Hydrogen

isotopes of hydrogen
Allotropes of hydrogen
Resemblances with alkali
metals
Resemblances with
halogens
Difference from alkali
Dihydrogen
metals and halogens
Preparation
Uses
Hydrides
Ionic Hydrides
Covalent Molecular Hydrides
Metallic Hydrides
Hydrogen

Water
Physical properties
Chemical properties
H2O2 Hydrogen perioxides Structure of water
Preparation Heavy water
Storage Hard and soft water
Physical properties
Structure
Uses
Test
Chemical properties
 Hydrogen
• It was first discovered by Henry Cavendish in 1766.
• Its name Hydrogen was proposed by Lavoisier
Hydro means water and gene mean producer .

ISOTOPES OF HYDROGEN:-

Protium ¹H 1e, 1p, 0n .

Deuterium ²H or D 1e, 1p, 1n .
Tritium ³H or T 1e, 1p, 2n .
•Occurrence:- 99.98.44% H ,
0.015.6% D
10-¹⁵ % T

•Nuclear spin quantum number :- ½ H , 1 D ,½ T

•Tritium is radioactive and emits low ß particles Half life,
t½ 12.33 years .

ALLOTROPES OF HYDROGEN :-

Total spin +½+½ 1 Total spin +½-½ 0

•At room temperature 75% orthohydrogen & 25%
parahydrogen
•At about 20k 100% parahydrogen
•Thermal conductivity of parahydrogen is 50% greater
than that of Orthohydrogen .

•Hydrogen is the third most abundant element on the

surface of the globe. It is the ninth element in order of
abundance on earth's crust.

•Position of Hydrogen Hydrogen is the first element in

the periodic table. However, it could not have a proper
position in the periodic table due to the following reason.

i In some properties, it resembles alkali metals. As such, it

ca be placed in group 1 of the periodic table along with alkali
metals.
ii In some properties, it resembles Halogens. As such, it can
be placed in group 17 along with Halogens.

iii In some properties, hydrogen differs from both alkali

metals and halogens.
Thus, the position of Hydrogen in periodic table is
controversial or anomalous.
 I Resemblance with alkali metals
i Like alkali metals, hydrogen contains one electron in its
valence shell. H 1s¹ ,Li 1s² 2s¹
2 Like alkali metal, hydrogen loses its valence electron to
form the H+ ion.
H ----- H+ +e–
Li ------ li+ +e–
3 Like alkali metals,hydrogen exhibits an ox. state of +1 in
its compounds.
Example:- HCl & Nacl .
4 Like alkali metals,hydrogen also acts as a strong reducing
agent.
5 Like alkali metals, Hydrogen combines with non metals to
form compounds
Example:- H2O, Na2O, HCl, NaCl

II Resemblance with Halogens

1 Like halogens, Hydrogen shows an oxidation state of -1
Example:- NaH ,NaCl
2 Like halogens,hydrogen gains one electron to form H– ions
Hydride ion .
H+ e– ----- H–
Cl+e– ----- Cl–

3 Like halogons, hydrogen has one electron less than the.

stable configuration of the nearest inert gas.
H 1s¹ one electron less than He 1s²
F 1s² 2s² 2p⁵ one electron less than Ne 1s² 2s² 2p⁶

4 Like halogens, Hydrogen exists as diatomic molecules. H2 ,

Cl2, Br2
5 Like halogens, Hydrogen combines with non metals to form
covalent compounds. CH4, CCl4, NH3, NCl3.
III Difference from alkali metals and Halogens
1 Hydrogen is comparatively less electropositive than alkali
metals and less electronegative than halogens.
2 The oxides of alkali metals are basic and the oxides of
halogens are acidic but the oxides of hydrogen H2O is
neutral.

