble of liquid traps the air
in the flask.
State how this apparatus shows that the air expands more than the water.
.........................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................[1]

7. (a) State two changes that usually happen to the molecules of a solid when the solid
isheated.
1. .......................................................................................................................................
2. ................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) Most substances expand when they are heated.
(i) State one example where such expansion is useful.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) State one example where such expansion is a nuisance, and has to be allowed for.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]

142
(c) Explain why a thick glass container might crack If hot water is poured into it.
........................................................................................................................................[1]

8.Heat is transferred by conduction, convection and radiation.

(a) (i) State which of the three methods is responsible for the transfer of heat from theSun to
the Earth.
............................................................................................................................................
(ii) Explain why the other two methods cannot be involved in this transfer.
..................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................
[2]
(b) A hand feels hot when placed above a lighted match, as shown in Fig. 8.1.

Fig. 8.1

Explain in detail how convection causes this to happen.

..................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................[2]

143
 (c) Fig. 8.2 shows a layer of fibreglass placed between the ceiling of a room and the roof
ofa house.

Fig. 8.2
Explain how the layer of fibreglass helps to keep the room warm when it is cold outside.
..................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................[2]
9. Thermal expansion can be a problem.

Fig. 9.1
Small gaps are left in railway lines and in bridges, as shown in Fig. 9.1.
(a) Explain in detail why the gaps are needed.

144
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................[3]
(b) State one other problem caused by thermal expansion and explain how it can be solved.
..................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................[1]

145
9.2 Measurement of Temperature (85)
1. What is the difference between heat and temperature?
.........................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) What is the instrument that measures temperature?
.........................................................................................................................................[1]
(c) What is it he SI unit of temperature?
.........................................................................................................................................[1]
(d) List three types of the instrument mentioned in (b) above.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................[3]

(e) Which of the following statements describe the property of a substance that would
besuitable for measuring temperature?
(i) a property that increases regularly with temperature
(ii) a property that decreases regularly with temperature
(iii) a property that remains constant as the temperature changes

(f) List three such properties and give an example of a thermometer that makes use of
the property.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
[3]
(g) A student was seen using a laboratory thermometer to stir a solution in a beaker.
Why is this practice wrong?
.........................................................................................................................................[1]
(h) Why is it advisable to make sure that the thermometer is not touching the walls of the
container when measuring temperature during experiments?
.........................................................................................................................................[1]

146
2. Fig. 2.1 shows a liquid-in-glass thermometer.

Fig. 2.1
(a) The thermometer is used for measuring temperatures in school laboratory
experiments.
State the units in which the temperatures are measured. .......................................... [1]
(b) On Fig. 2.1, mark where the liquid thread will reach when the thermometer is placed
in
(i) pure melting ice (label this point ICE), [1]
(ii) steam above boiling water (label this point STEAM). [1]

(b) Fig. 2.2 shows how the length of the thread in a liquid-in-glass thermometer varies
with temperature.

147
 Fig. 2.2

(i) What temperature is indicated by a thread length of 14.5 cm?

temperature = ........................... °C
(ii) What happens to the thread of the thermometer if the temperature drops below the
ice point?
.........................................................................................................................................[2]

3. Fig. 3.1 shows a thermometer with a range of –10 °C to 50 °C.

Fig. 3.1

148
Explain what is meant by
(i) the sensitivity of a thermometer,
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(ii) the linearity of a thermometer.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
[2]
4 Fig. 4.1 shows a laboratory thermometer.

Fig. 4.1
(a) (i) State the range of the thermometer.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(ii) State one change in the design of the thermometer to increase its range.
.............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(iii) State how you know that the scale of the thermometer in Fig. 3.1 is linear.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................ [1]

(b) (i) Describe how the behaviour of a more sensitive thermometer is different from a
less sensitive thermometer.
............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) State two changes in the design of the thermometer to make it more sensitive.
..............................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................... [2]
(c) Describe how a clinical thermometer differs from a laboratory thermometer. A diagram
may be included in your answer.
..................................................................................................................................................

149
..................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [3]

5. Fig. 5.1 shows two thermometers A and B with equal length of the stem.

Fig. 5.1
Explain which thermometer is:
(i) the more sensitive
............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) has a wider range

………………………….……………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………[1]

6. Fig.6.1 shows uncalibrated mercury-in- glass thermometer.

Fig.6.1

150
 (a) Explain what is meant by the ice point.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................[1]

(b) In calibrating this thermometer:

(i) What can be used as the lower fixed point and upper fixedpoint of a thermometer?
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
[2]
(ii) How do you determine the lower fixed point of a thermometer?
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................[3]
(iii) How do you determine the upper fixed point of a thermometer?
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................ [3]
(iv) How do you mark in the scale of the thermometer?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………[1]
7 A mercury thermometer uses the expansion of mercury to measure temperature. The
thermometer is calibrated by placing it in pure melting ice, and then in steam at 100 °C.
This is illustrated in Fig. 7.1.

151
 Fig. 7.1
(a) State the temperature of the thermometer when it is in pure melting ice.
.....................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) The length of the mercury column is 4.0 cm in pure melting ice and 28.0 cm in the
steam. Calculate the temperature for a length of 22.0 cm.
temperature = ………...................……°C [2]
(c) The heat capacity of the thermometer is 2.4 J/°C. Calculate the amount of energy
needed to heat the thermometer from the temperature of pure melting ice to 100 °C.
energy = ………...................……J [1]
(d) State one other physical property of a substance that may be used to measure
temperature.
.....................................................................................................................................[1]

8. Fig. 8.1 shows a thermometer.

152
 Fig. 8.1
Fig. 7.2 shows a thermometer which is more sensitive than the thermometer in Fig. 8.1.
Only 0 °C is marked on this new thermometer.

(a) On Fig. 8.2, draw the temperature markings for 10 °C and 20 °C. [1]

Fig. 8.2

9. The bulb of an unmarked mercury thermometer is placed in boiling water and then
melting ice. It is then put in a coffee drink.
Fig.9.2 shows the mercury level measured by the bulb.

Fig.9.2

(a) What is the temperature of the coffee drink?

153
 temperature = ............................................[2]

10. (a)In Fig. 10.1, what is the value of T?

Fig. 10.1

T = ............................................[2]
(b) A resistor has a resistance of 8.0Ω when placed in pure melting ice and 12.0Ω when
in thesteam from boiling water. At what temperature does the resistor have a value of
10.5Ω?[3]

11. A clinical thermometer is shown in Fig. 11.1.

X
Fig. 11.1

154
(a) A physical property that changes with temperature can be used to measure
temperature.
Name two suitable physical properties.
.............................................................. and .............................................................. [2]

(b) State and explain a feature of the clinical thermometer that improves the
thermometer’ssensitivity.
.............................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................[2]
(c) Name the part labeled X …………………………………………………………………..[1]
(d) What is the function of this part?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………...[1]
(e)Before using the thermometer, it must be shaken vigorously. Why?
........................................................................................................................................[1]
(f) Explain why this thermometer has a very small range
……………………………………………………………………………………..…………….[1]
(g) State two differences between laboratory and clinical liquid-in-glass thermometers.
1. .....................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
2. .....................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]

12 (a) The thermometer in Fig. 12.1 is calibrated at two fixed points, and the space
between these is divided into equal divisions.

Fig. 12.1
A thermometer is being calibrated with the Celsius scale.
(i) 1. Write down another name for the lower fixed point.
.............................................................................................................................. [1]

155
2. How is this temperature achieved?
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
3. What is the temperature of this fixed point? .............................................................. [1]
(ii) 1. Write down another name for the upper fixed point.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]

2. How is this temperature achieved?

.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................ [2]
3. What is the temperature of this fixed point? ............................................................... [2]

(b) A block of copper and a block of aluminium have identical masses. They both start at
room temperature and are given equal quantities of heat. When the heating is stopped,
the aluminium has a lower temperature than the copper.

Fill in the missing words in the sentence below, to explain this temperature difference.
The aluminium block has a smaller temperature rise than the copper block because the
aluminium block has a larger ................................................ than the copper block. [1]

13. Three wires and a meter are used to construct a thermocouple for measuring the
surface temperature of a pipe carrying hot liquid, as shown in Fig. 13.1.

156
 Fig. 13.1
(a) State which metal might be used for
wire 1
.............................................................................................................................................
wire 2
.............................................................................................................................................
wire 3
.............................................................................................................................................
[3]
(b) State what type of meter is used.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]

14. A thermocouple is used to measure the temperature of the inner wall of a pottery kiln.
(a) In the space below, draw a labelled diagram of a thermocouple showing how it could
be used for this purpose.
[2]

157
(b) Describe
(i) how you would read the temperature of the wall from the thermocouple,
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(ii) how the thermocouple works.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
[4]
15. A thermocouple recorded an e.m.f. of 5.00 mV with one junction in melting ice
and the other junction in boiling water, at normal atmospheric pressure. When the hot
junction is taken out of the boiling water and then placed in a Bunsen flame, it recorded
an e.m.f. of 24 mV.

What is the temperature of the flame?

temperature = ................................[3]

16. Fig. 16.1 shows a mercury-in-glass thermometer and a thermocouple thermometer.

158
 Fig. 16.1

(a) The mercury-in-glass thermometer has a large bulb that is made of thin glass.
State and explain why each of the following features is an advantage.
1. the large bulb
.............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................ [2]
2. the thin glass
.............................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................[2]
(b) State three features of the thermocouple thermometer and explain how they make it
better for measuring temperature than the mercury-in-glass thermometer.
1...........................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
2...........................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
3……………….……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………[2]

9.3 Heat Capacity (60)

1. (a) What is meant by heat capacity of a substance?

.........................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) What is the unit of heat capacity?
.........................................................................................................................................[1]
(c) What is specific heat capacity?
.........................................................................................................................................[1]
(d) A copper plate has a heat capacity of 200 J/°C.
What is the amount of heat energy required to raise its temperature from 30 °C to 70°C?

159
 heat energy = ......................................[2]
(e) What is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 2 kg of lead from
30°C to 70°C [specific heat capacity of lead is 130 J /(kg ºC ) ].

heat energy = ......................................[2]

(f) When 42000J of energy is used to heat 200g of a liquid in a beaker, its temperature
rises from 30ºC to 80ºC. What is the liquid’s specific heat capacity?

specific heat capacity = ................................[2]

(g) A 200W heater is switched on for 3 minutes to heat 400 g of water in a beaker. If the
specific heat capacity of water is 4200 J/( kg ºC ), what is the rise in temperature?

rise in temperature = ..........................................[2]

(i) In Fig.1.1i, a 1000 W electric heater and a thermometer is inserted in an aluminium

block of mass 1200 g. The initial temperature of the block is 28ºC.

160
 Fig.1.1i
What is the time taken to increase the temperature of the aluminium block to 70ºC?
[Specific heat capacity of aluminium is 900 J/( kg ºC) ]

time = ...................................[2]

(j) The specific heat of mercury is 140 J/ (kg°C) while the specific heat of iron is 460 J/(kg
°C). Which one is the better heat conductor ? Why?
.........................................................................................................................................[1]

(k) In fig. 1.1j.200 g of water in beaker 1 at 75ºC is added to 500g of water at 30ºC in
beaker 2. What is the final temperature of the mixture?
[Assume that there is no heat lost to the surrounding or the beaker]

161
 Fig. 1.1j

final temperature = .................................[3]

(l) A 1400 g lead cube, at a temperature of 60°C is slowly immersed in a beaker filled
with 400 g of water at 30°C. What is the final temperature of the water?
[Assume that there is no heat lost; specific heat capacity of lead = (130 J/ kg°C); specific
heat capacity of water = 4200 J/ (kg°C)]

final temperature = .................................[3]

2. A student in a laboratory uses the apparatus shown in Fig. 2.1 to determine the
specific heat capacity of aluminium.

162
 Fig. 2.1
The readings obtained in the experiment are given below.
mass of aluminium block = 0.930 kg
initial temperature of block = 13.1 °C
final temperature of block = 41.3 °C
electrical energy supplied = 23 800 J

(a) Define specific heat capacity.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) Use the readings above to calculate the specific heat capacity of aluminium.
State the equation you use.

specific heat capacity = ......................................................... [3]

163
 (c) Because the student knows it is good scientific practice to repeat readings, after a
short time he carries out the experiment again, supplying the same quantity of electrical
energy.
This time the temperature readings are:
initial temperature of block = 41.0 °C
final temperature of block = 62.1 °C
(i) Use these figures to calculate a second value for the specific heat capacity of
aluminium.

specific heat capacity = ......................................................... [2]

(ii) The student did not make any mistakes when taking the readings.
Suggest why the second value for the specific heat capacity of the aluminium is greater
than the first.
.............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................ [2]
(d) Suggest two ways of improving the experiment in order to give as accurate a result as
possible.
1..........................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
2..........................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
[2]
3 (a) Solar energy is striking the steel deck of a ship.
(i) Describe how the colour of the deck affects the absorption of the solar energy.
.............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................ [1]

164
(ii) The solar energy strikes the deck at the rate of 1400 W on every square metre.
The steel plate of the deck is 0.010 m thick. Steel has a density of 7800 kg / m3 and a
specific heat capacity of 450 J / (kg °C). 13% of the solar energy striking the deck is
absorbed and the rest is reflected.
Using these figures, calculate
1. how many joules of solar energy are absorbed by 1.0 m 2 of the deck in 1.0 s,

number of joules = ......................................................... [2]

2. the mass of 1.0 m2 of deck,

mass = ......................................................... [2]

3. the rate of rise in temperature of the deck, stating the equation you use.

rate of rise = ................................................. °C / s [3]

4 (a) In an experiment to measure the specific heat capacity of water, an electric heater
heats water in a glass beaker. The temperature of the water is measured at regular
intervals of time.

165
Fig. 4.1 shows how the temperature varies with time t.

Fig. 4.1
(i) Use Fig. 4.1 to determine the change in temperature between
t = 0 and t = 100 s,
change = .................................................................
t = 100 s and t = 200 s.
change = .................................................................
[2]
(ii) State and explain why the values in (i) are different.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................[2]
(iii) Describe and explain what happens to the water if the heating is continued.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................[2]

166
 (b) (i) The experiment in (a) is repeated using 72 g of water. The heater supplies 7400J
of thermal energy (heat) to the water and the temperature rise of the water is 23 °C.
Calculate the specific heat capacity of water.

specific heat capacity = ......................................[2]

(ii) A bullet of mass 72 g is fired from a gun at a speed of 450 m / s.
Calculate the kinetic energy of the bullet.

energy = .............................................................[3]
(iii) The amount of internal energy gained by the water and the amount of kinetic energy
gained by the bullet are approximately equal.
Describe the change in the motion of the molecules of the water and of the molecules of
the bullet that this addition of energy has caused.
water: ...................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
bullet: ...................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
[3]
(c) Water has a very high specific heat capacity.
Suggest why this might be a disadvantage when using water for cooking.
.............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................ [1]

167
5. Fig. 5.1 illustrates an experiment to measure the specific heat capacity of some metal.

Fig. 5.1
The piece of metal is heated in boiling water until it has reached the temperature of the
water. It is then transferred rapidly to some water in a well-insulated cup. A very sensitive
thermometer is used to measure the initial and final temperatures of the water in the cup.
[Specific heat capacity of water = 4200 J / (kg K)]
The readings from the experiment are as follows.
Mass of metal = 0.050 kg
Mass of water in cup = 0.200 kg
Initial temperature of water in cup = 21.1 °C
Final temperature of water in cup = 22.9 °C

(i) Calculate the temperature rise of the water in the cup and the temperature fall of the
piece of metal.

temperature rise of water = ......................................................

temperature fall of metal = ......................................................
[1]

168
 (ii) Calculate the thermal energy gained by the water in the cup. State the equation that
you use.

thermal energy gained = ................................................ [3]

(iii) Assume that only the water gained thermal energy from the piece of metal.
Making use of your answers to (c)(i) and (c)(ii), calculate the value of the specific heat
capacity of the metal. Give your answer to 3 significant figures.

specific heat capacity = ................................................ [2]

(iv) Suggest one reason why the experiment might not have given a correct value for the
specific heat capacity of the metal.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]

9.4 Melting, Boiling and Evaporation (67)

1. (a) What is the meaning of melting point and boiling point of a substance?
melting point ……………………………………………………………………………………….
boiling point………………………………………………………………………………………..
[2]
(b)Energy is needed to convert a boiling liquid, at constant temperature, into a gas. Use
the kinetic particle theory of matter to explain this fact.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………[2]
(c) Explain why evaporation from the surface of a liquid causes the temperature of the
remaining liquid to cool.

169
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………….………..[2]

(d) The table below describes the conditions of the molecules of a substance in each of
the three states of matter, solid, liquid and gas.
In the right-hand column, write the state of the substance that is described in the left-
hand column.

[3]

(e) (i) What is the state of matter just before a substance boils?
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Describe what happens to the molecules during boiling.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(f) (i) What is the state of matter just before a substance melts?
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(ii) Aluminium melts at 660 °C. At what temperature does it freeze?
........................................................................................................................................ [1]

2. Fig. 2.1 shows the heating curve of a substance.

170
 Fig. 2.1
(a) Which part of the graph represents:
melting ..............................................................................................................................
boiling ..............................................................................................................................
[2]
(c) What is/are the physical state of the substance between:
AB ..........................................................
BC .........................................................
CD ..........................................................
DE ..........................................................
[4]
(d) Explain why the temperature remain constant between BC and DE.
.............................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................[2]
(e) What is the name given to the heat energy supplied at these points?
BC........................................................................................................................................
DE.......................................................................................................................................
[2]
3. A substance is heated until it melts and then boils. It is then let to cool until it solidifies
again. In the space below, sketch its temperature-time graph. [3]

171
4 Fig. 4.1 shows the arrangement of molecules in a solid and in a liquid.

Fig. 4.1
(a) State one difference between the two arrangements.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) By writing about the forces between molecules and the motion of molecules, explain
why
(i) the molecules of a solid and of a liquid have different arrangements,
...........................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) the evaporation of a liquid cools the liquid,
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................

172
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(iii) the rate of evaporation is greater when a liquid is hotter.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................ [2]

5 (a) Some water is poured onto a plastic table-top, forming a puddle. The same volume
of water is poured into a plastic dish, which is placed alongside the puddle. This is
illustrated in Fig. 5.1.

Fig. 5.1
Both lots of water begin to evaporate.
(i) In terms of the behaviour of molecules, describe what happens during the process of
evaporation.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................ [2]
(ii) Explain why the puddle dries out more rapidly than the water in the dish.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................ [2]
(iii) State two changes that would make both lots of water evaporate more rapidly.
1...........................................................................................................................................

173
2.......................................................................................................................................[2]
(iv) State two differences between evaporation and boiling.
1...........................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
2...........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................ [2]

6 Fig. 6.1 is an attempt to show the molecules in water and the water vapour molecules
over the water surface.

Fig. 6.1
(a) Explain, in terms of the energies of the molecules, why only a few water molecules
have escaped from the water surface.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) State two ways of increasing the number of water molecules escaping from the
surface.
1 ......................................................................................................................................
2 ................................................................................................................................. [2]
(c) Energy is required to evaporate water.
Explain, in molecular terms, why this energy is needed.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................... [2]

174
7 Fig. 7.1 shows a shallow dish containing a liquid that evaporates easily. The bulb of a
thermometer is held in the liquid. A jet of air is blown over the surface of the liquid, so
that the liquid evaporates rapidly.

Fig. 7.1
(a) State what happens to the reading shown on the thermometer.
.....................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) Explain your answer to (a) in terms of the behaviour of the molecules of the liquid.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................[2]
(c) State one example in everyday life where the effect demonstrated by this experiment
occurs.
.....................................................................................................................................[1]

8 (a) Two identical open boxes originally contain the same volume of water.
One is kept at 15 °C and the other at 85 °C for the same length of time.
Fig. 8.1 shows the final water levels.

175
 Fig. 8.1
With reference to the energies of the water molecules, explain why the levels are
different.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................[3]

9. (a) From the heating or cooling curve of a substance, how do you conclude that a
substance is pure?
.........................................................................................................................................[2]
(b) Why does evaporation take place only at the liquid surface?
.........................................................................................................................................[1]
(c) Why does an increase in temperature speeds up evaporation?
.........................................................................................................................................[1]
(d) Why does a bigger surface area contributes to a faster evaporation?
.........................................................................................................................................[1]
(e) Why does a lower humidity results in a faster evaporation?
.........................................................................................................................................[1]
(f) Why does a lower atmospheric pressure results in a faster evaporation?
.........................................................................................................................................[1]
(g) A cup of hot tea cools faster when it is stirred. Why is this so?
.........................................................................................................................................[1]

176
10. A beaker containing hot liquid is placed on a table in a room. The temperature of the
beaker and its contents changes as shown in Fig. 10.1.

Fig. 10.1
(a) Use Fig. 10.1 to determine the freezing point of the liquid.
freezing point.......................................................... [1]
(b) Explain why the beaker and contents are still losing heat over the section labeled BC
in Fig. 10.1 even though the temperature is constant.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(c) What is the temperature of the room? Explain your answer.
temperature................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]

177
9.5 Latent Heat (105)
1. An immersion heater is put into some crushed ice at 0 °C. The immersion heater is
switched on.

