SocIety of Petroleum Engineers

SPE 26062

Improved Oxygen Activation Logging for Waterflood

Surveillance Measurements
D.R. Schnorr, Schlumberger Well Services; G.W. Targac, ARCO Alaska Inc.; R.J. Guillory,
ARCO E&P Technology; and C.M. Pearson and M.E. Eck, ARCO Alaska Inc.
SPE Members

Copyright 1993, Society of Petroleum Engineers, Inc.

This paper was prepared for presentation at the Western Regional Meeting held iii Anchorage, Alaska, U.S.A., 26-28 May 1993.

This paper was selected for presentation by an SPE Program Committee following review of information contained in an abstract submitted by the author(s). Contents of the paper,
as presented, have not been reviewed by the Society of Petroleum Engineers and are sUbject to correction by the author(s). The material, as presented, does not necessariiy reflect
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of where and by whom the paper is presented. Write Librarian, SPE, P.O. Box 833836, Richardson, TX 75083-3836, U.S.A. Telex, 163245 SPEUT.

ABSTRACT information could be used to make an assessment of ultimate

This paper reports the results of using an improved impulse oxygen
activation logging tool for water flood surveillance in the Kuparuk:
River Field, Alaska. The modified logging tool now enables the
monitoring of water injection proflles in the "selective single" well
completions over a wider range of injection rates with better
vertical resolution when compared with an earlier impulse oxygen
activation tool configuration.
The resolution and dynamic range of this service have been im-
proved with a modification to the pulsed neutron tool. The
modification increased the vertical resolution at high injection rates
from 15-ft to 6-ft. Using a series of station measurements, it is
possible to measure water velocities from less than 2 ftlmin (0.01
m/s) to 300 ftlmin (1.5 mls). Knowing the cross sectional area of
the casing/tubing annulus, water flow rates from 10 to 9500 BWPD
are directly calculated.
These measurements have provided injection profiles to determine
vertical conformance and the need for profile modification. Three
case histories are discussed. 1.) The results of the pre- and post-
logging programs are presented as well as the results of the
successful profile modification. 2.) Detection of thin high perme-
ability thief zones. 3.) Multiple water velocities measured in the
same direction at same time to determine the injection proflles
inside and outside of the tubing. This has all been possible with the
successful modification of the WFL* tool to increase its vertical
resolution. Impulse oxygen activation logging has become crucial
to the continued surveillance of the secondary recovery project of
the prolific C Sand in the Kuparuk River Field. Additionally, the
recovery, the need for inflll drilling and enhanced recovery pro-
cesses.
INTRODUCTION
The Kuparuk: River Field is located on the North Slope of Alaska
approximately 40 miles west of the Prudhoe Bay Field (Figure 1).
It is one of the United States' largest oil fields, producing approxi-
mately 320,000 STBD. Waterflooding started in 1983 and now
covers 85 percent of the 115,000 acres currently developed. Evalu-
ation of waterflood performance is essential for efficient manage-
ment ofthe existing waterflood, assessment ofultimate production,
and determination of the potential for infill drilling and enhanced
recovery processes in the field.
Production occurs from two horizons within the Kuparuk: River
Field, referred to as the A and C sands. For waterflood management
purposes, "selective single" completions are used to isolate the
prolific C Sands behind production tubing and to enable the lower
A Sands to be fracture stimulated. Figure 2 shows a "selective
single" completion for both an injection and production well. Since
most currentinjection wells were initially completed forproduction
service prior to conversion, all wells have hardened blast joints
across the C Sand perforations to minimize the potential for
erosional cuttingofthe tubing. Given this completion type, the only
successful method of making a direct measurement of vertical
conformance bas been the use of impulse oxygen activation log-
ging'!