DIHYDROGEN H2

Preparation:-
1 Lab Method :-
a Zn + 2HCL ----- ZnCl2 +H2 g
b Zn + 2NaOH ----- Na2ZnO2 + H2O g
2 Commercial methods:-
a by electrolysis of acidified water using it electrodes
Electrolysis
2H2O l -------------------------- 2H2 g + 0₂ g

b High purity 799.95% H2 is obtained by electrolysis

of warm aqueus solution of Ba OH 2, between Ni
electron.

c high purity H2 is obtained by -

Mg +H2SO4--------- MgSO4+H2

d H2 gas is obtained as a byproduct the electrolyis of

aqueous solution of NaCl

2 Nacl aq + 2H₂ O l --------- 2 NaOH aq + Cl2 g +H2 g

¾e¿ From syngas¾ Bosch process¿
Syn-gas â Earlier 1:1 mixture of CO and H2 was called water
gas but now all mixtures of CO and H2 are called syn-gas
¾synthesis gas¿.

The reaction of steam on Hydrocarbons or coke at a high

temp. in the presence of a catalyst yields hydrogen.

Ni
CH4 g +H20 g --------------->CO g +3H2 g
1270K

Ni
C s +H20 g --------------->CO g +H2 g
1270K

•The process of producing synges from coke or coal is

called coal gasification.

•It is difficult to obtain pure H2 from syngas. since CO is

difficult to remove. Therefore, to obtain H2 from syngas, CO
of the syngas is oxidised to CO2 by mixing it with more
steam at 673K in the presence of Iron chromate as catalyst.
This reaction is called water gas shift reaction.

FeCrO4
CO g +H20 g ------------>CO2
673K
g +H2 g

•Physical Properties:- H2 is a colourless, tasteless and

odourless gas . Due to nonpolar nature,H2 insoluble in
water.

•Chemical properties:- H2 is inert at room temperature

due to its high bond dissociation enthalpy. H2
dissociates into atoms in only 0.081% at 2000k. which
increases to 95.5% at 5000k.
 5000k
H2 g ------------>2H g
95.5%

Atomic hydrogen is very reactive and combines with all the

element since its orbital is incomplete with 1s Configuration.
It reacts in three different ways
¾i¿ by loss of its one electron to form H+.
¾ii¿ by gain of one electron to form H- .
¾iii¿ by sharing it's electron with other atoms.
Therefore, most of the reactions of H2 occur at high
temp. ¾1¿Reaction with Halogens:- H2 +X2 -----ã2HX
¾where x â Cl,Br,I,F¿
¾2¿ Reaction with dioxygen:-2H2¾g¿+O2¾g¿-------ã2H2O¾l¿
¾3¿ Reaction with N2 :-N2¾g¿+3H2¾g¿----------ã2NH3
¾4¿ Reaction with metals:-H2¾g¿+2M¾g¿ ---------ã2MH
¾where Mâ Li,Na,K,Rb,Cs¿
¾5¿ Reaction with metal ions and Metal oxides:-
Pd2+ + H2¾g¿---------ãPd¾s¿+2H+¾aq¿
MxOy¾s¿ + yH2¾g¿ --------ãxM¾g¿ +yH2O¾l¿

¾where Mâãless reactive metalâãCu,Pd,Hg etc¿

¾6¿ Reaction with organic compound:-

¾a¿ Hydroformylation of olefins give aldehydes which
further undergo reduction to give alcohols.

R - CH â CH2 +CO+H2 -------------ãR-CH2CH2CHO

RCH2CH2CHO +H2 ----------------ãRCH2CH2CH2OH
¾b¿ Hydrogenation:-
Hydrogenation means addition of Hydrogen across double
and triple bonds to form saturated compounds.
Ni
Vegetable oil +H2-------------ãVegetable ghee
4473K

It is used in the manufacture of vegetable ghee from

vegetable oils. This process is also called hardening of oils.

Uses of Dihydrogen:-
¾1¿It is used in the manufacture of methanol
CO¾g¿+2H2¾g¿-------------ãCH3OH

¾2¿ It is used as a rocket fuel in space research.

