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Vdocuments - MX Optical Design With Zemax For PHD Basics Designwith Optical Design With
Vdocuments - MX Optical Design With Zemax For PHD Basics Designwith Optical Design With
Vdocuments - MX Optical Design With Zemax For PHD Basics Designwith Optical Design With
Lecture 1: Introduction
2015-10-26
Herbert Gross
Preliminary Schedule
Content
1. Introduction
2. Zemax interface, menues, file handling, preferences
3. Editors, updates, windows, preferences
4. Coordinate systems and notations
5. System description, reports
6. Component reversal, system insertion, scaling
7. Solves and pickups, variables
8. 3D geometry
9. Aperture, field, wavelength
10. Glass catalogs
11. Raytrace
12. Layouts
4
Paraxial model
System, data of the structure (focal length, magnification, aperture,..)
(radii, distances, indices,...)
linear
approximation
Analysis
imaging
aberration Synthesis Analytical approximation and classification
theorie lens design (aberrations,..)
Taylor
Function, data of properties, expansion
quality performance
(spot diameter, MTF, Strehl ratio,...) Geometrical optics
(transverse aberrations, wave aberration,
distortion,...)
with
approximation
diffraction
--> 0
Wave optics
(point spread function, OTF,...)
Ref: W. Richter
5
reference equivalence
sphere types of differen
inte-
aberrations gration tiation
wave
full
1. Geometrical raytrace with analysis aberration W
analysis definition aperture
Geometrical
orthogonal single types of
equivalents aberrations
2. Equivalent geometrical quantities, classification exponential
expansion
function
classification of the
Zernike
coefficients
rms
value
geometrical
spot diagramm
phase
sum of
3. Physical model: Physical pupil coefficients
model function Marechal
complex pupil function Kirchhoff
Fourier
transform
approxima-
tion
integral Luneburg integral
( far field )
4. Primary physical quantities sum of
squares Marechal
point spread
Marechal approximation
Primary function (PSF) approxima-
5. Secondary physical quantities physical
maximum
tion
quantities
of the squared
amplitude
auto-
correlation Strehl
Duffieux number
Blue arrows: conversion of quantities integral
Fourier
transform
squared integration of
amplitude spatial
frequencies Fourier
optical geometrical transform
Secondary optical
transfer function
physical approximation transfer function
quantities approximation threshold value threshold value
diameter of the spatial frequency spatial
spot frequency approximation
spot diameter
resolution
6
Zemax Interface
Zemax Interface
Helpful shortcuts:
1. F3 undo
2. F2 edit a cell in the editor
3. cntr A multiconfiguration toggle
4. cntr V variable toggle
5. F6 merit function editor
6. cntr U update
7. shift cntr Q quick focus
Window options:
1. several export options
2. fixed aspect ratios
3. clone
4. adding comments or graphics
8
y / meridional section
Coordinate systems tangential plane
2D sections: y-z shown
x / sagittal plane
- R2 + R1
-s +s
C2 C1
negative: positive: + R positive: negative:
to the left to the right C to the right C to the left
angle positive:
counterclockwise
+j
reference
9
Interface surfaces
- mathematical modelled surfaces
- planes, spheres, aspheres, conics, free shaped surfaces,…
Size of components
- thickness and distances along the axis
- transversal size,circular diameter, complicated contours
Materials
- refractive indices for all used wavelengths
- other properties: absorption, birefringence, nonlinear coefficients, index gradients,…
Special surfaces
- gratings, diffractive elements
- arrays, scattering surfaces
10
System Model
radius rj
Complete system:
- sequence of surfaces
- object has index 0 object surfaces image
plane plane
- image has index N
- tN does not exist
thickness
index 0 1 2 3 j N-2 N-1 (N)
Ray path has fixed
sequence
surface
0-1-2-...-(N-1)-N 0 1 2 3 .... j .... N-2 N-1 N
index
11
Menu:
Menu:
Reports / Prescription
datareports / prescription data
12
System data
Optional inputs:
1. finite diameters
2. vignetting factors
3. decenter and tilt
4. coordinate reference
5. weighting factors
6. multi configurations
7. ...
