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Well Intervention Printing
Well Intervention Printing
Moment
WELCOME TO
IADC WELL INTERVENTION
COURSE
(Coiled Tubing, Slickline, Wireline & Snubbing)
(Well servicing)
1
Value Moment
SUGGESTED AGENDA
Breaks as needed!
2
AIMS & OBJECTIVES
By the end of this course, delegate must be able to:
• Define the difference between Workover & Well Intervention.
• List the necessary well kill equipment.
• Prepare well kill solutions kill charts for each type of kill operation.
• Discuss Workover problems & distinguish well kill operations.
Oilfield Life Cycle
WELL INTERVENTION COURSE
Course content:
1. Completion Operation : ( Well Control, Risk Assessment,
Formation Damage, Hydrated & Well Killing, Pressure Basic &
Basis)
2. Completion Equipment ( Well Completion, Wellhead & Xmas
Tree)
3
PHILOSOPHY & CONCEPT
TO MAXIMISE WELL CONTROL WITHOUT COMPROMISING SAFETY
ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARD”
WELL CONTROL EVENT/ INCIDENT
Three factors govern the Success of Well Control: Impact of a Well Control Incident:
1. Human •Human Impact
2. Equipment 3‐ Plans & Procedures( well plan, Backup plan,..) •Environmental Impact
•Asset impact
1. HUMAN •Over regulations
•Business disruptions
• Fitness (Physical & Mentally) EQUIPMENT .2 •Local and Public Image Impact
• ASK (Attitude, Skill & Knowledge)
Full Inventory •
Attending the Well Control course will help to:
Independent Inspection •
• Team Effort •Deepen theoretical and practical understanding of how to manage well site operations and
Function and/or Pressure Test • maintain well control at all times.
• Democratic approach •Maintain trust of stack holders
Back-up & Spares •
•Avoid over regulations
• Communications & Coordination Preventive maintenance • •Raising the competence
•Act as an induction for new recruited staff and giving them the information they need to work
• Responsibility in the different positions.
PRESSURE
BASIC & BASIS Completion Operation
4
Hydrostatic Pressure Hydrostatic Pressure
Hydrostatic
Pressure
Hydro‐ means a fluid
‐Hydrostatic Pressure is the pressure exerted by a column of
Static‐ means at rest
fluid at rest, and is calculated by multiplying the gradient of
the fluid by the True Vertical Depth at which the pressure is
being measured: Hydrostatic in
Hyd. Pressure(psi) =Fluid gradient (psi/ft) x TVD the wellbore is
from the mud
Formation Fluid
Effect of Depth (TVD)
Fluid present in the pore space of the rock.
FORMATION PRESSURE
You have to consider the vertical height or depth of the fluid
The pressure of the formation fluids. column, the shape of the hole doesn’t matter.
5
What is formation fluid
Balance
pressure?
PSI
Mud Hydrostatic = Formation Pressure
Formation Pressure: is the fluid pressure in the pore
spaces of the formation.
Underbalance
Overbalance
Mud Hydrostatic <
Formation Pressure Mud Hydrostatic >
Formation Pressure
6
What is a kick? Underbalance
It is an influx of formation fluid that causes the well to flow.
Mud Hydrostatic <Formation
Pressure
How Do Kicks Happen? How Do Kicks Happen?
MUD HYDROSTATIC FALLS MUD HYDROSTATIC FALLS
FORMATION FORMATION
PRESSURE PRESSURE
7
How Do Kicks Happen? How Do Kicks Happen?
MUD HYDROSTATIC FALLS MUD HYDROSTATIC FALLS
FORMATION FORMATION
PRESSURE PRESSURE
OR OR
MUD MUD
HYDROSTATIC HYDROSTATIC
FORMATION PRESSURE RISES FORMATION PRESSURE RISES
Mud Hydrostatic and Formation Pressure
Always Remember that HP and FP are
HP
What Causes Kicks? two opposite forces.
