𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆𝒔 𝒐𝒏 𝒘𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒅 𝒄𝒂𝒍𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 (𝑺𝑩𝑪 𝟑𝟎𝟏 − 𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟖)

𝑦𝑜𝑢 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑝𝑠

𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑢𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑦

15

20

27
1
𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝟏: 𝑾𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒉𝒐𝒖𝒔𝒆 𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒖𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝒃𝒖𝒊𝒍𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈
𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑠:
➢ 𝐷𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝐷𝑎𝑡𝑎 2𝑚

2𝑚
𝐸𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 6 𝑚 2𝑚

𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 = 18.4

𝑅𝑖𝑑𝑔𝑒 𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 16 𝑚
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑅𝑜𝑜𝑓 𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 11 𝑚 6𝑚
𝐵𝑢𝑖𝑙𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑊𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ = 60 𝑚
𝐵𝑢𝑖𝑙𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ = 75 𝑚
𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐵𝑡. 𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑠 = 7.5 𝑚
𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑡. 𝑅𝑜𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝑢𝑟𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑠 = 1.5 𝑚
𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑡. 𝑆𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝐺𝑖𝑟𝑡𝑠 = 2 𝑚

➢ 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐷𝑎𝑡𝑎

𝐿𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 → 𝐴𝑙 − 𝑅𝑖𝑦𝑎𝑑ℎ, 𝐾𝑆𝐴

𝑅𝑖𝑠𝑘 𝐶𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑜𝑟𝑦 → 𝐼𝐼 (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑡 𝑑𝑜𝑒𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐼, 𝐼𝐼𝐼, 𝐼𝑉)
𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐶𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑜𝑟𝑦 → 𝐶 (𝐹𝑙𝑎𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑛 𝑇𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛)
𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑠 𝐸𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝐵𝑢𝑖𝑙𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔

2
𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝟏: 𝑾𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒉𝒐𝒖𝒔𝒆 𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒖𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝒃𝒖𝒊𝒍𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈

2𝑚

2𝑚

2𝑚

6𝑚

𝑀𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑑 1: 𝑀𝑊𝐹𝑅𝑆 − 𝐷𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑟𝑒 − 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 (𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑝𝑡𝑒𝑟 27)

3
𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝟏: 𝑾𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒉𝒐𝒖𝒔𝒆 𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒖𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝒃𝒖𝒊𝒍𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈
1) 𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑀𝑊𝐹𝑅𝑆 − 𝐷𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑠 − 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑝𝑡𝑒𝑟 27

1) 𝐷𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑅𝑖𝑠𝑘 𝐶𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑜𝑟𝑦 (𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 1 − 2) 𝑅𝑖𝑠𝑘 𝐶𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑜𝑟𝑦 → 𝐼𝐼 (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑡 𝑑𝑜𝑒𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐼, 𝐼𝐼𝐼, 𝐼𝑉)

2) 𝐷𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑈𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑉 Figure 26 − 2A for Risk Category 𝐈𝐈, 𝑹𝒊𝒚𝒂𝒅𝒉 → 𝑉 = 51 𝑚/𝑠

Wind Directionality Factor 𝐊 𝐝 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓 (𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝑴𝑾𝑭𝑹𝑺 𝑩𝒖𝒊𝒍𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈𝒔) (Table 26 − 1)

𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐨𝐬𝐮𝐫𝐞 Category = C (Flat and open terrain) (Section 26.7)

Topographic Factor 𝐊 𝐳𝐭 = 𝟏 (Figure 26 − 3)

3) 𝐷𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠
Gust effect Factor 𝐆 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓 (Section 26.9)

𝐄𝐧𝐜𝐥𝐨𝐬𝐮𝐫𝐞 Classification (Section 26.2) 𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑠 𝐸𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝐵𝑢𝑖𝑙𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔

Internal Pressure Coefficient 𝐆𝐂𝐩𝐢 (Table 26 − 3) 𝐺𝐶𝑝𝑖 = ±0.18

4) 𝐷𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐶𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑲𝒛 (𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 27 − 2)

Height qz
5) 𝐷𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝒒𝒛 (𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 27 − 1) Element Kz
(m) (KN/m2)
2 𝟐
𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑞𝑧 = 0.613 𝐾𝑧 𝐾𝑧𝑡 𝐾𝑑 𝑉 𝑵/𝒎
0-5 0.86 1.17
Column
6 0.9 1.22
8 0.95 1.29
10 1 1.36
11 1.02 1.38 𝑞ℎ 𝑎𝑡 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
Roof
12 1.04 1.41
14 1.07 1.45
16 1.1 1.49
4
𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝟏: 𝑾𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒉𝒐𝒖𝒔𝒆 𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒖𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝒃𝒖𝒊𝒍𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈
1) 𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑀𝑊𝐹𝑅𝑆 − 𝐷𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑠 − 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑝𝑡𝑒𝑟 27
𝐺𝐶𝑝𝑖 = ±0.18

6) 𝐷𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝐸𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐶𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 Walls and roofs of portal frames (Fig. 27 − 1, Fig. 27 − 2)
𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝑾𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒊𝒏 𝑿 − 𝒅𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
L = Length parallel to Wind direction = 60 m
B = Length Normal to Wind direction = 75 m
h = mean roof height = 11 m
L 60
= = 0.8
B 75

ℎ 11
= = 0.18
𝐿 60
Height qz
❖ 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑊𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑠 Element Kz
(m) (KN/m2)
➢ Windward wall → 𝐶𝑝 = +0.8 (𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑞𝑧 )
➢ Leeward wall → 𝐶𝑝 = −0.5 (𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑞ℎ ) 0-5 0.86 1.17
Column
6 0.9 1.22
➢ Side wall → 𝐶𝑝 = −0.7 (𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑞ℎ ) 8 0.95 1.29
10 1 1.36
11 1.02 𝑞ℎ 1.38
Roof
12 1.04 1.41
14 1.07 1.45
16 1.1 1.49

𝑵𝒐𝒕𝒆: 𝒉 = 𝒎𝒆𝒂𝒏 𝒓𝒐𝒐𝒇 𝒉𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 𝒊𝒇 𝑹𝒐𝒐𝒇 𝑺𝒍𝒐𝒑𝒆 𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆 > 𝟏𝟎𝟎

𝒉 = 𝑬𝒂𝒗𝒆 𝒉𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 𝒊𝒇 𝑹𝒐𝒐𝒇 𝑺𝒍𝒐𝒑𝒆 𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆 ≤ 𝟏𝟎𝟎
5
𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝟏: 𝑾𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒉𝒐𝒖𝒔𝒆 𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒖𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝒃𝒖𝒊𝒍𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈
1) 𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑀𝑊𝐹𝑅𝑆 − 𝐷𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑠 − 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑝𝑡𝑒𝑟 27
𝐺𝐶𝑝𝑖 = ±0.18