·Mark of Schlumberger
321
2 IMPROVED OXYGEN ACfIVATION LOGGING FOR WATERFLOOD SURVEILLANCE MEASUREMENTS
During the past three years, impulse oxygen activation logging has
been successfully applied to both injection and production wells to
identify thiefzones behind the production tubing and to provide the
quantitative vertical sweep infonnation necessary for better man-
agementof the waterflood. This measurement has provided a new
capability to trace water at very high flow rates and is particularly
well suited to measure water flow in the tubing-casing annulus.
Infonnation obtained to date has been used to place and evaluate
cement squeezesandpolymer treatments to improve vertical sweep,
verify floodable pay, and analyze injection perfonnance of
Kuparuk's waterflood.
Geology
The Kuparuk reservoir is a lower Cretaceous sandstone fonnation
deposited in a marine shelf environment and contains in excess of
5 billion barrels of oil-in-place. The field produces from two
separate zones, referred to as the A and C sands. A typical log of
the Kuparuk interval is shown in Figure 3. The lower producing
zone, the A Sand, is present throughout the Unit development
Although the average thickness is typically less than 30 feet, with
penneability ranging from 20 to 80 md, the A Sand contains 65%
of the total reserves in the Kuparuk Field. The C Sand is separated
from the A Sand by an impenneable zone consisting of sands,
siltstones, and shales ranging in gross thickness from 0 to 150 feet
referred to as the B Sand. The impenneable B Sand benefits the oil
recovery at Kuparuk by allowing the two zones of distinctly
different producing characteristics to be waterflooded separately.
Since field start up, the C Sand has contributed the majority of field
production. The net pay of the C Sand is up to 80 feet with an
average penneability of 150 md. The C Sand is an extremely
complex and heterogeneous reservoir. It is divided into four
subintervals as shown in Figure 4. The two main C Sand reservoir
flow units, Cl and C4 contain low volumes of dispersed clay and
high volumes of siderite cement and glauconite. Core plug data
show that air penneabilities range from 0 to 1 darcy in both
intervals. The C2 interval, an interbedded series of2 to 4 feet thick
very-fine sandstones and siltstones, has core plug air penneabilities
typically below 2 to 3 md. The C3 interval is a continuation of the
upward coarsening trend seen in the C2 interval with core plug air
penneabilities that are somewhat higher, ranging from 10 to 50 md.
The C3/C4 boundary is an erosional inconfonnity that is often
characterized by high <± 1 darcy) core plug air penneabilities.
Field Development
Primary production from the Kuparuk River Field began in late
1981. Initial development is on 160 acre spacing with some 80 acre
infill wells. The Kuparuk reservoir is a sandstone in which the
primary producing mechanism is solution gas drive. Because the
reservoir was initially in an undersaturated condition, waterflood
322
SPE 26062
was quickly implemented in a small portion of the field in 1983 to
maintain reservoir pressure and oil rate. In late 1985, immiscible
WAG injection began and a full field waterflood was implemented.
In 1988, an enhanced recovery pilot was implemented using mis-
cible enriched gas alternating with water injection. The field
presently has some 380 production and 320 injection wells.
Fieldproduction history is shown inFigure 5. Oil rate has increased
steadily to the current yearly average of 320,000 STBD. Water
production was initially observed in 1983 and has trended up to
300,000 BWPD. At present, the vast majority of water is being
produced from the higher penneability layers within the C Sands
which effectively water-out before water breakthrough occurs in
the lower penneability layers. If this condition were to continue
unchecked, the time required to recover remaining reserves would
be significantly extended with the potential that significantreserves
could be lost during the remainder of field life.
Over the past three years, significant amounts of water injection
have been diverted from more mature, high penneability C Sand
intervals to immature A Sand and C Sand intervals. In some cases,
this has been achieved through mechanically shutting in the C Sand
using the "selective single" completions. In other cases, it has been
possible to use impulse oxygen activation logging to identify thief
zones for selective treatment using profile control techniques.
These logs have provided the necessary infonnation to test a variety
of profile control techniques including squeeze cementing and
polymer injection. The injection and production profiles presented
in this paper were obtained in support of several profile control
projectson Drill Site2W, a core drill site in the heart ofthe field with
significant A Sand and C Sand reserves.
IMPROVED IMPULSE OXYGEN ACTIVATION
MEASUREMENT
The oxygen activation technique to measure water flow in the
borehole is well known.2-6 This technique was observed in Alaska
in 1982 as a method to identify zones that produced water. When
the impulse oxygen activation technique was introduced in 1990,
the measurement of water flow in water injection wells that have
perforated zones behind tubing became a qualitative measurement
This technique and its advantages have been described in reference
7.
Tool Modifications - Old vs New Tool
The tool modifications pfovide several advantages to the standard
configuration. The standard tool configuration has gamma ray
detector spacings of 1-ft, 2-ft, and 15-ftfrom the neutron generator.
This standard tool was modified, after several water injection wells