Fig. 1.1
(a) On Fig. 1.2, sketch the graph of temperature against time, up to the time when all the
ice has melted. [3]

Fig. 1.2
(b) The heater is left switched on after all the ice has melted, and the temperature rises.
After some time, the temperature stops rising, even though the heater is still on.
(i) Suggest why the temperature stops rising, even though the heater is still on.
178
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(ii) State what happens to the energy received by the water whilst this is happening.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(iii) What is the name given to this heat energy?
.............................................................................................................................................
[3]
(c) Fig. 1.3 illustrates the arrangement of the molecules of a substance in its three states
of mater.

Fig. 1.3
(i) Name the states shown in A, B and C.
A......................................................................
B......................................................................
C..................................................................[1]

(ii) State which arrangement, A, B or C, contains molecules with the most energy.
.........................................................................................................................................[1]
(iii) Explain, in terms of the forces between the molecules and their separation, why
1. the substance in state A is easier to compress than in state B,
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................[2]
2. latent heat is needed to change the substance from state A to state B.
.............................................................................................................................................

179
.............................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................[2]
2 (a) The specific latent heat of fusion of ice is 3.36 x 105 J/kg.
(i) What is the meaning of the phrase “specific latent heat of fusion” of ice is 3.36 x
105 J/kg?
.........................................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) What is the amount of heat required to melt 20 g of ice at 0°C?.

heat = ..................................[2]
(b) The specific latent heat of vaporisation of water is 2.26 x 106 J/kg. What is the mass
of water boiled by 400 000 J of heat energy?

mass = ...............................[2]
(c) A 2 kW immersion heater is placed into a big cube of ice at 0 °C. What is the time
required to melt 400 g of the ice?
[Specific latent heat of fusion of ice = 3.36 x 105 J/kg]

time = ................................[2]

3 Fig. 3.1 shows apparatus that could be used to measure the specific latent heat of ice.

180
 Fig. 3.1
(a) Describe how you would use the apparatus. You may assume that ice at 0 °C and a
stopwatch are available. State all the readings that would be needed at each stage.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................. [4]
(b) In an experiment, 120 g of ice at 0 °C is to be melted. The specific latent heat of ice is
340 J/g. Assume that all the energy from the heater will be used to melt the ice.
Calculate the expected time for which the 60 W heater is switched on.

expected time = …………………… [2]

(c) When the experiment is carried out, the ice melts in slightly less time than the
expected time.

181
(i) State one reason why this happens.
............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Suggest one modification to the experiment that would reduce the difference between
the experimental time and the expected time.
............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]

4. Fig. 4.1 shows apparatus to measure the specific latent heat of fusion of water.

In this question, you may ignore heat transfer to the ice from the room.

Fig. 4.1

The heater is switched on and water drips into the beaker at a constant rate.

In 2.0 minutes, 31g of water drips into the beaker. The power of the heater is 85 W.

(a) Calculate the amount of electrical energy supplied to the heater in 2.0 minutes.

182
 energy = ………………………………… [2]

(b) Use your answer to (a) to calculate the specific latent heat of fusion of water.

specific latent heat = ………………………………… [2]

(c) In another experiment using the same heater, ice colder than 0 °C is used.
State why less water drips into the beaker in 2.0 minutes.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................ [1]

5. Fig. 5.1 shows a student’s attempt to estimate the specific latent heat of fusion of ice
by adding ice at 0 °C to water at 20 °C. The water is stirred continuously as ice is slowly
added until the temperature of the water is 0 °C and all the added ice has melted.

Fig. 5.1

183
(a) Three mass readings are taken. A description of the first reading is given.
Write down descriptions of the other two.
reading 1 the mass of the beaker + stirrer + thermometer
reading 2
.............................................................................................................................................
reading 3
........................................................................................................................................ [2]

(b) Write down word equations which the student could use to find
(i) the heat lost by the water as it cools from 20 °C to 0 °C,
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(ii) the heat gained by the melting ice.
.........................................................................................................................................[1]

(c) The student calculates that the water loses 12 800 J and that the mass of ice melted
is 30 g.

Calculate a value for the specific latent heat of fusion of ice.

specific latent heat of fusion = ................................................ [2]

(d) Suggest two reasons why this value is only an approximate value.
Reason
1...........................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
Reason
2...........................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................

184
 [2]
6. In an experiment to find the specific latent heat of vaporisation of water, it took 34
500J of energy to evaporate 15 g of water that was originally at 100 °C.
A second experiment showed that 600 J of energy was lost to the atmosphere from the
apparatus during the time it took to evaporate 15 g of water.

(a) Calculate the specific latent heat of vaporisation of water that would be obtained from
this experiment.

specific latent heat = …………………[3]

(b) Explain why is a steam burn much more painful than a boiling water burn.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]

7. A certain substance is in the solid state at a temperature of –36 °C. It is heated at a

constant rate for 32 minutes. The record of its temperature is given in Fig. 7.1.

Fig. 7.1
(a) State what is meant by the term latent heat.
............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) State a time at which the energy is being supplied as latent heat of fusion.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]

185
(c) Explain the energy changes undergone by the molecules of a substance during the
period when latent heat of vaporisation is being supplied.
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [2]
(d) (i) The rate of heating is 2.0 kW.
Calculate how much energy is supplied to the substance during the period 18 – 22
minutes.

energy supplied = ................................................ [3]

(ii) The specific heat capacity of the substance is 1760 J / (kg °C).
Use the information in the table for the period 18 – 22 minutes to calculate the mass of
the substance being heated.

mass heated = ................................................ [3]

8. Liquid air contains a mixture of oxygen and nitrogen.

The boiling point of nitrogen is –196 °C and the boiling point of oxygen is –183 °C.
A sample of liquid air in a beaker is allowed to warm up slowly.
Fig. 8.1 shows how the reading of a thermometer in the beaker varies with time t.

186
 Fig. 8.1
(a) Describe the two changes of state that occur and state when they occur.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................ [3]
(b) The liquid air contains 200 g of liquid oxygen and 800 g of liquid nitrogen.
The specific heat capacity of liquid oxygen is 1.7 J / (g °C) and the specific heat capacity
of liquid nitrogen is 2.0 J / (g °C).
Calculate the thermal energy needed to warm the liquid from –205 °C to −196 °C.
State the formula that you use in your calculation.

energy = ................................................ [4]

9 (a) The specific latent heat of vaporisation of water is 2260 kJ / kg.
(i) What is the meaning of the phrase “specific latent heat of vaporisation” of water
is 2260 kJ/kg?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..[1]
Explain why:

187
(ii) this energy is needed to boil water and why the temperature of the water does not
change during the boiling.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................[3]
(ii) Liquid alcohol applied onto the skin feels much cooler compared to water.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………[2]
(iii) A steam burn hurts much more than boiling water.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………[2]

(c) A laboratory determination of the specific latent heat of vaporisation of water uses a
120 W heater to keep water boiling at its boiling point. Water is turned into steam at the
rate of 0.050 g / s.
Calculate the value of the specific latent heat of vaporisation obtained from this
experiment. Show your working.

specific latent heat of vaporisation = ........................[3]

188
10. Fig. 10.1 shows an electric boiler in a school kitchen.

Fig. 10.1
The boiler contains 35 kg of water at 22°C. The specific heat capacity of water is 4200 J /
(kg °C).
(a) (i) Calculate the thermal energy (heat) needed to raise the temperature of the water
from 22 °C to its boiling point.

thermal energy = ……………………………[3]

(ii) The water in the boiler is heated with a 2600 W immersion heater. Calculate the
minimum time for the heater to bring the water to its boiling point.

time = ………………………………[2]
(iii) Suggest one reason why the actual time is greater than the time calculated in (ii).
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….[1]

189
(b) (i) The immersion heater is placed in the water at the bottom of the boiler. Explain in
detail how this ensures that the thermal energy (heat) is transferred throughout the
water.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………[4]
(ii) The boiler is made of steel and has two large plastic handles. When the water is
boiling, the steel surface at X is hot while the plastic handle at Y is cool. Explain why.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….[2]
(c) Before the water reaches boiling point, water vapour is seen escaping from the boiler.
(i) State the name of the process that produces this water vapour.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….[1]
(ii) State two differences between this process and boiling.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………[2]

11. (a) What is the amount of heat required to change 80 g of ice at 0 °C to water at
20 °C?
[Specific heat capacity of water = 4200 J/(kg °C); specific latent heat of fusion of ice =
336,000 J/kg]

heat = .................................. [4]

(b) A 2 kW heater is used to heat 600 g of water from a temperature of 28 °C to 100 °C.
The heating is continued to allow all the water to boil. What is the time taken for the
process to be completed?

190
 [Specific heat capacity of water = 4200 J/(kg °C); specific latent heat of vaporisation of
water =2.26 x 106 J/kg]

time = ...................................[4]

(c) A glass contains 0.2 kg of hot tea at 70 °C. 60 g of ice at 0 °C is added to the tea until all
of it melts. What is the final temperature of the tea?
[specific heat capacity of tea = 4200 J/(kg °C); specific latent heat of fusion of ice = 3.36
x 105 J/kg ]

final temperature = .........................................[4]

12. A mass of 0.36 kg of a certain substance is in the solid state in a well-insulated

container. Thesubstance is heated at the rate of 1.2 × 104 J / minute.
2.0 minutes after starting the heating, the substance is all at the same temperature, and
it starts tomelt.
11.0 minutes after starting the heating, the substance finishes melting and the
temperature startsto rise again.
(a) Calculate the specific latent heat of the substance.

specific latent heat = ...........................................................[3]

(b) (i) After 11 minutes of heating, when the temperature starts rising again, in which
state isthe substance?
.........................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) Describe what happens to the molecules as thermal energy is supplied to them in
thisstate.

191
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................[2]

(c) Sketch the temperature-time graph of the substance [3]

13. (a) An electric heater is surrounded by crushed ice in a vacuum flask. The ice is
initially at atemperature of –5 °C. The heater is then switched on.
Sketch a graph of temperature againsttime for the contents of the flask, assuming that
boiling eventually takes place.
Include atemperature scale and describe the contents of the flask for each region on
your graph.
Assume that the contents of the flask have a uniform temperature at all times. [7]

192
9.5 Specific heat capacity and specific latent heat (10)

1. What is the amount of heat required to change 80 g of ice at 0 °C to water at 20 °C?

[Specific heat capacity of water = 4200 J/(kg °C ); specific latent heat of fusion of ice =
336,000 J/kg]

heat = ...................................[3]
2. A 2 kW heater is used to heat 600 g of water from a temperature of 28 °C to 100
°C.The heating is continued to allow all the water to boil.
What is the time taken for the process to be completed?
[Specific heat capacity of water = 4200 J/(kg °C ); specific latent heat of vaporisation
of water =2.26 x 106 J/kg]

time taken = ............................................. [3]

3. 56. A glass contains 0.2 kg of hot tea at 70°C. 60 g of ice at 0°C is added to the tea
until all of it melts.
What is the final temperature of the tea?
[Specific heat capacity of tea = 4200 J/(kg °C ); specific latent heat of fusion of ice =
3.36 x 105 J/kg ]

193
 final temperature..............................[3]
4. Explain

9.6. Heat transfer

9.6.1 Heat Conduction (27)

1 Fig. 1.1 shows the arrangement of atoms and some particles in a metal block.

Fig. 1.1
(a) End X of the block is heated. Energy is conducted to end Y, which becomes warm.
(i) Name the particles labeled Z
........................................................................................................................................ [1]

(ii) Name the process by which thermal energy is transferred through the metal block.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]

(iii) Explain fully how heat is conducted from X to Y.

.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(iv) Explain why the solid block expands when it is heated.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................ [1]

194
(b) The block is heated and becomes a liquid.
Describe the changes that occur to the arrangement and the motion of the atoms.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]

2. (a) An iron rod and a copper rod of equal length are each held by hand at one end,
with the other end in the flame from a Bunsen burner, as shown in Fig. 2.1.

Fig. 2.1
The copper rod becomes too hot to hold much sooner than the iron rod.
What does this information tell you about iron and copper?
.........................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) Explain why:
(i) metals feel cold when touched
.........................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) Why metals (such as iron and copper) are better heat conductors than non-metals
(such as glass and wood)?
.........................................................................................................................................[1]

3 An electric soldering iron is used to melt solder, for joining wires in an electric circuit. A
soldering iron is shown in Fig. 3.1.

195
 Fig. 3.1
Solder is a metal which melts easily. The heater coil inside the metal cylinder heats the
copper tip.
(a) (i) Suggest why the tip is made of copper.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(ii) Suggest why the handle is made of plastic.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(b) The heater coil is switched on. When the tip is put in contact with the solder, some of
the heat is used to melt the solder.
(i) State the process by which the heat is transferred from the copper tip to the solder.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(ii) By which process or processes is the rest of the heat transferred to the surroundings?
Tick the boxes alongside any of the following (you may tick as many as you think are
correct).

[2]
(c) A short time after switching on the soldering iron, it reaches a steady temperature,
even though the heater coil is constantly generating heat.

196
The soldering iron is rated at 40 W.
(i) Explain why this happens.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(ii)What is the rate at which heat is being lost from the soldering iron? Tick one box.

[1]

4. In Fig. 4.1, a pin is attached to the end of each aluminium, copper, iron, glass and
brass rod by a thin wax layer. Very hot water is placed in the container.

a) Which pin will drop first?

........................................................................................................................................ [1]
b) Which pin will drop last?
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
c) What can you conclude from the observations above?
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(d) Why is copper the most suitable metal for making the car engine radiator?

197
........................................................................................................................................ [1]

5. Fig 5.1 shows a cook holding a hot pot using potholders.

Fig 5.1
a) Explain why the cook can hold the pot without burning his hands?
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
b) Explain why heat travels faster through the pot than the potholders
........................................................................................................................................[1]

6. Ice was placed at the bottom of a test-tube filled with water. The top part of the tube is
heated until the water there boils, as shown in Fig. 6.1.

Fig. 6.1

a) What happens to the ice?

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

198
 b) What does this experiment show?
........................................................................................................................................[1]

(c) In the experiment, why was the ice wrapped with a wire gauze?
.........................................................................................................................................[1]
(d) What is the method by which heat is transferred in a fluid (liquid or gas)?
.........................................................................................................................................[1]

199
9.6.2 Convection (16)
1. Describe the process of convection.
..................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................[4]
2.Fig. 2.1 shows an electric kettle used to heat water.

Explain why the heating element is placed at the bottom of the kettle.
..................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................[2]

200
3. Potassium permanganate crystals (purple) were placed in at the bottom of a beaker filled
with water. The water is then warmed slowly by a Bunsen flame, as shown in Fig. 3.1.

Fig. 3.1
Use arrows to show the direction of the convection current that will be observed? [1]

4 Fig. 4.1 shows a metal pan containing water on a cooker. The hotplate heats the water.

Fig. 4.1

(a) (i) State the method of heat transfer through the metal pan.
............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) Describe how the molecules transfer heat through the metal pan.
.................................................................................................................................

201
.............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(b) (i) On Fig. 4.1, draw an arrow to show the direction of movement of the water at point
X. [1]
(ii) Explain why the water moves in this direction.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................ [3]
5. A convector heater that is used to heat a room is shown in Fig. 5.1.

Fig. 5.1
Cold air enters at the bottom of the heater and is heated by the heating coil.
Explain how all the air in the room is heated.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................[3]

6. Three horizontal rods are placed with one end just above a Bunsen flame. The other
end ofeach rod is coated with wax, as shown in Fig. 6.1.
202
 Fig. 6.1
(a) Describe how you would use the apparatus to discover which rod is the best
conductor
of heat.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) Two metal teapots are identical except that one is black on the outside and the other
iswhite on the outside, as shown in Fig. 6.2.

Fig. 6.2
The teapots each contain the same amount of hot water.
State and explain which teapot will cool down more quickly.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................

203
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................... [3]

9.6.3 Radiation (40)

1. Give an account of an experiment that is designed to show which of four surfaces will
absorb most heat radiation.
The four surfaces are all the same metal, but one is a polished black surface, one is a
polished silver surface, one is a dull black surface and the fourth one is painted white.
Give your answer under the headings below.
(i) Labelled diagram of the apparatus [3]

Readings to be taken
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................[2]

One precaution to try to achieve a fair comparison between the various surfaces

204
.............................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................[1]
.
2 (a) Fig. 2.1 shows two identical metal plates. The front surface of one is dull black and
the front surface of the other is shiny silver.
The plates are fitted with heaters that keep the surfaces of the plates at the same
temperature.

Fig. 2.1
(i) State the additional apparatus needed to test which surface is the best emitter of heat
radiation.
..................................................................................................................................
(ii) State one precaution that is needed to ensure a fair comparison.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(iii) State the result that you expect.
.............................................................................................................................................
(iv) Write down another name for heat radiation.
.............................................................................................................................................
[4]
3. Fig. 3.1 shows some apparatus designed to compare the ability of two surfaces to
absorb infra-red radiation.

205
 Fig. 3.1
The containers, which are identical, are painted on the outside. One is dull black, the
other is shiny white. Both are filled with water, initially at the same temperature.
(a) (i) Describe how you would use the apparatus to compare the abilities of the two
surfaces to absorb infra-red radiation.
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................ [2]
(ii) State the result that you would expect.
............................................................................................................................ [1]
(b) The thermometers used have high sensitivity and linear scales.
(i) State what is meant by high sensitivity.
.................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................ [1]
(ii) Explain why a high sensitivity is important for this experiment.
.................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................ [1]
(iii) State what is meant by a linear scale.
.................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................ [1]

206
4 A solar panel is mounted on the roof of a house. Fig. 4.1 shows a section through part of
the solar panel.

Fig. 4.1
A pump makes water circulate through the copper pipes. The water is heated by passing
through the solar panel.
(a) Suggest why
(i) the pipes are made of copper,
.............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) the pipes and the metal backing sheet are painted black,
.............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(iii) an insulating material is attached to the metal backing sheet,
.............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(iv) the presence of the glass sheet increases the energy collected by the water.
.............................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) During one day, 250 kg of water is pumped through the solar panel. The temperature of
this water rises from 16 °C to 38 °C.
The water absorbs 25% of the energy falling on the solar panel, and the specific heat
capacity of water is 4200 J / (kg °C).
Calculate the energy falling on the solar panel during that day.

207
 energy = ............................................................ [4]

5. Fig. 5.1 shows the structure of a vacuum flask.

Fig. 5.1
(a) How does the stopper prevent heat loss?
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(b) How does the vacuum prevent heat loss?
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(c) How does the silvered wall prevent heat loss?
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(d) In real use, hot water stored in a vacuum flask, did experience a slight heat loss.
How is this possible?
........................................................................................................................................ [1]

208
6. (a) What is a “greenhouse?
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(b) What is the “greenhouse effect”?
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(c) What gases are “greenhouse gases”?
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(d) What is the main cause for the increase of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere?
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(e) Mention one effect of “greenhouse effect and one consequence of this effect.
Effect…………………………………………………………………………………..………………
Consequence …………………………………………………………………………………….....
[2]
6 (a) Here is a list of solid materials. Put a tick in the box alongside those materials which
are good conductors of heat.

[3]
(b) State the word we use to describe materials that are poor conductors of heat.
.....................................................................................................................................[1]
(c) From the list of materials given in (a), state which would be suitable to use for
(i) the base of a cooking pot,..........................................................................................
(ii) the covering on the handle of a kettle. .......................................................................
[2]
(d) Water is a poor conductor of heat. A beaker of water is heated as shown in Fig. 6.1.

209
 Fig. 6.1
All the water heats up quite quickly.
State the process by which heat spreads most rapidly through the water.
.....................................................................................................................................[1]
(e) State why the heating element is always placed near the bottom of an electric kettle.
.........................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................[1]

7. Fig. 7.1 shows an electric kettle used to heat water to its boiling point.

Fig. 7.1
(a) Describe, in terms of the motion of particles, how thermal energy is conducted
through the walls of the kettle.

210
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................[2]
(b) Infra-red waves are emitted from the hot walls of the kettle.
State one use of infra-red waves in the home, other than for heating.
.........................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................[1]
(c) Water may evaporate or boil inside the kettle.
Explain the differences between boiling and evaporation.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................[3]

8. Fig. 8.1 shows equipment placed on top of a house that uses solar energy to produce
hot water.

211
 Fig. 8.1
(a) Explain why the solar collector has a black base.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) State and explain why the hot water in the solar collector travels to the hot-water tank.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................... [2]
(c) Fig. 8.1 does not show any insulation.
(i) Explain why it is important to insulate the hot-water tank.
.................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................ [1]
(ii) Explain how the hot-water tank is insulated.
.................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................ [1]

9. Heat is transferred by conduction, convection and radiation.

212
(a) (i) State which of the three methods is responsible for the transfer of heat from the
Sun to the Earth.
............................................................................................................................................
(ii) Explain why the other two methods cannot be involved in this transfer.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................[2]
(b) A hand feels hot when placed above a lighted match, as shown in Fig. 2.1.

Fig. 2.1
Explain in detail how convection causes this to happen.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................[2]
(c) Fig. 2.2 shows a layer of fibreglass placed between the ceiling of a room and the roof
of a house.