6) 𝐷𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝐸𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐶𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 Walls and roofs of portal frames (Fig. 27 − 1, Fig. 27 − 2)
𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝑾𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒊𝒏 𝑿 − 𝒅𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
L ℎ
= 0.8 = 0.18
B 𝐿
❖ 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑊𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑠
➢ Windward wall → 𝐶𝑝 = +0.8 (𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑞𝑧 )
➢ Leeward wall → 𝐶𝑝 = −0.5 (𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑞ℎ )
➢ Side wall → 𝐶𝑝 = −0.7 (𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑞ℎ )

ℎ
❖ 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑅𝑜𝑜𝑓𝑠 (𝑁𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑜 𝑅𝑖𝑑𝑔𝑒 𝜃 ≥ 10, 𝐿 ≤ 0.25)
Height qz
0
𝜃 = 18.4 (𝑁𝑜𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑢𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒) Element Kz
(m) (KN/m2)
𝑁𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑚𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑡. 15 𝑎𝑛𝑑 20
0-5 0.86 1.17
➢ 𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑅𝑜𝑜𝑓 Column
6 0.9 1.22
−0.5
−0.36 8 0.95 1.29
−0.3
−0.14
0.2
𝐶𝑝 = −0.36 (𝑆𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛) 10 1 1.36
𝐶𝑝 = +0.14 (𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒) 11 1.02 𝑞ℎ 1.38
15 18.4 20 15 18.4 20 Roof
12 1.04 1.41
𝑆𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠
14 1.07 1.45
16 1.1 1.49
➢ 𝐿𝑒𝑒𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑅𝑜𝑜𝑓
−0.6
−0.57
−0.5
𝐶𝑝 = −0.57 (𝑆𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)

15 18.4 20 6
𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝟏: 𝑾𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒉𝒐𝒖𝒔𝒆 𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒖𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝒃𝒖𝒊𝒍𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈
1) 𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑀𝑊𝐹𝑅𝑆 − 𝐷𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑠 − 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑝𝑡𝑒𝑟 27
𝐺𝐶𝑝𝑖 = ±0.18

6) 𝐷𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝐸𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐶𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 Walls and roofs of portal frames (Fig. 27 − 1, Fig. 27 − 2)
𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝑾𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒊𝒏 𝑿 − 𝒅𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏

➢ Windward wall → 𝐶𝑝 = +0.8 (𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑞𝑧 )

➢ Leeward wall → 𝐶𝑝 = −0.5 (𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑞ℎ )
➢ Side wall → 𝐶𝑝 = −0.7 (𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑞ℎ )
➢ 𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑅𝑜𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑝 = −0.36 (𝑆𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛) 𝐶𝑝 = +0.14 (𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒) 𝑈𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑞ℎ

➢ 𝐿𝑒𝑒𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑅𝑜𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑝 = −0.57 (𝑆𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛) 𝑈𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑞ℎ

𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝑾𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒊𝒏 𝒀 − 𝒅𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏

Height qz
Element Kz
L = Length parallel to Wind direction = 75 m (m) (KN/m2)

B = Length Normal to Wind direction = 60 m 0-5 0.86 1.17

Column
h = mean roof height = 11 m 6 0.9 1.22
8 0.95 1.29
L 75
= = 1.25 10 1 1.36
B 60
11 1.02 𝑞ℎ 1.38
Roof
ℎ 11 12 1.04 1.41
= = 0.15
𝐿 75 14 1.07 1.45
16 1.1 1.49

7
𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝟏: 𝑾𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒉𝒐𝒖𝒔𝒆 𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒖𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝒃𝒖𝒊𝒍𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈
1) 𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑀𝑊𝐹𝑅𝑆 − 𝐷𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑠 − 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑝𝑡𝑒𝑟 27
𝐺𝐶𝑝𝑖 = ±0.18

6) 𝐷𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝐸𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐶𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 Walls and roofs of portal frames (Fig. 27 − 1, Fig. 27 − 2)
𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝑾𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒊𝒏 𝑿 − 𝒅𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏

➢ Windward wall → 𝐶𝑝 = +0.8 (𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑞𝑧 )

➢ Leeward wall → 𝐶𝑝 = −0.5 (𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑞ℎ )
➢ Side wall → 𝐶𝑝 = −0.7 (𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑞ℎ )
➢ 𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑅𝑜𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑝 = −0.36 (𝑆𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛) 𝐶𝑝 = +0.14 (𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒) 𝑈𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑞ℎ

➢ 𝐿𝑒𝑒𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑅𝑜𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑝 = −0.57 (𝑆𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛) 𝑈𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑞ℎ

𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝑾𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒊𝒏 𝒀 − 𝒅𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏

Height qz
L ℎ Element Kz
= 1.25 = 0.15 (m) (KN/m2)
B 𝐿
0-5 0.86 1.17
❖ 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑊𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑠 Column
6 0.9 1.22
➢ Windward wall → 𝐶𝑝 = +0.8 (𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑞𝑧 )
8 0.95 1.29
➢ Side wall → 𝐶𝑝 = −0.7 (𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑞ℎ )
10 1 1.36
➢ Leeward wall → 𝑁𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑚𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
11 1.02 𝑞ℎ 1.38
−0.5 𝐶𝑝 = −0.45 (𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑞ℎ ) Roof
−0.45 12 1.04 1.41
−0.3 14 1.07 1.45
16 1.1 1.49
1 1.25 2

8
𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝟏: 𝑾𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒉𝒐𝒖𝒔𝒆 𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒖𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝒃𝒖𝒊𝒍𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈
1) 𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑀𝑊𝐹𝑅𝑆 − 𝐷𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑠 − 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑝𝑡𝑒𝑟 27
𝐺𝐶𝑝𝑖 = ±0.18

6) 𝐷𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝐸𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐶𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 Walls and roofs of portal frames (Fig. 27 − 1, Fig. 27 − 2)
𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝑾𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒊𝒏 𝑿 − 𝒅𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏

➢ Windward wall → 𝐶𝑝 = +0.8 (𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑞𝑧 )

➢ Leeward wall → 𝐶𝑝 = −0.5 (𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑞ℎ )
➢ Side wall → 𝐶𝑝 = −0.7 (𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑞ℎ )
➢ 𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑅𝑜𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑝 = −0.36 (𝑆𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)
𝐶𝑝 = +0.14 (𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒) 𝑈𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑞ℎ

➢ 𝐿𝑒𝑒𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑅𝑜𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑝 = −0.57 (𝑆𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛) 𝑈𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑞ℎ

𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝑾𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒊𝒏 𝒀 − 𝒅𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏

Height qz
L ℎ Element Kz
= 1.25 = 0.15 (m) (KN/m2)
B 𝐿
❖ 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑊𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑠 0-5 0.86 1.17
Column
➢ Windward wall → 𝐶𝑝 = +0.8 (𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑞𝑧 ) 6 0.9 1.22
➢ Leeward wall → 𝐶𝑝 = −0.45 (𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑞ℎ ) 8 0.95 1.29
10 1 1.36
➢ Side wall → 𝐶𝑝 = −0.7 (𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑞ℎ ) 𝑞ℎ 1.38
11 1.02
Roof
ℎ
❖ 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑅𝑜𝑜𝑓𝑠 (𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙 𝑡𝑜 𝑅𝑖𝑑𝑔𝑒, 𝐿 ≤ 0.5) 12 1.04 1.41
14 1.07 1.45
➢ 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 0 𝑡𝑜 5.5 𝑚 → 𝐶𝑝 = −0.9
16 1.1 1.49
➢ 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 5.5 𝑡𝑜 11 𝑚 → 𝐶𝑝 = −0.9