¾3¿ It is used in fuel cells for generating electrical energy.
[Fuel cellâã It is a device which convents the energy,
produced during the combustion of a fuel directly into
electrical Energy. Eg. Hydrogen oxygen fuel cell it does not
cause any pollution.]
¾4¿Atomic hydrogen and oxy-hydrogen torches are used for
cutting and welding purposed.Since atomic hydrogen
atoms which produced by dissociation of H2 with the help
of an electric arc, are recombine on the surface of metal to
liberate a large amount of energy which generate the
temperature of 4000k.

2H -------------------ãH2¾g¿ [Delta Hâ-435.9KJ MOL-1]

HYDRIDES
Dihydrogen combines with a number of elements to
form binary compounds called Hydrides.
The hydrides are classified into three types-
¾i¿ Ionic Hydrides
¾ii¿Covalent hydrides
¾ii¿Metallic hydrides

Ionic Hydrides or saline or salt like hydrides

These are stoichiometric compounds of dihydrogens
formed with most of the s-block elements which are
highly electropositive in character. However BeH2 and
MgH2 have covalent polymeric structures.

Properties: These are white crystalline solids and their

crystal consist of ions C metal ions Hydride iones..
Random arrangement anemon
¾2¿ The density of these hydrides is higher than metals
from which they are formed. This is because H- ions
occupy holes in the lattice of the metal without distortion.
¾3¿ They have high m·p. and b. p.
¾4¿ They conduct electricity in the melt state and liberate
H2 gas at anode.

Anode:- 2H- melt --------> H2 g +2e-

¾5¿ They react violently with water to give H2 gas.
NaHN+H2O¾l¿-----------ã NaOH¾aq¿ +H2¾g¿
¾6¿ Lithium hydride is unreactive at moderate temp. with
O2 and Cl2. Therefore, It is used in the synthesis of other
useful hydrides.
Covalent or molecular hydrides
There are formed by p-block elements and some-s-
block elements ¾Be,Mg¿.These hydrides consist of
discrete covalent molecules which are held together by
weak vanden waals forces of attraction and hence are
called molecular hydride

Properties:-
¾1¿They are volatile compounds having low melting and
boiling points.

¾2¿ They do not conduct electricity.

Molecular hydrides are further classified into the

following three types.

¾a¿ Electron deficient hydrides: Hydrides of group ¾13¿

¾BH3, AlH3 etc¿ do not have sufficient number of
electrons to form normal covalent bonds and hence are
called electron deficient hydrides. They exist in
polymeric stage. Example B2H6 etc. ¾Be, Mg, group 13¿

¾b¿ Electron precise or electron exact hydrides-

Hydrides of group ¾14¿ ¾CH4 ,SiH4 etc¿ have exact no. of
electrons to form normal covalent bonds and hence are
called electronprecise hydrides. They have tetrarhedral
shapes.
¾c¿Electron rich hydrides: Hydrides of group 15,16 and 17
¾NH3,H2S, HF etc¿ have more electrons, than required to
form normal covalent bonds and hence are called
electron rich hydrides. The excess electrons in these
hydrides are present as lone pairsof electrons.
Metallic hydrides
•These are formed by many of d-block and f-block elements. In
group 6,Cr alone forms the halides CrH

•The metal of group 7, 8 and 9 do not form hydrides. The region

of the periodic table from groups 7 to 9 which do not form
hydrides is known as hydride gap.These hydrides have
properties similanto parent metals and hence are called
metallic hydrides. In these hydrides, small size hydrogen atoms
occupy some interstitial sites in the metallic lattice. That is why
they are also called interstitial hydrides

•Properties:-
1 They are hard, have a metallic lustre conduct electricity and
have magnetic properties.
2 The density of these hydrides is lower than those of metals
from which they are formed since the Crystal lattice expands
due to inclusion of H2
3 They are non stoichiometric.
Example:-LaH2.87, VH0.56
Conclusion: The process of adsorption of gas on metal is
known as occlusion.

On strong heating, these hydrides liberate hydrogen. Thus,

these hydrides can be used as hydrogen storage media.