FP
8
Primary Control Primary Control
Normally: Normally:
Mud Hydrostatic = Formation Pressure Mud Hydrostatic ? Formation Pressure
Equal / Greater / Less
Kicks Occur When:
Mud Hydrostatic ? Formation Pressure
Greater/Less
Primary Control
Normally:
Mud Hydrostatic = Formation Pressure
What causes a decrease in Mud
Hydrostatic? Kicks Occur When:
Mud Hydrostatic is Less than Formation Pressure
9
CAUSES OF KICK
•Wells inflow when the reservoir pressure exceeds the PRESSURE = 0.052 X MUD WT X TVD
wellbore (bottom hole) pressure.
•Some of the most common causes of kicks include: Causes of Kicks (Reduction in
–Not keeping the hole full (Loss of Hydrostatic Pressure)
Mud Weight)
–Lost circulation
–Swabbing
–Underbalanced pressures Causes Of Kicks (Reduction In
Mud Level)
Kick Indicators
Flow – Pump Off: Kick Indicators Decrease in Pump
Pressure:
10
Oil and gas shows Kick Indicators Change in string Kick Indicators
during circulation weight
What is a Blowout?
An uncontrolled exit of the formation fluids
At the surface
11
• What impact can blowouts have?
3Answers
A. Blowouts can damage rig equipment.
B. Blowouts identify where hydrocarbons exist.
C. Blowouts are acceptable as society needs soil.
D. Blowouts have no environmental impact as they are contained at the rig site.
What do you know about bottom E. Blowouts have potential to kill and injure personnel.
F. Blowouts can damage a company's reputation and result in lost contracts.
hole pressure? • What are consequences of having a blow‐out? 5 Answers
A. Environmental damage
B. Competitors shall gain an advantage.
C. Loss of human life.
D. Loss of equipment
E. The responsible person will be fired and will not find a job easily.
F. Loss of reputation
G. If the blow is controlled before it catches fire, no real consequences are expected.
H. Financial damages.
12
Loss of Hydrostatic Pressure
Losses
•Lossof circulation leads to a drop of both the fluid level and Hydrostatic pressure is the number one defense against kicks.
hydrostatic pressure in a well
When tripping out of the hole, a volume (of steel) is being
Losses can occur in any formation zone. removed from the well.
Losses can occur in one zone while another zone is producing
As the steel is removed, the fluid level & hydrostatic pressure in
Three main causes of lost circulation are: the well drops.
1.Excessive pressure overbalance
−when wellbore pressures exceed the fracture pressure
If the hydrostatic pressure drops below the reservoir pressure, the
2.Excessive surge pressure exposed zone will flow. Therefore it is extremely important to fill
−increase in bottomhole pressure caused by the downward movement of the work
string
the hole with fluid while tripping out of the hole.
−minimized by monitoring trip speed and return fluid volumes while running in the
well
3.Poor formation integrity
The volume of fluid needed to fill the well should be equivalent to
−use of a bridging agent to plug off the troublesome formation the volume of steel (tubing) pulled out of the well.
13
PRESSURE BASIC & BASIS
PRESSURE BASIC & BASIS
3 Fresh Water
Fresh water weighs the same per unit volume anywhere in the 1 Fundamentals of Fluids & Pressure
world that is why it’s called “Universal Fluid”& used as Pressure is defined as Force per unit area exerted by fluid i.e.
STANDARD for comparison with other fluid.
Pressure = Force ÷ Area
Fresh Water Facts:
Using concept, the formula can be changed:
• Density of 62.4 lbs/ft3 = Force (Density/ft3) ÷ Area (ins2) PG
Force = Pressure × Area
= 7.48 gal/ft3 ÷ 144 ins2 = 0.052
• Density of 8.33 lbs/gal psi/ft Area = Force ÷ Pressure
• Density of 7.48 US gal/ft3 = 62.4 lb/ft3 ÷ 144 ins2 = 0.433
• PG of 0.433 psi/ft psi/ft 2 Basic laws of physics concerning fluids & gas
• SG of 1 Relationship between Density (ppg) & PG
• Liquids are not compressible
(psi/ft) is always the same 0.052 is used
• API 10º
as constant for any calculation between • Gases are compressible
Formula of Density (ppg) = Density (lb/ft3) Density (US gal/ft3) them.