➢ 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 11 𝑡𝑜 22 𝑚 → 𝐶𝑝 = −0.5

➢ 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 22 𝑡𝑜 75 𝑚 → 𝐶𝑝 = −0.3 9
➢ 𝐴𝑛𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝐶𝑝 = −0.18 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑏𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑑, 𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑏𝑒 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒
𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝟏: 𝑾𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒉𝒐𝒖𝒔𝒆 𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒖𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝒃𝒖𝒊𝒍𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈
1) 𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑀𝑊𝐹𝑅𝑆 − 𝐷𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑠 − 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑝𝑡𝑒𝑟 27
𝐺𝐶𝑝𝑖 = ±0.18

6) 𝐷𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝐸𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐶𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 Walls and roofs of portal frames (Fig. 27 − 1, Fig. 27 − 2)
𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝑾𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒊𝒏 𝑿 − 𝒅𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝑾𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒊𝒏 𝒀 − 𝒅𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏

➢ Windward wall → 𝐶𝑝 = +0.8 (𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑞𝑧 ) ❖ 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑊𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑠

➢ Leeward wall → 𝐶𝑝 = −0.5 (𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑞ℎ )
➢ Side wall → 𝐶𝑝 = −0.7 (𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑞ℎ )
➢ 𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑅𝑜𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑝 = −0.36 (𝑆𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)
𝐶𝑝 = +0.14 (𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒)
➢ 𝐿𝑒𝑒𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑅𝑜𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑝 = −0.57 (𝑆𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)
➢ Windward wall → 𝐶𝑝 = +0.8 (𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑞𝑧 )
➢ Leeward wall → 𝐶𝑝 = −0.45 (𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑞ℎ )
➢ Side wall → 𝐶𝑝 = −0.7 (𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑞ℎ )
ℎ
𝑈𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑞ℎ ❖ 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑅𝑜𝑜𝑓𝑠 (𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙 𝑡𝑜 𝑅𝑖𝑑𝑔𝑒, ≤ 0.5)
𝐿
𝑈𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑞ℎ ➢ 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 0 𝑡𝑜 5.5 𝑚 → 𝐶𝑝 = −0.9
➢ 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 5.5 𝑡𝑜 11 𝑚 → 𝐶𝑝 = −0.9
𝑈𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑞ℎ
➢ 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 11 𝑡𝑜 22 𝑚 → 𝐶𝑝 = −0.5

➢ 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 22 𝑡𝑜 75 𝑚 → 𝐶𝑝 = −0.3

10
𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝟏: 𝑾𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒉𝒐𝒖𝒔𝒆 𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒖𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝒃𝒖𝒊𝒍𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈
1) 𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑀𝑊𝐹𝑅𝑆 − 𝐷𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑠 − 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑝𝑡𝑒𝑟 27
𝐺𝐶𝑝𝑖 = ±0.18
7) 𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑃 𝐏 = 𝐪𝐳 𝑮 𝑪𝒑 − 𝒒i 𝑮𝑪𝒑𝒊 for Enclosed, Partially Enclosed (Equation 27 − 2)

𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝑾𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒊𝒏 𝑿 − 𝒅𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏

➢ Windward wall → 𝐶𝑝 = +0.8 (𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑞𝑧 )

➢ Leeward wall → 𝐶𝑝 = −0.5 (𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑞ℎ )
➢ Side wall → 𝐶𝑝 = −0.7 (𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑞ℎ )
➢ 𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑅𝑜𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑝 = −0.36 (𝑆𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)
𝐶𝑝 = +0.14 (𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒) 𝑈𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑞ℎ

➢ 𝐿𝑒𝑒𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑅𝑜𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑝 = −0.57 (𝑆𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛) 𝑈𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑞ℎ

𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝑾𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒊𝒏 𝑿 − 𝒅𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
Wind Pressure
Height qz qh (KN/m2)
Element Cp Gcpi Wind Pressure (KN/m2)
(m) (KN/m2) (KN/m2) Gcpi = Gcpi = -
0.18 0.18
Windward 0-5 1.17 1.38 0.80 0.18 -0.18 0.54 1.04 1.17 0.85 0.8 − 1.38 ±0.18
Wall 6 1.22 1.38 0.80 0.18 -0.18 0.58 1.08 1.22 0.85 0.8 − 1.38 ±0.18
Windward All 1.38 1.38 -0.36 0.18 -0.18 -0.67 -0.17 1.38 0.85 −0.36 − 1.38 ±0.18
Roof All 1.38 1.38 0.14 0.18 -0.18 -0.08 0.41 1.38 0.85 0.14 − 1.38 ±0.18
Leeward
All 1.38 1.38 -0.57 0.18 -0.18 -0.92 -0.42 1.38 0.85 −0.57 − 1.38 ±0.18
Roof
Leeward
All 1.38 1.38 -0.50 0.18 -0.18 -0.83 -0.34 1.38 0.85 −0.50 − 1.38 ±0.18
Wall
Side Wall All 1.38 1.38 -0.70 0.18 -0.18 -1.07 -0.57 1.38 0.85 −0.70 − 1.38 ±0.18
11
𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝟏: 𝑾𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒉𝒐𝒖𝒔𝒆 𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒖𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝒃𝒖𝒊𝒍𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈
1) 𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑀𝑊𝐹𝑅𝑆 − 𝐷𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑠 − 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑝𝑡𝑒𝑟 27
𝐺𝐶𝑝𝑖 = ±0.18
7) 𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑃 𝐏 = 𝐪𝐳 𝑮 𝑪𝒑 − 𝒒i 𝑮𝑪𝒑𝒊 for Enclosed, Partially Enclosed (Equation 27 − 2)

𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝑾𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒊𝒏 𝒀 − 𝒅𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏

Wind Pressure
Height qz qh
Element Cp Gcpi Gcpi = Gcpi = - Wind Pressure (KN/m2)
(m) (KN/m2) (KN/m2)
0.18 0.18
0-5 1.17 1.38 0.80 0.18 -0.18 0.54 1.04 1.17 0.85 0.8 − 1.38 ±0.18
6 1.22 1.38 0.80 0.18 -0.18 0.58 1.08 1.22 0.85 0.8 − 1.38 ±0.18
8 1.29 1.38 0.80 0.18 -0.18 0.63 1.13 1.29 0.85 0.8 − 1.38 ±0.18
Windward Wall 10 1.36 1.38 0.80 0.18 -0.18 0.68 1.17 1.36 0.85 0.8 − 1.38 ±0.18
12 1.41 1.38 0.80 0.18 -0.18 0.71 1.21 1.41 0.85 0.8 − 1.38 ±0.18
14 1.45 1.38 0.80 0.18 -0.18 0.74 1.23 1.45 0.85 0.8 − 1.38 ±0.18
16 1.49 1.38 0.80 0.18 -0.18 0.76 1.26 1.49 0.85 0.8 − 1.38 ±0.18
Leeward Wall All 1.38 1.38 -0.45 0.18 -0.18 -0.78 -0.28 1.38 0.85 −0.45 − 1.38 ±0.18
Side Wall All 1.38 1.38 -0.70 0.18 -0.18 -1.07 -0.57 1.38 0.85 −0.70 − 1.38 ±0.18
Roof (0 to 5.5 m) All 1.38 1.38 -0.90 0.18 -0.18 -1.30 -0.81 1.38 0.85 −0.90 − 1.38 ±0.18
Roof (5.5 to 11 m) All 1.38 1.38 -0.90 0.18 -0.18 -1.30 -0.81 1.38 0.85 −0.90 − 1.38 ±0.18
Roof (11 to 22 m) All 1.38 1.38 -0.50 0.18 -0.18 -0.83 -0.34 1.38 0.85 −0.50 − 1.38 ±0.18
Roof (22 to 75 m) All 1.38 1.38 -0.30 0.18 -0.18 -0.60 -0.10 1.38 0.85 −0.30 − 1.38 ±0.18

12
𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝟏: 𝑾𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒉𝒐𝒖𝒔𝒆 𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒖𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝒃𝒖𝒊𝒍𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈
1) 𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑀𝑊𝐹𝑅𝑆 − 𝐷𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑠 − 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑝𝑡𝑒𝑟 27

𝑾𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝑪𝒂𝒔𝒆𝒔
−1.07

𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝑾𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒊𝒏 𝑿 − 𝒅𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 −1.07

−0.92 −0.83
Wind Pressure −0.67 Case a
Height 5𝑚
Element Gcpi = Gcpi = - −0.08 Case b
(m)
0.18 0.18
−1.07
Windward 0-5 0.54 1.04
6 0.58 1.08
−1.07
Wall W+X
Windward All -0.67 -0.17
Roof All -0.08 0.41 W+X1
Leeward Wind load in + X direction (GCpi = +0.18)
All -0.92 -0.42
Roof
Leeward −0.57
All -0.83 -0.34
Wall −0.57
−0.42 −0.34
Side Wall All -1.07 -0.57
−0.17 Case a
5𝑚
−0.41 Case b
Same Cases shall be applied
for wind in − X direction
−0.57

W+X −0.57

W+X2
Wind load in + X direction (GCpi = −0.18)

13
𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝟏: 𝑾𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒉𝒐𝒖𝒔𝒆 𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒖𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝒃𝒖𝒊𝒍𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈
1) 𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑀𝑊𝐹𝑅𝑆 − 𝐷𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑠 − 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑝𝑡𝑒𝑟 27

𝑾𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝑪𝒂𝒔𝒆𝒔
−0.78
−1.07
𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝑾𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒊𝒏 𝒀 − 𝒅𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
5𝑚

Wind Pressure
Height
Element Gcpi = Gcpi = - −1.07
(m)
0.18 0.18
0-5 0.54 1.04
6 0.58 1.08 W+Y
8 0.63 1.13 W+Y1
Windward Wall 10 0.68 1.17 Wind load in + Y direction (GCpi = +0.18)
12 0.71 1.21
14 0.74 1.23
16 0.76 1.26 −0.28
Leeward Wall All -0.78 -0.28 −0.57

Side Wall All -1.07 -0.57

Roof (0 to 5.5 m) All -1.30 -0.81

5𝑚
Same Cases shall be applied
−0.57 for wind in − Y direction
Roof (5.5 to 11 m) All -1.30 -0.81

Roof (11 to 22 m) All -0.83 -0.34

Roof (22 to 75 m) All -0.60 -0.10 W+Y

W+Y2
Wind load in + Y direction (GCpi = −0.18)

14
𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝟏: 𝑾𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒉𝒐𝒖𝒔𝒆 𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒖𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝒃𝒖𝒊𝒍𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈

2𝑚

2𝑚

2𝑚

6𝑚

𝑀𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑑 2: 𝑀𝑊𝐹𝑅𝑆 − 𝐸𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑟𝑒 − 𝐿𝑜𝑤𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑒 ℎ ≤ 18 𝑚 (𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑝𝑡𝑒𝑟 28)

15
𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝟏: 𝑾𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒉𝒐𝒖𝒔𝒆 𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒖𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝒃𝒖𝒊𝒍𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈
2) 𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑀𝑊𝐹𝑅𝑆 − 𝐸𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐿𝑜𝑤𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑒 𝑏𝑢𝑖𝑙𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠 ℎ ≤ 18 𝑚 − 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑝𝑡𝑒𝑟 28

1) 𝐷𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑅𝑖𝑠𝑘 𝐶𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑜𝑟𝑦

2) 𝐷𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑈𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑉 𝑆𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑎𝑠 𝑀𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑑 1

3) 𝐷𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠

4) 𝐷𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐶𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑲𝒛 (𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 28 − 2) 𝐹𝑜𝑟 ℎ = 11 𝑚 (𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑓 𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡)
𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐶
5) 𝐷𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝒒𝒛 (𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 28 − 1) 𝐾𝑧 = 1.01

𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑞𝑧 = 0.613 𝐾𝑧 𝐾𝑧𝑡 𝐾𝑑 𝑉 2 𝑵/𝒎𝟐

𝑞𝑧 = 0.613 1.01 1 0.85 512 10−3 = 1.37 𝐾𝑁/𝑚2

6) 𝐷𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝐸𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐶𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑮𝑪𝒑𝒇 Walls and roofs of portal frames (Fig. 28 − 1 part 1) (Fig. 28 − 1 part 2)

16
𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝟏: 𝑾𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒉𝒐𝒖𝒔𝒆 𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒖𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝒃𝒖𝒊𝒍𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈
2) 𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑀𝑊𝐹𝑅𝑆 − 𝐸𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐿𝑜𝑤𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑒 𝑏𝑢𝑖𝑙𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠 ℎ ≤ 18 𝑚 − 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑝𝑡𝑒𝑟 28
6) 𝐷𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝐸𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐶𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑮𝑪𝒑𝒇 Walls and roofs of portal frames (Fig. 28 − 1 part 1) (Fig. 28 − 1 part 2)

𝐖𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐋𝐨𝐚𝐝 𝐂𝐚𝐬𝐞𝐬

Get GCpf values corresponding to Angle = 18.4 using Linear Interpolation

Angle 1 2 3 4 1E 2E 3E 4E
18.4 0.52 -0.69 -0.47 -0.41 0.78 -0.07 -0.67 -0.62

0.1 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑢𝑖𝑙𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 0.1 60 = 6 𝑚