WATER
Physical Properties :-
1 The freezing point, boiling point, heat of fusion
and heat of vaporization of water are higher than
that of H2S or H2Ve or H2Te. This is due to
presence of intermolecular hydrogen bonding in
H2O the molecules.
2 Due to its high dielectric constant 78.39 , water
is used as universal solvent.
Chemical properties:-

1 Amphoteric character : Water acts both as an acid and

as a base and hence is said to be amphoteric in character.

Eg: It can act as an acid towards NH3 and as a base to

H2O + NH3 ------> NH4+ + OH-
H2O +H2S --------> H3O+ + HS-

In terms of its amphoteric nature; autoprotolysis. self

ionisation of water may be represented as follows
H 2O + H2O -----------> H3O+ aq + 0H aq

2 Hydrolysis reaction:-Some Covalent and ionic compounds

are hydrolysed in water.
P4O10 s + 6H2O l -----> 4H3PO4 aq

SiCl4 l + 2H2O -----> SiO2 s + 4HCl aq

N3+ +3H2O ---------> NH3 g + 3OH- aq

3 Redox reactiom involving water:-

2 Na s +2H2O l ---------> 2 NaOH aq +H2 aq
6CO2 g +12H2O l ---------> C6H12O6 aq + 6H2O l +6O2 g
2F2 g + 2H2O l ---------> 4HF aq +O2 g

4 Hydrate formation:-
Many ionic compounds crystallise from water with one or
more molecules of water associated with them. This
water in combination with ionic salts is called water of
crystallisation and such crystals are called hydrated
salts.
These hydrates can be classified into the following three
categories:-
a Coordinated water. Example:- [Cu H2O 4]•SO4•H2O
b Hydrogen bonded water
c Interstitial water. Example:- BaCl2•2H2O

Structure of water
In the gas phase, water is a bent molecule with a
bond angle of 104.5°.

In the liquid state, water molecules are associated with

hydrogen bonds. High boiling point

The crystalline form of water is ice. At atmospheric

pressure ice trystallins in the hexagonal
form but at form very low temperature, it condenses to
cubic form.
In the normal hexagonal ice, each oxygen atom is
tetrahedrally surrounded by four other oxygen atoms ie.
there is a hydrogen atom between each pair of oxygen
atoms. This gives ice an open age like str. as shown in
figure.
It is clear that each oxygen is surrounded by four other
hydrogen atoms, two by strong covalent bonds and two by
weak hydrogen bonds. Since H-bonds are longer than covalent
bonds, the molecules of water are not closely packed in the
crystal lattice. In other words, there exists a no. of vacant
spaces in the Crystal lattice and hence the density of ice is
lower than that of liquid water.

When ice melts, some of the H. bonds are broken. and vacant
space occupied by some of the water molecules. Therefore,
the volume decrease and hence density increase. In other
words, the density of liquid water at 273 K is higher than that of
ice and hance ice floats over liquid water.
As the temp. is raised gradually above 273K, more and more of
H. bonds break consequently more and more H2O molecules
start coming closer resulting in decrease in volume and hence
increase in density. This goes on till 277K. As the is raised
above 277K, the increase in Volume due to expansion of liquid
water and hence sensity decrease. Hence, density of water is
max. at 277K.
HEAVY WATER
Physical Properties:- It is colourless, odourless, tasteless
liquid. Since Dielectric constant of D2O is lower than that
of H20. Therefore, ionic compounds are less soluble in D₂O
than in H20.

Chemical properties of D2O :-The chemical properties of

D₂0 are quite similar to those of ordinary water. However,
the reactions of D₂ 0 is slow than that of H2O.
Example:-SO3 + D₂0 ------> D₂ SO4
CaC2+ 2D2O -----------> C2D2 + Ca OD ₂
Al4C3 +12D₂O ------------>3CD4 + 4AI OD 3

Uses:- 1 It is used as a moderator in nuclear reactions

since it slows down the speed of neutrons.
2 It is used as a tracer compound for studying the
mechanism of many reactions.

