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Physics of the Zero Point Field and its Applications to Advanced Technology
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Chapter 7
Thomas F. Valone*
Integrity Research Institute, Beltsville MD, USA
Abstract
As any new, disruptive technology is introduced into society, the scramble to
adapt can be significant. Just ask any venture capitalist. However, when ZPE
products start to emerge in handheld and computer backup-battery replacements,
the change may not be noticed for a while. This often is a technique, called
“stealth marketing” to delay the competition from starting to catch on to the new
trend. As groups like the World Future Society (www.wfs.org), Kurzweil
(www.kurzweilai.net), and Arlington Institute (www.arlingtoninstitute.org)
predict, the future will offer much more technology that interfaces with the body
and brain. What better way to spur the development of electronic technology than
to have self-powered devices? We already have it in the form of solar-powered
calculators, wristwatches that don’t need battery changes, and the BetaBatt
Company which is developing a 25-year tritium battery, are several examples.
The megatrend has begun. More and more products with ZPF integrated products
will come with “energy for a lifetime.”
1 INTRODUCTION
*
iri@starpower.net , www.integrity-research.org
2 Thomas Valone
mysterious power cell that needs no fuel, stock prices for those companies will
soar as they rush to be the first to invest. Oil and gas companies will scramble to
debunk and discredit the inventions as the boardrooms try to diversify their
holdings. A “one-time investment” in any and every product that does not need to
be plugged in or filled up means the consumer will want to buy and hold onto that
one item in preference to any other like it. Third world countries can be
transformed into useful contributors to society with a single investment in or
donation toward their own ZPF power cell for the community or household.
As small devices are introduced to the market, which is the most likely
niche to fill, such as solar-powered calculators, consumers will notice that a one-
time investment creates a longer lasting, more stable, higher standard of living.
Have you every noticed how quickly our Western standard of living disappears as
soon as an inconvenient weather disaster hits? Let a power line go down and
millions can be forced back into primitive cave living with fire and flashlights in
an instant. Our present modernization is quite unreliable, being dependent on a
long umbilical cord of a centralized power grid. Of course, the new ZPF future
will come at a price. However, as solid-state integration of nanotechnology
becomes more and more inexpensive, we will find a decline in energy-demanding
costs. It is worth noting that in many new cars, a tiny chip now contains a
nanotech swinging weight to detect collisions. These are accelerometers
(acceleration sensors) that are very reliable
In Figure 1, we see a
model of a kilowatt sample
generator that is proposed to
extract ZPE for electricity supply.
Having units like these for the
home, car, and office will make
everyone’s lifestyle entirely
different than today. It is a
guaranteed upgrade in the
standard of living for any third
world country and a great
standard of freedom for explorers,
astronauts and military personnel.
Figure 1. Example of a proposed stand-alone
kilowatt ZPF generator (Excalibur Technology) Dr. Richard Obousy, a ZPE
investigator, has stated,
“From the papers studied the author has grown increasingly convinced as to the
relevance of the ZPE in modern physics. The subject is presently being tackled
with appreciable enthusiasm and it appears that there is little disagreement that the
Future Prospects of Advanced ZPF Technologies 3
We may therefore wonder about society’s issues that are preventing ZPE
acceptance and development.
“Very nice to hear from you, … I appreciate all of this. I'm quite interested in
what you are talking about, both in terms of the underlying technology and in the
potential implications of it. To that end, I've set up a venture fund with a couple of
sophisticated partners to fund breakthrough technologies that could ‘change the
world’. We are standing that up right now and would be most interested in
hearing in more detail about what you've got going. Part of the services that The
4 Thomas Valone
Arlington Institute would provide for the fund would be studying the potential
impact and implications of a target investment opportunity, so there is certainly a
vehicle in place to do some of the thinking that you are interested in. Furthermore,
we are soon to start a study for the Department of Defense to build a strategy for
the US to accelerate our extrication from a dependence on oil and gas and move
to the next major energy source. In that project we will be surveying all of the
existing alternative energy source (both conventional and unconventional) that we
can find -- so we will have a pretty good sense of what the potential energy
landscape looks like. So I'd like to hear more.”
horizon. Solar photovoltaic panels, however, still have to reach the wholesale
level in their cost of electricity that wind turbines have already achieved.