𝑎 = 𝐿𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑓
0.4 ℎ = 0.4 11 = 4.4 𝑚𝑚
𝑎 = 4.4 𝑚
1𝑚
𝐶ℎ𝑒𝑐𝑘 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑎 = 4.4 𝑚 ≥
0.04 𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ = 0.04 60 = 2.4 𝑚
17
𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝟏: 𝑾𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒉𝒐𝒖𝒔𝒆 𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒖𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝒃𝒖𝒊𝒍𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈
2) 𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑀𝑊𝐹𝑅𝑆 − 𝐸𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐿𝑜𝑤𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑒 𝑏𝑢𝑖𝑙𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠 ℎ ≤ 18 𝑚 − 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑝𝑡𝑒𝑟 28
7) 𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑃 𝐏 = 𝐪 𝐆𝐂𝐩𝐟 − 𝐆𝐂𝐩𝐢 for low rise buildings (Equation 28 − 2)

𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝑾𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒊𝒏 𝑿 − 𝒅𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏

Wind direction is +X (For Distance = 2a = 8.8 m from windward edge)

Wind Pressure
Surface qh
Element GCpf Gcpi Gcpi = Gcpi = -
Number (KN/m2)
0.18 0.18
Windward Wall 1E 1.37 0.78 0.18 -0.18 0.82 1.32
Windward Roof 2E 1.37 -0.07 0.18 -0.18 -0.34 0.15
Leeward Roof 3E 1.37 -0.67 0.18 -0.18 -1.16 -0.67
Leeward Wall 4E 1.37 -0.62 0.18 -0.18 -1.10 -0.60

Wind direction is +X (For the remaining Length of Building)

Wind Pressure
Surface qh (KN/m2)
Element GCpf Gcpi
Number (KN/m2) Gcpi = Gcpi = -
0.18 0.18
Windward Wall 1 1.37 0.52 0.18 -0.18 0.47 0.96
Windward Roof 2 1.37 -0.69 0.18 -0.18 -1.19 -0.70
Leeward Roof 3 1.37 -0.47 0.18 -0.18 -0.89 -0.40
Leeward Wall 4 1.37 -0.41 0.18 -0.18 -0.81 -0.32

18
𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝟏: 𝑾𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒉𝒐𝒖𝒔𝒆 𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒖𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝒃𝒖𝒊𝒍𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈
2) 𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑀𝑊𝐹𝑅𝑆 − 𝐸𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐿𝑜𝑤𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑒 𝑏𝑢𝑖𝑙𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠 ℎ ≤ 18 𝑚 − 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑝𝑡𝑒𝑟 28
7) 𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑃 𝐏 = 𝐪 𝐆𝐂𝐩𝐟 − 𝐆𝐂𝐩𝐢 for low rise buildings (Equation 28 − 2)

𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝑾𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒊𝒏 𝒀 − 𝒅𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏

Wind direction is +Y (For Distance 2a = 8.8 m from Windward edge)

Wind Pressure
Surface qh (KN/m2)
Element GCpf Gcpi
Number (KN/m2) Gcpi = Gcpi = -
0.18 0.18
Windward Wall 5E 1.37 0.61 0.18 -0.18 0.59 1.08
Windward Roof 2E 1.37 -1.07 0.18 -0.18 -1.71 -1.22
Leeward Roof 3E 1.37 -0.53 0.18 -0.18 -0.97 -0.48
Leeward Wall 6E 1.37 -0.43 0.18 -0.18 -0.84 -0.34
Near Side wall 1E 1.37 -0.48 0.18 -0.18 -0.90 -0.41
Far Side Wall 4E 1.37 -0.48 0.18 -0.18 -0.90 -0.41

Wind direction is +Y (For the remaining Length of Building)

Wind Pressure
Surface qh (KN/m2)
Element GCpf Gcpi
Number (KN/m2) Gcpi = Gcpi = -
0.18 0.18
Windward Wall 5 1.37 0.40 0.18 -0.18 0.30 0.79
Windward Roof 2 1.37 -0.69 0.18 -0.18 -1.19 -0.70
Leeward Roof 3 1.37 -0.37 0.18 -0.18 -0.75 -0.26
Leeward Wall 6 1.37 -0.29 0.18 -0.18 -0.64 -0.15
Near Side wall 1 1.37 -0.45 0.18 -0.18 -0.86 -0.37
Far Side Wall 4 1.37 -0.45 0.18 -0.18 -0.86 -0.37 19
𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝟐: 𝑶𝒑𝒆𝒏 𝑩𝒖𝒊𝒍𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈
𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑠:
➢ 𝐷𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝐷𝑎𝑡𝑎

𝐸𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 3 𝑚
𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 = 15
𝑅𝑖𝑑𝑔𝑒 𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 4.2 𝑚
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑅𝑜𝑜𝑓 𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 3.6 𝑚
3𝑚
𝐵𝑢𝑖𝑙𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑊𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ = 9 𝑚
𝐵𝑢𝑖𝑙𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ = 18 𝑚
𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐵𝑡. 𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑠 = 6 𝑚
𝑦𝑜𝑢 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑝𝑠
➢ 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐷𝑎𝑡𝑎 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑢𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑦

𝐿𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 → 𝐴𝑙 − 𝑅𝑖𝑦𝑎𝑑ℎ, 𝐾𝑆𝐴

𝑇𝑜𝑝𝑜𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑝ℎ𝑦 → 𝐻𝑜𝑚𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑜𝑢𝑠
3𝑚 3.6 𝑚 4.2 𝑚
𝑇𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 → 𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑎𝑛, 𝑊𝑜𝑜𝑑𝑒𝑑
𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑠 𝑂𝑝𝑒𝑛 𝐵𝑢𝑖𝑙𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔

60 𝑚

20
𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝟐: 𝑶𝒑𝒆𝒏 𝑩𝒖𝒊𝒍𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈
𝑪𝒂𝒍𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝑾𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝑴𝑾𝑭𝑹𝑺 − 𝑫𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒄𝒆𝒅𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝑯𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕𝒔 − 𝑪𝒉𝒂𝒑𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝟐𝟕
1) 𝐷𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑅𝑖𝑠𝑘 𝐶𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑜𝑟𝑦 (𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 1 − 2) 𝑅𝑖𝑠𝑘 𝐶𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑜𝑟𝑦 → 𝐼 (𝐿𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑘 𝑡𝑜 ℎ𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑛 𝑙𝑖𝑓𝑒)

2) 𝐷𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑈𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑉 Figure 26 − 2C for Risk Category 𝐈, 𝑹𝒊𝒚𝒂𝒅𝒉 → 𝑉 = 47 𝑚/𝑠

Wind Directionality Factor 𝐊 𝐝 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓 (𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝑴𝑾𝑭𝑹𝑺 𝑩𝒖𝒊𝒍𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈𝒔) (Table 26 − 1)

𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐨𝐬𝐮𝐫𝐞 Category = B (Suburban, wooded) (Section 26.7)

Topographic Factor 𝐊 𝐳𝐭 = 𝟏 (Figure 26 − 3)

3) 𝐷𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠
Gust effect Factor 𝐆 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓 (Section 26.9)

𝐄𝐧𝐜𝐥𝐨𝐬𝐮𝐫𝐞 Classification (Section 26.2) 𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑠 𝑂𝑝𝑒𝑛 𝐵𝑢𝑖𝑙𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔

Internal Pressure Coefficient 𝐆𝐂𝐩𝐢 (Table 26 − 3) 𝐺𝐶𝑝𝑖 = 0

4) 𝐷𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐶𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑲𝒛 (𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 28 − 2) 𝐹𝑜𝑟 ℎ = 3.6 𝑚 (𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑓 𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡)
𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐵
5) 𝐷𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝒒𝒛 (𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 28 − 1) 𝐾𝑧 = 0.59

𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑞𝑧 = 0.613 𝐾𝑧 𝐾𝑧𝑡 𝐾𝑑 𝑉 2 𝑵/𝒎𝟐

𝑞𝑧 = 0.613 0.59 1 0.85 472 10−3 = 0.68 𝐾𝑁/𝑚2

21
𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝟐: 𝑶𝒑𝒆𝒏 𝑩𝒖𝒊𝒍𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈
𝑪𝒂𝒍𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝑾𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝑴𝑾𝑭𝑹𝑺 − 𝑫𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒄𝒆𝒅𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝑯𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕𝒔 − 𝑪𝒉𝒂𝒑𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝟐𝟕
𝑞𝑧 = 0.68 𝐾𝑁/𝑚2

6) 𝐷𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝐸𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐶𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑪𝑵 CN for 𝐩𝐢𝐭𝐜𝐡𝐞𝐝 roof, 𝐨𝐩𝐞𝐧 (Fig. 27 − 6)

𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝑾𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒊𝒏 𝑿 − 𝒅𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏

𝐿 = 𝐻𝑍 𝑑𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝐿 = 9 𝑚 (𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑋 − 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)
ℎ 3.6 ℎ
= = 0.4 0.25 ≤ ≤1
𝐿 9 𝐿
➢ 𝑃𝑖𝑡𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑑 𝑅𝑜𝑜𝑓
➢ 𝜃 = 150 ≤ 450 ➢ 𝛾 = 0, 1800
➢ 𝐶𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑤

22
𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝟐: 𝑶𝒑𝒆𝒏 𝑩𝒖𝒊𝒍𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈
𝑪𝒂𝒍𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝑾𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝑴𝑾𝑭𝑹𝑺 − 𝑫𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒄𝒆𝒅𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝑯𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕𝒔 − 𝑪𝒉𝒂𝒑𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝟐𝟕
𝑞𝑧 = 0.68 𝐾𝑁/𝑚2

6) 𝐷𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝐸𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐶𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑪𝑵 CN for 𝐩𝐢𝐭𝐜𝐡𝐞𝐝 roof, 𝐨𝐩𝐞𝐧 (Fig. 27 − 6)

𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝑾𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒊𝒏 𝒀 − 𝒅𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏

CN for 𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐩𝐞𝐧𝐝𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐫 wind, 𝐨𝐩𝐞𝐧 (Fig. 27 − 8)

𝐿 = 𝐻𝑍 𝑑𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝐿 = 18 𝑚 (𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑌 − 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)
ℎ 3.6 ℎ
= = 0.2 0.25 ≤ ≤1
𝐿 18 𝐿

➢ 𝑃𝑖𝑡𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑑 𝑅𝑜𝑜𝑓
➢ 𝜃 = 0 ≤ 450 ➢ 𝛾 = 900 , 2700
➢ 𝐶𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑤

23
𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝟐: 𝑶𝒑𝒆𝒏 𝑩𝒖𝒊𝒍𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈
𝑪𝒂𝒍𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝑾𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝑴𝑾𝑭𝑹𝑺 − 𝑫𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒄𝒆𝒅𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝑯𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕𝒔 − 𝑪𝒉𝒂𝒑𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝟐𝟕
𝑞𝑧 = 0.68 𝐾𝑁/𝑚2 Gust effect Factor 𝐆 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓

7) 𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑃 𝐏 = 𝐪 𝐆 𝐂𝐍 for Open Buildings(Equation 27 − 4)

CN P = q G CN (KN/m2)
Distance from
Wind Direction Case Windward CNW CNL
Windward Leeward
edge (Windward) (Leeward)

X-direction, 0, Case A 1.1 -0.4 0.64 -0.23

180, or Normal -
to Ridge Case B 0.1 -1.1 0.06 -0.64

< 3.6 m -0.8 -0.46

Case A 3.6 m to 7.2 m -0.6 -0.35
Y-direction, 90,
> 7.2 m -0.3 -0.17
270, or Parallel
< 3.6 m 0.8 0.46
to Ridge
Case B 3.6 m to 7.2 m 0.5 0.29
> 7.2 m 0.3 0.17

24
𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝟐: 𝑶𝒑𝒆𝒏 𝑩𝒖𝒊𝒍𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈
𝑪𝒂𝒍𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝑾𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝑴𝑾𝑭𝑹𝑺 − 𝑫𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒄𝒆𝒅𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝑯𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕𝒔 − 𝑪𝒉𝒂𝒑𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝟐𝟕
CN P = q G CN (KN/m2)
𝑾𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝑪𝒂𝒔𝒆𝒔 Distance from
Wind Direction Case Windward CNW CNL
𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝑾𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒊𝒏 𝑿 − 𝒅𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 edge (Windward) (Leeward)
Windward Leeward

X-direction, 0, Case A 1.1 -0.4 0.64 -0.23

180, or Normal -
to Ridge Case B 0.1 -1.1 0.06 -0.64

< 3.6 m -0.8 -0.46

Case A 3.6 m to 7.2 m -0.6 -0.35
Y-direction, 90,
> 7.2 m -0.3 -0.17
270, or Parallel
< 3.6 m 0.8 0.46
to Ridge
𝑊𝑥 𝛾 = 00 Case B 3.6 m to 7.2 m 0.5 0.29
𝑁𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑜 𝑅𝑖𝑑𝑔𝑒 > 7.2 m 0.3 0.17

𝐶𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝐴

𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑏𝑒 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑

𝑖𝑛 − 𝑣𝑒 𝑋 − 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝛾 = 1800 )

𝑊𝑥 𝛾 = 00
𝑁𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑜 𝑅𝑖𝑑𝑔𝑒

𝐶𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝐵

25
𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝟐: 𝑶𝒑𝒆𝒏 𝑩𝒖𝒊𝒍𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈
𝑪𝒂𝒍𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝑾𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝑴𝑾𝑭𝑹𝑺 − 𝑫𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒄𝒆𝒅𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝑯𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕𝒔 − 𝑪𝒉𝒂𝒑𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝟐𝟕
CN P = q G CN (KN/m2)
𝑾𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝑪𝒂𝒔𝒆𝒔 Distance from
Wind Direction Case Windward CNW CNL
𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝑾𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒊𝒏 𝑿 − 𝒅𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 edge (Windward) (Leeward)
Windward Leeward