Hydrogen economy
The proposal to use hydrogen as fuel in industry, power
plants and motor vehicles is called hydrogen economy. The
basic principle of hydrogen economy is production, storage
and transportation of energy in the form of liquid or
gaseous dihydrogen.

Q1 As conc. H2SO4 cannot be used for drying H2. Why?

Solution Conc.H2SO4 on absorbing H20 from
moist H2O produced so much heat that
hydrogen catches fire.
Q2 What is hydrolith ? How is it prepared ?
Solution + H2 -----> CaH2 Hydrolith
Q3 Although D₂20 resembles H2O, chemically yet it is
a toxic substance. Explain.
Solution D2O is toxic since it reach at a much
slowen rate as compared to H+ in enzyme-
catalysed reactions
Q4 Can marine species live in distilled water?
Solution No, because distilled H2O does not contain dissolve
DO2 gas.

HARD AND SOFT WATER

Water which produced latter with soap readily is called soft
water.
Examples- Rain water, distilled water.

Water which does not produce latter with soap. is called hard
water.
Examples- seawater, river water, spring water, lake water and
well water.

Cause of hardness of water

Hardness of water is due to the presence of bicarbonates,
chlorides sulphates of calcium and magnesium in it.
When hard water is treated with soap solution,Ca2+ and
Mg2+ ions present in hard water react with the anion of fatty
acids present in soap to form scum. As a result, Hard water
does not produce lather with soap immediately.
2C17 H35 COONa + Mg2+ aq -----> C17H35COO 2M + 2Na+
aq
Where M Ca or Mg
Types of Hardness of Water
1 Temporary hardness
2 Permanent hardness.

Temporary Hardness
It is due to the presence of Mg HCO3 2 and Ca HCO3 2
It can be removed by the following methods:-

1 Boiling:-During boiling, the soluble Mg HCO3 2 and is

converted into insoluble Mg OH 2 and Mg OH 2 and
Ca HCO3 2 is changed to insoluble CaCO3.

Mg HCO3 2 ------->Mg OH 2 + 2CO2 ppt

These ppt can be removed by filtration.

[It is because of high solubility product of Mg OH 2 as
compared to that of MgCO3 ]

2 Clark's method:- In this method calculated amount

of lime is added to hard water. It precipitates out
CaCO3 and Mg OH 2 which can be removed by filtration..
Ca HCO3 2 + Ca OH 2-------> 2CaCO3 +2H20
Mg HCO3 2 +2Ca OH 2 ----->2CaCO3 +Mg OH 2 +2H20

Permanent hardness
It is due to the presence of soluble salts of Mg and Ca in
form of sulphates and chlorides in the water. It can be
removed by the following methods:-

1 Washing soda method:- Washing soda reacts with

soluble ca and Mg chlorides and sulphates in hard water
to form insoluble carbonates.
MCl2 + Na2CO3 --------> MCO3 +2NaCl
MSO4+ Na2CO3 ----------> MCO3 +Na2SO4

WhereM Mg or Ca

2 Calgon's Method:-
Sodium hexametaphosphate, Na6P6O18 or
Na2[Na4P6O4-] or Na2[Na4 PO3 6]
When Calgon is added to hard water, the following
reactions take place.

Na₂ [Na4P6O18 ]--------> 2 Na + [Na4P6O18 ] 2-

M3+ + [Na4P6O18]2- -------> 2Na+ + [Na4 M P6O18]

The complex anion keeps the Mg2+ and Ca2+ ions

M2+ insolution.

3 Ion-exchange method or Zeolite or Permutit method

Hydrated sodium aluminium silicate [Na2Al2Si2O8•xH2] is
called zeolite on permutit.

Zeolite can be represented by the general formula Na₂Z] or

Naz in NCERT where Z Al₂ Si₂ O8•XH2O or NaZ in
NCERT .

When zeolite is added in hard water, exchange reactions

take place.