SPE 26062 D. R. SCHNORR, G. W. TARGAC, C. M. PEARSON, R. J. GUILLORY, M. E. ECK
were logged, to improve the evaluation of the water injection
profile. The standard tool configuration measures water velocities
from less than 2 to over 200 ft/min. This range of velocities was
acceptable for most ofthe wells logged, but at higher injection rates
the vertical resolution of the 15-ft detector was not acceptable. The
reliable measured water velocities were also limited in some cases
at the upper water velocity range ofthe 2-ftdetector and at the lower
water velocity range of the 15-ft detector. The limitation for these
conditions for both detectors is about 30 ft/min. In some conditions,
the detectors did not measure the velocity of the water because the
water was flowing too fast for the 2-ft detector and too slow for the
IS-ft detector. The tool configuration was improved by adding an
additional detector 6 ft from the neutron generator and positioned
at the tool's sonde and cartridge makeup point. A comparison ofthe
two different WFL tools is presented in Figure 6.
The modified tool has detectors spaced at 2-ft, 6-ft. and 20-ft from
the neutron generator. The I-ft detector is not used with the
modified tool. The 6-ft detector bridges the gap between the 2-ft
and 2Q-ft detectors in the modified tool by over lapping into each
detector's region of confidence.
An advantage of the new tool configuration is the increased
resolution of the 6-ft detector over the IS-ft detector. Figure 7
shows two different interpretations of the same measured velocity
data from Well 2W-1O in the December 1990 and March 1991
surveys. The data was acquired with the 15-ft detector and
interpreted by using an "overlapping interpolation method", case
one, and "mid-point between the neutron generator and detector
method", case two. The interpretations from the two different
methods indicated that in case one, thief zones at the top, 8570 ft.
and bottom, 8675 ft, of the C Sands perforations occurred after the
polymer treatment. These two zones when interpreted with the
"mid-point method" indicated that the injectivity was reduced by
the polymer treatment. After reevaluating the data, the mid-point
interpretation was used to determine the profile of the post-polymer
treatment. However, these different interpretations demonstrated
the need for a tool with better vertical resolution and was one of the
reasons that the 6-ft detector was added to the tool. Reference 1
discusses the "overlapping interpolation method" that is used to
increase vertical resolution when water velocities are greater than
90 ft/min.
The impulse oxygen activation tool measures the average velocities
between the neutron generator and the different detectors. The
interpretation of a velocity profile becomes more precise as the
distance between the neutron generatorand detector is reduced. For
most cases, the 2-ft detectoroffers excellentprecision, however, the
velocity calculations become suspect as the velocity approaches 30
ft/min since the flow signal comes so soon after the neutron burst.
The 6-ft detector is a good compromise between the precision of the
2-ft detector and the ability to accurately read higher velocities.
323
3
Figure 8 represents the range of water velocities that can be
measured with the 2-ft, 6-ft, 15-ft, and 20-ft detectors.
Measuring Multiple Water Velocities
It has been known for some time that the WFL tool has the ability
to measure multiple water velocities in the same direction at the
same time. This is possible due to its three detectors at 2-ft, 6-ft. and
20-ft spacing and the impulse oxygen activation technique. The
impulse oxygen activation technique activates the water in the
tubing and in the annulus between the tubing and casing at the same
time. These small volumes of activated water flow, at their own
velocities, toward the detectors as displayed in Figure 9. The water
injection rate in the tubing and in the annulus are then determined
from the measured velocities and known cross sectional areas,
respectively.
All water injection wells completed as "selective singles" in the
Kuparuk River Field have two water injection paths. These
injection paths are inside the tubing and in the annulus between the
tubing and casing. With the multiple velocity capability, the WFL
Method is starting to replace conventional spinner surveys that
were run in the past to determine the A Sand and C Sand water
injection splits and the A Sand injection profile below the tubing
tail. This ability to measure two water velocities in the same
direction has eliminated the need for setting a blanking plug in the
tubing tail. The blanking plug was set in the tubing tail to eliminate
the complexity of two water velocities in the same direction, so the
tradition oxygen activation method could be used. This was also
done with the impulse oxygen activation technique until it was
observed that this technique could differentiate the different injec-
tion velocities in the tubing and annulus at the same time, Figure 9.
This technique saves the cost of additional equipment, surveys,
man hours, and the associated costs and risks of running the
blanking plug.
CASE HISTORIES
Three case histories are discussed in the following examples.
Example A: Proflle Modification-Wells 2W-12 and 2W-14
Example B: Detecting thin high perm thief zones-We1l2W-08
Example C: Dual injection profiling - NC split - Well 2W-04
EXAMPLE A - Profile Modification
Over the past three years, twenty-four WFL logs have been run in
the Kuparuk River Field and over half of these logs have been with
the improved detector spacing. At Drill Site 2W, a core drill site in
4 IMPROVED OXYGEN ACTIVAllON LOGGING FOR WATERFLOOD SURVEILLANCE MEASUREMENTS SPE 26062