213
 Fig. 2.2
Explain how the layer of fibreglass helps to keep the room warm when it is cold outside.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................[2]

214
 Chapter 10. Waves
10.1 Properties of Waves (30)
1. When waves travel across the surface of water they may set up regular disturbances.
(a) Complete the following sentences.
(i) The maximum disturbance caused by a wave is called its
............................................................................................................................................
(ii) The distance between one crest and the next crest of a wave is called the
............................................................................................................................................
(iii) The number of waves passing a point in one second is called the
............................................................................................................................................
(iv) Waves transfer .............................................................................................................
[4]
2. A boy holds a long rope at one end and moves it sharply up and down to send waves
along the rope. Fig. 2.1 shows the waves moving along the rope.

Fig. 2.1

(a) Mark on the diagram

(i) the wavelength of the wave and label it λ ,
(ii) the amplitude of the wave and label it A. [2]

(b) Explain how the boy changes the movement of his hand to
(i) increase the amplitude of the wave,
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) increase the frequency of the wave.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………

215
(iii) produce a longitudinal wave
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
[3]
3 Fig. 3.1 shows circular wavefronts produced at the centre of a circular ripple tank.

Fig. 3.1
Two corks, A and B, float on the water in the ripple tank. They move up and down on the
surface of the water as the wave passes. The wavelength of the wave is 8.0 cm.
Fig. 3.2 shows how the displacement of A varies with time.

Fig. 3.2

(a) State the amplitude of the vibrations of A as the wave passes.

amplitude = .........................................................[1]

(b) The horizontal distance between A and B is half the wavelength of the wave.
On Fig. 3.2, sketch a graph to show how the displacement of B varies with time. [2]

216
(c) (i) Use Fig. 3.2 to determine the frequency of the wave.

frequency = .........................................................[2]

(ii) The distance between the centre of the ripple tank and its edge is 40 cm.
Determine the time taken by a wavefront to travel from the centre of the tank to the edge.

time = ..................................................................[2]
(iv) Use Fig. 3.2 to determine the period of the wave.

period = .........................................................[2]

4. Fig. 4.1 shows a water wave passing a floating log. The log is stationary.

Fig. 4.1

The log is 6.0 m long and 5 complete waves take 10 seconds to pass point A.
Determine
(i) the wavelength of the water waves,
wavelength = ……………….……[1]
(ii) the frequency of the water waves,
frequency = ……………….……[2]
(iii) the period of the wave
period = ……………….……[2]
(iv) the speed of the water waves.

217
 speed = ……………….……[2]

5. Waves on the surface of a pond cause a wooden ring to slide up and down a fixed
vertical rod as the waves pass. This is shown in the diagram.

The distance PQ is 8 cm. The wooden ring reaches P every 20 seconds.

(a) Give the amplitude of the wave.
amplitude = ……………….……[1]

(b) How many waves pass the rod in 60 seconds?

waves = ……………….……[1]

(c) How does the motion of the ring show that the waves are transverse?
.............................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................[2]

(d) Name two other types of wave that are transverse.

1...........................................................................................................................................
2...........................................................................................................................................
[2]

218
10.2 Types of waves (25)
1. A wave can travel along a rope when one end is disturbed.
This type of wave is shown in diagram 1.

A different type of wave can travel along a spring when one end is disturbed.
This type of wave is shown in diagram 2.

(a) What type of wave is shown in:

(i) diagram 1; .....................................................................................................................
(ii) diagram 2? ...................................................................................................................
[2]
(b) Mark on diagram 2, the parts that represent:
1. wavelength
2. compressions and rarefactions [3]
(c) State two differences between the two waves.

219
1…………………………………………………………………………………….………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2…………………………………………………………………………….………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..….
[2]
(d) Give one example of each wave
Wave 1…………………………………………………
Wave 2 ………………………………………………..
[2]
2. (a) Water waves are transverse waves. Sound is a longitudinal wave.
(i) Describe the differences between transverse waves and longitudinal waves. In your
account, draw a diagram of each type of wave.
Diagram

Differences
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….[3]
(ii) Sound contains regions of compression and regions of rarefaction. Describe what is
meant by a compression and by a rarefaction.
Compression ………………………………………………………………………………………
Rarefaction…………………………………………………………………………………….. [2]

220
(b) Mark on your diagrams the distance equal to the wavelengths of the waves. Label the
distances with a letter W. [2]

3. Boy A throws a large stone into a large still pond, as illustrated in Fig. 3.1.

Fig. 3.1
(a) Girl B hears the ‘plop’ sound of the stone entering the water a very short time after
she sees the splash, but it is many seconds before the water wave reaches the edge of
the pond where she is sitting.
Use this information to decide which wave travels fastest and which travels slowest.
Write ‘fastest’ in one box and ‘slowest’ in another box. Leave one box empty.

[2]

221
(b) In the boxes below, state whether each type of wave is a transverse or a longitudinal
wave.

[3]
(c) In the boxes below, put a tick alongside any of the types of wave that do not need a
substance in which to travel.

[1]

(c) Some waves are longitudinal; some waves are transverse.

Some waves are electromagnetic; some waves are mechanical.

Put ticks (✓) in the table below to indicate which of these descriptions apply to the light

waves of the lightning and the sound waves of the thunder.

[3]

222
10.3 Sound Waves (75)
1. When a guitar string is plucked a sound is heard.
Explain how the sound is produced.
______________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________[2]

2. Fig. 2.1 shows how the air pressure at one instant varies with distance along the path
of a continuous sound wave.

Fig. 2.1
(a) What type of waves are sound waves?
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(b) On Fig. 2.1, mark on the axis PY
(i) one point C where there is a compression in the wave, [1]
(ii) one point R where there is a rarefaction in the wave. [1]

(c) Describe the motion of a group of air particles situated on the path of the wave shown
in Fig. 2.1.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................[2]

223
(d) The sound wave shown has speed of 340 m / s and a frequency of 200 Hz.
Calculate the distance represented by PX on Fig. 2.1.

distance = ........................[2]
3. (a) Fig. 3.1 illustrates a sound wave travelling through the air.

Fig. 3.1
(i) On Fig. 6.1, mark clearly the direction in which the air particles are moving. [1]
(ii) Use Fig. 6.1 to measure the wavelength of the sound wave.
wavelength = .......................................... [1]
(iii) The pitch of the sound wave is raised.
State how the sound wave pattern would differ from that shown in Fig. 3.1.
.............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................ [1]

4 Fig. 4.1 shows an electric bell that is suspended in a glass bell-jar. A vacuum pump
slowly removes air from the bell-jar.

224
 Fig. 4.1
(a) Sound travels through the air in the bell-jar and then through the glass. State how the
speed of the sound changes, if at all, as it passes from the air into the glass.
................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) State and explain what happens to the sound heard as air is removed from the bell-
jar.
.........................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................... [2]

5. Fig. 5.1 shows the path of a sound wave from a source X.

225
 Fig. 5.1
(a) State why a person standing at point Y hears an echo.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) The frequency of the sound wave leaving X is 400 Hz. State the frequency of the
sound wave reaching Y.
frequency = ……………….. [1]
(c) The speed of the sound wave leaving X is 330 m/s. Calculate the wavelength of these
sound waves.

wavelength = ………………………. [2]

(d) Sound waves are longitudinal waves.
State what is meant by the term longitudinal.
............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................ [1]

226
6. Two students are asked to determine the speed of sound in air on the school playing
fields.
(a) List the apparatus they need.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) List the readings that the students need to take.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................... [2]
(c) State how the speed of sound is calculated from the readings.
................................................................................................................................... [1]
(d) State one precaution that could be taken to improve the accuracy of the value
obtained.
.........................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................... [1]
(e) The table gives some speeds.

Place a tick in the table to show the speed which is closest to

(i) the speed of sound in air,
(ii) the speed of sound in water.
[2]

227
7. During a thunderstorm, thunder and lightning are produced at the same time.
(a) A person is some distance away from the storm.
Explain why the person sees the lightning before hearing the thunder.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) A scientist in a laboratory made the following measurements during a thunderstorm.

Fig. 7.1
(i) How many minutes after the storm started did it reach its closest point to the
laboratory?
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) How can you tell that the storm was never immediately over the laboratory?
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) When the storm started, it was immediately above a village 1200 m from the
laboratory.
Using this information and information from Fig. 7.1, calculate the speed of sound.

speed of sound = ................................................ [2]

(iv) State the assumption you made when you calculated your answer to (b)(iii).
....................................................................................................................................... [1]

8. Observations of a distant thunderstorm are made.

(a) During a lightning flash, the average wavelength of the light emitted is 5 × 10 –7 m.
This light travels at 3 × 108 m/s.

228
Calculate the average frequency of this light.

frequency = ...................................... [2]

(b) The interval between the lightning flash being seen and the thunder being heard is
3.6 s. The speed of sound in air is 340 m/s.
(i) Calculate the distance between the thunderstorm and the observer.

distance = ............................................
(ii) Explain why the speed of light is not taken into account in this calculation.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
[3]

9. Ultrasound can be used by fishing vessels to find the depth of the sea or to locate
shoals of fish. The diagram shows the transmission and reflection of ultra-sound from a
fishing vessel.

229
(a) What is ultrasound?
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) State two differences between ultrasound waves and radio waves.
.............................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................[2]
(c) The speed of ultrasound in water is 1500 m/s.
(i) The frequency of the ultrasound used for depth finding is 50 000 Hz. Calculate the
wavelength of the ultrasound.

wavelength = …………………………..[2]
(ii) On the diagram the depth of the sea is 1200 m. Calculate the time it would take for
the ultrasound wave to travel from the transmitter to the sea-bed and back to the
receiver.

time = …………………………..[2]
(d) Waves with small wavelengths spread out (diffract) less than those with long
wavelengths. Use this information to suggest why ultrasound is much better than
ordinary sound for finding the depth of the sea.
.............................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................[2]

10. Some sailors use sound waves to measure the depth of water beneath their ship. A
pulse of sound is transmitted to the sea bed and returns to the ship. Fig. 10.1 shows the
arrangement.

230
 Fig. 10.1
(a) State why the pulse of sound returns to the ship.
.........................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) Sound is a longitudinal wave. Explain what is meant by a longitudinal wave.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................[1]
(c) The time taken for the sound pulse to reach the sea bed and then return to the ship is
0.10 s. The speed of sound in sea water is 1500m/ s.
Calculate the depth of the sea.

depth = ........................... [3]

5 This question is about the sound produced by a mobile phone and the energy changes
while it is operating.
(a) The sound produced by a ringing phone consists of two notes, one after the other.

231
11. Fig. 11.1 shows the trace on an oscilloscope screen produced by the first of the
notes.

Fig. 11.1
The second note is louder and has a higher pitch.
(i) On Fig. 11.1, continue the trace to show what happens when the second note is
sounding. [2]
(ii) Explain the differences between the two traces.
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
12. Fig. 12.1 shows the waveform of the note from a bell. A grid is given to help you take
measurements.

232
 Fig. 12.1
(a) (i) State what, if anything, is happening to the loudness of the note.
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) State how you deduced your answer to (a)(i).
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) (i) State what, if anything, is happening to the frequency of the note.
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) State how you deduced your answer to (b)(i).
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(c) (i) How many oscillations does it take for the amplitude of the wave to decrease to
half its initial value?
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) The wave has a frequency of 300 Hz.
1. What is meant by a frequency of 300 Hz?
...........................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
2. How long does 1 cycle of the wave take?
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
3. How long does it take for the amplitude to decrease to half its initial value?
....................................................................................................................................... [2]

233
(d) A student says that the sound waves, which travelled through the air from the bell,
were longitudinal waves, and that the air molecules moved repeatedly closer together
and then further apart.
(i) Is the student correct in saying that the sound waves are longitudinal? .................
(ii) Is the student correct about the movement of the air molecules? .................
(iii) The student gives light as another example of longitudinal waves.
Is this correct? .................
[3]
13. A disused railway line has a length of 300 m. A man puts his ear against one end of
the rail
and another man hits the other end with a metal hammer, as shown in Fig. 13.1.

Fig. 13.1
(a) (i) State an approximate value for the speed of sound in air.
speed of sound in air =................................................. [1]
(ii) Sound travels at 5000 m / s in steel.
Calculate the time it takes for the sound to travel along the rail.

time taken = ................................................ [2]

(b) The man with his ear to the railway line actually hears two sounds from the hammer,
separated by a short interval.
Explain why he hears two sounds.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
234
................................................................................................................................... [2]

10.4 Reflection(37)

235
1. (a) Fig. 1.1 shows two rays of light from a point O on an object. These rays are
incident on a plane mirror.

Fig. 1.1
(i) State the laws of reflection.
.............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................ [2]
(ii)On Fig. 1.1, continue the paths of the two rays after they reach the mirror. Hence
locate the image of the object O. Label the image I. [2]
(iii) Describe the nature of the image I.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................ [2]

(b) Fig. 1.2 shows a ray of light incident on a mirror at X. The incident ray makes an
angle of 50° with the surface of the mirror.

236
 Fig. 1.2
(i) Complete Fig. 1.2 to show the normal and the reflected ray at X. [1]
(ii) State the values of
1. the angle of incidence, ............................................... [1]
2. the angle of reflection. ............................................... [1]
(c) Describe with the help of a diagram how you would find the position of the image
produced by a plane mirror.

.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................... [3]

237
(d) Fig. 1.3 shows a ray of light from a pin. The light is incident on a plane mirror.

Fig. 1.3
On Fig. 1.3
(i) draw the reflected ray,
(ii) mark with an X the position of the image of the pin.
[3]

238
2.Fig. 2.1 shows a small object P in front of a plane mirror M.

Fig. 2.1
(a) On Fig. 2.1, carefully draw two rays that show how the mirror forms the image of
object P.
(b) Label the image I.
(c) State one characteristics of the image that is seen after completing (a) & (b) above.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
[4]

3. Fig. 3.1 shows a man looking at his reflection in a rectangular plane mirror.

239
 Fig. 3.1
The vertical side of the mirror has length h.
(a) (i) On Fig. 3.1, draw a ray of light from point X that is reflected by the mirror to the
man’s eye. [1]
(ii) On Fig. 3.1, mark the angle of incidence of your ray at the mirror.
Label this angle i. [1]
(iii) Define the angle of incidence.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(b) On Fig. 3.1, draw a ray of light from the top of the man’s hat that is reflected by the
mirror to his eye. [1]
Use your rays to determine the smallest value of h that allows the man to see all of the
image in the mirror, from the top of his hat to his toes.
On the diagram, 1 cm represents 0.5 m.

h = ………………………………… [2]

240
4. Fig. 4.1 shows an old coin displayed in a museum.

Fig. 4.1
The coin is vertical and is supported by a transparent stand. A vertical mirror 0.17 m
behind the coin ensures that the back of the coin can be seen by a visitor looking from
the line P.
M is a point on the back of the coin.
(a) On Fig. 4.1,
(i) draw two rays of light from M to show how its image is produced, [2]
(ii) label the image I. [1]
(b) State the distance from point M on the coin to its image.
distance = .................................................. [1]

5. Two apartment blocks are one each side of a road, as shown in Fig. 5.1. A beam of
light from a police helicopter is hitting the top window H of the left-hand apartment block.

241
 Fig. 5.1
(a) (i) On Fig. 5.1,
1. draw the normal at the point where the beam hits window H, [1]
2. label the angle of incidence of the beam of light on window H. [1]

242
(ii) State the equation that links the angle of incidence with the angle of reflection.
................................................. [1]
(iii) Which window does the beam hit next, after reflection from H?
................................................. [1]
(iv) Which other windows, if any, receive light from the helicopter?
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(b) Fig. 5.2 shows another example of reflection. The drawing is incomplete.

Fig. 5.2
The horizontal card with the letter P on it is being reflected in the vertical mirror.
On Fig. 5.2, draw the reflection of the letter P. [2]

6 (a) Fig. 6.1 shows a ray of light AB striking a plane mirror at an angle of incidence of
40°.

243
 Fig. 6.1
(a)State the value of the angle of reflection of the ray ................................................... [1]
(b) An object of height 2 cm is placed 5 cm in front of a plane mirror.
(i) State the height of the image formed by the mirror. ................................................... [1]
(ii) Find the distance between the object and the image.
distance = ................................................... [2]

10.5 Refraction (25)

1. A ray of light passes from air into a transparent plastic block as shown in Fig. 1.1.

Fig. 1.1
(a) (i) State Snell’s law of refraction?
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
244
(ii) On Fig. 1.1, label the angle of incidence with the letter i and angle of refraction with
the letter r. [1]
(iii) State how you would use these angles to determine the refractive index of the plastic.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(iv) Complete Fig. 1.1 to show the ray of light after it has left the plastic block. [1]

(b) A second ray of light is incident on the block with an angle of incidence of 64°. The
angle of refraction is 40°. Calculate the refractive index of the plastic.

refractive index = ................................................ [2]

(c) Fig. 1.2 shows a ray of light passing from air into a glass block. The normal to
thesurface of the glass is shown.

Fig. 1.2
(i) Calculate the angle of incidence. ..............................................................................
(ii) Name angle B. ..........................................................................................................
[2]

245
2. Fig. 2.1 shows a ray PQ of blue light incident on the side of a rectangular glass block.

Fig. 2.1
(a) (i) By drawing on Fig. 2.1, continue the ray PQ through and beyond the block.
(ii) Mark the angle of incidence at CD with the letter i and the angle of refraction at CD
with the letter r.
[3]
(b) The speed of light in air is 3.0 x 108 m/s and the speed of light in glass is 2.0 x108m/s.
(i) Write down a formula that gives the refractive index of glass in terms of the speeds of
light in air and glass.
refractive index = ………………………….
(ii) Use this formula to calculate the refractive index of glass.
refractive index = …………….……………
[2]
(c) The frequency of the blue light in ray PQ is 6.0 x 1014 Hz.
Calculate the wavelength of this light in air.

246
 wavelength = ……………..……[2]
3. Fig. 3.1 shows a ray of light incident on a glass block and the refracted ray in the
block.

Fig. 3.1
The angle of incidence is 46° and the angle of refraction is 28°.
(a) Calculate the refractive index of the glass.

refractive index = ................................................ [3]

(b) Complete Fig. 3.1 to show the ray of light after it leaves the glass block. [1]

4. Fig. 4.1 shows a rectangular glass block ABCD.

247
 Fig. 4.1
(a) The ray FE is partly reflected and partly refracted at E.
(i) On Fig. 4.1, draw in the approximate path of the refracted ray, within and beyond the
block. Label the ray refracted ray. [1]
(ii) On Fig. 4.1, draw in the path of the reflected ray. Label the ray reflected ray. [1]
(b) A second ray, almost parallel to AE, strikes the block at E and is partly refracted at an
angle of refraction of 43°.
(i) State an approximate value for the angle of incidence at E.
i =................................................. [1]
(ii) State an approximate value for the critical angle for the light in the glass block.
c ................................................. [1]
(iii) Calculate an approximate value for the refractive index of the glass of the block.

refractive index = ................................................ [2]

(c) The speed of the light along ray FE is 3.0 x 108 m/s. Calculate the speed of the
refracted light in the glass block.

speed = ................................................ [2]

7 (a) In Fig. 7.1, a ray of light is shown passing into water from air. The angle of the
refracted ray tothe normal is 40°.
On Fig. 7.1, mark clearly the angle of incidence i. [1]

248
 Fig. 7.1
(b) In Fig. 7.2, a ray of light is shown in water and reaching the surface with the air at an
angle of40° to the normal.

Fig. 7.2
(i) On Fig. 7.2, draw accurately the path of the ray in the air. [2]
(ii) The angle in the water in Fig. 7.2 is increased from 40° to 70°, and the ray no longer
emerges into the air.
State what happens to the ray at the surface and explain why this happens.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................... [2]

249
10.6 Critical angle and Total Internal Reflection

1.In Fig. 1.1, a ray of light TRS is shown entering, passing through and leaving a
semicircular glass block.

Fig. 1.1
(a) As the light enters the block, its frequency remains constant.
State what happens to
(i) the speed of the light as it enters the block,
............................................................................................................................................
(ii) the wavelength of the light as it enters the block.
............................................................................................................................................
[2]
(b) The refractive index of the glass is 1.48.
The speed of light in air is 3.00 × 108 m / s.
Calculate the speed of the light in the glass. State the equation you use.

speed = ......................................................... [2]

250
(c) Another ray of light enters the block along UR.
On Fig. 1.1, draw a line to show what happens to this ray after it has reached R. [2]

2 (a) Fig. 2.1 shows the results of an experiment to find the critical angle for light in a
semicircular glass block.

Fig. 2.1
The ray of light PO hits the glass at O at an angle of incidence of 0°.
Q is the centre of the straight side of the block.
(i) Measure the critical angle of the glass from Fig. 2.1.
critical angle = .........................
(ii) Explain what is meant by the critical angle of the light in the glass.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................[3]

(b) Fig. 2.2 shows another ray passing through the same block.

251
 Fig. 2.2
The speed of the light between W and Q is 3.0 × 108m/s. The speed of the light between
Q and Y is 2.0 × 108m/s.
(i) State the speed of the light between Y and Z.
speed = ......................................
(ii) Write down an expression, in terms of the speeds of the light, that may be used to
find the refractive index of the glass. Determine the value of the refractive index.
Expression ………………………………………

refractive index = ........................

(iii) Explain why there is no change of direction of ray QY as it passes out of the glass.
.............................................................................................................................................
(iv) What happens to the wavelength of the light as it passes out of the glass?
.............................................................................................................................................
[5]
3. Fig. 3.1 shows a ray of light OPQ passing through a semi-circular glass block.