X-direction, 0, Case A 1.1 -0.4 0.64 -0.23

180, or Normal -
to Ridge Case B 0.1 -1.1 0.06 -0.64

< 3.6 m -0.8 -0.46

Case A 3.6 m to 7.2 m -0.6 -0.35
Y-direction, 90,
> 7.2 m -0.3 -0.17
270, or Parallel
< 3.6 m 0.8 0.46
to Ridge
Case B 3.6 m to 7.2 m 0.5 0.29
𝑊𝑦 𝛾 = 900
> 7.2 m 0.3 0.17
𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙 𝑡𝑜 𝑅𝑖𝑑𝑔𝑒

𝐶𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝐴

𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑏𝑒 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑

𝑖𝑛 − 𝑣𝑒 𝑌 − 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝛾 = 2700 )

𝑊𝑦 𝛾 = 900
𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙 𝑡𝑜 𝑅𝑖𝑑𝑔𝑒

𝐶𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝐵

26
𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝟑: 𝑾𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝑳𝒐𝒂𝒅𝒔 𝑪𝒂𝒍𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒏 𝑭𝒓𝒆𝒆𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒊𝒅 𝑺𝒊𝒈𝒏𝒔/𝑩𝒊𝒍𝒍𝒃𝒐𝒂𝒓𝒅𝒔 12 𝑚

𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑠:
➢ 𝐷𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝐷𝑎𝑡𝑎

𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 ℎ = 20 + 6 = 26 𝑚

6𝑚
𝑉𝐿 𝑑𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑠 = 6 𝑚 𝐵𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑏𝑜𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑆𝑖𝑔𝑛
𝐻𝑍 𝑑𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝐵 = 12 𝑚
𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 0.5 𝑚

➢ 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐷𝑎𝑡𝑎

𝐿𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 → 𝐴𝑙 − 𝑅𝑖𝑦𝑎𝑑ℎ, 𝐾𝑆𝐴 − 𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑤𝑎𝑦

𝑅𝑖𝑠𝑘 𝐶𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑜𝑟𝑦 → 𝐼𝐼 (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑡 𝑑𝑜𝑒𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐼, 𝐼𝐼𝐼, 𝐼𝑉)
𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐶𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑜𝑟𝑦 → 𝐶 (𝐹𝑙𝑎𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑛 𝑇𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛)
𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑠 𝑅𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑑 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛. 𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑃𝑖𝑝𝑒 20 𝑚

𝑍
𝑌
500 𝑚𝑚
𝑋

27
𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝟑: 𝑾𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝑳𝒐𝒂𝒅𝒔 𝑪𝒂𝒍𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒏 𝑭𝒓𝒆𝒆𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒊𝒅 𝑺𝒊𝒈𝒏𝒔/𝑩𝒊𝒍𝒍𝒃𝒐𝒂𝒓𝒅𝒔
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛: 𝑦𝑜𝑢 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑝𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑢𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑦 (𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑝𝑡𝑒𝑟 29)
1) 𝐷𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑅𝑖𝑠𝑘 𝐶𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑜𝑟𝑦 (𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 1 − 2) 𝑅𝑖𝑠𝑘 𝐶𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑜𝑟𝑦 → 𝐼𝐼 (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑡 𝑑𝑜𝑒𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐼, 𝐼𝐼𝐼, 𝐼𝑉)

2) 𝐷𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑈𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑉 Figure 26 − 2A for Risk Category 𝐈𝐈, 𝑹𝒊𝒚𝒂𝒅𝒉 → 𝑉 = 50 𝑚/𝑠

Wind Directionality Factor 𝐊 𝐝 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓 (𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒊𝒅 𝒇𝒓𝒆𝒆𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒔𝒊𝒈𝒏𝒔) (Table 26 − 1)

𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐨𝐬𝐮𝐫𝐞 Category = C (Flat and open terrain) (Section 26.7)

3) 𝐷𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠
Topographic Factor 𝐊 𝐳𝐭 = 𝟏 (Figure 26 − 3)

Gust effect Factor 𝐆 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓 (Section 26.9)

4) 𝐷𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐶𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑲𝒛 (𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 29 − 2) 𝐾𝑧 = 1.22 𝑓𝑜𝑟 ℎ = 26 𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐶

5) 𝐷𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝒒𝒛 (𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 29 − 1)

𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑞𝑧 = 0.613 𝐾𝑧 𝐾𝑧𝑡 𝐾𝑑 𝑉 2 𝑞𝑧 = 0.613 1.22 1 0.85 502 = 1.60 𝐾𝑁/𝑚2
Before Calculating Cf ,
6) 𝐷𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝐶𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 (𝑪𝒇 ) Solid Freestanding signs and walls (Fig. 29 − 1) let ′ s discuss wind cases required
𝐵/2 𝐵/2 𝐵/2 𝐵/2 𝐵/2 𝐵/2

𝑆 𝑆 𝑆
2 2 2
F F
𝑆 𝑆 0.2 𝐵 𝑆
F1 F2 F3 F4
2 2 2
Case C
Case A Case B 𝑠 𝑠 𝑠 𝑅𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔

Plan
F F 0.2 𝐵

F2 F3 F4
28
Wind Direction Wind Range F1
𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝟑: 𝑾𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝑳𝒐𝒂𝒅𝒔 𝑪𝒂𝒍𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒏 𝑭𝒓𝒆𝒆𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒊𝒅 𝑺𝒊𝒈𝒏𝒔/𝑩𝒊𝒍𝒍𝒃𝒐𝒂𝒓𝒅𝒔
Gust effect Factor 𝐆 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓 𝑞𝑧 = 1.60 𝐾𝑁/𝑚2

6) 𝐷𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝐶𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 (𝑪𝒇 ) Solid Freestanding signs and walls (Fig. 29 − 1)

𝒂) 𝑪𝒇 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒔𝒊𝒈𝒏 B 12 𝑠 6
= =2 = = 0.23
s 6 ℎ 26

𝑪𝒇 𝑪𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝑨, 𝑪𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝑩 = 𝟏. 𝟖

𝑪𝒇 𝑪𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝑪 = 𝟐. 𝟐𝟓 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝟎 𝒕𝒐 𝒔, = 𝟏. 𝟓𝟎 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝒔 𝒕𝒐 𝟐𝒔

29
𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝟑: 𝑾𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝑳𝒐𝒂𝒅𝒔 𝑪𝒂𝒍𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒏 𝑭𝒓𝒆𝒆𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒊𝒅 𝑺𝒊𝒈𝒏𝒔/𝑩𝒊𝒍𝒍𝒃𝒐𝒂𝒓𝒅𝒔
Gust effect Factor 𝐆 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓 𝑞𝑧 = 1.60 𝐾𝑁/𝑚2