Another emerging problem that seems to have been unanticipated by the
environmental groups is that too much proliferation of one type of machinery,
such as windmills, is objectionable as well. Recently, the Alliance to Protect
Nantucket Sound filed suit against the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers to stop
construction of a 197-foot tower being built to collect wind data for the
development of a wind farm five miles off the coast of Massachusetts. Apparently,
the wealthy residents are concerned that the view of Nantucket Sound will be
spoiled by the large machines in the bay. Therefore, it is likely that only a
compact, distributed, free energy generator will be widely acceptable to the public
in the future. Considering payback-on-investment, if it possessed a twenty-five
year lifespan or more, while requiring minimum maintenance, then it will
probably please most of the people, most of the time. The development of a ZPF
generator theoretically would actually satisfy these criteria.
he needs more lifting capability and faster launch schedules, he needs improved
propulsion technology as much as the space program needs it. Several people had
come to our Institute’s exhibit booth expressing the need for new breakthrough
propulsion technology as well. Inertial shielding is explained in the next section
of this chapter.
To emphasize the stranglehold that classified black projects have on all
advanced energy and propulsion in the United States, it is worth mentioning the
famous quote from the late Ben Rich, a former head of Lockheed’s advanced
development division, with above top secret clearance: “We have the ability to
take ET home” (where “ET” signifies an “extraterrestrial”), which implies that
advanced propulsion of spacecraft is already in the US hands but only held in
classified black projects. (This has also been confirmed in my conversations with
at least one former black project employee from Area 51-S4 who personally
referred to “interdimensional craft” and “deep space platforms” currently in use
with back-engineered craft). Ben also advocated a “Sundown Rule” which would
have instituted a new classification regime where all classified documents expire
after a set time period.[5]
Figure 5. Presentation slide comparing the compression of sound and light waves
like force exerted on the exterior by unbalanced ZPE radiation pressures. The
conclusion drawn from this first-order analysis is that μo and εo can be perturbed
by propagation speed and possibly vehicle inertia, accompanied by a distortion of
the quantum vacuum. Froning compares the inertia of the two relative media as
the speed of the vehicle increases toward the light and sound speed limits in
Figure 6. It is interesting to note that the two equations take the same form as we
compare the Prandtl Glauert equation with the special relativistic equation.
A fundamental part of the Fronig and Roach approach to the fluid dynamic
simulation of superluminal speeds is the proposal that μo and εo can be reduced
significantly by nonabelian electromagnetic fields of SU(2) symmetry. It is
proposed that EM fields of nonabelian form have the same symmetry that
underlies gravity and inertia. Their approach is particularly to use alternating
current toroids with resonant frequencies. That nonabelian gauge symmetry offers
a higher order of symmetry has been seen elsewhere in the literature. Zee, for
example, notes that the square of the vector potential A2 would normally be equal
to zero in the abelian gauge, which all standard (“trivial”) electromagnetic theory
texts use. Instead, he notes that a field strength such as F = dA + A2 can be
formulated easily in the nonabelian gauge and shown to be nonzero and gauge
covariant (though not invariant). Furthermore, the nonabelian analog of the
Maxwell Langrangian, called the Yang-Mills Langrangian, includes cubic and
quartic terms that describe self-interaction of nonabelian bosons (photons), as
well as a nonabelian Berry’s phase that is intimately related to the Aharonov-
Bohm phase. (The Aharonov-Bohm phase depends exclusively on the vector
potential.) Even the strong nuclear interaction is accurately described by a
nonabelian gauge theory. “Pure Maxwell theory is free and so essentially trivial. It
contains a noninteracting photon. In contrast, pure Yang-Mills theory contains
self-interaction and is highly nontrivial…Fields listen to the Yang-Mills gauge
bosons according to the representation R that they belong to, and those that
belong to the trivial identity representation do not hear the call of the gauge
boson.[10]
According to Froning and Roach, the representation R can be changed by
surrounding a saucer-shaped spaceship with a toroidal EM field that distorts and
perturbs the vacuum sufficiently to affect its permeability and permittivity. The
vacuum field perturbations are simulated by fluid field perturbations that resulted
in the same percentage change in disturbance propagation speed within the region
of perturbation. The computational effort was simplified by solving only the Euler
equations of fluid dynamics for wave drag. The resulting μo and εo perturbation
solutions create a bulge at the fore and aft of the craft, providing an acceleration
instead of a drag!