252
 Fig. 3.1
(a) Explain why there is no change in the direction of the ray at P.
.............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(b) State the changes, if any, that occur to the speed, wavelength and frequency of the
light as it enters the glass block.
Speed...................................................................................................................................
Wavelength..........................................................................................................................
Frequency............................................................................................................................
[3]
(c) At Q some of the light in ray OPQ is reflected and some is refracted.
On Fig. 3.1, draw in the approximate positions of the reflected ray and the refracted ray.
Label these rays. [2]
(d) The refractive index for light passing from glass to air is 0.67.
Calculate the angle of refraction of the ray that is refracted at Q into air.

angle = ………………. [3]

253
4. Fig. 4.1 and Fig. 4.2 show rays of light passing through the same semi-circular block
of plastic.

Fig. 4.1 Fig. 4.2

Q is the centre of the straight side of the block.
(a) State the value of the critical angle in the plastic.
critical angle = ........................................... [1]
(b) Explain what is meant by the critical angle.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................ [2]
(c) Calculate the refractive index of the plastic. State the formula that you use.

refractive index = ................................... [3]

(d) Some light reflects back into the plastic at Q.
On Fig. 4.1, draw the reflected ray at Q. [1]

5 (a) Fig. 5.1 shows a young boy lying on his back on the bottom of a swimming pool. He
is holding his breath and his eyes are open. A red light is positioned on the ground at Q.
At first the boy’s head is touching the pool wall. He notices that, as he slides away from
the pool wall, his eye reaches a point P where he first sees the light at Q. Fig. 5.1 shows
the boy in this position.

254
 Fig. 5.1
(i) On Fig. 5.1, draw the ray of light travelling from Q to P. Mark the critical angle for light
in water and label it C. [2]
(ii) Explain why the boy is unable to see the red light at Q when his eye is closer to the
pool wall than P.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(iii) The critical angle is 49°. Calculate the refractive index of water.

refractive index = ......................................... [2]

(iv) The red light is now replaced with a blue light. State the effect of this on the
wavelength of the light in the air.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]

255
6. Fig. 6.1 shows part of the path of a ray of light PQ travelling in an optical fibre.

Fig. 6.1
PQ undergoes total internal reflection at Q.
(a) Explain what is meant by total internal reflection, and state the conditions under which
it occurs.
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
….........................................................................................................................................
[3]
(b) Explain why the ray does not leave the fibre at Q
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................[2]
(c) Carefully complete the path of the ray of light, until it reaches the end R of the optical
fibre.
(d) The light in the optical fibre has a wavelength of 3.2 x 10–7 m and is travelling at a
speed of 1.9 x 108m/s.

256
(i) Calculate the frequency of the light.

frequency = …………………...
(ii) The speed of light in air is 3.0 x 108m/s.
Calculate the refractive index of the material from which the fibre is made.

refractive index = …………………...

[4]
(e)In telecommunication, what are the advantages of using optical fibres over copper
cables?.................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................[2]

7. The diagram shows how a doctor can see inside a patient’s stomach.

Complete paragraph below by choosing the correct words from the box.

257
Light can be sent along ................................................. fibres in a piece of equipment
called an ...................................................................... Light travels along the fibres by
repeated total ............................................................ reflection. This happens because
light hits the inside surface of the fibres at an angle greater than the…………………….
............................................................ angle of the fibres. [4]

8. (a) A ray of light passes through one surface of a glass prism at right angles to the
surface, as shown in Fig. 8.1.

Fig. 8.1

(i) State why the ray is not deviated as it passes through the surface into the glass at A.
.................................................................................................................................

258
............................................................................................................................ [1]
(ii) On Fig. 8.1, use a ruler to help you draw the rest of the path of the ray, until it has
emerged again into the air. [3]
(b) Fig. 8.2 shows a periscope that uses two plane mirrors.

Fig. 8.2
(i) On Fig. 8.2, clearly mark the angle of incidence i and the angle of reflection r at
mirror A. [1]
(ii) State the equation linking i and r. [1]
(iii) In the space below, use a ruler to redraw the periscope, but using prisms like that in
Fig. 8.1 instead of mirrors at A and B.
[2]
9. Fig. 9.1 shows a ray of light, from the top of an object PQ, passing through two glass
prisms.

259
 Fig. 9.1
(a) Complete the path through the two prisms of the ray shown leaving Q. [1]
(b) A person looking into the lower prism, at the position indicated by the eye symbol,
sees an image of PQ.
State the properties of this image.
.....................................................................................................................................[2]
(c) Explain why there is no change in direction of the ray from P at points A, C, D and F.
.........................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................[1]
(d) The speed of light as it travels from P to A is 3 × 108 m/s and the refractive index of
the prism glass is 1.5.
Calculate the speed of light in the prism.

speed = ........................[2]
(e) Explain why the ray AB reflects through 90° at B and does not pass out of the prism
at B.
.........................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................[2]

260
 10.7 Electromagnetic Waves (45)
1. (a) The diagram shows the various parts of the electromagnetic spectrum.

(i) Describe the relationship shown between the energy carried by an electromagnetic
wave and its frequency.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(ii) Explain why waves with high energy are more dangerous to humans than those with
low energy.
............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................ [2]
(iii) Describe the relationship shown between the wavelength and frequency of the
waves.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(b) (i) Name the radiation at A. ………………………………………………………………[1]
(ii) Name the radiation at B. …………………………………………………………...………[1]
(iii) State one use of X-rays.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(iv) State one harmful effect of X-rays.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(v) State two properties that all electromagnetic waves have in common.
............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................ [2]

261
2. The Sun produces visible light, infra-red and ultraviolet waves that travel through
space to reach the surface of the Earth.
(a) (i) State two things that are common to visible light, infra-red and ultraviolet waves.
............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................ [2]
(ii) Too much exposure to infra-red and ultraviolet waves can cause damage to the
body. State the damage that each type of wave can cause.
infra-red................................................................................................................................
ultraviolet..............................................................................................................................
[2]

3 (a) The following list contains the names of types of energy transfer by means of
waves.
ˠ-rays, infra-red, radio/TV/microwaves, sound, visible light, X-rays
(i) Which one of these is not a type of electromagnetic wave?
.................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) State the nature of the wave you have named in (a)(i).
.................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) The remaining names in the list are all regions of the electromagnetic spectrum, but
one region is missing.
Name the missing region.
.................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) A television station emits waves with a frequency of 2.5 × 108 Hz. Electromagnetic
waves travel at a speed of 3.0 × 108 m / s.
Calculate the wavelength of the waves emitted by this television station. State the
equation you use.

wavelength = …………………………………….[2]

262
4. X-rays, microwaves, ultra-violet rays and infra-red rays are different types of radiation
in the electromagnetic spectrum.
(a) Write the name of one of these types of radiation in each of the boxes, placing them
in order of increasing wavelength.

[2]
(b) State one use of ultra-violet radiation.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(c) State two properties that are common to all types of radiation in the electromagnetic
spectrum. (Other than those mentioned in Question 1)
1. .........................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
2. .........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................ [2]

wavelength = ......................................................... [3]

(b) Violet light is form of visible light and it has a wavelength of 4.0 × 10–7 m.
(i) Calculate the frequency of this light, clearly stating the value of any constant used in
the calculation.

frequency = ................................................ [3]

(ii) State two different components of the electromagnetic spectrum that have
wavelengths smaller than the wavelength of violet light.
1. .........................................................................................................................................
2. .....................................................................................................................................[2]

263
(iii) 1. Discuss a medical application of one of these components of the electromagnetic
spectrum.
.............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................ [2]
2. State a health risk associated with this component of the electromagnetic
spectrum.
.........................................................................................................................................[1]

5. Fig. 5.1 shows the parts of the electromagnetic spectrum.

Fig. 5.1
(a) Name one type of radiation that has
(i) a higher frequency than ultra-violet,
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(ii) a longer wavelength than visible light.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(b) Some γ-rays emitted from a radioactive source have a speed in air of 3.0 x 10 8m/s
and a wavelength of 1.0 x 10–12m.
Calculate the frequency of the γ-rays.

frequency = ………………. [2]

(c) State the approximate speed of infra-red waves in air.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]

264
6 Fig. 6.1 shows some regions of the electromagnetic spectrum, arranged in order of
increasing wavelength.

Fig. 6.1
(a) Name the type of electromagnetic wave found in the region that is not labelled.
.....................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) State the speed in a vacuum of electromagnetic waves.
................................................................................................................................... [1]
(c) Which of the regions shown in Fig. 6.1 refers to waves of the highest frequency?
.....................................................................................................................................[1]
(d) Electromagnetic waves are transverse waves. Explain the meaning of transverse.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................[2]

265
10. 8 Lenses (70)
1. Fig. 1.1 shows three rays of light, parallel to the axis of a thin converging lens.
The rays strike the first surface of the lens. F1 and F2 are the two principal foci of the
lens.

Fig. 1.1
(a) Describe and explain what happens to the top ray as it enters the lens.
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
[3]
(b) On Fig. 1.1, use a ruler to,
(i) complete the three rays through the lens, until they reach about 5 cm to the right of
the lens, [2]
(ii) draw a fourth ray, parallel to the others on the left of the lens, which passes through
F2, until it reaches about 5 cm to the right of the lens. [1]
(c) A lens such as that shown in Fig. 1.1 can be used as a magnifying glass.
(i) On Fig. 1.1, show with an X where the object could be positioned for the lens to be
used as a magnifying glass. [1]
(ii) State 3 characteristics of the image formed by a magnifying glass.

266
1…......................................................................................................................................
2..........................................................................................................................................
3..........................................................................................................................................
[3]
2 Fig. 2.1 shows how an image is formed by a converging lens.

Fig. 2.1
(a) State the value of the focal length of the lens.

focal length = ..........................................[1]

(b) The object O is moved a small distance to the left.

State two things that happen to the image I.
1..........................................................................................................................................
2. ................................................................................................................................... [2]
(c) Points F1 and F2 are marked on Fig. 2.1.
(i) State the name we give to these two points.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) On Fig. 2.1, draw the ray from the top of the object which passes through F2.
Continue your ray until it meets the image. [2]

267
3. Fig. 3.1 shows a converging lens being used as a magnifying glass.
An object 1.6 cm tall is placed 2.4 cm from the lens.

Fig. 3.1

(a) What is meant by the focal point of the lens?

.........................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) What is meant by the focal length of the lens?
.........................................................................................................................................[1]
(c) What is the focal length of this lens?
f = …………………………….. [1]
On Fig. 3.1, use a ruler to construct accurately the position and size of the image.
You should show how you construct your ray diagram and how light appears to come
from the image to the eye.
[4]
(d) The image is virtual. What is a virtual image?
...........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................[1]

268
(c) Calculate the magnification produced by the lens. Show clearly how you work out
your answer.

magnification = .................................[2]

4. Complete the ray diagrams for Fig 4. 1 (a), below and fully describe the image formed.

Characteristics of the image

.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
...
[6]

269
Fig. 5.1 is drawn to full scale. The focal length of the lens is 5.0 cm.

Fig. 5.1

(a) On Fig. 5.1, mark each principal focus of the lens with a dot and the letter F. [2]
(b) On Fig. 5.1, draw two rays from the tip of the object O that appear to pass through
the tip of the image. [2]
(c) On Fig. 5.1, draw the image and label it with the letter I. [1]
(d) Explain why the base of the image lies on the axis.
.........................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................... [1]
(e) State a practical use of a convex lens when used as shown in Fig. 5.1.
................................................................................................................................... [1]

270
6. In this part of the question, you are required to draw an accurate ray diagram on Fig.
6.1.

Fig. 6.1
(i) From the top of the object, draw a ray that, after leaving the lens, passes through F.
(ii) From the top of the object, draw a ray that passes through P.
(iii) Mark in the image, and write “image” alongside it.
(iv) From your diagram, state two things that are the same (or approximately the same)
about the image and the object.
1. ...............................................................................................................................
2. ...............................................................................................................................
(v) From your diagram, state one thing that is definitely different about the image and
the object.
..................................................................................................................................
[6]
7. Fig. 7.1 shows the position of the image I formed by light from an object O that has
passed through a thin converging lens. One ray R of light from the top of O is shown.

271
 Fig. 7.1
(a) On Fig. 7.1, draw the path of a ray of light from the top of O that enables the position
of the centre of the lens to be found. Label this position L. [2]
(b) On Fig. 7.1, draw the path of a ray of light that enables the focal length of the lens to
be found. Mark this distance f. [3]
(c) On Fig. 7.1, continue the path of the ray R of light to show where it would go after
passing through the lens. [1]

8 Virtual images may be formed by both plane mirrors and by convex lenses.
Fig. 8.1 shows a plane mirror and a convex lens.

272
 Fig. 8.1
(a) On Fig. 8.1, draw rays to locate the approximate positions of the images of the tops of
the two arrow objects O and P.
Label the images. [5]
(b) Both images are virtual.
(i) What is meant by a virtual image?
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(ii) State one other similarity between the two images.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(iii) State one difference between the two images.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]

9. (a) What is meant by the focal length of a converging lens?

.............................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) An object is placed in front of a converging lens. A real image is formed, as shown in
Fig. 9.1.

273
The converging lens is not shown.

Fig. 9.1
(i) Explain what is meant by a real image.
......................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) Rays of light from point A on the object form point B on the image.
On Fig. 9.1, draw
1. a ray to find the position of the converging lens, showing the lens as a vertical straight
line in this position,
2. a ray to find the position of a principal focus of the lens, marking this position F,
3. a third possible ray from A to B. [3]
(iii) The distance between the object and the lens is increased. State any changes which
take place in
1. the distance of the image from the lens,
..........................................................................................................................................
2. the size of the image.
......................................................................................................................................[2]
10. Fig. 10.1 shows an object placed in front of a thin converging lens. The positions of
the focal points are marked F.

274
 Fig. 10.1
(a) On Fig. 10.1, draw rays from the top of the object to determine the position of the top
of the image. Mark the position, I, of the top of the image. [3]
(b) Name an optical instrument that uses this arrangement of lens and object.
.....................................................................................................................................[1]

275
10.9 Water Waves (38)
1 Fig. 1.1 shows the diffraction of waves by a narrow gap.
P is a wavefront that has passed through the gap.

Fig. 1.1
(a) On Fig. 1.1, draw three more wavefronts to the right of the gap. [3]
(b) The waves travel towards the gap at a speed of 3 x 108m/s and have a frequency of
5 x 1014 Hz. Calculate the wavelength of these waves.

wavelength = ................................ [3]

2. Fig. 2.1 shows plane waves passing through a gap in a barrier that is approximately
equal to the wavelength of the waves.

276
 Fig. 2.1
(a) What is the name given to the wave property shown in Fig. 2.1?
.....................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) In the space below, carefully draw the pattern that would be obtained if the gap were
increased to six times the wavelength of the waves. [4]

(c) The effect in Fig. 2.1 is often shown using water waves on the surface of a tank of
water. These are transverse waves. Explain what is meant by a transverse wave.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................[2]

277
(d) Fig. 3.2 and Fig. 3.3 show the same waves when different widths of slits are used in
the two parts of the experiment.

Fig. 3.2 Fig. 3.3

(i) Describe the effect this has on the waves.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………...[2]

4. Fig. 4.1 is a drawing of a student’s attempt to show the diffraction pattern of water
waves that have passed through a narrow gap in a barrier.

Fig. 4.1

278
(a) State two things that are wrong with the wave pattern shown to the right of the barrier.
1. .........................................................................................................................................
2. .....................................................................................................................................[2]
(b) In the space below, sketch the wave pattern when the gap in the barrier is made five
times wider. [2]

(c) The waves approaching the barrier have a wavelength of 1.2 cm and a frequency of
8.0 Hz.
Calculate the speed of the water waves.

speed = ..................................[2]
5. Some plane waves travel on the surface of water in a tank. They pass from a region
of deep water into a region of shallow water. Fig. 5.1 shows what the waves look like
from above.

279
 Fig. 5.1
(a) State what happens at the boundary, if anything, to
(i) the frequency of the waves,
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(ii) the speed of the waves,
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(iii) the wavelength of the waves.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(b) The waves have a speed of 0.12 m / s in the deep water. Wave crests are 0.08 m
apart in the deep water.
Calculate the frequency of the source producing the waves. State the equation that you
use.

frequency = ................................................ [3]

(c) Fig. 5.2 shows identical waves moving towards the boundary at an angle.

280
 Fig. 5.2
On Fig. 5.2, draw carefully the remainder of waves A and B, plus the two previous waves
which reached the shallow water. You will need to use your ruler to do this. [3]

6. Fig. 6.1 and Fig. 6.2 show wavefronts of light approaching a plane mirror and a
rectangular glass block, respectively.

Fig. 6.1

281
 Fig. 6.2
(a) On Fig. 6.1 and on Fig. 6.2 draw wavefronts to show what happens after the waves
strike the surface. [4]
(b) In Fig. 6.2, the waves approaching the block have a speed of 3.0 × 10 8 m/s and an
angle of incidence of 70°. The refractive index of the glass of the block is 1.5.
(i) Calculate the speed of light waves in the block.

speed = ................................................ [2]

(ii) Calculate the angle of refraction in the block.

angle = ................................................ [2]

7. A student produces wavefronts in a ripple tank to demonstrate refraction, as shown

inFig. 7.1. He places a sheet of glass under the water on the right-hand side of the tank.
Thearrows show the directions of movement of the wavefronts.

282
 Fig. 7.1
(a) State what is meant by a wavefront.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) State what happens to each of the following quantities as the wavefronts change
direction.
(i) wavelength ......................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(ii) speed .............................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(iii) frequency ......................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................ [1]

Chapter 11. Magnetism

11.1 Properties of magnets
1. Bars A, B, C and D are an aluminium bar, an unmagnetised iron bar and two bar
magnets. Tests are performed to find out which bar is which.

283
Each row of Fig. 8.1 shows what happens when two of the bars are placed end to end.

Fig. 1.1
Which bar is which? Complete the lines below.
Bar A is ........................................................................
Bar B is ........................................................................
Bar C is ........................................................................
Bar D is ........................................................................
[4]

11. 2 Magnetic induction

1. (a) State what is meant by the north pole of a magnet.
.........................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) The north poles of two magnets are brought close together.
What sort of force, if any, is there between the poles? Tick one box.

284
 [1]
(c) Fig. 2.1 shows the north pole of a magnet close to an iron bar.

Fig. 2.1
(i) The iron bar is attracted to the North Pole because of induced magnetism in the iron
bar.
On Fig. 2.1, mark clearly the induced North Pole and the induced south pole of the iron
bar. [1]
(ii) State what happens to the induced magnetism in the iron bar when the magnet is
taken away.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]

285
3 (a) An iron rod is placed next to a bar magnet, as shown in Fig. 3.1.

Fig. 3.1
(i) On Fig. 8.1, mark clearly the North Pole and the South Pole that are induced in the
iron rod. [1]
(ii) What happens between the magnet and the rod?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….[1]
(b) A second bar magnet is now placed next to the iron rod, as shown in Fig. 8.2.

Fig. 3.2
(i) On Fig. 3.2, mark clearly the magnetic poles induced in the iron rod. [1]
(ii) What happens to the iron rod and the second magnet?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………[1]
(c) The iron rod is removed, leaving the two magnets, as shown in Fig. 3.3.

Fig. 3.3
What happens to the two magnets?
………………………………………………………………………………………………….[1]
(d) The second magnet is removed and replaced by a charged plastic rod, as shown in
Fig. 3.4.

Fig. 3.4

286
What happens to the magnet and the plastic rod?
……………………………………………..……………………………………………………. [1]

5(a) With the aid of a diagram, explain how an electric current may be used
(i) to magnetise a steel bar,
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………[3]
(ii) to demagnetise a magnet.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………… [3]
(b) State, explaining your answers, whether you would choose iron or steel for each of
thefollowing.
(i) a bar magnet
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….[1]
(ii) the core of an electromagnet
…………………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]
(iii) the needle of a plotting compass
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….[1]

4. Fig. 4.1 shows a magnet, two compasses and two nails.

287
 Fig. 4.1
(a) On Fig. 4.1, draw an arrow in each compass to show the direction of the magnetic
field at the two positions. [2]
(b) The magnet causes the nails to become magnetised by induction. Both ends of each
nail become magnetic poles.
On Fig. 4.1, mark an N or an S at each end of the two nails to show the magnetic poles.
[2]
(c) When the magnet is removed, the nails are still magnetised.
Describe with the aid of a diagram how the nails can be demagnetised using electricity.

.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................ [2]
(d) Suggest the material from which the nails could be made. Explain your answer.
.............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................ [2]

288
11.3 Magnetising and electromagnets
1 (a) Describe one method of magnetising a steel rod.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................[2]
(b) How would you check that the steel rod had been magnetised?

[2]
(c) A glass tube is supported vertically on a bench. A strong bar magnet A is placed in
the bottom of the tube, as shown in Fig. 1.1.

289
 Fig. 1.1
A second magnet B is now dropped into the tube.
Describe what happens to magnet B, and explain why.

[3]

(b) Fig. 9.2 shows an electromagnet.

Fig. 9.2
(i) What must be done to magnetise the core?
.................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Suggest the material from which the core should be made.
.................................................................................................................................... [1]

290
(iii) State one advantage of an electromagnet, compared with a magnet such as that in
(a).
.................................................................................................................................... [1]
13 (a) State the difference between magnetic and non-magnetic materials.
.....................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) Insulated wire is wrapped round a core as shown in Fig. 13.1. A current is
passedthrough the wire to form an electromagnet.