the heart of the field with significant A Sand and C Sand reserves, A large amount of C Sand water injection is considered to be at or
a total of 14 WFL logs have been run to date. The WFL logs have above formation parting pressure. The near-well profile modifica-
been used for identifying thief zones for both selective and non- tion performedon We1l2W-14 may be hinderedby thispractice due
selective treatments using profile control techniques. The tool has to the potential of hydraulically fracturing past the treatment.
also been used to monitor the longer term effectiveness of the Injection pressure has intentionally been kept below parting pres-
profile control treatments. Specifically, these logs have provided sure after the polymer treatment for this reason. The limitation of
the necessary information to justify a cementsqueeze, two thick gel keeping injection pressure low in the C Sand is that lower
polymer treatments and a five well injector treatment using Deep permeability layers are less apt to flood. The DDG process can
Diverting Gel (DDG) in the Kuparuk C Sand. The DOG process potentially overcome this limitation by having the capability of in-
involves the novel application of a polyacrylamide polymer gel
cross linked with aluminum citrate, details of which have been
publishedB•
Table 1.
Figure 10 shows the WFL log for producing Well 2W-12 in
November, 1990. The log was performed in the up flow mode with phi*H. % Flow, % Comments
all the production entering the tubing string through the upper two
C Sand production mandrels. As indicated in Figure 10, the C-I
2W-04 C-4 67 25
interval, approximately 7610' to 7640', was producing 100% of the
water or approximately 4500 BWPD. The produced water rate for
C-3 11 o
C-l 22 75 Major C I Thief
Well2W-12 subsequently increased to over 5500 BWPD over the
next two years, due to increased water injection support. In
October, 1992, a workover was performed on this well to repair the
2W-05C-4 (upper) 60 o
C-4(lower) 4 57 Major C34 Thief
upper C Sand production mandrel to allow fracture stimulation of 14
C-3 18
the Kuparuk A Sand. As part of the workover justification, the C-l 22 25
opportunity to cementsqueeze the C Sandand selectivelyreperforate
the C-3 and C-4 intervals was pursued. The C-I interval from 7604
to 7644 ft was notreperforated. Post workoverresults indicated me
2W-08 C-4 67 o
WFL log that was run in November, 1990, was correct and the
C-3 11 o
C-l 22 100 Major Cl Thief
produced water rate was reduced to approximately 300 BWPD with
theoilrateremainingatapproximately500STBD. The300BWPD 2W-09 C-4 45
65
is probably leaking from the Co.l squeezed perforations.
C-3 17 o
C-I 18 55 Major CI Thief
Figure II is a summary plot of the WFL logs performed on Well
2W-14. This injector was treated in December, 1990 with 550 2W-16 C-4 60 45
barrels ofa thick gel polymer. The thick gel was used to selectively
treat the C-I interval that was taking 31 % of the injected water and
C-3 17 o
C-I 23 51 Major CI Thief
has been identified in waterflood analysis as a thiefzone. Selective
placement was performed using a coil tubing with a packer set
between the upper and lower C sand production mandrels that are
at 7845 ft and 7975 ft. The polymer was injected down the coil
tubing into the lower C Sand mandrel at 7975 ft. Sea water was depth profile modification. Table 1 shows a summary of the WFL
simultaneously pumped down the 3.5" tubing/coil tubing annulus logs performed on five injectors at Drill Site 2W. The table lists the
into the upper C Sand mandrel at 7845 ft. Theoretically, this should corresponding pore (net) feet versus injection percentage for the C
form a sea water/polymer interface slightly above the C-l Sand in Sand intervals in each well. The WFL log has been effective in
the 3.5" tubing by 7" annulus and should protect the upper interval determining the location of water thief zones. This information
from damage due to non selective gel placement. Also shown in coupled with increased oil recovery and reduced water cycling is
Figure II are the injection profiles taken approximately 3 months the justification for the DOG project. This project is currently
and 16 months after polymer injection (labeled Post 1 polymer and scheduled for implementation in mid-summer 1993 and will inject
Post 2 polymer, respectively). Post 1 polymer confirms the treat- approximately 150,000 barrels of treated sea water per well.
ment was successful and Post 2 polymer confirms the long term
effectiveness of the treatment.