2 NaZ s + M² + aq ------- MZ₂ s + 2 Na+

Where M Mg, Ca
It is regenerated for further use by treating with an aqueous
NaCl solution.
MZ2 s + 2 NaCl aq ----- 2 NaZ s + MCl2 aq
4 Synthetic resins method
This method is makes efficient than Zoolide process. Cation
exchange resins contains large organic molecule with SO₂H
group and are water insoluble. Ion exchange resin RSO3H is
changed to RNa by treating it with NaCl. The resin exchanges
Na + ions with Ca+ and Mg2+ ions present in hard water to
make the water soft.

2RNa s +M2+ aq ---- R2M s +2Na2+ aq

WhereM Mg,Ca
The resin can be regenerated by adding aq.NaCl solution.

•Pure de-mineralised de-ionized water is obtained by passing

water successively through a cation exchange in the H+ ion
form and an anion exchange in the OH- form resins.

2RM S + M²+ aq -------- MR₂ s +2H+

In this cation exchange process, it exchanges for NO+, Ca2+,
Mg2+ and other cations present in water. This process makes
the water acidic.
In anion exchange process,

RNH2 s +H2O L --------- RŇH3ŌH s

RŇH3ŌH s +X aq ---------- RNH3X S +OH- aq .

OH exchanges for anions like Cl-, HCO3-,SO4²-etc. present in

water.
These OH- ions neutralise the H+ ions and form water.
H+ aq +OH- aq ---------- H2O L

De mineralized water :-Water which is free from all cations and

anions is called demineralised water.
H₂O₂ [HYDROGEN PEROXIDE]
Preparation:-
1 It can be prepared by acidifying Barium peroxide.
lab. Method
Ba02•8H20 s + H₂SO4 aq ------ Ba SO4 s + H202 aq
+8H2O aq

2 It is obtained by theelectrolysis of a cold 50%

Solution of the H2SO4 at high current density. The
reactions taking place are

2H2SO4 ----- 2H+ +2HSO4-

At Cathod:- 2H+ +2e- ---- H2 g
At anode :- 2HSO4- ------- H2S2O8 +2e-

3 Industrially, It is prepared by the auto-oxidation of 2-

Ethylanthraguino.

Concentration of H2O2 Solution:-

H2O2 prepared by any methods is in the form of
dilute aq. solution. It cannot be concentrated by
simple distillations because it decomposes below it
boiling point.

2H2O2 -------- 2H2O +O2

Therefore, It can be concentrated by distillation under
reduced press 10-15mm
Storage of H2O2:-
H2O2 cannot be stored in glass bottles since the rough
surface of glass, alkalimetal oxides present in it, and exposure
to light catalysed its decomposition. Therefore, H2O2 is
stored in coloured paraffin wax coated plastic or teflon
bottles.

•Volume strength of Hydrogen peroxide:-

10 volume H2O2 means 1ml of H2O2 solution on
decomposition by heat produces 10 ml of oxygen gas at
STP.

Hint:-
Volume strength. 5.6XN Normality
Volume strength 11.2 XM Molarity
Volume me strength 5.6/17 x strength gL-1
Volume strength 56/17 x strength %

Q Calculate the strength of 10 Volume H2O2?

Solution 30 gL1-
Hint- moden volume at STP 22.7-litre

Physical properties of H2O2:-Pure H2O2 , is a thick Syrupy

liquid with pale blue colour. It has a bitter taste. It a soluble
in water the dipole moment of H202 is little more 2.1D
than that of H2O2 1.84D . H2O2 is diamagnetic.
Structure of H2O2:- H2O2 has a non-planari str. open
book like

Uses of H2O2:-
1 In daily life, it is used as a hair bleach and as a mild
disinfectant.
2 It is used as an antiseptic. It is sold in the market as
perhydrol.
3 Nowadays it is also used in green chemistry

Tests of H2O2:-
1 H2O2 on treatment with an -acidified solution of
titanium salt gives a yellow on orange colour due to the
formation of per titanic acid.
Ti SO4 2 + H2O2 + 2H20 ------ H2TiO4 +2H2SO4

2 When ethereal solution of H2O2 is shaken with

acidified solution of K2Cr 2 O2, blue colour appears due
to formation of Cr O5 Chromium pent oxide
Bleaching action:-The bleaching action of H2O2 is due to the
nascent oxygen which combines with colouring matter and
convent into colourless matter.
H2O2 -------- H2O +[O]
Colouring matter +[0] ------- colourless matter.