Fig. 13.1
(i) Suggest a suitable material for the core.
.............................................................................................................................................
(ii) State two ways by which the strength of the electromagnet may be increased.
1...........................................................................................................................................
2...........................................................................................................................................
[3]

(a) Two magnets are laid on a bench. End A of an unidentified rod is held in turn above
one end of each magnet, with the results shown in Fig. 8.1.

291
Fig. 8.1
(i) Suggest what the unidentified rod is made from.
............................................................................................................................ [1]
(ii) State what, if anything, happens when the end A is held over one end of
1. an unmagnetised iron bar, ................................................................................
2. an uncharged plastic rod. ........................................................................... [2]

11.3 Magnetic field

(b) Fig. 8.2 shows four identical plotting compasses placed around a bar magnet where
the magnetic field of the surroundings can be ignored. The pointer has only been
drawn on one plotting compass.

292
 Fig. 8.2
On Fig. 8.2, draw the pointers on the other three plotting compasses to indicate the
directions of the magnetic field of the bar magnet in those three places. [3]

9 (a) Fig. 9.1 shows the magnetic field pattern around a single bar magnet.

Fig. 9.1
(i) On Fig. 9.1, mark the north and south poles of the magnet, using the letters N and S.
[2]
(ii) A small piece of unmagnetised iron is placed at A.
What, if anything, happens to it?
.................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) A small piece of positively charged plastic is placed at B.

293
What, if anything, happens to it?
.................................................................................................................................... [1]

11.4 Electromagnets

Fig. 7.1 shows a circuit. The e.m.f. of the battery is 12 V.

Fig. 7.1

(a) What is the total resistance in the circuit when the ammeter reads 2 A?
Show your working and state the unit.

resistance = [3]

294
(b) Two soft iron nails are attracted to the core as shown in Fig. 7.2.

Fig. 7.2
(i) Complete Fig. 7.2 to show the poles induced on the nails. [2]
(ii) Explain what happens to the nails when the current is gradually reduced to zero.
[3]
(a) State two advantages that electromagnets have, compared with permanent magnets.
1...........................................................................................................................................
2...........................................................................................................................................
[2]
(b) Tick one box in each of the columns below, to indicate what should be used to give
the strongest electromagnet.

295
6 Fig. 6.1 shows a metal bar placed inside a vertical solenoid.

Fig. 6.1
The solenoid is a coil of several turns of insulated wire. A d.c. power supply is connected
to the solenoid so that there is a current in it when the supply is switched on. The metal
bar is a short distance above a small pile of iron paper-clips in a glass dish.
The power supply is
• switched on,
• left on for several seconds,
• then switched off.

296
Describe the behaviour of the paper-clips when this procedure is carried out using a
metal bar of
(a) aluminium,
.........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) iron,
.........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(c) steel.
.........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(b) A computer component is screened from external magnetic fields by placing it in a

box, as shown in Fig. 6.2.

Fig. 6.2
There is a strong magnetic field outside the box. The magnetic field lines have not been
drawn near the box.
(i) State the best choice for the material of the box.
............................................................................................................................ [1]
(ii) On Fig. 6.2, join the magnetic field lines on the left of the box to those on the right,
showing the pattern of the magnetic field. [2]

297
7. Fig. 7.1 shows an arrangement that could be used for making an electromagnet or a
permanent magnet.

Fig. 7.1
Two bars of the same size are also available, one made of iron and the other of steel.
(a) (i) State which bar should be used to make a permanent magnet.
..................................................................................................................................
(ii) Describe how the apparatus would be used to make a permanent magnet.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
(iii) Suggest one reason why the circuit contains an ammeter and a variable resistor.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
[3]

(b) During the making of a permanent magnet, the ammeter reads a steady current of
4.0 A throughout the 5.0 s that the current is switched on. The voltage of the supply is 12
V.
Calculate
(i) the total circuit resistance,

298
 resistance = ............................
(ii) the power of the supply,

power = .................................
(iii) the energy supplied during the 5.0 s.

energy = .................................
[6]

(c) The potential difference across the variable resistor is 7.0 V and that across the
ammeter is zero.
(i) Calculate the potential difference across the magnetising coil.

potential difference = .................................

(ii) State the general principle used in making this calculation.

.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
[3]
8. Fig. 7.1 shows a coil of wire wound around a rectangular tube.

299
 Fig. 7.1
(a) Two iron rods are placed next to each other at the bottom of the tube. When the
current is switched on, the two rods repel each other. They move to the sides of the
tube.
Explain why the two iron rods repel.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) An iron rod and a similar copper rod are placed next to each other at the bottom of
the
tube. State and explain what, if anything, happens to the rods when the current is
switched on.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................... [2]

5 Fig. 5.1 shows a coil of wire wrapped around a plastic tube. Inside the tube are two
pieces of soft iron. When the switch is closed, the compass needles point in the direction

300
of the magnetic field produced at each position. You may ignore the magnetic field of the
Earth in this question.

Fig. 5.1
(a) On Fig. 5.1 mark arrows, in compasses A, B and C, to show the direction of the
magnetic field at each position after the switch has been closed. [2]
(b) When the switch is closed, the two pieces of soft iron in the tube become magnets
andmove.
(i) On Fig. 5.1, mark the poles formed on each piece of soft iron. [1]
(ii) State and explain how the pieces of iron move.
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................ [2]
(c) State the effect on the magnetic field of
(i) reversing the direction of the current,
.................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) reducing the size of the current.
.................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. [1]

301
6 Fig. 6.1 shows the coil of a loudspeaker attached to a cardboard cone. One pole of a
stationary cylindrical magnet lies near to the coil.

Fig. 6.1
There is an alternating current in the coil of the loudspeaker. A student hears the note
produced.
(a) (i) Explain why the cone of the loudspeaker vibrates.
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................ [3]
(ii) Explain how the vibrating cone produces sound waves in the air.
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................ [2]
(b) A stronger cylindrical magnet is now used. State the difference in the note heard.
.........................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................... [1]

10 (a) (i) What is an electromagnet?

.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................

302
............................................................................................................................ [1]
(ii) State one very useful property of an electromagnet.
.................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................ [1]
(b) An iron bar has many turns of wire wrapped around it, as shown in Fig. 10.1. The
wire isconnected to an alternating current supply.

Fig. 10.1
Some more wire is made into a flat coil and connected across a low voltage lamp. When
the flat coil is held close to the end of the iron bar, the lamp glows.
Explain why this happens.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................... [3]
(c) Fig. 10.2 shows a relay being used to switch an electric motor M on and off.
303
 Fig. 10.2
Switch S is closed. State what happens to
(i) the core,
.................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................ [1]
(ii) the iron armature,
.................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................ [1]
(iii) the contacts A and B.
.................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................ [1]
(d) A suggestion is made that the relay would work better if the armature were made
ofsteel instead of iron.
Explain why this is not a good idea.
.........................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................... [2]
Fig. 6.1 shows a reed relay being used to switch on an electric motor when a variable
resistor is adjusted.

304
Fig. 6.1
(a) The variable resistor is set at its greatest resistance and then switch S is closed. The
reeds in the reed relay do not close when this is done.
(i) State two things that happen in the coil of the reed relay.
1. ..............................................................................................................................
2. ........................................................................................................................ [2]
(ii) State what happens to the two reeds in the reed relay.
............................................................................................................................ [1]
7 Fig. 7.1 shows two pieces of soft iron in the magnetic field of a strong permanent

Fig. 7.1
The pieces of soft iron become magnetised.
(a)On Fig. 7.1, mark the magnetic poles produced at each end of both pieces of soft iron.
[1]

(b) Fig. 7.2 shows a reed switch.

305
 Fig. 7.2
The reed switch is placed between the poles of the strong permanent magnet.
State and explain what happens.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................... [2]
(c) Fig. 7.3 shows two separate electrical circuits.

Fig. 7.3
One circuit consists of a reed switch, a cell and a warning lamp. The other circuit
consistsof a thermistor, another cell, and a coil wound round the reed switch. The
thermistor isat the same temperature as the air around it.
(i) State what happens to the thermistor when the temperature of the air rises.
............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) Explain why the warning lamp lights up when the air temperature rises.
.................................................................................................................................

306
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. [2]

Chapter 12 Electricity
12.1 Static Electricity (80)
1. (a) Use words from the box to complete the sentences at points A, B, C & D.
Each word may be used once, more than once, or not at all.

When Jo combs her hair with a plastic comb, her hair and the comb become charged.
This happens because of the A................................... between her hair and the comb.
The comb becomes positively charged so her hair becomes B........................................
charged. Jo's hair sticks out because like charges C................................... . When she is
combing her hair, Jo can hear a crackling sound. This is caused by
D...................................... moving from her hair to the comb. [4]

(b) If Jo combed her hair with a metal comb, the comb would not become charged. What
property of the metal comb stops it becoming charged in this way?
.........................................................................................................................................[1]

2. (a) (i) What name do we give to the type of material that allows electrical charges to
pass through it?
.................................................................................................................................
(ii) Give an example of such a material.
.............................................................................................................................................
(iii) What must be done to this type of material in order to make electrical charges pass
through it?
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
307
 [3]
(b) (i) What name do we give to the type of material that does not allow electrical
charges to pass through it?
.............................................................................................................................................
(ii) Give an example of such a material.
.............................................................................................................................................
[2]
(c) Which of the two types of material in (a)(i) and (b)(i) may be held in the hand and
charged by friction (e.g. by rubbing with a soft cloth)?
........................................................................................................................................ [1]

3. A hockey player trains on a nylon-fibre surface. As he runs around, his shoes rub
against the surface and he becomes positively charged.
(a) (i) Explain, in terms of the particles involved, how he becomes positively charged.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................ [2]
(ii) State what happens to the nylon-fibre surface as he becomes positively charged.
.............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(b) At the end of the training session, the hockey player touches a metal gate and feels
an electric shock.
(i) State how this shock is produced.
............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) The shock lasts for 0.15 ms. During this time, the current has an average value of 1.6
mA. Calculate the size of the charge on the hockey player just before he touches the
gate.

charge = .................................................. [3]

308
4. (a) Fig. 4.1 shows a positively charged plastic rod, a metal plate resting on an
insulator, and a lead connected to earth.

Fig. 4.1
Describe how the metal plate may be charged by induction.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................[3]
(b) An electrostatic generator sets up a current of 20 mA in a circuit.
Calculate
(i) the charge flowing through the circuit in 15 s,

charge = ............................

(ii) the potential difference across a 10 kΩ resistor in the circuit.

potential difference = ............................

309
 [3]

5. Electric current through copper wires consists of a flow of negatively charged

electrons.
(a) Give a situation where both positive and negative charges flow at the same time to
cause an electric current.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….[1]
(b) In this case what is the direction of the electric current?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….[1]

6. A battery supplies 50C of charge with 10J of energy over a 25 second period.
(a) What is the current supplied?

current = ……………………………….[2]
(b) What is the voltage of the battery?

voltage = ………………………….[2]
7. A plastic rod is rubbed with a cloth and becomes negatively charged.
(a) Explain how the rod becomes negatively charged when rubbed with a cloth.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….[2]
(b) An uncharged metal-coated sphere hangs from an insulating thread. The sphere is
brought near to the rod. The sphere is attracted to the rod, as shown in Fig. 7.1.

310
 Fig. 7.1
(i) Describe and explain what happens to the free electrons in the metal-coated sphere
as it approaches the rod.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………[2]
(ii) Draw a diagram to show how charge is distributed on the sphere. [1]

(iii) Explain why the uncharged sphere is attracted to the negatively-charged rod.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………[1]
(c) With the charged rod still close, point X on the metal-coated sphere is earthed.
(i) State what is meant by earthing the sphere.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]
(ii) Describe and explain what happens to the free electrons in the metal-coated sphere
as it is earthed.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….[2]
(iii) Draw a diagram to show how the charge is now distributed on the sphere. [1]

311
8 (a) State the law of attraction and repulsion between electrostatic charges.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) Sometimes, when people have been riding in a car, they get an electric shock from
the
door handle as they get out of the car.
Suggest why this happens.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................... [2]
(c) A plastic rod is rubbed with a cloth and becomes positively charged. After charging,
the
rod is held close to the suspended table-tennis ball shown in Fig. 8.1. The table-tennis
ball is covered with metal paint and is initially uncharged.

312
 Fig. 8.1
(i) Describe what happens to the charges on the metal-painted table-tennis ball as the
positively-charged rod is brought close to the ball.
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................ [1]
(ii) The ball is attracted towards the charged rod.
Explain why this happens.
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................ [2]
(iii) When it is a few centimetres away from the rod, the ball is briefly touched by a wire
connected to earth.
In terms of the movement of charges, describe what happens to the charge on the
ball.

313
.................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................ [2]
9 (a) Two light, identical spheres, A and B, are suspended alongside each other on thin
nylon threads, as shown in Fig. 7.1.

Fig. 9.1
A is given a positive charge and B is given a negative charge.
On Fig. 9.1, draw how the threads and spheres might look after the spheres have been
charged. [1]
(b) A cleaner is attempting to remove dust from some plastic-covered furniture, using a
dry cloth.
Unfortunately, this seems to make the dust cling more firmly to the plastic covering.
(i) Suggest why this happens.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................[3]
(ii) Suggest why this would be less likely to happen if the cleaner used a cloth which was
very slightly damp.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................

314
..........................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................[2]

(c) Ball A and ball B in Fig. 9.2 are both made of polythene.

Fig. 9.2
(a) A polythene ball, initially uncharged, can be given a negative charge by rubbing it with
a duster.
What type of charge does the duster gain? ............................................................... [1]
(b) Fig. 9.3 shows the two balls after they have each been given a negative charge.

Fig. 9.3

315
Explain why the two balls do not hang vertically.
................................................................................................................................... [1]

10. Two conducting spheres are rubbed and become charged, as shown in Fig. 5.1.

Fig. 10.1
(a) The spheres are uncharged before they are rubbed.
Explain, in terms of the movement of electrons, how they become charged.
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) On Fig. 10.1, draw the electric field pattern between the spheres. Show the direction
of the field lines. [2]
(c) A metal wire is used to connect the two spheres together. In a time of 2.0 × 10 –3 s, a
charge of 1.8 × 10–13 C passes through the wire.
Calculate the current in the wire.

current = ................................................ [2]

11. In Fig. 11.1, A and B are two conductors on insulating stands. Both A and B were
initially uncharged.

316
 Fig. 11.1
(a) Conductor A is given the positive charge shown on Fig. 11.1.
(i) On Fig. 11.1, mark the signs of the charges induced at end X and at end Y of
conductor B.
[1]
(ii) Explain how these charges are induced.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................ [3]
(iii) Explain why the charges at X and at Y are equal in magnitude.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................ [1]

(b) B is now connected to earth by a length of wire.

Explain what happens, if anything, to
(i) the charge at X,
..........................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) the charge at Y.

..........................................................................................................................................

317
.................................................................................................................................... [2]

12. Thunderclouds contain charges. Water drops are carried up by air currents and
become charged. Fig. 6.1 shows a positively charged cloud and two drops of water.

Fig. 12.1
(a) Draw lines of force to show the electric field between the cloud and the ground. You
may ignore the drops. [2]
(b) Fig. 12.1 shows the charge distribution on the two drops when they are in the electric
field between the cloud and the ground. Drop 1 moves upwards and briefly touches drop
2.
(i) Explain what happens to the charges on the two drops as they touch.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(ii) Having touched, the drops now separate. State what charges will now be found on
drop 1 and on drop 2.
drop 1 .................................................................................................................................
drop 2 ..................................................................................................................................
[2]
318
(c) The build-up of charge on the cloud causes a large potential difference between the
cloud and the ground. Explain, in terms of energy, what is meant by potential difference.
.............................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................[1]

13. Fig. 13.1 shows a high-voltage supply connected across two metal plates.

Fig. 13.1
When the supply is switched on, an electric field is present between the plates.
(a) Explain what is meant by an electric field .
.................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) On Fig. 13.1, draw the electric field lines between the plates and indicate their
direction by arrows. [2]
(c) The metal plates are now joined by a high-resistance wire. A charge of 0.060 C
passes along the wire in 30 s.
Calculate the reading on the ammeter.

ammeter reading = ……………………… [2]

(d) The potential difference of the supply is re-set to 1500 V and the ammeter reading
changes to 0.0080 A.
319
Calculate the energy supplied in 10 s. Show your working.

energy = ………………. [3]

14. (a) State what an electric current consists of.
.........................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) (i) What name do we give to materials in which it is easy to create an electric current?
..........................................................................................................................................
(ii) State one example of such a material.
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(c) (i) What name do we give to materials in which it is difficult to create an electric
current?
..........................................................................................................................................
(ii) State one example of such a material.
...................................................................................................................................... [2]
(d) Which of the two types of material in (b)(i) and (b)(i) may be held in the hand and
charged by friction (e.g. by rubbing with a soft cloth)?
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(e) Why would it be difficult to charge the material you did not choose in (d) above by
simply rubbing?
...................................................................................................................................... [1]

15 (a) Four rods are shown in Fig. 15.1.

Fig. 15.1
State which of these could be held in the hand at one end and be

320
(i) magnetised by stroking it with a magnet,
................................................. [1]
(ii) charged by stroking it with a dry cloth.
................................................. [1]
(b) Magnets A and B in Fig. 15.2 are repelling each other.

Fig. 15.2
The north pole has been labelled on magnet A.
On Fig. 15.2, label the other three poles. [1]
(c) Charged rods C and D in Fig. 8.3 are attracting each other.

Fig. 15.3
On Fig. 15.3, show the charge on rod D. [1]
(d) Fig. 15.4 shows a plotting compass with its needle pointing north.

Fig. 15.4
A brass rod is positioned in an east-west direction. A plotting compass is put at each
end of the brass rod, as shown in Fig. 15.5.

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 Fig. 15.5
On Fig. 15.5, mark the position of the pointer on each of the two plotting compasses. [2]

16. a) In Fig. 8.1, S is a metal sphere standing on an insulating base. R is a negatively

charged
rod placed close to S.

Fig. 8.1
(i) Name the particles in S that move when R is brought close to S.
............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) On Fig. 8.1, add + signs and – signs to suggest the result of this movement. [1]
(iii) Describe the actions which now need to take place so that S becomes positively
charged with the charge distributed evenly over its surface. A positively charged
object is not available.

322
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. [3]
(b) During a thunderstorm, the potential difference between thunderclouds and the
ground
builds up to 1.5 × 106 V. In each stroke of lightning, 30 C of charge passes between the
thunderclouds and the ground. Lightning strokes to the ground occur, on average, at 2
minute intervals.
Calculate
(i) the average current between the thunderclouds and the ground,
average current = ................................................. [2]
(ii) the energy transferred in each stroke of lightning.
energy = ................................................. [2]

12.2 Current Electricity

1. (a) A car headlamp circuit consists of a 12 V battery, a switch, two 12 V headlamps
and a 12 V indicator lamp (inside the car).
Fig. 1.1 shows the symbols of these components.

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 Fig. 1.1
Complete Fig. 9.1 to show the wiring necessary so that all three lamps light up at full
brightness when the switch is closed. [2]
(b) (i) Explain briefly, in terms of molecules, why solids expand when heated.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) Brass expands when heated.

Invar is a metal that expands very little when heated.
The flasher lamp shown in Fig. 1.2 is used as a warning lamp in a car.

324
 Fig. 1.2
The flasher lamp is designed to flash on and off repeatedly.
It contains a bimetallic strip made of a brass strip and an invar strip joined together along
their lengths.
1. State what happens to the bimetallic strip when it is heated.
......................................................................................................................................[2]
2. Explain why the lamp flashes on and off repeatedly when it is connected to an
appropriate battery.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................[4]

2. A student has a power supply, a resistor, a voltmeter, an ammeter and a variable

resistor.

325
(a) The student obtains five sets of readings from which he determines an average value
for the resistance of the resistor.
In the space below, draw a labelled diagram of a circuit that he could use.

[3]
(b) Describe how the circuit should be used to obtain the five sets of readings.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................... [2]

3. (a) A lamp shines with full brightness when connected to a 12 V battery, as shown in
Fig. 3.1.

Fig. 3.1
(i) Write down the equation that links resistance with p.d. and current.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….

326
(ii) The current in the lamp is 0.50 A. Calculate the resistance of the lamp.

resistance of lamp = …………………

[3]
(b) A resistor is now connected in series with the lamp, as shown in Fig. 3.2.

Fig. 3.2
(i) State what happens to the current in the lamp when the resistor is added.
...........................................................................................................................
(ii) Explain your answer.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(iii) Suggest what change might be seen in the lamp.
...........................................................................................................................
[3]
4. Fig. 4.1 shows an electrical circuit.