324
SPE 26062 D. R. SCHNORR, G. W. TARGAC, C. M.PEARSON, R.1. GUILLORY, M. E. ECK
EXAMPLE B- DETECTING TffiN HIGH PERM
THIEF ZONES
The C Sand is divided into four subintervals which are extremely
complex and heterogeneous. The C-4 and C-l flow units are the
main producing intervals and have penneabilities that range from
oto 1darcy. These units are made up ofseveral thin laminated sands
that vary from a few inches to several feet thick. The WFL log has
been able to identify these thin thief zones by measuring water
velocities at different depths across perforated zones. These
perforations are located behind tubing and the water is injected
through two injection mandrels located in the tubing above these
perforations.
Well2W-08 has all C Sand subintervals perforated. The injection
rate was 4040 BWPD and there was a blanking plug setin the tubing
tail so that no water was injected into the A Sand. WFL measure-
ments were made at ten ft intervals across the C-4, C-3, and C-2
Sand intervals as shown in Figure 12. If any loss in water velocity
was detected, additional measurements are taken between these
measurements to further define the interval taking the injected
water. WFL measurements were made at five ft intervals across the
C-l Sand. To get a complete C sand interval profile, 24 measure-
ments were taken across theC Sand perforations as indicated by the
spikes on the post gamma ray log shown in track one of Figure 12.
The injection profile detennined that all water was being injected
into a thief zone in the C-l Sand from 7313 to 7321 ft, Figure 13.
The thiefzone has been selected for profile modification to seal the
zone and divert injected water into the other penneable zones that
are not being water flooded at this time.
EXAMPLE C - DUAL INJECTION PROFILING
-AlC SPLIT
There are 320 injection wells in the Kuparuk River Field. Many of
these wells have been completed as selective single completions.
This means water is being injected inside the tubing and in the
annulus, between two or three packers, at the same time. The WFL
log is used to measure the velocities ofthe injected water both in the
tubing and annulus. The impulse oxygen activation technique
activates small volumes of water in the tubing and annulus at the
same time. These small volumes of activated water then flow at
their own velocities past the gamma ray detectors that are spaced at
different distances from the neutron generator. The water injection
rates are then detennined with the measured velocities and known
cross sectional flow areas.
Well2W-04 is a water injection well with water being injected into
both the A and C Sands at the same time. The surface water
injection rate is 41()() BPD. The WFL log was used to detennine the
325
5
C Sand water injection profile behind tubing and at the same time
detennine the A Sand water injection profile. Figure 9 shows the
measured WFL signature for two different water velocities at 6985
ft The water velocity inside the tubing is 191 ftlmin and the water
velocity in the annulus is 71 ftlmin. These velocities and the cross
sectional areas inside the tubing and in the annulus are used to
calculate the injection rates. An injection parameter of Barrels/Ftl
Day is detennined from the injection profiles and combined with
the porosity and pay flags to define how much water each zone was
taking as shown in Figure 14.
CONCLUSIONS
Accurate water injection profiles continue to be the cornerstone of
evaluating and optimizing multi-layered waterflood perfonnance.
Application of the impulse oxygen activation logging technique
provides perfonnance datapreviously notpossible. Dataresolution
limitations and mechanical completion impacts precluded any
effective analysis.
The assessment of the maturing Kuparuk River Unit C Sand
waterflood is madepossible by effective application ofthis technol-
ogy. Detailed understanding ofboth thefundamental theory and the
tool limitations led to effective modifications used in evaluating the
reservoir perfonnance with mechanically complex completions.
These results have proved the oil and water production by specific
intervals confinning the opportunity for profile modifications as
well as providing a method to assess profile modification effective-
ness.
Ultimately, this data has significantlyreduced the traditional uncer-
tainties associated with the economics ofattempting to shut in high
watercut intervals. With these advances, the emphasis can now turn
to assessing improved modification techniques. The [mal result
will be increased recovery from the Kuparuk River Unit.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors would like to thank the management of ARCa Alaska
Inc. and Schlumberger Well Services for their support and for
pennission to publish this paper. Numerous personnel have been
involved in the logging activities detailed in this paper. Particular
recognition is due to the contributions of ARCO Exploration and
Production Technology cased hole logging group, ARCO Alaska
Inc., and Schlumberger Well Services Operations and On-Site
Engi,neering personnel.
6 IMPROVED OXYGEN ACflVATION LOGGING FOR WATERFLOOD SURVEILLANCE MEASUREMENTS SPE 26062