• Liquids & gases are both FLUIDS
Density (ppg) = 62.4 ÷ 7.48 = 8.33 ppg • Pressure in a fluid is transmitted equally in all directions.
Formula of fresh water PG if density in ppg is given,
14
PRESSURE BASIC & BASIS PRESSURE BASIC & BASIS
5 API Gravity 4 Specific Gravity (SG)
API gravity is another value used to express relative wt of fluids & The ratio of the density of a substance compared to density of another
was introduced by American Petroleum Institute to standardized the substance which is used as the standard (Fresh Water).
wt of fluids at base temperature of 60º F. Water as standard fluid Many fluids in petroleum industry is expressed in SG as well as in wt ppg. It’s
had been assigned the value of 10º API gravity. necessary to convert SG to PG to find HP.
E.g. Find the SG of 30º API oil To find PG of fluid simply multiply fresh water PG by fluid SG
SG = 141.5 ÷ (131.5 + 30º)
E.g. Find the HP of brine at 5000 ft TVD with brine SG of 1.17.
= 141.5 ÷ 161.5 = 0.875 HP of brine = 1.17 × 0.433 psi/ft × 5000 ft =
2533 psi
15
PRESSURE BASIC & BASIS
PRESSURE BASIC & BASIS
7 Gas Correction Factor 6 Hydrostatic Pressure (HP)
During prolong S/I in oil well, the gas will break out under static HP is the pressure developed by column of fluid at given TVD. “Hydro” means
conditions & form a “gas cap” in the tubing. The hydrostatic effects fluid & “static” means stationary. HP is pressure created by stationary column
of this gas cap must be considered when calculating hydrostatic
pressure further down the well. of fluid.
Refer to “Gas Correction Factor” table. To find the GCF of 0.6 gravity Anon moving column of fluid in the well bore creating pressure at any given true
at 7500 ft simply look down at 7500 ft column & move horizontal to vertical depth .
0.6 gravity column & find the CGF.
To calculate HP of gas column simply multiply CITHP by GCF
To calculate HP in psi of any fluid simply multiply TVD in ft by PG of fluid.
E.g. Calculate the HP of 0.8 gas gravity at 8500 ft with 500 psi E.g. Find HP in psi of fresh water at 500 ft TVD.
CITHP
HP = 500 ft × 0.433 psi/ft
HP = CGF × 500 psi
= 1.266 × 500 psi = 216.5 psi
= 633 psi To find BHA of 2 fluid column or more simply add the HP of the fluid column of
the same unit of measurement together.
16
Exercise 1 PRESSURE BASIC & BASIS
1. Find Density (ppg) of Brine & its PG is 0.495 psi/ft
Density = PG ÷ Constant 9 Volume
r
= 0.495 psi/ft ÷ 0.052 = 9.52 ppg
To calculate the volume of a cylinder, use the following formula;
2. Find Density (ppg) of Mud & its Density is 75.2 lbs/ft3 & 8.02 gal/ft3 Volume of a cylinder = d2h ÷ 4 or r2h h
Area = r2
E.g. Find the annulus volume of 2500 m by 9⅝” casing &
= 3.14 1.75 ins 1.75 ins = 9.62 ins2 5½” tubing kill mud. D
Always standardized all unit of measurements
Volume = 3.14 × 8200’ × (0.8’2 – 0.46’2) ÷ 4
= 2757.6 ft3 × 5.614 = 491 bbl
Exercise 2 Exercise 1
6. Find SG of 59.5 lbs/ft3 density kerosene.
6. Find PG (psi/ft) of 0.75 SG Oil.
SG = Fluid Density (lbs/ft3) ÷ Water Density (lbs/ft3) PG = Fluid SG Water PG (psi/ft)
7. = 59.5
Find SG lbsAPI oil.
