Groen tae Prcgealien: The Melo ef Eledhomegnelic. weve ib trankverse te, Zledvic Hed and melil ftetd ave perperrdicular to eth often AR» telly, of. Repogalicn ef. EN toave i Barre as trek of Lap The dilferent rece af EN waver Propogetion ove 1) Gyroura Rave tor) Surfle Love Propogaion a Sky Wave ten Tonospheric taave, Bropoqtion BD Space wave to dine of Sight propagehion 4) Roposphevic. setter Propogedion (on forioard Scalte Rropegation =) Duct Propogation: ® The Propogelion Of the Waves slong the Aurhice eo} the eontls Ww Glled Grouns Wave PYOpog ation”. ahi also Kroan an Sxhete Laawe Propegation” an the Raw Fropogabe along We Ausfece af fhe cant. ae frkerne ea a® extort4) Ground wave Propagdion Ww ubeful Wavelen, a > dithante from Lransmilling Antenna be > Elfectve height fh raramsiting AntennaTp a retsiving antenna iA plated , the Aignal IE pill Yeaive Im Notte 4 Ve laothhy 1 Volks. ad Gxound effects On Waves: Ag thre Wave Propogates over the earths , it tilts every Mere and more When Wave trove! tora lhe Veledvi arkenna , fhe InGreasing Hit Gures shovt Gxtiling of electvic field Component af the EN Wave and lente the electric Heid Abe Ww Yeduted- aekeor ae Breeton Reopegelion Trcreatii LF weed Aue akg: Gyound ebecds om waren. To prevent thin Khort Girt , kK better to Aend Re Wares wil he trarsmitling power taith Verlad Polaxizakion: Tt both tKe antennas ie, transmitter and “Yeleives axe Ins Wine ~of- Sight of exch omer pa diveck pals Waitt exuk and Be lave 1 Krown as Alvect tow The Waves an Yerch tRe Vetiver Via a ground breection pis Called Reflecked roaves OF Space Waves Ground Waves Cen Neath the Setivern Tre divect pal, Yeflected Pals , Scattered Rel ox dilfvace Ras. Ground wanes one relebively Unaffected by ranging abmoipheic Conditions. ws, Kol| ee. pearance enoneeameneenntannemrnitiartenntto eet " eas dinmitdions of Ground wave Prapegation! , 1) Requires’ “Bigh yargrnintion power. >» Not Suilable for fora ae Communica, a) They one Vresthed so Very Lora, WW and Medi, eQuenCieh- 4) tees onthe qound Naoy Will Aurfure ¢ tnatenial- ; Apdications ef. Ground He Prnagslien 1) gherk dikante Communicdtion \ >» Radio broad Casting 2 3 TV brood Cashing | WD TL Ww Udehud for Communications akVLF, LF andy S Hilthary Communications Sate Sane Prapsastion: The EN Waves treat propagates fron traramitter to “Neceiver In the earth's troposphere ave Called — &pate Loaves- Wher the dyequenty of vanve A beboeen Zonith SOONHZ , then Spaterave Proppgation UW Yesutted TE em hho Called Tropospheric Pro on. becuse Spote Waves Propagate trroughs troposphere. Direct wave bee Receiving Eons Antenna xg: Space wave Prepogtion- roneitier tO. * after veflecti Dry thi, EM Waves trovel frown eithey divecly ov Neteiver. antenna trom We ground: The Space Wave Connie af boo Conmporerts hamey direct wave Component and ‘Yeflected Wave Conrporent. At the Yeletter , the Algqnal Strang Vechoy — Sums of diveck and ‘Yefected Waves fr ve the ote . povizer Radio oe RelA] prkerno eq: Radio Horizes for Spate wove Zz e W height of Trartmsitling antenna height 4 Reaiving antenna dt = dithance bebseer branemitting antenna and Yoadio haizon dy = dishance behseers Netelving antenna and Yadio horizon Y zi v Q= Radio Horizen d= diskence beboeen, Tronemitting and i Veteiving artenna: fee Space Wave Propog-tion a akin Known dine of Sight Cdtos) Propog-ties because the styansrnitti and Yecelvi artenna Can Uuall rod 19a each ole - A ste The dishante bebdseer transmitting anh, Ce * 1 ves odio hover Mm gs days 4Vbe _— © ; The distance belneer We cewing arkenng. “adio - Kerizen i giNe> ; da,-. Thy —_— © Tre debt diskance behseer tramennitting aN “ekeivirg antenna Manger t da detdy \ Score © and @: | d= dptdy — d= AVR + 4S by d= 40h +] —+ © “ faz some Sf Tr Equdies © ht, hy ave measured in teeters and Aw treatured irs Kilometers. nigte: Pox Stamdard almoiphevic Condition, [Re Woaxinun Vadio orge A giver by: Ansan = At ie + Te]Reclers affectiog Space wave Hecho ~ Fe EM” tented tak \ trends chem» hrareratier do ‘Y¥eteiver In te troposphere “agion of eontys are Called Troposphenic Loaner (OO Space WoNes- The Various rctors thek affects Whe Apace Wav Propogehion ore: 4 ia) Effects of Curvature of Saxtts 2 Effec af Santhh trsperfections ard Ne = Effects of height Above the ground A) Elects of bith, buitdings and olhex obshkacles. Ss) Effects ef Polarization of Space Haves © Elfeca of dramition beboeen qrund eve ard Space Wave +) Elfecta of fading 2) Ritecla of fed Stremgth Nasi ations a) Rueds of bending of Waves lo) RY eck of absorption )