Fig. 4.1

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The resistance of the lamp is 4.0 Ω when it is at its normal brightness.
(a) The lamp is rated at 6.0 V, 9.0 W.
Calculate the current in the lamp when it is at its normal brightness.

current = ........................[2]
(b) The sliding contact C is moved to A. The lamp lights at its normal brightness.
Calculate
(i) the total circuit resistance,

resistance = ........................[1]
(ii) the potential difference across the 4.0 Ω resistor R.

potential difference = ........................[1]

(c) The sliding contact C is moved from A to B.
(i) Describe any change that occurs in the brightness of the lamp.
..............................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) Explain your answer to (i).
.................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................[2]
(d) The 1 m wire between A and B, as shown in Fig. 8.1, has a resistance of 2.0 Ω.
Calculate the resistance between A and B when
(i) the 1 m length is replaced by a 2 m length of the same wire,

resistance = ........................[1]
(ii) the 1 m length is replaced by a 1 m length of a wire of the same material but of
onlyhalf the cross-sectional area.

328
 resistance = ........................[1]

5. Fig. 5.1 shows an electrical circuit using two resistors.

Fig. 5.1
(a) The switch S is open and the ammeter reading is zero.
State the value of the potential difference across the 6Ωresistor.
potential difference = ............................. [1]
(b) Switch S is now closed.
(i) State the value of the total resistance of the circuit.
resistance = .............................................[1]
(ii) Calculate the current in the ammeter. State clearly the formula that you use.

current = ..................................................[2]
(iii) Calculate the potential difference across the 6Ω resistor.

p.d. = .......................................................[2]

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6. A resistor of resistance 18 Ω is connected in parallel with a resistor of resistance 9.0
Ω. The parallel combination of resistors is connected to a 12 V battery.
(a) On Fig. 6.1, complete the circuit diagram for this arrangement. [1]

Fig. 6.1
(b) Calculate the effective resistance of the two resistors.
effective resistance = ............................................ [2]
(c) For the resistor of resistance 9.0 Ω, calculate
(i) the current in the resistor,
current = ............................................. [2]
(ii) the power dissipation.
power = ............................................ [2]

7 Fig. 7.1 shows the V/I characteristic graphs for two resistors X and Y.

330
 Fig. 7.1
(a) Calculate the resistance of X.

resistance = …………………………………[2]
(b) The parallel combination of X and Y is connected to a battery, as shown in Fig. 7.2.

331
 Fig. 7.2
(i) The battery has an e.m.f. of 4.0 V. Using Fig. 7.1.
Calculate the current in the battery.

current = …………………………….[2]
(ii) The battery of e.m.f. 4.0 V is replaced with a different battery. The current in this
battery is 0.3 A. Using Fig. 7.1 (or otherwise), determine the e.m.f. of the battery.

e.m.f = ………………………………… [3]

8. (a) Fig. 8.1 is a sketch graph of the current in a component P against the potential
difference (p.d.) across it.

332
 Fig. 8.1
(i) Define resistance.
.................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) State how the resistance of P varies with the p.d. across it.
.................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) Suggest what component P is.
.................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iv) Explain why the resistance of P varies with the p.d. across it.
.........................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................... [2]

(b) Component P is used in the electrical circuit shown in Fig. 8.2.

Fig. 10.2

333
The current in ammeter 2 is 0.40 A and the current in ammeter 3 is 0.60 A.
(i) Determine the readings of ammeters 1 and 4.
Ammeter 1...................................................Ammeter 4............................................... [1]
(ii) Calculate the p.d. across the 20 Ω resistor.

p.d = ………………………………… [2]

(iii) State the p.d. across the power supply. p.d = ………………………………… [1]
(iv) Calculate the resistance of P in this circuit.

resistance = ……………………………………[2]

9. (a) Fig. 9.1 shows a circuit that includes three ammeters. The resistance of the
ammeters and the battery can be ignored.

Fig. 9.1
(i) What is the total resistance of the circuit?

resistance = ..................... Ω
(ii) Ammeter A1 reads 0.2 A. What do the other two ammeters read?
A2 reads ….……........... A
A3 reads ....................... A

334
 [3]
(b) Fig. 9.2 shows the same components as in (a), but connected differently.

Fig. 9.2
(i) What is the total resistance of the circuit?

total resistance = ………………………………..[2]

(ii) Ammeter A1 reads 0.8 A. What do the other two ammeters read? Tick the
appropriate boxes.

[3]

10. Fig. 10.1 shows two resistors forming part of a circuit.

335
 Fig. 10.1
(a) (i) Complete the following sentence about the two resistors connected between A and
D.
The two resistors are connected in ..................................................... . [1]
(ii) The potential difference between A and D is 4.2 V.
State the value of the potential difference between B and C.
potential difference = ........................................................ [1]
(iii) Calculate the current in the 3 Ω resistor.

current = ............................................................[3]
(iv) State how the current in AB compares with
1. the current in each of the two resistors,
..........................................................................................................................................
2. the current in CD.
......................................................................................................................................[2]

(b) In the boxes below, draw two circuit diagrams, each containing a battery and three
identical resistors. Arrange each circuit so that all the resistors in the circuit carry the
same current.
Draw one circuit in each box.

336
 [2]

11. Fig. 11.1 shows an electrical circuit containing a 12 V power supply and a number of
resistors.

Fig. 11.1
(a) Calculate the combined resistance of
(i) the 2 Ω and 4 Ω resistors in series,

resistance = ................................................ [1]

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(ii) the 3 Ω and 6 Ω resistors in parallel.

resistance = ................................................ [2]

(b) Calculate the reading of the ammeter in Fig. 11.1.

ammeter reading = ................................................ [2]

(c) Determine the potential difference across the 4 Ω resistor.

p.d. = ................................................ [2]

(d) Fig. 11.2 shows another circuit.

Fig. 11.2
When the circuit is switched on, the ammeter reads 0.50 A.
(i) Calculate the value of the unknown resistor.

resistance = ………………. [2]

(ii) Calculate the charge passing through the 3.0 Ω resistor in 120 s.

charge = ………………. [1]

(iii) Calculate the power dissipated in the 3.0 Ω resistor.

338
 power = ………………. [2]
12. Fig. 12.1 shows a 12 V battery connected to a number of resistors.

Fig. 12.1

(a) Calculate the current in the 8Ω resistor.

current = ………………..[2]
(b) Calculate, for the resistors connected in the circuit, the combined resistance of
(i) the two 5Ω resistors,

resistance = ………………..
(ii) the two 4Ω resistors.

339
 resistance = ………………..
[2]
(c) The total current in the two 4Ω resistors is 6 A.
Calculate the total power dissipated in the two resistors.

power = ………………..[2]
(d) What will be the reading on a voltmeter connected across
(i) the two 4Ω resistors,
reading = ………………..
(ii) one 5Ω resistor?
reading = ………………..
[2]
(e) The 8Ω resistor is made from a length of resistance wire of uniform cross-sectional
area.
State the effect on the resistance of the wire of using
(i) the same length of the same material with a greater cross-sectional area,
..................................................................................................................................
(ii) a smaller length of the same material with the same cross-sectional area.
..................................................................................................................................
[2]
12 (a) Describe an experiment to measure the resistance of a resistor. Include a
circuit
diagram in your answer, and show how the result would be calculated. [6]
(b) Sketch, on the same axes, the V/I characteristic graphs for
(i) a metallic (ohmic) conductor,
(ii) a non-ohmic conductor.
Suggest why a metal may show non-ohmic behaviour if the current in it is very
high. [4]

340
12.3 Practical Electricity

1. The electric lamp in Fig. 1.1 has “240 V, 100 W” marked on it. Its filament is a coiled
coil of fine tungsten wire, as shown in Fig. 1.2.

Fig. 1.1 Fig. 1.2

(a) (i) To give out white light, the filament has to reach a very high temperature.
Suggest why having the filament as a coiled coil helps to achieve this high temperature.
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(ii) If your hand is close to the lamp when it is switched on for a few seconds, you can
feel warmth from the lamp but the glass will remain cool.
By what method has the thermal energy reached your hand?
………………………………………………………………………………………………….. [1]

341
 (b) (i) The markings on the lamp give electrical information about the lamp when it is
operating normally.
State the value of
1. the normal operating potential difference across the lamp,
............................................................................................................................................
2. the power of the lamp.
....................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) When the lamp is working normally, its resistance is 576 Ω.

Calculate the current in the lamp.

current = ................................................ [4]

2.(a) An electric heater, sold in the electrical store, has a current of 8A when it is working
normally.
The cable fitted to the heater has a maximum safe current of 12 A.
Circle the fuse that would be most suitable to use in the plug fitted to the cable of the
heater?
5 A 10 A 13 A 20 A [1]
(b) The cable for connecting an electric cooker is much thicker than the cable on a table
lamp.
(i) Why do cookers need a much thicker cable?
............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) What would happen if a thin cable were used for wiring a cooker to the supply?
............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(c) In the space below, draw the circuit symbol for a fuse.[1]

342
(d) Describe how a fuse protects an electric circuit.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................[2]
(e) A mains electricity circuit has three wires, live, neutral and earth.
In which of these is the fuse connected?
....................................................................................................................................... [1]

3. (a) The diagram shows the inside of a 13 amp plug.

Each part of the plug has a job to do.

(i) Which part, A, B, C or D:
1. connects the outside metal case of an appliance to earth
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
2. holds the cable in place?
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Complete the following sentence by using the correct words from the box. Each word
may be used once or not at all.

343
If the .................................... becomes bigger than 13 amps, the fuse inside the plug will
melt ............................ the circuit.
[2]
(b) The diagrams show three different fuses.
Which fuse, J, K or L, would you choose for a table lamp taking a current of 0.6 amps?

................................. [1]
(c) The table gives the temperature at which copper and tin melt.

The wire inside a fuse is made of tin.

Explain why it would be dangerous to replace the fuse in a plug with a piece of copper
wire.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................[2]

4. Fig. 4.1 shows a cable containing three wires coloured brown, blue and yellow/green,
and a mains plug with the cover removed.

344
 Fig. 4.1
(a) Describe how to connect the cable and the three wires correctly and safely to the
plug.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [4]
(b) The table lamp shown in Fig. 4.2 is made from plastic. It has only two wires in the
cable to connect it to the plug.

Fig. 4.2
The lamp has a power rating of 100 W and is used with a 230 V supply.
(i) Which wire, earth, live or neutral, is not needed in the cable for the lamp?
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(ii) Explain why the lamp is safe to use even though it has only two wires in the cable.

345
.............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................ [2]
(iii) Explain what is meant by a power rating of 100W.
.........................................................................................................................................[1]
(iv) Calculate the value of the fuse that should be used in the plug for this lamp.

value of the fuse = ……………………………………[3]

(v) Calculate the electrical energy supplied to the lamp in 30 minutes.

electrical energy = ……………………………..[3]

5 Fig. 5.1 shows a mains extension lead. The six sockets allow several electrical
appliances to be connected to the mains supply through one cable.

Fig. 5.1
(a) The cable connects the sockets to the mains supply.
The cable contains three wires: live, neutral and earth. State the functions and colour
codes of:

(i) live,
............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) neutral,

346
............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(iii) earth.
.............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................ [2]
(b) Six powerful lamps are plugged into the sockets and switched on, one by one.
(i) State what happens in the cable as the lamps are switched on, one by one.
.............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(ii) Describe why it can be dangerous when a fuse of the wrong value is used in the plug.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................ [1]

(c) Explain why your hands should be dry when you put a plug into a socket.
.............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................ [1]

6. The diagram shows the wiring to an electrical appliance. The outside of the appliance
is metal.

Explain how the earth wire and fuse protect both the appliance and the user. The answer
has been started for you.

347
If a fault occurs which causes…………………………………………………………………...
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [3]

7. A microwave oven is rated at 650 W and is connected to a 230 V mains supply.

(a) (i) Calculate the current from the supply when the microwave oven is switched on.

current = .................................................. [2]

(ii) Suggest a rating of the fuse for use with this oven.
fuse rating = .................................................. [1]
(b) The insulation of the mains cable has worn away. The live wire touches the outer
metal casing of the microwave oven.
(i) Explain the hazard that results if the outer metal casing is not earthed.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................ [2]
(ii) Explain how connecting the earth wire to the outer casing and using a fuse of a
suitable rating removes this hazard.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]

8 Fig. 8.1 shows an electric kettle connected to the 240 V mains supply by a flexible
cable. The kettle has a power rating of 2500W.

348
 Fig. 8.1
The table shows the maximum current that may be carried safely by wires of various
diameters.

(a) Show that the current in the cable when the kettle is in use is 10.4 A. State clearly
any equation that you use.

current = ……………………….. [2]

(b) (i) From the table, select the smallest diameter of wire that can safely be used for this
kettle.
.............................................................................................................................................
(ii) Explain why it is dangerous to use a wire thinner than that in (i).
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................

349
 [3]
(c) Describe one fault that may occur in the flexible cable that will cause the fuse in the
plug to melt.
.........................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................[1]

12.4 Electrical Energy

1. The cable from the mains plug to a washing machine contains a live wire, a neutral
wire and an earth wire. The earth wire is connected to the metal case of the washing
machine.
(a) Explain how connecting the earth wire to the metal case makes the washing machine
safer.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................[2]
(b) When in use, the average input power to the washing machine is 500 W.
Calculate the number of kW h of energy used by the washing machine in 45 minutes of
use.

number of kW h = ................................................[2]

2. When he leaves work at 6.30 p.m. (18:30) one evening, a caretaker forgets to switch
off the 100 W lamp in his office. He doesn’t discover this until he returns at 7.30 a.m.
(07:30) the next morning.

350
The mains electricity supply is 250 V.

(a) Calculate how much energy the caretaker has wasted.

energy wasted = ......................................................... [2]

(b) Calculate the charge that passed through the lamp during this time.

charge = ......................................................... [3]

(c) What happened to the energy wasted by the lamp?
............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................[1]

2. Fig. 2.1 shows an electric kettle.

Fig. 2.1
(a) The body of the kettle is plastic but the outside casing of the heating element is metal.
(i) Explain why a fuse is included in the circuit and explain what happens when the fuse
blows.

351
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………...[3]
(ii) Explain why the metal casing of the heating element is connected to earth.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………...[2]
(iii) Explain why the heating elemet is placed at the bottom of the kettle.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………...[2]

(b) The electrical power input to the kettle is 2000W and the kettle is used for 6 minutes
(0.1 hour).
Calculate
(i) the electrical energy, in J, supplied to the kettle. State clearly the formula that relates
power, energy and time.

electrical energy = ………………………………..[3]

(ii) the electrical energy, in kW h, supplied to the kettle.

electrical energy = ………………………………..[2]

(iii) the cost of using the kettle if 1 kWh costs 8 cents.

cost = ………………………….[2]
(c) When the kettle is switched off, the water cools down. Explain, in molecular terms,
how evaporation causes a loss of energy from the water.
.............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................…............................. [3]

352
3. (a) A 3 kW heater is used for 90 minutes during one day. Calculate the cost of using
the heater for one day given that one kilowatt-hour of electrical energy costs 40 cents.

cost = ....................................... cents [2]

(b) The heater operates from a 240 V supply. State and explain why a 10 A fuse would
not be suitable for this heater.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................... [2]

4. A filament lamp has a power of 100 W at 240 V. A ‘low energy’ lamp has a power of
20 W at
240 V . The two lamps give out the same amount of light energy per second.
(a) Calculate the current in the ‘low energy’ lamp.

current = …………………A [2]

(b ) The cost of using electrical appliances in a particular country is 20 cents per
kilowatt-hour (kW h).
Calculate the cost of using the ‘low energy’ lamp for 200 hours.

cost = ………………… cents [2]

(c) (i) Calculate the number of ‘low energy’ lamps that would transfer the same electrical
power as one filament lamp.

353
 number = ………………… [1]
(ii) In the space below, draw a circuit diagram to show how several ‘low energy’ lamps
are connected to the supply so that the lamps have their normal brightness. [2]

Chapter 13 Electromagnetic Effects

13.1 Field around Current Carrying Wires

1. Fig. 1.1 shows a small plotting compass placed above a copper wire. When there is
no current in the wire, the plotting compass points towards the North.

Fig. 1.1
(a) A large current is switched on in the wire. The direction of the current is shown in
Fig. 1.1.
(i) State what happens to the compass needle.
............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(ii) State what happens if the compass is placed under the wire.
.............................................................................................................................................

354
.............................................................................................................................................
[3]
(b) State and explain what is observed if there is a 50 Hz alternating current in the wire.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................... [2]

2 Fig. 2.1 shows apparatus used to investigate electromagnetic effects around straight
wires.

Fig. 2.1
Fig. 2.2 is a view looking down on the apparatus shown in Fig. 2.1.

355
 Fig. 2.2
(a) A battery is connected to T1 and T2 so that there is a current vertically down the thick
wire.
On Fig. 2.2, draw three magnetic field lines and indicate, with arrows, the direction of all
three. [2]
(b) Using a variable resistor, the p.d. between terminals T1 and T2 is gradually reduced.
State the effect, if any, that this will have on
(i) the strength of the magnetic field, .............................................................................. [1]
(ii) the direction of the magnetic field. ............................................................................. [1]
(c) The battery is now connected to terminals T3 and T4, as well as to terminals T1 and
T2, so that there is a current down both wires. This causes the flexible wire to move.
(i) Explain why the flexible wire moves.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) State the direction of the movement of the flexible wire.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) The battery is replaced by one that delivers a smaller current.
State the effect that this will have on the force acting on the flexible wire.
.............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................ [1]

356
3. Fig. 3.1 shows a coil of wire wound on a cardboard tube.
There is a d.c. current in the coil. The direction of the current is shown in the key.

Fig. 3.1
(a) On Fig. 3.1, draw the magnetic field produced by the coil. [3]
(b) Fig. 3.2 shows a simple loudspeaker that uses the coil shown in Fig. 3.1 attached to a
paper cone.

Fig. 3.2
The coil is connected to a signal generator.
There is an alternating current of frequency 100 Hz in the coil.
(i) State what is meant by a frequency of 100 Hz.
.............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................ [1]

357
13.2 The Motor Effect
1. Fig. 1.1 shows a flexible wire passing through a hole in a horizontal, plastic board.

Fig. 1.1
The wire carries a current vertically upwards. A student moves a small compass around
the board and plots the magnetic field lines due to the current.
(a) (i) Draw a diagram of the board as seen from above and mark on it the magnetic field
lines due to the current. [3]

358
(ii) The current is increased. Describe how the magnetic field changes.
.............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................ [2]
(b) A 6.0 V power supply produces a current of 8.0 A in the wire. Calculate
(i) the total resistance of the circuit,

resistance = ……………………………………[2]
(ii) the charge that flows through the wire in 2.0 minutes.

charge = …………………………..[2]
(c) The north pole of a bar magnet is held on the left of the wire and the south pole of
another bar magnet is held on the right, as shown in Fig. 1.2.

Fig. 1.2
(i) State the direction of the magnetic field at the wire due to these two poles.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
359
(ii) Describe the effect of this magnetic field on the current-carrying wire.
.............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................ [2]
(iii) The current in the wire is now reversed. State the effect of this on the wire.
.............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(iv) Describe how this effect is put to use in a d.c. motor.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................ [3]

2 Fig. 2.1 shows one way to demonstrate an electrical effect.

Fig. 2.1
As the wire is moved downwards between the magnetic poles, the needle of the
ammeter deflects to the right.
(a) State the name of this electrical effect.
................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) State what happens to the needle of the ammeter when the wire is moved upwards
between the magnetic poles.
.........................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................... [1]
360
(c) State and explain what happens when the wire is held stationary between the
magnetic poles.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................... [2]

2 (a) Fig. 2.1 illustrates the left hand rule, which helps when describing the force on a
current-carrying conductor in a magnetic field.

Fig. 2.1
One direction has been labelled for you.
In each of the other two boxes, write the name of the quantity that direction represents.
[2]
(b) Fig. 2.2 shows a simple d.c. motor connected to a battery and a switch.

361
(i) On Fig. 2.2, write in each of the boxes the name of the part of the motor to which the
arrow is pointing. [2]
(ii) State which way the coil of the motor will rotate when the switch is closed, when
viewed from the position X.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(iii) State two things which could be done to increase the speed of rotation of the coil.
1. ........................................................................................................................................
2. ................................................................................................................................... [2]

3. Fig. 3.1 shows a long straight wire between the poles of a permanent magnet.
It is connected through a switch to a battery so that, when the switch is closed, there is a
steady current in the wire.

362
 Fig. 3.1
(a) State the direction of the magnetic field between the poles of the magnet.
.....................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) The wire is free to move. The current is switched on so that its direction is into the
page.
(i) State the direction of movement of the wire.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(ii) Explain how you reached your answer to (b)(i).
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
[4]
(c) This experiment is the basis of an electric motor.
Describe two changes to the arrangement shown in Fig. 3.1 that would enable
continuous rotation to take place.
change 1 .............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
change 2 .............................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................[2]
(d) Fig. 3.2 shows two wires.

363
Each wire carries a current into the page.

Fig. 3.2
(i) On Fig. 3.2, draw the magnetic field due to the currents in the wires. [3]
(ii) There is a force on each wire due to the current in the other wire.
On Fig. 3.2, draw an arrow on each wire to show these forces. [1]

4. The diagram shows the inside of a bicycle dynamo.

364
(a) (i) State how an alternating current differs from a direct current.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) Explain why the light comes on when the bicycle wheel is turning.
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................[3]

5. The diagram shows the parts of a loudspeaker.

(a) (i) When there is a current in the coil, a force is produced that makes the diaphragm
move. Explain why a force is produced.
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................