REFERENCES

1. Scott, H.D., Pearson, C.M., Renke, S.M., McKeon, D.C.,

and Meisenhelder, J.P.: "Applications of Oxygen Activation for
Injection and Production Profiling in the Kuparuk River Field,"
SPE Paper #22130 presented at the International Arctic Technol-
ogy Conference, Anchorage, AK, May 29-31,1991.

2. Wichmann, P.A., Hopkinson, E.C., and Youmans, A.H.:

"Advances in Nuclear Production Logging", Trans., SPLWA 8th
Logging Symposium, Denver, Colorado, June 11-14,1967, paper
T.

3 Arnold, D.M. and Paap, HJ.: "Quantitative Monitoring of

Water Flow Behind and in Wellbore Casing", Paper SPE 7107
(1978): also J. Pet. Tech., 31, January 1979, p. 121-130.
4. Lamb, G. and Webber, G.: "Measurement of Water Flow
in
Deviated Production Wells by Oxygen Activation Logging",Trans.,
SPWLA 24th Annual Logging Symposium, Calgary, June 1983,
paperZ.

5. Webberm, G.D. and Lamb, G.D.: "Pulsed Neutron Tool

,Experiments to Find the Limitations of Oxygen Activation Flow
Measurements In and OutsidePipe",Trans., 10th European Forma-
tion Evaluation Symposium, Aberdeen, April 22-25, 1986, paper
C.
6. DeRosset, W.H.M.: "Examples of Detection of Water
Flow by Oxygen Activation of Pulsed Neutron Logs", Trans.,
SPWLA 27th Annual Logging Symposium, Houston, Texas, June
1986, paper CCC.

7. McKeon, D.C., Scott, H.D., and Olesen, J.R., Patton,

G.L., and Mitchell,RJ.: "Improved Method for Determining Water
Flow Behind Casing Using Oxygen Activation", Paper SPE 20586,
presented at the 1990 SPE Annual Technical Conference and
Exhibition, New Orleans, Sept. 23-26, 1990.

8 Fletcher et al, "Deep Diverting Gels for Very Cost Effec-

tive Waterflood Control", Sixth European Symposium on Im-
proved Oil Recovery, Stavanger (May 1991) Volume 1,329-335.

326
SPE 26062 D. R. SCHNORR, G. W. TARGAC, C. M. PEARSON, R. 1. GUILLORY, M. E. ECK 7

FIGURES
Injector Producer

......---1._- Mandrel
Gas Lift

Blast Joints

CSand

A Sand

Location Ma

Figure 1. Figure 2.

Location of Kuparuk River field on the North Slope of Alaska. Selective single completion for an injection and production well.

Log Signature Gamma Ray Resistivity

(OHMM)
Permeability
(md)
(GAI'I)
.:; ~
~
Upper Shale
--
10 70 '20 10 '01

.....:i!! Unit 0

\C
;> ~
IntelVal C-4
IntelVai C·3
IntelVal C·2
IntelVal C·1
Unite
3: c
CD '0 C
3'0 '0
lTCD
.,CD., .'"
D!
C
~
J II
~~ ('
.
11 ~
UnitS
.
lD
"'!t, ~ 1lI8IV. Ao!l
3:,..
CDo
3~ ".3
0
~ ? IntelVal A-4 lTCD
.,CD.,
Unit A ~
\ -r- ? IntelVai A·3 0
::J
"""'
f ~ Lower Shale
Figure 3. Figure 4.

Typical log of the Kuparuk sand members. Typical log of the C Sand and its four sub-intervals.

327
8 IMPROVED OXYGEN ACfIVATION LOGGING FOR WATERFLOOD SURVEILLANCE MEASUREMENTS SPE26062

Comparison of Different .... CCL

WFL Tools
350
Q
~ 300
Twenty F1 DMector
~ 250
S
a:as 200
C
-8 150
g
l 100
D. 50

O~""""""'''~~r--r--..,..........--r----r---.
1_1_1~1~1~1~1_1_W~1m~21~ Six FI DetItctor

Year TWo F1 DeIec:tor

Orw FI Detector

UpflowMode

WFLTool Modified
Figme5. WFLTool

Field production history.

