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Sediment Transport Basics 19-20
Sediment Transport Basics 19-20
Sediment Transport Basics 19-20
• Examples (long and short time scales, real and lab experiments)
• Sediment properties
• Total load
Outline 3
• Examples (long and short time scales, real and lab experiments)
• Sediment properties
• Total load
Examples 4
temporal scales:
engineering geomorphology
Examples 5
temporal scales:
engineering geomorphology
Examples 6
temporal scales:
engineering geomorphology
Examples 7
Some reference
temporal scales:values:
Mean annualhours
water/ discharge
days = 17000 m3/s
years ages
Mean annual solid discharge = 2.7 m3/s
Reservoir siltation
Examples 13
Bank erosion
Examples 15
river Adda
Examples 16
Bed load
Examples 19
Examples 20
Bedform creation
Examples 22
Bedform migration
Examples 23
Debris flow
Outline 24
• Examples (long and short time scales, real and lab experiments)
• Sediment properties
• Total load
Sediment properties 25
• Angle of repose
• Settling velocity w0
Sediment properties 26
1000
100
10
size range [mm]
0.1
0.01
0.001
0.0001
Clay Silt Sand Gravel Cobble Boulder
Sediment properties 27
100%
90%
d 90 d 84
S 80%
d10 d16 70%
60%
50%
40%
S = 2.0 30%
20%
= 1.7 10%
0%
sigma value higher than 1 tells us that, the sedment is not uniform
0.01 0.1 1 10 100
below 1.3 the sedmitent considered as uniform
Settling velocity: 2
1 2 d
w0 C D s
stokes law states that, settling velocity of spherical particles is proportional to its radius squared.
4 g ds
w02 s 1 the particel in whcih the velocity is going to fall in still water.
3 CD
d s3
g s
In addition, CD may be expressed 6
as:
CD is drag cofficient.
24
CD 1. 5
w0 d s
0.1
0.01
0.001
0.0001
0.00001
0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000
particle size [mm]
Outline 32
• Examples (long and short time scales, real and lab experiments)
• Sediment properties
• Total load
Bed load: threshold 33
General picture: generic grain under action of Drag, Lift and Gravity
v D
b
a
P
G
Bed load: threshold 34
2 4
d s 3
G s g
6
v2 4 b
CD CL
g s 1 d s 3 a
Bed load: threshold 35
v d z
f ,
V* ds ds G
V *2 d
f , seds, Re
g s 1 d s ds
Bed load: threshold 36
v d z
f ,
V* ds ds G
V *2 d
f , seds, Re Shields number *
g s 1 d s
ration of friction stress to quantities of that represent the ability of
ds
sedment particles to resist
DH
0 V*2 Sf
* 4
s ration of sedment density to water density g s 1 d s g s 1 d s s 1 d s
Bed load: threshold 37
Shields diagram
o
*c c
0.1
Incipient motion?
Bed load: threshold 39
slope correction
tan s
c* c*0 cos 1
c*c/ *coc cos
1.00
IF THE SLOPE IS INCREASE THE CRITICAL
0.75 SHEILD IA LOW.
d s
*
1 0.67
*
Armanini e Scotton
c
c0
d
0.266
d
τ 0.0851
*
c
Suszka
ds
d/ds
Bed load: transport capacity 41
Bed load
= qs/[g(s-1)ds3]0.5, dimensionless
*
f *
c
f * c*
...
Bed load: transport capacity 42
Bed load
u(z)
VELOCITY OF SEDMENT PARTICLE
Cs, vs PROPERTIES OF BED LOAD
Bed load
u(z)
qs = Cs vs s
Cs, vs
qs s
Bed load: transport capacity 44
measured
computed
Bed load: transport capacity 48
qs
q s 2.5 sin q qc
1.5
s
qc
0.083s 1 sin 7 6
53
3
gd 40
q-qc
Bed load: transport capacity 49
0.04
0.035
0.03
qs [m 3/s m]
0.025 Einstein
0.02 Meyer-Peter
0.015 Nielsen
0.01
0.005
0
0.000 0.100 0.200 0.300 0.400 0.500 0.600 0.700
τ*
Bed load: skin friction 50
It is considered that only the sediment-related part of the stress would yield
sediment transport
• Examples (long and short time scales, real and lab experiments)
• Sediment properties
• Total load
Suspended load: threshold 52
Suspended load
Effect of
convection and
advective diffusion
Suspended load: threshold 53
Suspended load
Effect of
convection and
advective diffusion
Suspended load: threshold 54
Suspended load
Effect of
convection and
advective diffusion
Suspended load: threshold 55
Effect of
convection and
advective diffusion
Suspended load
Definition:
Suspended load: transport capacity 57
Suspended load
Definition:
(comparison with Van Rijn’s formula for bed load, qs=Cs vs s)
Suspended load: transport capacity 58
Suspended load
Definition:
Suspended load
Definition:
Suspended load WE USE TOTAL FRICTION, FOR BED LOAD WE USE SKIN FRICTION
TOTAL
Definition:
1
d 906
• Bed load: skin friction only, since we concentrate near the bed nsed
26
• Suspended load: total friction, since we need to account for the turbulent
structure of the whole stream
Outline 62
• Examples (long and short time scales, real and lab experiments)
• Sediment properties
• Total load
Total load 63
In principle:
There are some formulas developed for prediction of the total load without
distinction: examples on textbook by Chanson, page 219.
