Globalization Theories outside control.

They have strong middle and

working classes and focus on higher scope
Globalization
production of material goods rather than raw
- The sharing of culture, and money and materials.
products, between countries that is happening
Periphery Countries
because of international trade, and advances
in transportation and communication. - Are those in Latin America and Africa
International trade has influenced changes and tend to have a relatively weak
across borders for centuries. government.
- A social process where people become - They tend to depend on only one type
more and more aware of other cultures and of economic activity like extracting raw
peoples, across geographical and political and materials.
social borders. The economic interdependence
- There’s a high percentage of poor and
of different countries, as well as advancements
uneducated people, as well as a small upper
in communication technology, and the progress
class which controls most of the economy and
of technology in general, have all contributed
creates a huge inequality in the population.
to globalization.
- These countries are greatly influenced
Silk and Spice Trade Routes
by core countries and transnational
- Began as early as the 1st century BCE in corporations which can harm the future
East Asia economic potential of the periphery countries.
- Introduced different cultures and Semi-Periphery Countries
linked the economies of different nations. As
- India and Brazil make up the middle
did the English and Dutch shipping empires in
ground between core and periphery.
the 16th century.
- They are often not dominant in
Theories of Globalization
international trade, but they have a relatively
- World-systems Theory diversified and developed economy.
- Modernization Theory - These semi-periphery countries can
come either from periphery countries moving
- Dependency Theory
up toward the industrialized core countries, or
World-systems Theory dorm core countries declining toward
periphery status.
- Focuses on the importance of the world
as a unit, rather than looking at individual
countries. It divides the world into three
The World-systems theory is a fluid model, but
regions: core countries, periphery countries,
it is criticized for being too focused on the
and semi-periphery countries.
economy and the core countries, and
Core Countries forgetting about the culture of even the class
struggles of individual countries.
- Western Europe and the United States.
- These countries have a strong central
government with enough tax to support it.
They are economically diversified,
industrialized, and relatively independent of
Modernization Theory
- Proposes that all countries follow a
similar path of development from a traditional
to a modern society.
- Assumes that with some help
traditional countries can develop into modern
countries in the same way that today’s modern
countries developed in the first place. It looks
at the internal social dynamics as the country
adapts to new technologies, and the political
and social changes that occur.
Dependency Theory
- A reaction to modernization theory and
uses the idea of core and periphery countries
from the World-systems theory to look at the
inequalities between countries.
- It is the idea that periphery or third
world countries are poor and export resources
to the wealthy core of first world countries, not
because they are in an earlier stage of
development, but because they have been
integrated into the world-system as an
undeveloped country.
- They have their own structures and
features not seen in developed countries and
will not accelerate to become a developed
nation. They are in an unfavorable economic
position that means they don’t even have the
opportunity to improve and develop. They’ll
remain poor and dependent on wealthier
nations.
Different Ways of Looking at Globalization
Hyper Globalist Perspective
- Sees globalization as a legitimate
process, a new age in human history. Countries’
economies become interdependent as the
nations’ states themselves become
significantly less important. Many individual
countries become one global society, though
theorists don’t agree whether this is good or
bad.
Skeptical Perspective
- Is critical globalization and considers
today’s international processes as becoming
regionalized rather than globalized. Countries
borders are not becoming less important. The
third world countries aren’t being integrated
into the global economy with the same benefits
as first world countries. Skeptics don’t believe
that the current economy is leading towards
global capitalism. Transnational corporations
are still tied to their home country and national
borders are as important as ever.
Transformationalist Perspective
- Doesn’t have either a specific
outcome.
- They believe that National
Governments are changing, perhaps becoming
less important. As to the strong stance of
skeptics take on the marginalization of third
world countries, transformationalists again just
see that the world order is changing, a new
world order design is developing.
- They state that there are many factors
that influence the change of the world
patterns, but that the outcomes of these
changes is just now known.
Globalization has caused many changes in
society. It has allowed for international
terrorism and civil unrest as different countries
are interdependent on each other promoting a
global community.