14
System Changes
2. Insert system
with other system file
File - Insert Lens
2. Reverse system
15
scattering
options
16
Solves
Solves
Solves
3D Geometry
3D Geometry
Auxiliary menus:
1. Tilt/Decenter element
2. Folding mirror
21
3D Geometry
Aperture Definition
Numerical aperture
NA n sin u'
exit image
F-number pupil plane
f'
F#
DEX chief ray
1
F#
2 NA
marginal ray
f'
24
object
real
system
stop ExP
EnP
Resolution of details
Information transfer
Image quality
Aberrations due to aperture
Image perspective
Perception of depth
Compound systems:
matching of pupils is necessary, location and size
26
field point
of image
upper
object marginal ray
point
U
on axis U'
W
on axis
lower marginal chief point of
ray ray image
upper coma
ray
lower coma
ray
stop
outer field
point of
object exit entrance
pupil pupil
Cardinal Points of a Lens
Real lenses:
The surface with the principal points
as apparent ray bending points is a
curved shell
The ideal principal plane exists only
in the paraxial approximation
P'
s'P'
28
Principal Sphere
The principal planes in paraxial optics are defined as the locations of the apparent ray bending
of a lens of system
In the case of a system with corrected sine conditions, these surfaces are spheres
Sine condition and pupil spheres are also limited for off-axis points near to the optical axis
For object points far from the axis, the apparent locations are complicated surfaces, which
may consist of two branches
30
Stop location:
1. Fixes the chief ray intersection point
2. input not necessary for telecentric object space
3. is used for aperture determination in case of aiming
Special cases:
1. Object in infinity (NA, cone angle input impossible)
2. Image in infinity (afocal)
3. Object space telecentric
31
Vignetting
Truncation of the at different surfaces for the upper and the lower part
of the cone
sagittal coma
lower
trauncation rays
truncation
32
Vignetting
projection of the
Truncation of the light cone free area of the rim of the 1st lens
with asymmetric ray path aperture
for off-axis field points
meridional
Intensity decrease towards chief coma rays
ray
the edge of the image
4. Individual aperture sizes for every field point can be set by the vignetting factors of the
Field menu
- real diameters at surfaces must be set
- reduces light cones are drawn in the layout
35
Optical materials
Test wavelengths
Description of dispersion:
Abbe number n 1
n
nF ' nC ' refractive
index n
Visual range of wavelengths: 1.8
ne 1
ne
1.75
nF ' nC '
1.7
Typical range of glasses
SF1
ne = 20 ...120 1.65
Flint
1.45
0.5 0.75 1.0 1.25 1.5 2.0
1.75
38
Dispersion
refractive index n
1.7
flint
F6 n small
slope large
1.675
1.65
crown
n large
slope small
1.625
SK18A
VIS
1.6
0.5 0.75 1.0 1.25 1.5 1.75 2.0
39
Dispersion formulas
Schott formula
empirical n ao + a1 2 + a2 2 + a3 4 + a 4 6 + a5 8
2 2
Sellmeier n( ) A + B 2 +C 2
Based on oscillator model 12
22
Bausch-Lomb D E 2
empirical n( ) A + B + C +
2 4
+
2
F 2
( 2 2o) + 2 2
o
a2 a3
Herzberger n( ) ao + a1 + 2 2 + 2 2
2
Based on oscillator model
o o 2
mit o 0.168 m
Hartmann
a1 a4
Based on oscillator model n( )ao + +
a3 a5
40
g : 435 nm e : 546 nm
UV edge d : 588 nm
main color
i : 365 nm F' : 480 nm C' : 644 nm
UV edge F : 486 nm C : 656 nm
s : 852 nm t : 1014 nm
1. secondary 2. secondary
color color IR edge IR edge
41
Glass diagram
Usual representation of
glasses:
diagram of refractive index
vs dispersion n(n)
Left to right:
Increasing dispersion
decreasing Abbe number
42
Glasses in Zemax
Glasses in Zemax
Scheme of raytrace
medium n medium n
j-1 j
surface r
surface r j
j-1
45
Vectorial raytrace
yj
normal
vector
xj
intersection
ej
yj+1
point Pj
sj ray intersection
point
xj+1
dj Pj+1
sj+1
distance
surface ej+1 normal
vector
No j
General 3D geometry z
Tilt and decenter of surfaces surface
No j+1
General shaped free form surfaces
Full description with 3 components
Global and local coordinate systems
46
Raytrace errors
index index
Vignetting/truncation of ray at finite sized diameter: j+1 j
intersection:
- mathematical possible
- physical not realized
no intersection
total point
internal
reflection
axis
axis axis
47
Py
xp
pupil plane
y
Hx
Hy
first
point
x
object plane
48
Special rays in 3D
Meridional rays:
in main cross section plane
yp
Sagittal rays: upper
perpendicular to main cross meridional
coma ray axis
section plane
sagittal coma
Coma rays: ray
lower
meridional
coma ray
sagittal ray
axis point axis
x
object plane
49
y
y'
object
image
plane
plane
x x'
z
sagittal
plane
lens
meridional
plane
50
Ray fan:
2-dimensional plane set of rays
object
Ray cone: point
Pupil sampling
xp x'p x'
xo
z
sagittal
52
xo xp x'p x'
z
53
Pupil Sampling
Criteria:
1. iso energetic rays
2. good boundary description
3. good spatial resolution
polar grid cartesian isoenergetic circular Fibonacci spirals
Artefacts due to regular gridding of the pupil of the spot in the image plane
Raytrace in Zemax
Layout options
Layout options
Layout options
Professional graphic
Many layout options
Rotation with mouse or arrow buttons
59
Footprints