Figure 6.

Comparison of the different WFL tools. The I-ft detector is not

used with the modified tool.

Depths 150 BBLS/Ft/Day o BBLS/Ft/Day 150 50 BBLS/FtlDay o BBLS/Ft/Day 150

Pre- Polymer Post Polymer Pre- Polymer Post Polymer

8550

CSands CSands
8600

8650

8700
BSand BSand

"Overlapplng Interpolation Method" "Mld-Polnt Method"

8750 Case One Case Two

Figure 7.

Comparison ofthe overlapping andthe mid-point methods to determine waterinjection profiles using the 15-ft detector. The
two methods give different answers due to the different vertical resolutions used by both methods.

328
SPE26062 D. R. SCHNORR, O. W. TAROAC, C. M. PEARSON, R. 1. OUll.WRY, M. E. ECK 9

160
40 to > 300 fpm _ _ Tubing Water Flow
20 Signature 190.6 fpm.=
120 -
30 to > 200 fpm
.!l!
u
u>-
80 -
If
u Annulus Water Flow
Signature = 71.0 fpm.
12to>90fpm
40 -

2 _<2t030fpm
0
~~ ,
0 12 24 36
o 50 100 150 200 250 300 Time (Sec)
Water Velocity, fIImln
Figure 9.
Figure 8. Water Flow Signature for two water velocities in the same direction
inside and outside of tubing.. This Water Flow Signature was
Comparing maximum and minimum velocities for each detector acquired with the 15-ft detector in the "down flow mode". The
spacing when the water flow signal is large. The maximum and neutron burst was 2 seconds long and six cycles of data were
minimum velocities are calculated with a signal strength of 4 half summed. Casing size is 7 inch with 3-1/2 inch tubing/blast rings
lives. A time of4 seconds after the neutron burst is used for the high inside it. Near TCHK =45669 CPS and Far TCHK =21754 CPS.
velocity and 28 seconds after neutron burst for the low velocity. Total flowing signal =525.6 +/- 12.4 counts/cycle. Peak stationary
These values represent what has been observed with field results. signal =39.6 +/- 2.2 cps/cycle. Peak background signal =26.7 +/
- 0.4 cps/cycle.
Open Hole Log Data Comparlaon of Water Flow Log Data
1.D 1DO.o Water
Production OammeRs Dua'induction Nov 26 1990 M.r 26 1991 A r 111992
J!t.IIUII 120
4D
P .....Poly....r Pom 1 Poly

2"%
t C-3
I Interval

c... Interval
c..- 0%
)

,
)
1 11%

C-1
7%

Interval
"') :',
)

;
- ~

i
(

Figure 10. Figure 11.

Water Flow Advisor in We1l2W-12 when it was producing 4550 Comparison of Water Flow Logs before and after polymer was
BWPD. The Col Sand was later squeezed off and the water squeezed into the C-l Sand..
production was reduced to 300 BWPD.

329
10 IMPROVED OXYGEN ACflVATION LOGGING FOR WATERFLOOD SURVEILLANCE MEASUREMENTS SPE26062

Gamma Ray Down Hole Water Velocity

o (GAPI) 70 0 IF_tlMln) '50

~I' OpenGLM

c:=::!..'lIO:oo
p--
1 C-4 Interval
T o

~ 20 Ft Detector_
=--
l>-
~

~
7200

1
1
~ 7250

C-3 Interval

~
: . . - 7300 T
1\ l

r ',
6 Ft Detector - ,
'.'

1 C-1 Interval
, _ 2 Ft Detector
) - -CloaedGLM

Figure 12.

Velocity profile on We1l2W-08 that has a thin sand thief zone.

Gamma Ray BBLS Wat.r/Ft Porosity

I
70 o BBLSlFtlDay -1000 3D (%) o
A-3 Sand

! C-4lnterval
0% 67%

7200

!
7250

C-3 Interval
0% 11%
Figure 14.
C-1 Interval
7300 100% 22% Dual injection profile on a "selective single" well that has water
injected into both the C and A sands at the same time. The
C Sands are behind tubing.

7350

Figure 13.

Injection profile on Well 2W-08 presented with porosity log to

identify the thin thief zone. The spikes on the post gamma ray log
indicate the depths where WFL measurements were taken.

330