In principle:
There are some formulas developed for prediction of the total load without
distinction: examples on textbook, page 219.
Bed load: some simple computations 65
Compute bed shear stress and sediment transport capacity for d90 = 50 mm
and ds = 30 mm
Then, do some sensitivity analysis with reference to (one change every time):
• Increasing S0 to 0.003
• Increasing B to 150 m
• Increasing d90 to 70 mm
Computations:
First results:
increase ntotal
increase d90
increase S0
increase Q
increase B
HIGHER WIDTH RESULTS IN REDUCTION TO SEDMENT TRANSPORT.
base
d90 (mm) 50 50 50 50 50 70
1/3
nskin (s/m ) 0.023 0.023 0.023 0.023 0.023 0.025
(Pa) 42.7 48.4 57.2 34.5 25.6 47.8
ds (mm) 30 30 30 30 30 30
* 0.091 0.103 0.121 0.073 0.054 0.102
*c 0.047 0.047 0.047 0.047 0.047 0.047
*/*c 1.93 2.19 2.58 1.56 1.16 2.16
0.073 0.106 0.162 0.034 0.005 0.102
qs (m2/s) 1.5E‐03 2.2E‐03 3.3E‐03 7.0E‐04 1.0E‐04 2.1E‐03
qs/qs_base 1.00 1.44 2.22 0.47 0.07 1.39
Bed load: some simple computations 68
WHEN THE TRANSPORT BECOMES ENOGH ENTENSE, WHEN THE FLOW BECOMES WHEN THE SHELDS NUMBER BECOMES HIGH ENOGH. THE
Then, changing ds: SEDMENT TRANSPORT RATE BECOMES INDSENSITIVE TO THE PARTICLE SIZE. H
Equal mobility
FOR INCREASING SEDMENT SIZE THE VALUE OF QS IS VARIES.
increase ntotal
increase d90
ds = 20 mm
ds = 30 mm
ds = 40 mm
ds = 55 mm
increase S0
increase Q
increase B
ds = 1 mm
ds = 5 mm
base
Q (m3/s) 2000 2500 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000
S0 0.002 0.002 0.003 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002
B (m) 100 100 100 150 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
ntotal (s/m1/3) 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.05 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035
d (m) 5.43 Influence of d
6.24 4.78 s 4.17 6.79 5.43 5.43 5.43 5.43 5.43 5.43 5.43
V (m/s) 100 3.68 4.01 4.18 3.19 2.95 3.68 3.68 3.68 3.68 3.68 3.68 3.68
10
d90 (mm) 50 50 50 50 50 70 50 50 50 50 50 50
1)
n (s/m1/3 0.023 0.023 0.023 0.023 0.023 0.025 0.023 0.023 0.023 0.023 0.023 0.023
skin
(Pa) 0.1 42.7 48.4 57.2 34.5 25.6 47.8 42.7 42.7 42.7 42.7 42.7 42.7
0.01
ds (mm) 30 30 30 30 30 30 1 5 20 30 40 55
0.001
* 0.091 0.103 0.121 0.073 0.054 0.102 2.723 0.545 0.136 0.091 0.068 0.050
*c 0.0001 0.047 0.047 0.047 0.047 0.047 0.047 0.047 0.047 0.047 0.047 0.047 0.047
*/*
0.00001
c 1.93 2.19 2.58 1.56 1.16 2.16 57.94 11.59 2.90 1.93 1.45 1.05
1 0.073 0.106 10
0.162 0.034 0.005 100
0.102 35.020 2.808 0.213 0.073 0.024 0.001
qs (m2/s) 1.5E‐03
tau* 2.2E‐03 3.3E‐03
tau/tau*c 7.0E‐04
PHI 1.0E‐04
qs 2.1E‐03 4.4E‐03 3.9E‐03 2.4E‐03 1.5E‐03 7.8E‐04 5.1E‐05
qs/qs_base 1.00 1.44 2.22 0.47 0.07 1.39 2.91 2.61 1.58 1.00 0.51 0.03