Chemical properties of H2O2:- It acts as an oxidising as well

as reducing agent in both acidic and alkaline medium.
A Oxidising Character:-

In aidic medium, H2O2+2e- ------- 2H2O

Innbasic medium, H2O2 +2e- ------ 2OH-

Example:-
1 Oxididing action in acidic medium:-
2 Fe²+ aq + 2H+ aq +H2O2 aq ------- 2Fe3+
aq + 2H2O l
2 Oxidising action in basic medium:-
2Fe²+ + H2O2 ------- 2Fe³+ +2OH-
Mn2+ +H2O2 ------- Mn 4+ +2OH-

3 Reducing character
In acidic medium, H2O2 aq + --------- 2H+ aq + O2 g
+2e-
In basic medium, H2O2 aq +2OH- aq ------------
2H2O l +O2 g +2e-
1 Reducing action in acidic medium:-
2MnO4 - + 5H2O2 +6H+ ------------ 2Mn2+ +8H2O
+5O2
HCl + H2O2 ------------- H3O+ + Cl- + O2
2 Reducing action in basic medium :-
I2 + H2O2 +2OH- ---------- 2I- +2H2O + O2
2MnO4- +3H2O2 ---------- 2MnO2 + 2H2O + 3O2 +2OH-

Complete the following reactions :-

0H2 g + MmOo s -------- 0H2O +mM
CO g + 2H2 g -------------- CH3OH
Zn +2NaOH ------------- Na2ZnO2 +H2
C3H8 g n+3H2O ------- 3CO +7H2
PbS + H2O2 -------- PbSO4 + 4H2O
MnO4- + H2O2 ------ ANY ABOVE
CaO +H2O ----------- Ca OH 2
AlCl3 g +3H2O l ---------- Al OH 3 s +3HCl aq

NCERT PROBLEMS
9.7 Ans Demineralised water is not useful for drinking
purposes since it does not contain useful mineral. Therefore
to make it useful for drinking purposes, useful minerials in
proper amounts should be added to demineralised or distilled
water.

9.30 Ans: Heavy water is injurious to human beings, plants.

and animals since it slows down the rates of reactions
occurring in them.

9.31 Any Interaction of H+ and OH- ions of water with anion

and cation of a salt respectively to give the original acid and
original base is called
Hydrolysis.
Example:- NaCl +H2O-------- NaOH +HCl
Hydration means addition of H2O to ions or molecules
to form hydrated ions or salts.
Example:- CuSO4 s +5H2O l -------- CuSo4•5H2O s
 9.33 Ans: i Element with Z 15 is a p-block element and
hence forms a covalent hydride.
ii Element with Z 19 is s block element and hence forms ionic
hydride.

lit Element with Z 23 is d block element and its group 3

element. Therefore, it forms metallic hydride.

iv Element with Z 44 is a d-block element of the group 8

and hence does not form hydride Hydride gap

Only ionic hydrides react with water to give H2 gas.

NaH+4H2O ------- NaOH +H2

9:16 Arrange the following:

I CaH2 , BeH2 and TiH2 in onder of increasing electrical

conductance.
Ans: BeH2 < CaH2 < TiH2
ii LiH, NaH and CsH in order of increasing ionic character
Ans: LiH < NaH <CsH
iii H-H, D-D and F-F in order of increasing bond
dissociation energy.
Ans: F-F <H-H <D-D
iv NaH, MgH2 and H20 in order of increasing reducing
properties. Ans: H2O < MgH2 < NaH
Ionic hydrides are best reducing agents

9.14 Ans:- With increase in electronegativity of element,

Strength of H. bond increase

N.....H-N......H< 0......H--0.....H< H-F......H-F