FOURTH QUARTER

Chapter 4: Test of Hypothesis

❖Lesson 1: Steps in Hypothesis Testing

Objective:
At the end of this lesson, you should be able to
❑ illustrate null and alternative
hypotheses, level of significance,
rejection region, and types of error in
hypothesis testing.
[M11/12SP-IVa-1]
In this lesson, you will learn a
new method of statistical
inference. Instead of making an
estimate of the population
parameter, you will learn how
to use hypothesis testing to test
the claim about a parameter.
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Hypothesis Testing
The goal of hypothesis testing is not to question the
computed value of the sample statistic but to make a
judgment about the difference between the sample
statistic and a hypothesized population parameter.
The following are the steps in performing
hypothesis testing.
1. Formulate null and alternative hypotheses.
2. Determine the level of significance.
3. Calculate the test statistic and identify the
rejection region.
4. Make a decision.
5. Draw a conclusion. 3
The null hypothesis states that a population parameter is
equal to a value. The null hypothesis is often an initial
claim that researchers specify using previous research or
knowledge. The alternative hypothesis is what you
might believe to be true or hope to prove true.
(Deduction-conclusion, induction-initiation)

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 Null and Alternative Hypotheses

1. The null hypothesis, 𝑯𝟎 , is the hypothesis to be

tested. It has a statement of equality, such as ≥, ≤,
or = . It states that there is no significant difference
between a parameter and a statistic.
1. The alternative hypothesis, HA, is a hypothesis that
has a statement of inequality, such as >, <, or ≠. It
states a specific difference between a parameter and
a statistic.
2. Each hypothesis is the complement of the other. The
claim could be in the null hypothesis or the
alternative hypothesis, but not both.
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❑ Level of Significance
➢ The level of significance, denoted by α, is the
probability of rejecting the null hypothesis
when it is true.
❑ Rejection Region
➢ The rejection region is an interval of values for
which H0 will be rejected.
➢ This region depends on the level of
significance α.
➢ If the calculated test statistic falls within the
rejection region, H0 will be rejected (fail to
accept) and HA is accepted.
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The table below shows the types of tail test with its rejection region.

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Type I and Type II Errors
❑ Decision: Do not reject the null
hypothesis when it is true and reject it
when it is false.
❑ A decision can lead to a wrong one
when:
1. the null hypothesis is rejected when it
is true. This is Type I error.
2. the null hypothesis is not rejected
when it is false. This is Type II error.
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 From previous records, it is known
that the average duration of treating a disease by
regular therapy is at least ten days with a
standard deviation of two days. A medical
researcher claimed that the new therapy could
reduce the treatment time. A hypothesis test was
performed using α = 0.05 to determine whether
the medical researcher’s claim is true.
Identify the following:
a. null and alternative hypotheses
b. possible Type I and Type II errors
c. level of significance and rejection region
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From previous records, it is known that the
average duration of treating a disease by regular
therapy is at least ten days with a standard
deviation of two days. A medical researcher
claimed that the new therapy could reduce the
treatment time. A hypothesis test was performed
using α = 0.05 to determine whether the medical
researcher’s claim is true.
a. null and alternative hypotheses
H0: μ ≥ 10 days
HA: μ < 10 days
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b. possible Type I and Type II errors
➢ Type I error will occur if the actual mean
time of the new treatment is greater than or
equal to 10 days but H0 is rejected.
➢ Type II error will occur if the actual mean time
is less than ten days but H0 is not rejected.
c. level of significance and rejection region
Since HA contains < symbol, the rejection region
is on the left end tail of the distribution.
The level of significance α = 0.05 means 5% is the
maximum allowable probability in rejecting H0.
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 What are the Ho and HA ?

1. Claim: the average income of Filipino Families

who belong to low income bracket is Php 8,000

2. Claim: The average number of hours that it

takes a ten-year old child to learn a certain task
in a specific subject is less than 0.52 hour.

3. Claim: the average weight loss for sample of

people who exercise 30 minutes per day for 6
weeks is greater than 3.7 kg.
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 ֍Try it at Home! Solution

1. Claim: the average income of

Filipino Families who belong to
low income bracket is Php 8,000
What are the Ho and HA?

H0: μ = 8000
HA: μ ≠ 8000
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 ֍Try it at Home! Solution
2. Claim: The average number of hours
that it takes a ten-year old child to learn
a certain task in a specific subject is less
than 0.52 hour.
What are the Ho and HA?

H0: μ ≥ 0.52
HA: μ < 0.52
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 ֍Try it at Home! Solution
3. Claim: the average weight loss for
sample of people who exercise 30
minutes per day for 6 weeks is greater
than 3.7 kg.
What are the Ho and HA?

H0: μ ≤ 𝟑. 𝟕
HA: μ > 𝟑. 𝟕
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 A teacher claimed
that the average final exam math score
of the students in the university is
higher than 85. The school supervisor
wants to test his claim using α = 0.01 to
determine whether the teacher’s claim
is true. Identify the following:
a. null and alternative hypotheses
b. possible Type I and Type II errors
c. level of significance and rejection region
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a. null and alternative hypotheses Solution

The alternative hypothesis contains

the inequality "greater than". The
complement of "greater than" is
"at most" or "less than or equal
to".
H0: μ ≤ 𝟖𝟓
HA: μ > 𝟖𝟓
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b. possible Type I and Type II errors Solution

Type I error will occur if the

actual mean math score is 85 or
lower than 85 but H0 is rejected.
error will occur if the
actual mean math score is
higher than 85 but H0 is not
rejected.
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c. level of significance and rejection region Solution

Since HA contains “ ” symbol,

the rejection region is on the
of the distribution.
The level of significance α = 0.01
means 1% is the maximum
allowable probability of
rejecting H0.
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Suppose a manager said
that their machine is set up such that
the average content of fruit juice per
bottle is equal to 100 ml. If the level of
significance is changed from α = 0.05 to
α = 0.01.
a. Is this a one-tailed test or a two-tailed test?
b. What will happen to the area of the rejection
region?
c. Do you think lowering α will reduce the
probability of Type I error?
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❑ The null hypothesis states that there
is no significant difference between a
parameter and a statistic.
❑ The alternative hypothesis states a
specific difference between a
parameter and a statistic.
❑ Type I error occurs if H0 is rejected
when it is true.
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❑ Type II error occurs if H0 is not
rejected when it is false.
❑ The level of significance is the
allowable probability of committing
Type I error.
❑ A right-tailed or left-tailed test has
only one rejection region while a
two-tailed test has two rejection
regions 22