of 37° /ft3 ÷ 62.4 lbs/ft3 = 0.95 = 0.75 0.433 psi/ft = 0.325 psi/ft
7. Find PG (psi/ft) of Completion Fluid Density 9.12 ppg.
8. WELL DATA:
SG = 141.5 ÷ (131.5 + ▪ 2⅞” Tubing, PG = Constant Density
APIº)
= 141.5 ÷ (131.5 + 37º) = 0.84 ▪ 4½” casing = 0.052 9.12 ppg = 0.474 psi/ft
8. Find Volume of Fluid in Annulus above packer.
▪ Packer @ 3000 m. 8. Find PG (psi/ft) of Oil where its HP is 850 psi & TVD of 5350 ft.
Annulus Volume = Measured Depth (D2 – d2) ÷ 4 PG = HP (psi) ÷ TVD (ft)
= 3.14 9840 ft (0.375 ft2 – 0.239 ft2) ÷ 4 = 645 ft3 or 115 bbl = 850 psi ÷ 5350 ft = 0.159 psi/ft
9. Find Volume in Tubing at 2150 m TVD with pump capacity 0.045 bbl/ft.
9. Find TVD (ft) of Sea Water with PG of 0.52 psi/ft & 3900 psi HP.
Volume = Pump Capacity (bbl/ft) MD (ft) TVD (ft) = HP (psi) ÷ PG (psi/ft)
= 3900 psi ÷ 0.52 psi/ft = 7500 ft
= 0.045 bbl/ft 7052 ft = 317 bbl
10. Find HP (psi) of Kill Fluid when its TVD is 10000 ft & PG of 0.453 psi/ft
17
Exercise 2 10. Calculate the Time taken to pump 250 bbl inhibitor with pump rate of 0.855
bbl/min.
1. Find HP (psi) of Brine with 0.512 psi/ft PG at 2550 m sliding sleeve.
HP (psi) = PG (psi/ft) TVD (ft) Time (min) = Volume (bbl) ÷ Pumping Rate
(bbl/min)
= 0.512 psi/ft 8364 ft = 4282 psi
2. Find HP (psi) of 8.97 ppg density Fluid in annulus at 8750 ft packer. = 250 bbl ÷ 0.855 bbl/min = 292 min
HP (psi) = Density (ppg) Constant TVD (ft)
= 8.97ppg 0.052 8750 ft = 4081 psi
11. How many Stroke is required to pump 100 bbl of sea water in a well with
3. Find BHP (psi) of 2 column at 2000 m. 3.WELL DATA: pump displacement of 0.0759 bbl/strk?
BHP (psi) = Gas HP (psi) + Oil HP (psi)+ SITHP ▪ SITHP 250 psi
Gas HP (psi) = S.G x Dw x.052xTVD ▪ Fluid Level
= 0.07 8.33x0.052x3000 = 91 psi
3000’ Strokes = Volume (bbl) ÷ Pump Displacement (bbl/strk)
▪ Gas Gravity 0.07
Oil HP (psi) = PG (psi/ft) TVD (ft) = 100 bbl ÷ 0.0759 bbl/strk = 1318 strokes
= 0.385 psi/ft 3560 ft = 1371 psi ▪ Oil PG 0.385
BHP = 91 psi + 1371 psi + 250 = 1712psi
4. Find SG of 0.273 psi/ft PG oil.
SG = Fluid PG (psi/ft) ÷ Water PG (psi/ft) = 0.273 psi/ft ÷ 0.433 psi/ft = 0.63
PRESSURE BASIC & BASIS
13 Well Pressure 12 Volume
Well Data: Well Depth: 9150 ft MD (7900 ft TVD) Find annular volume above packer in bbl of the following well.