In his discussion of the 1910 Einstein-Hopf model, Milonni describes their
derivation of a retarding force or drag on a moving dipole as a result of its
interaction with the vacuum zero-point field, which acts to decrease its kinetic
energy. Assuming v << c, the retarding force due to motion through the ZPF
thermal field is described with a fluid dynamics equation, F = – R v, where v is
Future Prospects of Advanced ZPF Technologies 11
the velocity of the dipole and R is a formula depending upon dipole mass and ZPF
spectral energy density. Milonni also notes that due to recoil associated with
photon emission and absorption, which are both in the same direction, the ZPF
also acts to increase the kinetic energy of a dipole. Equilibrium is established
when the increase in kinetic energy due to recoil balances the decrease in kinetic
energy due to the drag.[11]
Figure 6. Aerodynamic drag versus subsonic speed and inertia versus subluminal speed
Sweden, used rapidly varying electrical currents to simulate the effect of mirrors
accelerating to something like a quarter of the speed of light. The result was the
simultaneous production of pairs of photons from the vacuum, exactly as Moore
had predicted. [19]
Spatial squeezing, quantum coherence, and focusing vacuum fluctuations
are also tools to trick the ZPF vacuum into giving up energy. At the 2012 Space,
Propulsion & Energy Sciences International Forum (SPESIF), the best
presentation of a true breakthrough consisted of Dr. Garret Moddel from the
University of Colorado. Garret discussed his experimental investigation into the
zero-point energy emission from noble gases flowing through Casimir cavities,
which is a test of his patent #7,379,286, coinvented with Dr. Bernard Haisch from
Calphysics Institute. To their surprise, Helium had a more robust output of
radiation in the microwatt range than the heavier Xenon, measured with a
Figure 8. Moddel’s radiating Casimir cavity with temporarily constricted noble gases
pyrometer.
Their unusual theory of constricting a gas atom quantum mechanically and
then looking for a release of energy actually worked, showing that zero-point
energy can be utilized to produce energy! Of course the reabsorption of the lost
energy from the quantum vacuum completes the engine cycle according to the
patent disclosure, which also resembles the Josef Papp engine (patent #4,428,193)
in many ways. This discovery will be featured in the next edition of my book,
Future Prospects of Advanced ZPF Technologies 15
Zero Point Energy: the Fuel of the Future, and in the Proceedings of SPESIF
2012, as a result of Dr. Moddel's experimental confirmation of a zero-point
energy emission from a Casimir cavity.
Another quantum vacuum photon emitter has recently been discovered to
be none other than the lowly LED, with the phrase “exceeding unity efficiency”.