6) 𝐷𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝐶𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 (𝑪𝒇 ) Solid Freestanding signs and walls (Fig. 29 − 1)

𝒂) 𝑪𝒇 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒔𝒊𝒈𝒏
𝐶𝑓 𝐶𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝐴, 𝐶𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝐵 = 1.8
𝐶𝑓 𝐶𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝐶 = 2.25 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 0 𝑡𝑜 𝑠, = 1.50 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑠 𝑡𝑜 2𝑠

𝒃) 𝑪𝒇 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒆𝒍 𝒑𝒊𝒑𝒆 𝒑𝒐𝒍𝒆 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑠 𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑚𝑛𝑒𝑦 Cf for Chimneys, Tanks, Rooftop equipment (Fig. 29 − 2)

➢ 𝑅𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑
➢ 𝐷 𝑞𝑧 = 0.5 1600 = 20 > 5.3

➢ 𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑙𝑦 𝑠𝑚𝑜𝑜𝑡ℎ
ℎ 20
➢ = 0.5 = 40 𝐶𝑓 𝑃𝑜𝑙𝑒 = 0.7
𝐷

30
𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝟑: 𝑾𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝑳𝒐𝒂𝒅𝒔 𝑪𝒂𝒍𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒏 𝑭𝒓𝒆𝒆𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒊𝒅 𝑺𝒊𝒈𝒏𝒔/𝑩𝒊𝒍𝒍𝒃𝒐𝒂𝒓𝒅𝒔
Gust effect Factor 𝐆 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓 𝑞𝑧 = 1.60 𝐾𝑁/𝑚2
𝒂) 𝑪𝒇 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒔𝒊𝒈𝒏
𝐶𝑓 𝐶𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝐴, 𝐶𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝐵 = 1.8
𝐶𝑓 𝐶𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝐶 = 2.25 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 0 𝑡𝑜 𝑠, = 1.50 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑠 𝑡𝑜 2𝑠

𝒃) 𝑪𝒇 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒆𝒍 𝒑𝒊𝒑𝒆 𝒑𝒐𝒍𝒆 𝐶𝑓 𝑃𝑜𝑙𝑒 = 0.7

7) 𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑭 For Solid Signs and Walls F = q G Cf As 𝐊𝐍 (Equation 29 − 2)

𝒂) 𝑾𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆 𝒐𝒏 𝒔𝒊𝒈𝒏

𝐶𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝐴 F = q G Cf As = 1.6 0.85 1.8 12 6 = 176 𝐾𝑁 𝑎𝑠 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑

F = q G Cf 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝐻𝑍 𝑚𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑠 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑜𝑛 𝐻𝑍 𝑚𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠

𝐶𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝐵 F = q G Cf As = 1.6 0.85 1.8 12 6 = 176 𝐾𝑁 𝑒𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑒 = 0.2 𝐵 = 0.2 12 = 2.4 𝑚

F = q G Cf 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝐻𝑍 𝑚𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑠 𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑜𝑛 𝐻𝑍 𝑚𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠

𝐶𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝐶 F1 = q G Cf As = 1.6 0.85 2.25 6 6 = 110 𝐾𝑁

F2 = q G Cf As = 1.6 0.85 1.5 6 6 = 73.44 𝐾𝑁
6 6 6 6 6 6

3 3 3
176 KN 176
2.4 𝑚
3 3 3 110 73

Case C
Case A Case B 3 3 3 3

Plan
F 176 2.4 𝑚
31
Wind Direction Wind Range 110 73
𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝟑: 𝑾𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝑳𝒐𝒂𝒅𝒔 𝑪𝒂𝒍𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒏 𝑭𝒓𝒆𝒆𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒊𝒅 𝑺𝒊𝒈𝒏𝒔/𝑩𝒊𝒍𝒍𝒃𝒐𝒂𝒓𝒅𝒔
Gust effect Factor 𝐆 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓 𝑞𝑧 = 1.60 𝐾𝑁/𝑚2
𝒂) 𝑪𝒇 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒔𝒊𝒈𝒏
𝐶𝑓 𝐶𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝐴, 𝐶𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝐵 = 1.8
𝐶𝑓 𝐶𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝐶 = 2.25 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 0 𝑡𝑜 𝑠, = 1.50 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑠 𝑡𝑜 2𝑠

𝒃) 𝑪𝒇 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒆𝒍 𝒑𝒊𝒑𝒆 𝒑𝒐𝒍𝒆 𝐶𝑓 𝑃𝑜𝑙𝑒 = 0.7

7) 𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑭 For Solid Signs and Walls F = q G Cf As 𝐊𝐍 (Equation 29 − 2)

𝒂) 𝑾𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆 𝒐𝒏 𝒔𝒊𝒈𝒏

𝐶𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝐴 F = 176 𝐾𝑁 𝑎𝑠 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑

𝐶𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝐵 F = 176 𝐾𝑁 𝑒𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑒 = 0.2 𝐵 = 0.2 12 = 2.4 𝑚
𝐶𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝐶 F1 = 110 𝐾𝑁 F2 = 73.44 𝐾𝑁

𝒃) 𝑾𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆 𝒐𝒏 𝑷𝒐𝒍𝒆 500 𝑚𝑚

0.5 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 0.5 𝜋 0.5 = 0.785 𝑚

𝑃𝑙𝑎𝑛
F = q G Cf 𝑊𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ = 1.6 0.85 0.7 0.785 = 0.75 𝐾𝑁/𝑚′

𝑊𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝐴𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑑 = 0.5 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟

𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑑

32
𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝟑: 𝑾𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝑳𝒐𝒂𝒅𝒔 𝑪𝒂𝒍𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒏 𝑭𝒓𝒆𝒆𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒊𝒅 𝑺𝒊𝒈𝒏𝒔/𝑩𝒊𝒍𝒍𝒃𝒐𝒂𝒓𝒅𝒔
𝒂) 𝑾𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆 𝒐𝒏 𝒔𝒊𝒈𝒏 𝒃) 𝑾𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆 𝒐𝒏 𝑷𝒐𝒍𝒆
F = 0.75 𝐾𝑁/𝑚′
𝐶𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝐴 F = 176 𝐾𝑁 𝑎𝑠 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
𝐶𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝐵 F = 176 𝐾𝑁 𝑒𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑒 = 0.2 𝐵 = 0.2 12 = 2.4 𝑚
𝐶𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝐶 F1 = 110 𝐾𝑁 F2 = 73.44 𝐾𝑁

3𝑚 3𝑚 3𝑚 3𝑚

176 KN 176 KN 2.4 𝑚

110 KN 73 KN

0.75 𝐾𝑁/𝑚′ 0.75 𝐾𝑁/𝑚′ 0.75 𝐾𝑁/𝑚′

𝑍 𝑍 𝑍
𝑌 𝑌 𝑌

𝑋 𝑋 𝑋

Case A Case B Case C

33