Formation PG: 0.570 psi/ft Tubing: 3½”, 9.2 ppf
Gas PG: 0.08 psi/ft Casing: 9⅝”, 47 ppf
Packer: 9750 ft MD (9120 ft TVD)
1 Find Well BHP:
Casing ppf ft3/Lin.ft Lin.ft/ft3 Bbl/Lin.ft Lin.ft/Bbl
0.570 7900 = 4503 psi 3
18
14 Pumping
Given Data: Casing Capacity:
0.04049 bbl/ft
15 Pumping Time Tubing Displ. Cap: 0.00829 bbl/ft
Given Data: Tubing Depth: 8750 ft MD (8125 ft TVD) Tubing Capacity : 0.01190 bbl/ft
Tubing Capacity: 0.00387 bbl/ft Pump Displacement: 0.0899 bb/stroke
Annular Capacity: 0.00970 bbl/ft Tubing Shoe @: 9000 ft MD (7800 ft TVD)
Pump Rate: 1.25 bpm 1 How many strokes to displace Tubing String?
19
Well Control Cycle
PRIMARY
PREVENTION
Well Control Cycle Well Control Cycle
PRIMARY PRIMARY
PREVENTION PREVENTION
TAKE KICK TAKE KICK
SHUT IN WELL
SECONDARY
20
Well Control Cycle Well Control Cycle
PRIMARY PRIMARY
PREVENTION PREVENTION
SHUT IN WELL SHUT IN WELL
SECONDARY SECONDARY
BARRIER
What Kind of well service disaster could happen caused by Pressure?
Blow‐Out
What Causes Blow‐Out?
Barrier failure
What is the equipment used to control a well from blow‐out?
Barrier
What is Barrier ?
Barrier is any device, fluid or substance that prevents flow of
wellbore fluids.
21
Barriers •
Sequence of Barrier Operation (Snubbing)
22
WORLDWIDE PETROLEUM INDUSTRIAL
ACCEPTANCE. BARRIER CLASSIFICATION :
1. Primary Barrier ‐1st line of defense system
2. Secondary Barrier ‐2nd line of defense system
Barrier Requirement : Worldwide petroleum industrial acceptance
1. Drilling & Workover – Double Barriers Protection
2. Well Intervention – Triple Barriers Protection
• Note:A low pressure and high pressure leak test are normally performed for
component that is to be or may be exposed to well pressure. (pressure drop)
The acceptance criteria should be found in relevant documentation
(well program, API, NORSOK, or manufacturer recommendations).
BARRIER ENVELOPES
Example of Barrier Envelope :
23
Example of Barrier Envelope:
PRODUCTION CASING ENVELOPE
PACKER/TUBING ENVELOPE
Barrier elements include:
Barrier elements include:
• Production Casing
• Packer
• Side Outlets Valves
• Tubing
• Tubing Hanger
• Tubing Accessories
• Tubing Head
• Tubing Hanger
• Casing Head Housing
• Xmas Tree
BARRIER ELEMENT(WELL & ANNULUS)
PACKER/TUBING/DHSV ENVELOPE
Barrier elements include:
• Packer
• Tubing
• Tubing Accessories
• DHSV
24
BARRIER TYPES
STUFFING BOX
DHSV
Must be diligently monitored for a period of time to
Advantage: 2. Hydrostatic Barrier Ensure Thermal Expansion & Contraction
Effects Have Ceased.
Working in dead well.-
FORMATION FLUID Liquids with circa 200 psi
Disadvantage:
- High potential of formation
PACKER Must be observable from surface. (If possible, use a plug to segregate kill
WL PLUG
damage. fluids from the formation.)
Example of Barriers:
Principles of Fluid barriers
MECHANICAL BARRIER
For a fluid to be suitable for use as a barrier, the following conditions must be
satisfied: CLOSED TYPE CLOSABLE TYPE
Testing refers to monitoring the specifications when the fluid is being weighed and HYDROSTATIC BARRIER
pumped.
Drilling Fluids Fresh Water
Observation means that the well should be monitored for a period in order to Completion Fluid Salt Water
satisfy ourselves that the pumped fluid is stabilizing it.