With such an efficiency of over 200%, the carefully measured phenomenon has
no other explanation of where the energy can come from. In their experiments, the
researchers reduced the LED's input power to just 30 picowatts and measured an
output of 69 picowatts of light - an efficiency of 230%. The physical mechanisms
worked the same as with any LED: when excited by the applied voltage, electrons
and holes have a certain probability of generating photons. The researchers didn't
try to increase this probability, as some previous research has focused on, but
instead took advantage of small amounts of excess heat to emit more power than
consumed. This heat arises from vibrations in the device's atomic lattice, which
occur due to entropy. This light-emitting process cools the LED slightly, making
it operate similar to a thermoelectric cooler. Although the cooling is insufficient
to provide practical cooling at room temperature, it could potentially be used for
designing lights that don't generate heat. When used as a heat pump, since the
overunity occurs at temperatures above 130 degrees Celsius, the device might be
useful for solid-state cooling applications or even power generation. Theoretically,
this low-voltage strategy allows for an arbitrarily efficient generation of photons
at low voltages. For this reason, the researchers hope that the technique could
offer a new way to test the limits of energy-efficiency electromagnetic
communication.[20]
There are also plenty of other quantum modalities for the proposed
conversion of the ZPF negative energy into useful electricity, such as
thermodynamic Brownian ratchets that rectify a fluctuating potential. Astumian
proposes a fluctuating electrical potential that causes the uphill transport of a
particle. A fluctuating potential energy profile is provided with an anisotropic
sawtooth function Usaw and periodically spaced wells with no net macroscopic
force. When the potential is off, the energy profile is flat with a uniform force
everywhere. When the potential is turned on again, the particle is trapped in one
of the wells. The result is resolved into two components: the downhill drift and
the diffusive spreading of the probability distribution. For intermediate times, it is
more likely for a particle to be trapped in one of the uphill wells if the potential
were turned back on, than between the first and second well. Thus, turning the
potential on and off cyclically can cause motion to the right and uphill against
gravity despite the net force to the left. The theory has been successfully tested
with colloidal particles with anisotropic electrodes turned on and off, as well as
with an optical trap modulated to create a sawtooth potential.[21]
The well known built-in voltage potential for some select semiconductor
p-n junctions and various rectifying devices is also proposed to be favorable for
generating DC electricity at “zero bias” (with no DC bias voltage applied) in the
presence of Johnson noise or 1/f noise which originates from the quantum
16 Thomas Valone
vacuum.[22] The 1982 Koch discovery that certain solid state devices exhibit
measurable quantum noise has also recently been labeled a finding of dark energy
in the lab.[23] Tunnel diodes are a class of rectifiers that are qualified and some
have been credited with conducting only because of quantum fluctuations.
Microwave diodes are also good choices since many are designed for zero bias
operation. A completely passive, unamplified zero bias diode converter/detector
for millimeter (GHz) waves was developed by HRL Labs in 2006 under a
DARPA contract, utilizing a Sb-based "backward tunnel diode" (BTD). It is
reported to be a "true zero-bias diode". It was developed for a "field radiometer"
to "collect thermally radiated power" (in other words, 'night vision'). The diode
array mounting allows a feed from horn antenna, which functions as a passive
concentrating amplifier. An important clue is the "noise equivalent power" of 1.1
pW per root hertz and the "noise equivalent temperature difference" of 10°K,
which indicate sensitivity to Johnson noise.[24] There also have been other
inventions such as "single electron transistors" that also have "the highest signal
to noise ratio" near zero bias. Furthermore, "ultrasensitive" devices that convert
radio frequencies have been invented that operate at outer space temperatures (3
degrees above zero point: 3°K). These devices are tiny nanotech devices which
are suitable for assembly in parallel circuits (such as a 2-D array) to possibly
produce zero point energy direct current electricity with significant power
density.[25] Photovoltaic p-n junction cells are also considered for possible higher
frequency ZPE transduction. Diode arrays of self-assembled molecular rectifiers
or preferably, nano-sized cylindrical diodes are shown to reasonably provide for
rectification of electron fluctuations from thermal and non-thermal ZPE sources to
create an alternative energy DC electrical generator in the picowatt per diode
range.[26]
5 CONCLUSION
chapter, it is expected that the next few decades will see a revolution in energy
and propulsion worthy of science fiction, which always results in science fact that
is more amazing than we dreamed.