365
.........................................................................................................................................[3]
(ii) Describe the energy changes that take place when there is a current in the coil.
.........................................................................................................................................[2]
(b) When there is an alternating current in the coil, the diaphragm vibrates at the
frequency of the alternating current. How does this movement produce a sound in the
air?
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................[2]
(c) A diaphragm which has too much mass is unable to respond to high frequencies.
(i) Explain why.
.........................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) Describe the effect this has on the sound produced.
.............................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................[1]
6 A simple motor is made in a school laboratory. A coil of wire is mounted on an axle
between the poles of a horseshoe magnet, as illustrated in Fig. 6.1.

366
 Fig. 6.1
(a) At the instant illustrated in Fig. 6.1, the coil ABCD is horizontal and the battery is
connected as shown.
(i) For this position, state the direction of the force on AB and the direction of the motion
of AB.
force on AB ........................................................................................................................
direction of motion of AB ...............................................................................................[1]
(ii) Explain why BC does not contribute to the turning force on the coil.
..........................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) At the instant when the coil is vertical, the springy contacts do not, in fact, make
contact with the ends of the coil.
Describe and explain what happens to the coil.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................[2]

367
(c) The motor in Fig. 6.1 does not rotate very quickly. The designer of a commercial
motor is required to produce a faster-rotating motor.
Suggest one change that could be made to increase the speed of the motor.
.............................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................[1]

13.2 Electromagnetic Induction

1. Electromagnetic induction may be demonstrated using a magnet, a solenoid and
other necessary apparatus.
(a) Explain what is meant by electromagnetic induction.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) In the space below, draw a labelled diagram of the apparatus set up so that
electromagnetic induction may be demonstrated. [2]

(c) State Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction.

.............................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................[1]

368
(d) Describe how you would use the apparatus to demonstrate electromagnetic
induction.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................ [2]
(e) How would you know that an e.m.f. has been induced?
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(f) Name a device which makes use of electromagnetic induction.
................................................................................................................................... [1]

2. When a magnet is pushed into the solenoid in Fig. 2.1 the ammeter records a brief
current.

Fig. 2.1
(a) (i) Explain why a current is produced.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................[2]
(ii) State the magnetic pole produced at the left-hand end of the solenoid.
.........................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) State what is observed when
(i) the magnet is pulled out of the solenoid,
.............................................................................................................................................
(ii) the magnet is stationary inside the solenoid.
.............................................................................................................................................
[2]

369
(c) Fig 2.1 shows the same set up with the poles of the magnet are reversed.

N S
S

(i) State the magnetic pole produced at the left-hand end of the solenoid.
.........................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) Figs 2.1 and 2.2 can be used to demonstrate Lenz Law. State this law
.........................................................................................................................................[1]

3. A coil is wound on a cylindrical cardboard tube and connected to a sensitive centre-

zero millivoltmeter.
Figs. 3.1, 3.2 and 3.3 show three situations involving the coil and a magnet.
(a) On the lines alongside each situation, describe what, if anything, is seen happening
on the millivoltmeter.

370
 Fig. 3.1

Fig. 3.2

Fig. 3.3

(b) Choose one of the situations in (a) where something is seen happening to the
millivoltmeter.
For this situation, state three changes which could be made to increase the magnitude of
what is seen.
1..........................................................................................................................................
2..........................................................................................................................................
3.........................................................................................................................................
[3]

371
4. (a) An experimenter uses a length of wire ABC in an attempt to demonstrate
electromagnetic induction. The wire is connected to a sensitive millivoltmeter G.

Fig. 4.1
Using the arrangement in Fig. 4.1, the experimenter finds that she does not obtain the
expected deflection on G when she moves the wire ABC down through the magnetic
field.
(i) Explain why there is no deflection shown on G.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) What change should be made in order to observe a deflection on G?
.............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................ [1]

5.A “wind-up” torch does not have batteries. It uses the energy stored in a wound-up
spring to generate the electrical energy that is needed. Fig. 4.1 shows a simplified
diagram of the arrangement.

372
 Fig. 5.1
(a) Explain why an e.m.f. is induced in the coil.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................[2]
(b) As the spring unwinds, the force in the spring decreases. Explain why this results in
the torch emitting less light.
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................[2]
(c) State how the coil could be changed to produce a larger induced e.m.f.
............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................[1]

373
13.3 The a.c. generator

1. (a) Fig. 1.1 illustrates a simple alternating current generator.

Fig. 1.1
(i) Name the principle used to explain how a generator works.
…………………………………………………………..……………………….……………… [1]
(ii) State three ways of increasing the voltage generated.
1…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
2………………………………………………………………………………………………….....
3…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
[3]
(iii) Explain why the direction of the voltage reverses each half revolution of the coil.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………...[2]
(b) State the purpose of the slip rings.
.............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(c) The direction of the current in the coil can be found from Lenz’s law.
State Lenz’s law.
.........................................................................................................................................
374
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................... [1]

(d) (i) Draw a circuit that could be connected to the output terminals to produce a direct
current.
Label your components.

[2]
(ii) State the difference between the direction of conventional current and the direction of
electron flow.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………...[1]
2. Fig. 2.1 shows a coil ABCD that can turn between the two poles of a magnet. Bare
metal paper clips support and pass current into and out of the coil.

375
 Fig. 2.1
(a) (i) State the direction of the force on the side AB.
.............................................................................................................................................
(ii) Explain the reason for your choice of direction.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
[2]
(b) A student turns the coil through 180° so that AB is close to the N pole of the magnet.
(i) State the direction of the force on side AB of the coil.
.............................................................................................................................................
(ii) The student releases the coil. Explain why the coil does not rotate continuously.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
[2]
(c) With the coil as shown in Fig. 2.1, the top half of the wire from C to the paper clip is
coated with an insulator, as shown in Fig. 2.2. Explain why the coil can now rotate
continuously.

376
 Fig. 2.2
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................... [2]

Fig. 3.1 shows the outline of an a.c. generator. The peak output voltage of the generator
is 6.0V and the output has a frequency of 10 Hz.

Fig. 3.1

(a) Fig. 3.2 shows the axes of a voltage-time graph for the generator output.

377
 Fig. 3.2
On Fig. 3.2,
(i) mark suitable voltage values on the voltage axis, [1]
(ii) draw a graph of the generator output. [3]
(b) The generator shown in Fig. 3.1 works by electromagnetic induction.
Explain how this effect produces the output voltage.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................... [3]
(c) State the energy changes that occur in the generator when it is producing output.
................................................................................................................................... [2]

4. A rotating-coil generator consists of a rectangular coil of wire that rotates at constant

speed between the poles of a permanent magnet.

378
Figs. 4.1, 4.2 and 4.3 show views from one end of the coil, when the coil is in different
positions.

Fig. 4.1 Fig. 4.2 Fig. 4.3

(a) Which diagram shows the coil in the position where
(i) the induced e.m.f. in the coil is at its maximum, …………...............................................
(ii) the induced e.m.f. in the coil is zero? .............................................................................
[2]
(b) On Fig. 4.4, sketch the graph of e.m.f. against time, for two complete rotations of the
coil.

Fig. 4.4
[4]

379
5.(a) The apparatus in Fig. 10.1 is set up in a laboratory. The metal wheels are rolled
along the railsfrom the left-hand end to the right-hand end.

Fig. 5.1
(i) Describe what is seen happening to the pointer on the sensitive centre-zero
millivoltmeter.
..........................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Explain why this happens.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................... [3]
(iii) The metal wheels are now rolled back to the left-hand end again.
Describe what now happens to the millivoltmeter pointer.
..........................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................... [1]

380
(b) Fig. 10.2 shows a magnet suspended above a coil of wire.

Fig. 5.2
The end of the magnet is pushed into the coil and released, so that it bounces repeatedly
inand out of the coil.
Describe what is seen on the sensitive centre-zero millivoltmeter.
.............................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................[1]

6.The diagram shows a small electric motor being used to lift a weight of 1.3 N. The
power input to the motor from the supply is 0.6 W.

(a) The gravitational potential energy of the weight increases by 1.04 J in 4 s.

(i) Calculate the rate at which the weight gains gravitational potential energy.

381
 rate = ………………………………[2]
(ii) Calculate the height through which the weight is lifted in 4 s. State the equation you
use in your calculation.

height = ………………………………….[3]
(b) (i) The raised weight is held in place whilst the power supply is disconnected and a
small lamp is connected across the output to the motor. The weight is released and the
lamp lights.

Explain this with reference to the diagram of the motor.

.........................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) The brightness of the lamp is observed to increase as the weight falls. Explain this.
.........................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................... [2]
13.4 The transformer
1. A transformer is needed to step down a 240 V a.c. supply to a 12 V a.c. output.
(a) In the space below, draw a labelled diagram of a suitable transformer. [3]

(b) Explain

382
(i) why the transformer only works on a.c.,
............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) how the input voltage is changed to an output voltage.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................[2]
(c) The output current is 1.5 A.
Calculate
(i) the power output,

power = ........................[1]
(ii) the energy output in 30 s.

energy = ........................[1]

2. A transformer has 20 000 turns on the primary coil and 400 turns on the secondary
coil. The efficiency of the transformer is 100%.

(a) Determine the output of the transformer when the input is an a.c. supply of 240 V,
50 Hz.

output = ………………………..[3]
(b) The transformer is used to operate a 9.6 W lamp from the 240 V supply.
Calculate
(i) the current in the coil,

383
 secondary current = ………………………..[2]
(ii) the current in the primary coil.

primary current = ………………………..[2]

(b) The generators at a power station produce a voltage of 25 000 V. This voltage is
stepped up to 400 000 V by a transformer for long-distance transmission on overhead
power lines. The voltage is later stepped down to 240 V.
(i) State and explain why the voltage is stepped up for long-distance transmission.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................ [2]
(ii) Calculate the ratio of the number of turns in the primary coil of the step-up
transformer to the number of turns in its secondary coil.

ratio = .......................................................... [1]

(iii) State one advantage and one disadvantage of using thicker wire in the overhead
power lines.
advantage: ..........................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
disadvantage: ......................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
[2]
(iv) An electric drill of power 1000 W is used in a country where the mains voltage is
240V.
State and explain the most appropriate fuse to use with this drill.
You should select a fuse from the following values: 1 A, 3 A, 4 A, 13 A.

384
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]

3. The diagram shows a transformer which is used to step down the 240 V mains voltage
to light a 12 V lamp. The number of turns in the primary coil is 15 000.

(a) Explain if this is a step-up or step-down transformer?

.........................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) Write down an equation which could be used to calculate the number of turns in the
secondary coil. (1)
.........................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) Calculate the number of turns in the secondary coil.

number of turns = ....................................................(2)

(b) 250J of electrical energy is supplied to the primary coil in 10s. Calculate the current in
the primary coil.

current = .......................................[3]
(c) (i) The energy output from the secondary coil is 225J in 10 s. Calculate the efficiency
of the transformer.

efficiency = .............................................[2]

385
(ii) Explain why the efficiency is less than 100%.
.............................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................[2]

(d) The generators at a power plant produce a voltage of 25 000 V. For long distance
transmission, on overhead power lines, this is stepped up to 400 000 V. It is later
stepped down to 240 V for domestic use.
(i) Explain why the voltage is stepped up to 400 000 V.
.............................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................[2]
(ii) A transformer is used to step up the voltage. Calculate the ratio of primary turns to
secondary turns needed for this transformer.

ratio = .......................................[3]
(e) Give one advantage and one disadvantage of using overhead power lines than
underground lines.
advantage: ...........................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
disadvantage: ......................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
[2]

4.A transformer has 500 turns in both its primary and its secondary coils. It is connected
to a240 V mains supply. There are 4 possible connections to the secondary, labelled W,
X, Y and Z on Fig. 4.1.

386
 Fig. 4.1
Between W and X there are 300 turns.
Between X and Y there are 175 turns.
Between Y and Z there are 25 turns.
(a) A person wishes to run a 12 V electric bell, using the transformer.
Between which two of the labelled terminals should the bell be connected?
Show your working.

bell connected between terminal ............. and terminal ............ [4]

(b) State the voltage between terminals W and Z.
.................................................................................................................................... [1]
(c) State the name given to the part labelled P and the material from which it is made.
name ...............................................................................................................................
material ...................................................................................................................... [2]
(d) Why are the coils normally made from copper wire?
.........................................................................................................................................

387
................................................................................................................................... [1]

5. Fig. 5.1 shows the basic parts of a transformer.

Fig. 5.1
(a) Use ideas of electromagnetic induction to explain how the input voltage is
transformed into an output voltage. Use the three questions below to help you with your
answer.
What happens in the primary coil?
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
What happens in the core?
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
What happens in the secondary coil?
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................... [5]

388
(b) State what is needed to make the output voltage higher than the input voltage.
.................................................................................................................................... [1]
(c) The core of this transformer splits along XX and YY. Explain why the transformer
wouldnot work if the two halves of the core were separated by about 30 cm.
.........................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................... [1]
(d) A 100% efficient transformer is used to step up the voltage of a supply from 100 V to
200V. A resistor is connected to the output. The current in the primary coil is 0.4 A.
Calculate the current in the secondary coil.

current = …………………… [2]

6. (a) The transformer in Fig. 6.1 is used to convert 240 V a.c. to 6 V a.c.

Fig. 6.1

(i) Using the information above, calculate the number of turns on the secondary coil.

389
 number of turns = ................................................ [2]
(ii) Describe how the transformer works.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................ [3]
(iii) State one way in which energy is lost from the transformer, and from which part it
islost.
........................................................................................................................................ [2]
(iv) State one way of reducing the energy loss in the transformer
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(b) The input is changed from alternating current to direct current.
Explain why the transformer has no output.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................ [2]

7.Fig. 7.1 shows a simple transformer.

Fig. 7.1
(a) Describe how a voltage across the primary coil causes a voltage across the
secondary coil.

390
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................[3]
(b) State what design feature would cause the voltage across the secondary coil to be
larger than the voltage across the primary coil.
............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................[1]
(c) The output of a power station is connected to a transformer, which you are to assume
is 100% efficient.
The input to the primary coil is 24 000 V, 12 000 A.
The output from the secondary coil is 400 000 V. This is the voltage at which the
electrical energy is transmitted through the transmission lines.
Calculate the current in the secondary coil.

current = ......................................................... [2]

(a) One coil of a transformer is connected to a toy train set. The other coil is connected to
a240 V a.c. mains supply, as shown in Fig. 10.1.

391
 Fig. 10.1
(i) How can you tell from Fig. 10.1 that the transformer is a step-down transformer?
.............................................................................................................................................
.
...............................................................................................................................1]
(ii) Calculate the voltage at which the toy train operates.

toy train operates at ………………… [3]

(iii) 1. The voltage of the mains supply is reduced. What happens to the voltagesupplied
to the train set? Tick one box.

2. An attempt is made to use the train set in a country where the mains supply is
110 V. Suggest one difference that might be noticed in the way the toy train
operates.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................[2]

392
The diagram shows how the National Grid transmits electrical energy over long
distances.

(i) State the purpose of transformer A and explain why it is an essential part of the
National Grid system.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................[3]
(ii) Why do the power stations generate a.c. and not d.c.?
.............................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................[1]
7 Fig. 7.1 illustrates one country’s system for transmitting electricity around the country,
from the power station to people’s houses.

Fig. 7.1

393
(a) At different points in this system, the voltage is 220 V, 11 000 V or 132 000 V. At the
three places marked on Fig. 7.1, write in the appropriate value of the voltage. [3]
(b) State two reasons why it is cheaper to transmit electrical energy at high voltage.
1.........................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
2.........................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
[2]
(c) Copper cables carrying the electricity are buried in the ground or aluminium cables
are suspended from pylons.
Explain why aluminium is a better choice of metal for overhead power lines.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................[1]

10 A farmer connects a house to the mains electricity. The house is a long way from the
nearest 230 V mains electricity supply.
Fig. 10.1 shows the mains supply connected to the house.

Fig. 10.1
(a) The farmer uses 230 V lamps in the house but they do not light up at full brightness.
Explain why the lamps are dim.
.............................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................[2]
(b) The farmer adds transformers, as shown in Fig. 10.2.

394
 Fig. 10.2
The lamps in the distant house light up at full brightness.
Explain why the lamps are now bright.
.............................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................[3]
(c) (i) Describe the structure of a transformer A. You may draw a diagram to help your
explanation.

.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................[3]
(ii) Explain in detail how a transformer produces an output voltage.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................[3]
(d) The 230 V mains supply provides 690 W of power to transformer A in Fig. 10.2.
(i) Calculate the supplied to the transformer.

395
 current = …………………….[2]
(ii) Calculate the supplied to the transformer in 10 minutes. Give your answer in joules.

energy = …………………………[2]

14.0 Introductory Electronics

1 (a) State what is meant by thermionic emission.
.........................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) The list below contains the names of five different components that might be found in
anelectric circuit.
Capacitor, light-dependent resistor, resistor, thermistor, variable resistor
Which of these has:
(i) a resistance that falls rapidly when the temperature rises,
.............................................................................................................................................
(ii) a resistance that changes when a sliding contact is moved,
.............................................................................................................................................
(iii) a high resistance in the dark but a low resistance in daylight?
.............................................................................................................................................
.
[3]
2 (a) A 1500 Ω resistor is used on an electronic circuit board in a television.
Fig. 2.1 shows the bands on a resistor.

396
 Fig. 2.1
Fig. 2.2

The table of Fig. 2.2 shows the colour code for the bands.
(i) State the colours of the bands on a 1500 Ω resistor.
band 1 ...............................................................
band 2 ...............................................................
band 3 ...............................................................
[2]
(ii) Determine the maximum value of resistance that can be shown with this three-band
colour code.
resistance = .......................................................... [1]
(iii) The 1500 Ω resistor on the electronic circuit board has a correct power rating of
0.25W.
State a disadvantage of using a different 1500 Ω resistor with a power rating that is
1. much less than 0.25 W,
..........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
2. much greater than 0.25 W.

397
..........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) Fig. 2.3 shows part of a circuit that includes a variable resistor R and a battery of

Fig. 10.3
(i) State one similarity and one difference between electromotive force (e.m.f.) and
potential difference (p.d.).
similarity: ...........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
difference: ..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
[3]
(ii) A light-emitting diode (LED) is connected between points X and Y, so that it emits
light.
On Fig. 2.3, draw the symbol for the LED connected between points X and Y. [2]
(iii) The resistance of R is increased. State what happens to the p.d. across the LED and
to the current in the LED.
p.d.: .....................................................................................................................................
current: ................................................................................................................................
[1]
(iv) The LED is marked “maximum current 25 mA when the p.d. is 1.7 V”.
Calculate the minimum value of the resistance of R.

398
 resistance = .......................................................... [4]

3(a) A cathode-ray oscilloscope makes use of the process known as thermionic

emission.
Describe what happens during this process.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) In the space below, draw a labelled diagram of a cathode-ray oscilloscope.
Include in your diagram the tube, the cathode, the accelerating anode, the focusing
anodeand both X- and Y-plates. Do not attempt to show any external circuits.

[3]
(c) A cathode ray is a beam of electrons.
Suggest one way of controlling the number of electrons in the beam.
.............................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................[1]

(d) In Fig. 3.1, a beam of cathode rays is entering the space between two charged metal
plates.

399
 Fig. 3.1
(i) What sort of particles make up cathode rays?
.........................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) On Fig. 3.1, continue the dotted line to show the path of the cathode rays as
theytravel between the plates and into the space beyond the plates. [3]
(e) One cathode-ray tube has 5000 V between the accelerating anode and the cathode.
The beam of electrons carries a total charge of 0.0095 C in 5.0 s.
Calculate
(i) the current caused by the beam,

current = ...........................................................[2]
(ii) the energy transferred by the beam in 20 s.

energy = ...........................................................[2]

4Fig. 4.1 shows a beam of electrons, two charged plates and a screen. These
components are inside an electron tube, the outline of which is not shown.

400
 Fig. 4.1
The beam of electrons hits the screen at the point P.
(a) On Fig. 41,
(i) complete the path of the electron beam,
(ii) mark the charges on both plates,
(iii) mark with an arrow and the letter C the direction of the conventional current in the
electron beam.
[4]
(b) In this electron tube, the electrons are produced at X and are accelerated towards Y.
In the space below, draw a labelled diagram of the components needed to produce and
accelerate the electrons.

[4]

401
5. Fig. 5.1 shows a tube for producing cathode rays. The tube contains various parts.

Fig. 5.1
A spot is formed on the screen by the cathode rays.
(a) What do cathode rays consist of? ..............................................................................[1]
(b) Which part, A, B, C or D, must be heated to create the cathode rays? .....................[1]
(c) (i) Which part, A, B, C or D, is coated with fluorescent material? ............................ [1]
(ii) What is the purpose of the fluorescent material?
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(d) A potential difference is applied between the two halves of part C.
What effect does this have on the cathode rays?
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(e) Explain why there needs to be a vacuum inside the tube.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]

6. Fig. 6.1 shows a tube for producing cathode rays, connected to two voltage supplies
and switches.

402
 Fig. 6.1
(a) Which switch has to be closed in order to make the filament release electrons?
.........................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) (i) Explain why closing the switch in (a) makes the filament release electrons.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [4]
(ii) What name do we give to this means of electron release?
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(c) State and explain what will happen to the released electrons when both switches are
closed.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................[3]

7. Fig. 7.1 shows a cathode-ray tube connected to external voltage supplies and
switches. The terminals labelled H.T. are connected to a high voltage source.