OTHER BARRIER EXAMPLES
Simply, we should select the correct kill fluid (weight and specifications) to WL Plugs Ice Plugs
minimize formation overpressure & ensure formation fluid compatibility
Bridge Plugs Overbalanced Fluid
25
WELL CONTROL THEORY
Definition Barrier Theory
• Overbalance : Greater pressure than formation pressure
Minimum Barrier Requirements
• Underbalance : Less pressure than formation pressure
A.A minimum of two independent and tested barriers shall be available at all times to
• Barrier : Device, Fluid or Substance that prevent flow of hydrocarbon prevent flow to the environment.
B.As far as possible the barriers should be tested in the direction of flow of the well.
Inflow Test : Bleed pressure from ▲ & monitor build‐up
C.The barriers must be capable of being operated independently of each other.
Positive Plug : Hold pressure from ▼ & ▲ D.If one barrier fails it must be possible to put compensatory measures into effect
immediately. During this phase, efforts to re-establish the barrier and return the well to
double barrier protection, are the only type of work permitted.
Formation Fracture Pressure : Maximum pressure applied to the
formation before it breaks. E.In principle, tested and approved barriers shall not have a leak rate greater than 0,
before any work is conducted.
Double barrier principle : There is must always be two barrier
elements between the well and the external environment. One barrier F.The owner of the well may accept deviation of the test from this requirement in certain
circumstances.
element is a back‐up for the other.
26
Who shuts in the well and is responsible for safe working if a problem occurs
during an intervention operation?
The operator of the intervention equipment
For smooth and safe-running of a job;
• What items are required for barrier (BOP)
Hold a pre-job safety meeting with all personnel involved tested verification documents : (select 3
Make sure that all personnel know what to do if a problem should arise
Only use tested, inspected and well-maintained equipment Answer)
If a well-control incident occurs;
The well-team, well foreman (operator’s representative) and foreman hold a
pre-job meeting to allocate roles and responsibilities for the shut-in and for
controlling the well if an incident should occur.
• 1‐ Pressure Rating .
For good kick-off (toolbox) meeting;
Get everyone involved to attend the meeting and go through plans, ask for feedback and
• 2‐ Sign Off.
comments, modify the plan if necessary and make sure that everyone understands in properly
If a problem has occurred with a well and it has been shut in; • 3‐ Kick of Depth.
State the problem on paper, give possible causes, and hold a meeting with all
parties involved. State the action to be taken (draw up a plan) if any, and then
• 4‐ Fluid Weight.
ask the onshore support team to comment on your conclusion or intended
action
• 5‐ Max BOP Hydraulic Pressure.
What are the reasons for holding meeting prior to any operation?
Define rules and responsibilities
• 6‐ Deviation Survey.
§Discuss well control incident detail
§Well control actions and the forward plan are fully discussed by all involved in
the operation
Well barriers: are envelopes of one or more dependent well barrier elements to
prevent fluids or gases from flowing unintentionally from a formation, into another
formation or back to surface.
27
Effect Of Gas Expansion in Open Well
32
8 16 Gas behavior
4 Gas expands as it is circulated up the hole
Gas expansion reduces hydrostatic
2
Surface (back) pressure increases to compensate for
reduction in hydrostatic
Pressure at any point above gas influx will be increasing.
1
Pressure at any point below gas influx will be constant.
0 0 0 0 0 0
FORMATION DAMAGE
Well Intervention most notably formation damages are;
Exceeding formation fracture pressure.
• Pore or fracture plugging by circulating or kill fluid solids.
• Permeability reduction by circulating or kill fluid filtrate
invasion.
• Permeability reduction due to insoluble precipitates formed
during acid stimulation with hydrofluoric acid.
• Sand face/cement breakdown due to acid stimulation effects.
• Clay swelling from incompatible brine or water contamination.
• Pore or perforations plugging due to bull heading with scale or
debris in the tubing.
28
PREVENTION
Thorough planning is compulsory to minimize or eliminate
Risk Assessment (All involved parties) formation, human & environment damages.