REFERENCES
[1] Deffeyes, Kenneth. Hubbert’s Peak: The Impending World Oil Shortage. Princeton
University Press, Princeton, 2001, p. 5
[2] Brown, Lester, and Christopher Flavin, Hilary French. The State of the World,
Worldwatch Institute, Washington, 1999, p.26
[3] Greer, Steven. “Disclosure: Implications for the Environment, World Peace,
World Poverty and the Human Future.” Disclosure Project Briefing Document, The
Disclosure Project, April, 2001, p. 2
[4] Valone, Thomas. Electrogravitics Systems and Electrogravitics II, both published by
Integrity Research Institute, Beltsville MD, www.IntegrityResearchInstitute.org
[5] Rich, Ben. Skunk Works: A Personal Memoir of My Years at Lockheed, Little, Brown,
2008
[6] Haisch, Bernard, and Alfonso Rueda, Harold Puthoff. “Inertia as a zero-point-
field Lorentz force.” Physical Review A. Vol. 49, No. 2, Feb., 1994, p. 678
[8] Froning, H.D. and R.L. Roach “Preliminary simulations of vehicle interactions with the
quantum vacuum by fluid dynamic approximations” Proceedings of 38th
AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference, July, 2002, AIAA-2002-3925, p.
52236
[9] Rueda, A. and Bernard Haisch. “Electromagnetic Zero Point Field as Active Energy
Source in the Intergalactic Medium.” 35th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion
Conference. June 20, 1999, AIAA paper #99-2145, p. 4
Puthoff, Harold. “Gravity as a zero-point-fluctuation force.” Physical Review A.
Vol. 39, No. 5, March 1989, p. 2336
[10] Zee, A. Quantum Field Theory in a Nutshell, Princeton University Press, 2003, p. 233
[11] Milonni, Peter. The Quantum Vacuum. Academic Press, San Diego, 1994, p. 12
[12] Bohm, D. and J.P. Vigier “Model of the Causal Interpretation of Quantum Theory in
Terms of a Fluid with Irregular Fluctuations” Phys. Rev. Vol. 96, No. 1, 1954, p. 208
18 Thomas Valone
[14] Pinto, F. “Engine cycle of an optically controlled vacuum energy transducer” Physical
Review B, Vol. 60, No. 21, 1999, p. 14740
[16] Valone, Thomas. , Practical Conversion of Zero-Point Energy: Feasibility Study of the
Extraction of Zero-Point Energy from the Quantum Vacuum for the Performance of Useful
Work, Integrity Research Institute, 2009 edition, p. 45, also available from Amazon.com
[17] Harris, David. Harnessing the Power of Empty Space, New Scientist, February 20, 2012
[22] Koch, R. H., Van Harlingen, D. J., and Clarke, J., “Measurements of Quantum Noise In
Resistively Shunted Josephson Junctions”, Physical Review B, Vol. 26, No. 1, July, (1982),
p. 74.
[23] Beck, Christian and Mackey, Michael, “Could dark energy be measured in the lab?”
Phys. Letters B, V. 605, (2005), p. 295
[24] Lynch, J., Moyer, H., Schulman, J., Lawyer, P., Bowen, R., Schaffner, J., Choudhury,
D., Foschaar, J., Chow, D., "Unamplified Direct Detection Sensor for Passive Millimeter
Wave Imaging" in the Proceedings of Passive Millimeter-Wave Imaging Technology IX,
edited by Roger Appleby, Proc. of SPIE, V. 6211, (2006), p. 621101
[25] Brenning, H., Karanov, S., Duty, T., Kubatkin, S., and Delsing, P., “An ultrasensitive
radio-frequency single-electron transistor working up to 4.2 K”, J. Appl. Phys. 100, (2006), p.
114321
[26] Valone, Thomas. “Proposed Use of Zero Bias Diode Arrays as Thermal Electric Noise
Rectifiers and Non-Thermal Energy Harvesters”, Proceedings of Space, Propulsion and
Energy Sciences International Forum (SPESIF), Workshop on Future Energy Sources,
Future Prospects of Advanced ZPF Technologies 19
[27] Song, W., Mendez, E., Kuznetsov, V., and Nielsen, B., “Shot noise in negative-
differential-conductance devices”, App. Phys. Letters, Vol. 82, No. 10, 2003, p. 1568