403
 Fig. 7.1
(a) When the cathode becomes hot it releases electrons.
What name is used to describe the release of electrons by heating?
.........................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) (i) Which switch should be closed to make the cathode become hot?
switch = ...............................................................
(ii) Which switch should then be closed to obtain a beam of electrons along CD?
switch = ...............................................................
(iii) Which switch should then be closed to deflect the beam of electrons downwards?
switch = ...........................................................
[2]
(c) What must be done in order to deflect the beam of electrons upwards, instead
ofdownwards?
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................[1]

8. Fig. 6.1 shows a vacuum tube in which it is hoped to generate cathode rays.

404
 Fig. 8.1
(a) (i) On Fig. 8.1, draw the symbol for a battery connected so that thermionic
emissionoccurs.
(ii) What particles are emitted in thermionic emission? .................................................[2]
(b)

Fig. 8.2
(i) On Fig. 8.2, show the + and – terminals suitably connected so that cathode raysmay
pass along the tube.
(ii) On Fig. 8.2, draw a line showing the path of the cathode rays.
(iii) How are the cathode rays detected in the tube?
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................

405
 [4]
(c) Fig. 8.3 shows the same vacuum tube, with the terminals labeled P, Q, R, S, and T.

Fig. 8.3
Between which two points should a battery be connected if the cathode rays are to
bedeflected upwards?
between point ................. and point ................... [1]

9. Fig. 9.1 represents a cathode-ray tube containing a number of different parts. There
are empty boxes connected to four of the parts. These boxes are for some of the
answers to this question. Not all of the boxes will be used.

Fig. 9.1
(a) On Fig. 9.1, write the word CATHODE in the appropriate box. [1]
(b) One part shown in Fig. 9.1 is used to deflect the cathode rays up and down.

406
Write UP AND DOWN in the appropriate box. [1]
(c) One part glows when the cathode rays strike it.
Write GLOWS in the appropriate box. [1]
(d) On Fig. 9.1, draw a battery connected so that the cathode is heated. [1]
(e) Name the particles that make up cathode rays. ................................................ [1]
(f) What fills the rest of the space in the cathode-ray tube? Tick one box.

[1]

10. The diagram shows the construction of a cathode ray oscilloscope (CRO).

(a) Describe the energy change that takes place when the electrons arrive at the
fluorescent screen.

407
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..[2]
(b) The CRO uses electron beams to measure voltages and frequencies.
The CRO has been a very important influence on the development of electronics.
State two other uses for electron beams and in each case say how this has influenced
other scientific work.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................[4]
(c) The diagrams opposite show three views of the screen of a CRO.

The timebase is switched off. Diagram A shows the screen when the CRO has no input
to the deflecting plates. What type of inputs would produce:
(i) diagram B?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) diagram C?
…………………………………………………………...…………………………………………..
[2]
(d) The diagrams below show C and three further screens of the CRO.

408
Describe in detail what adjustments have been made to the CRO's settings to produce
the screens shown in diagrams D to F.
D……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
E……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
F………………………………………………………...…………………………………………..
[2]
11. Fig. 11.1 shows a simplified diagram of the front of a cathode-ray oscilloscope
(c.r.o.).

Fig. 11.1
(a) When the oscilloscope is switched on, a bright spot is seen at the centre of the
screen.
(i) Describe what causes this bright spot.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................[3]
(ii) The spot is rather blurred. Which control should be adjusted to make it sharper?

409
.........................................................................................................................................[1]
(iii) Which control would be switched on to turn the spot into a horizontal line?
.........................................................................................................................................[1]
(iv) Describe what happens inside the oscilloscope to turn the spot into a horizontalline.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................[3]
(b) You have an alternating p.d. whose waveform you wish to display on the screen.
(i) Where would you connect this alternating p.d. to the oscilloscope?
.............................................................................................................................................
(ii) Fig. 11.2 shows what the trace on the screen might look like.

Fig. 11.2
1. What change would you see on the screen if you adjusted the x-shift control?
.............................................................................................................................................
2. What change would you see on the screen if you adjusted the y-shift control?
.............................................................................................................................................
[3]
12. (a) The diagram shows the basic construction of an electron gun.

410
(i) What is boiled off the hot metal filament?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..[1]
(ii) Use words from the box below to complete the following sentences.

When the heater voltage is reversed, an electron beam is still produced. This is because
the ……………..……. still becomes ……………………....when a current is passed in it.

When the anode voltage is reversed, no electron beam is produced. This is because
electrons are ………….…..….. and are …………………….. by the negative “anode”.
[4]
(b) The first diagram below shows the deflection of an electron beam as it passes
between parallel plates. The plates have a voltage of 50 V placed across them.

(i) Show on the second diagram the path of the electron beam between the plates when
the voltage is increased to 100 V. [1]
(ii) Show on the 3rddiagram the path of the electron beam between the plates when the
voltage is reversed. [2]
(c) The diagram below shows a possible construction for a television tube and the path
followed by the electron beam as it moves across the screen.

411
(i) Which pair of plates is used to deflect the electron beam from left to right across the
screen? ………………………………………………………………………………………..[1]
(ii) What type of energy is produced when the electron beam lands on the fluorescent
screen? ……………………………………………………………………………………….[1]
(iii) Describe one effect on the image produced on the screen when the number of
electrons arriving is increased.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………[1]

13. (a) Fig. 13.1 shows the screen of a c.r.o. (cathode-ray oscilloscope).
The c.r.o. is being used to display the output from a microphone.
The vertical scale on the screen is in volts.

412
 Fig. 13.1
(i) Describe the output from the microphone.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(ii) Use the graph to determine the peak voltage of the output.
.............................................................................................................................................
(iii) Describe how you could check that the voltage calibration on the screen iscorrect.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
[4]
(b) Fig. 13.2 shows the screen of the c.r.o. when it is being used to measure a small
timeinterval between two voltage pulses.

Fig. 13.2
(i) What is the distance on the screen between the two voltage pulses?
.................................................................................................................................
(ii) The time-base control of the c.r.o. is set at 5.0ms / cm.
Calculate the time interval between the voltage pulses.

time = ........................................
(iii) Suggest one example where a c.r.o. can be used to measure a small timeinterval.

413
.............................................................................................................................................
[4]

(a) (i) What is the function of a transistor when placed in an electrical circuit?
.............................................................................................................................................
(ii) Describe the action of a transistor.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................[3]

14. (a) The resistance of a thermistor depends on its temperature. Suggest two practical
uses for a thermistor that make use of this property. [2]
(b) The diagram shows the apparatus used to investigate how the resistance of a
thermistor depends on temperature.

(i) State how the resistance of the thermistor can be calculated from the readings taken.
[1]
(ii) When the temperature of the water is 18 °C, the resistance of the thermistor is found
to be 1000 Ω.
Calculate the current in the circuit at this temperature. [3]
(iii) Explain why an ammeter having a scale of 0 to 1 A would not be suitable for
measuring this current. [1]
414
(iv) When the temperature of the water is increased to 80 °C, the current in the circuit is
0.025 A. State what happens to the resistance of the thermistor as its temperature
increases. [1]
(v) Explain how the data given supports your answer to (iv). [2]

9 (a) Fig. 9.1 shows two resistors connected to a 6 V battery.

Fig. 9.1
(i) What name do we use to describe this way of connecting resistors?
............................................................................................................................ [1]
(ii) Calculate the combined resistance of the two resistors.

combined resistance = .................. [1]

(iii) Calculate the current in the circuit.

415
 current = ...................... [4]
(iv) Use your answer to (a)(iii) to calculate the potential difference across the 10Ω
resistor.

potential difference = .................. [2]

(v) State the potential difference between terminals X and Y.
potential difference.................. [1]
(b) The circuit in Fig. 9.2 is similar to the circuit in Fig. 9.1, but it uses a resistor AB with
a sliding contact.

Fig. 9.2
(i) State the potential difference between X and Y when the sliding contact is at
1. end A of the resistor, ………..............
2. end B of the resistor. .......................
[2]
(ii) The sliding contact of the resistor AB is moved so that the potential difference
between X and Y is 5 V.
On Fig. 9.2, mark with the letter C the position of the sliding contact. [1]

416
(b) Fig. 10.2 shows an electromagnetic relay being used to operate an electric motor.

Fig. 10.2
Below are sentences that describe stages of the process by which the circuit works.
A. The armature pivots and the contacts close.
B. The core of the relay is magnetised.
C. The switch is closed and the current flows through the coil.
D. A current flows through the motor, making it work.
E. The core attracts the top part of the armature.
Put the sentences so that the stages are in the correct order. Put the appropriate letters
in the boxes below. One box has been filled in as an example.

417
 [4]

10 (a) Fig. 10.1 shows a simple relay. Fig. 10.2 shows a reed relay. Both are drawn to
the same scale.

Fig. 10.1 Fig. 10.2

Explain in detail why

(i) closing switch S in Fig. 10.1 causes the motor M to start,
(ii) closing switch T in Fig. 10.2 causes the motor M to start,
(iii) the reed relay in Fig. 10.2 switches faster than the simple relay in Fig. 10.1.
[8]

418
Fig. 10.1 shows a circuit based on a transistor and a thermistor.

Fig. 10.1
(a) Describe the action of the thermistor in this circuit.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................... [3]
(b) State and explain how the circuit may be modified so that the lamp switches on at a
different temperature.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................... [2]
(c) State one practical use of this circuit.
................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) Fig. 10.3 includes a thermistor in series with the relay coil. The motor switches on
when the temperature changes.

419
 Fig. 10.3
(i) The temperature of the thermistor rises. State the effect on
1. the resistance of the thermistor,
2. the current in the relay coil.
(ii) The relay switches when the current through the coil is 0.10 A and the potential
difference across the coil is 2.0 V.
As the relay switches, calculate
1. the resistance of the relay coil,
2. the potential difference across the thermistor,
3. the resistance of the thermistor.
[7]
7 Fig. 7.1 shows an electrical circuit.

Fig. 7.1

420
(a) On Fig. 7.1, draw an arrow at A to show the direction of flow of the electrons in the
wire.
[1]
(b) What is the name of component X?
................................................................................................................................... [1]
(c) State and explain how the potential difference across X varies as the light shining on
itbecomes brighter.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................... [2]

Fig. 8.1 shows a transformer and a rectifier used in a battery charging circuit for a 12 V
battery.

Fig. 8.1
(a) The transformer produces an output of 15 V across the secondary coil.
Calculate a suitable turns ratio for the transformer.
turns ratio = ................................ [2]
(b) Fig. 8.2 shows the 15 V output across the secondary coil.

421
 Fig. 8.2
On the same axes, sketch the graph of the potential difference across the terminals T1
and T2 before the battery is connected. [2]
(c) Explain how the circuit converts an a.c. supply into a d.c. output.
.............................................................................................................................................
…..........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................ [2]
(d) On Fig. 8.1, draw in a battery connected so that it may be charged. [1]

(e) When fully charged, the 12V battery can supply a current of 2.0 A for 30 hours (1.08
×105 s).

Calculate
(i) the battery power when supplying a current of 2.0 A,

power = ......................................
(ii) the total energy that the battery will supply during the 30 hours.

422
 energy = ......................................
[4]

Chapter 15 Radioactivity (134)

1. An atom of one of the isotopes of sodium contains

11 protons, 11 electrons and 13 neutrons.
(a) Which of these three will be the same in neutral atoms of all isotopes of sodium?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]
(b) State the nucleon number of this isotope.
........................................................................... [1]
(c) What can you say about the chemical properties of the different isotopes of sodium?
.........................................................................................................................................[1]
(d) One isotope of sodium is 25Na.
How many neutrons are there in one atom of this isotope?
............................................... [1]

2. A certain element is known to exist as two different isotopes.

(a) State one thing that is the same for atoms of both isotopes.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(b) State one thing that is different between atoms of these two isotopes.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(c) An atom of one of these isotopes is unstable and decays into a different element by
emitting a β-particle.
(i) State one thing about the atom that remains the same during this decay.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]

423
(ii) State one thing about the atom that changes as a result of this decay.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]

3. The symbol represents a nucleus of uranium.

(a) State:

(i) the meaning of nucleon number and its value.

.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................ [2]
(ii) its atomic number...................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) its neutron number…................................................................................................ [1]

(b) A nucleus of uranium-238 decays to form a nucleus of thorium by the emission of an

alpha-particle. State
(i) the proton number of an alpha-particle,
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(ii) the nucleon number of an alpha-particle,
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(iii) the proton number of thorium,
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(iv) the nucleon number of the thorium isotope formed.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(c) Alpha-particles, beta-particles and gamma-rays are three types of radioactive
emissions.
(a) State which type is
(i) the most penetrating, ......................................................................................................
(ii) the most ionising, ...........................................................................................................
(iii) part of the electromagnetic spectrum. ...........................................................................
[3]

424
4. Here is a list of different types of radiation.
alpha (α), beta (β), gamma (γ), infra-red, radio, ultra-violet, visible, X-rays
(a) Underline all those radiations in the list which are not electromagnetic radiations. [2]
(b) Which radiation is the most penetrating..................................................................... [1]
(c) Which radiation has the longest wavelength?............................................................ [1]
(d) Which radiation consists of particles that are the same as 4He nuclei?
……………………………………………………………………………................................ [1]

5. Three particles you have learned about are protons, neutrons and electrons.
(a) How many of each of these particles
(i) are found in an α-particle,
number of protons = ...................
number of neutrons = ...................
number of electrons = ................... [1]
(ii) are found in a β-particle?
number of protons = ...................
number of neutrons = ...................
number of electrons = ................... [1]

(b) Sodium-24 can be represented as .

How many of each of these particles are there in a neutral atom of ?

number of protons = .....................
number of neutrons = .....................
number of electrons = .....................
[3]
(c) A nucleus of sodium-24 decays to become magnesium-24, by the emission of one
particle. The equation below describes this change.

The symbol represents the emitted particle.

425
(i) State the value of x. ................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) State the value of y. .................................................................................................. [1]
(iii) What type of particle is θ? ....................................................................................... [1]

(d) (a) The decay of a nucleus of radium leads to the emission of an α-particle
and leaves behind a nucleus of radon (Rn).
Write an equation to show this decay.
........................................................................................................................................ [2]

6.(a)Explain what is meant by background radiation.

.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................ [2]
(b)Describe how one human activity has led to an increase in background radiation.
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [2]

7 (a) A scientist has three radioactive sources. The first source emits only alpha-
particles, the second source emits only beta-particles and the third source emits only
gamma-rays.
(i) Explain how the scientist demonstrates that the three types of radiation have different
penetrating powers.
In your account
• draw a diagram of the apparatus used,
• state what materials are used to show the different penetrating powers,
• explain how the apparatus is used.

426
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................ [5]
(ii) State two different safety precautions the scientist must follow when handling the
radioactive sources. [2]
1...........................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
2...........................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [5]

(b) Fig. 7.1 shows radiation moving into the magnetic field between the poles of a strong
magnet.

Fig. 7.1
The radioactive source emits alpha-particles, beta-particles and gamma-rays. For each
type of radiation, describe the path taken by the radiation.
You may draw a diagram to help your explanation.

427
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [3]

(c) Fig. 7.2 represents three different nuclei.

Fig. 7.2
State and explain which nuclei are from different isotopes of the same element.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]

8. A radioactive source emits only β-particles.

(a) A scientist wishes to investigate the deflection of β-particles by an electric field. Draw
a labelled diagram to suggest a suitable experimental arrangement.

428
 [3]
(b) State how the apparatus would be used to show the deflection of the β-particles by
the electric field.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................... [2]
(c) State how the results would show the deflection of the β-particles.
.........................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................... [1]
(d) Explain the direction of the deflection obtained.
.........................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................... [1]

9. Fig. 9.1 shows a beam of radiation that contains α-particles, β-particles and γ-rays.
The beam enters a very strong magnetic field shown in symbol form by N and S poles.

Fig. 9.1
Complete the table below.

429
 [6]
10. Emissions from a radioactive source pass through a hole in a lead screen and into a
magnetic field, as shown in Fig. 10.1.

Fig. 10.1
Radiation detectors are placed at A, B and C. They give the following readings:

The radioactive source is then completely removed, and the readings become:

430
 (a) Explain why there are still counts being recorded at A, B and C, even when the
radioactive source has been removed, and give the reason for them being slightly
different.
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................[2]
(b) From the data given, deduce the type of emission being detected, if any, at A, at B
and at C when the radiation source is present.
State the reasons for your answers.
detector at A
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
[2]
detector at B
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
[3]
detector at C
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
[3]

11. When a nucleus of xenon –135 emits a beta-particle, it decays to form a

nucleus of caesium (Cs).

(a) State what the number 135 represents in the symbol

.............................................................................................................................................

431
.........................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) Complete the equation to represent the decay of the xenon –135 nucleus.

[2]

(c) A radioactive material emits beta-particles. Fig. 11.1 shows the number of beta-
particlesemitted in one second at two different times.

Fig. 11.1
(i) State what is meant by the half-life of a radioactive material.
.........................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................[2]
(iii) Calculate the half-life of the radioactive material.

half-life = ……………………………..[2]

Fig. 11.1 shows how the activity of a radioactive source changes with time. Use the
graph to calculate a value for the half-life of the radioactive source. Show clearly how you
obtained your answer.

432
 Fig. 11|.1
half-life = ................. [2]

12 (a) Four students attempt to define the half-life of a sample of radioactive substance.

Student A Half-life is half the time for the activity of the sample to decrease to zero.
Student B Half-life is half the time taken for the activity of the sample to decrease to half
its original value.
Student C Half-life is the time taken for the activity of the sample to decrease to half its
original value.
Which student has given a correct definition? ........................................................... [1]
(b) Fig. 12.1 shows two samples of the same radioactive substance. The substance
emits β particles.

433
 Fig. 12.1
Which quantity is the same for both samples._____________________________ [1]
(c) A quantity of radioactive material has to be taken from a nuclear reactor to a factory
some distance away. Fig. 12.2 shows the decay curve for the quantity of radioactive
material.

Fig. 12.2

434
Just before it leaves the nuclear reactor, the count-rate from the material is 2000 counts /
minute. When it arrives at the factory, the count-rate is 1000 counts / minute.
(i) How long did the journey take? ........................................................................ [1]
(ii) How many half-lives elapsed during the journey? .................................................... [1]
(iii) The material is only useful to the factory if the activity is at least 100 counts / minute.
Use Fig. 12.2 to determine how many hours of useful life the factory has from the
radioactive material.
useful life = ...................................... [2]

13 (a) α-particles, β-particles and γ-rays are known as ionising radiations.

(i) Describe what happens when gases are ionised by ionising radiations.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(ii) Suggest why α-particles are considered better ionisers of gas than β-particles.
.............................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................[3]
(b) (i) Suggest two practical applications of radioactive isotopes.
1. .........................................................................................................................................
2. .........................................................................................................................................
(ii) For one of the applications that you have suggested, describe how it works, or draw a
labelled diagram to illustrate it in use.

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.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
[4]

14. Fig. 14.1 illustrates the process that occurs in the core of a nuclear reactor.

Fig. 14.1
(a) State the name of the process illustrated in Fig. 8.1.
.........................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) Describe what happens during this process.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................[2]

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(c) Some of the waste from a nuclear reactor is radioactive with a long half-life.
Explain what is meant by
(i) radioactive,
............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) a long half-life.
............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................[2]

15 (a) Some atoms are radioactive. Explain what is meant by radioactive.

.........................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................[2]
(b) Some hospital equipment is sterilised using gamma-rays. State two properties of
gamma-rays that make them suitable for this use.
1. .........................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
2. .........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................[2]
(c) Explain why radioactive sources should only be handled at a distance from the body.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................[2]

16. An atom of phosphorus (chemical symbol P) is composed of 15 electrons, 17

neutrons and 15 protons.
(a) For this atom, state
(i) the proton number (atomic number), ......................................................................... [1]
(ii) the nucleon number (mass number). ........................................................................ [1]

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(b) This phosphorus atom is radioactive. As it decays to an atom of sulfur (chemical
symbol S), it emits a beta-particle (symbol β).
(i) Write a nuclear equation for this decay.
........................................................................................................................................ [3]
(ii) Explain what is meant by a beta-particle.
.............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................ [2]

(iii) A sample of radioactive material contains many of these phosphorus atoms.

Describe an experiment to investigate whether the sample emits only beta-particles. A
diagram may be included.

.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................ [4]
(c) This isotope of phosphorus has a radioactive half-life of 14.3 days.
(i) Explain what is meant by radioactive half-life.
.............................................................................................................................................

438
.............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(ii) A solution containing such phosphorus atoms is used in a medical procedure. When it
is prepared, the solution has an activity of 1400 counts / second. The solution cannot be
used when its activity falls below 350 counts / second.
Calculate the maximum time between preparing and using the solution.

time = ......................................... [2]

17. (a) A sodium nucleus decays by the emission of a β-particle to form magnesium.
(i) Complete the decay equation below.

(ii) Fig. 11.1 shows β-particles from sodium nuclei moving into the space between the
poles of a magnet.

Fig. 17.1
Describe the path of the β-particles between the magnetic poles.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
[5]
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(b) Very small quantities of a radioactive isotope are used to check the circulation of
blood
by injecting the isotope into the bloodstream.
(i) Describe how the results are obtained.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(ii) Explain why a ˠ-emitting isotope is used for this purpose rather than one that emits
either α-particles or β-particles.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
[4]

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