RA process involves: 1 Fluids Isolation
Identifying and ranking risk events, developing mitigation options to • Always isolate fluids from formation by setting a mechanical
minimize probability and severity of outcome, and providing barrier (only possible if no work to be done below it).
contingency procedures that can be implemented if the events occur. 2 Well Plug Recovery
• Use long neck fishing neck plugs for better recovery due to
The risk events are then re-ranked assuming that mitigations and scale/debris accumulation.
contingencies (M &C) have been applied, which will show whether Human 4
the M&C have changed these risks to an acceptable level. 3 Fluids Cleanliness MSDS
• Filtration unit or Centrifuge PPE
Occurrence of well control events is an ever-present risk in oil industry. Environmental Control 5
In many cases, it is not possible to completely eliminate these risks, so • Compatible Legislative –
requirements
they must be managed to an acceptable level in terms of HSE impact and • Crystallization or Freezing Free fluids
Retain leakage or –
financial losses. • Maintain pH spillage
Close monitor & –
• Consider Inhibitors recorded.
1.Fluid Levels In Tubing. Clear brine are used to prevent formation damage providing the
following points are considered:
2.Wellhead Pressure Rating.
Compatibility of the brine with the formation.
3.Formation Pressure.
Weight required.
4.Formation Fracture Pressure.
Preparation of the brine.
5.Casing & Tubing Strengths.
Cleanliness.
6.Injectivity Pressure.
Health & Safety aspects.
7.Maximum Allowable Surface Pressure(MASP).
Pollution control measures.
29
WELL KILLING
1 Bullhead:
• Fill CT below Quad BOP with kill fluids through Quad BOP
Kill Port Well Intervention well Kill Method:
• Pump 1½ ‐ 2 volumes of seawater with high pumping rate
(faster than freefall) to push hydrocarbon into formation 1. Bullhead: The Most preferable method in case of
via Xmas Tree.
emergency.
• Followed by pumping kill fluids at high pumping rate (e.g.
1000 lpm) & reduce pumping rate before the kill fluids
reaches formation (e.g. 200 lpm) 2.Forward Circulation: Minimize formation damage.
• Squeezed kill fluids into formation at given overpressure
(lower than formation fracturing pressure).
• The pump is stopped & killing is completed when the rate 3. Reverse Circulation: Best Planned Kill method
of pressure reduction is lower than 1.5 bar/min.
• If the rate of pressure reduction is higher, continue 4. Lubricate & Bleed : Last resort Alternative method.
squeezing & monitor pressure bleed off.
1- BULLHEAD
Bull Heading Limitations: Pump Kill fluid thru tubing and squeeze influx into formation, we use this method in EMERGENCY.
Must apply infectivity test.
Advantages:
Formation Fracture Pressure.‐ ‐ Quick & easy methods especially in smaller tubing.
Tubing burst Pressure.‐ ‐ No Hydrocarbons brought to surface.
‐ Lower cost & Easy to perform with less personal.
Max. Pressure of surface equipment .‐ ‐ No Casing pressure increase
Formation damage.‐ • Disadvantage:
Cannot Kill all well (especially tight ‐ •Scales or contaminants in the tubing are pumped into
formations.
formation and some gas well). •Low formation pressures may be exceeded causing
accidental fractures.
•Gas may slip up the tubing if the pump rate is not sufficient for larger tubing size.
30
WELL KILLING WELL KILLING
2 Forward Circulation
3‐ Reverse Circulation • Prepare kill fluids with 200 psi overbalance.
Pump kill fluids through Casing & return thru the tubing. • Pump down kill fluids through CT & returns up the annulus
• The pump is stopped & killing is completed when the rate
Advantages: of pressure reduction is lower than 1.5 bar/min.
1‐ small volume pumped (Tubing) • If the rate of pressure reduction is higher, continue
2‐Low surface pressure pumping & monitor return pressure.
3‐Influx will not enter Annulus.
4‐Fast and PLANNED. Disadvantages:
5‐ can Kill all wells ( if the mechanical condition of 1‐ Large Volume pumped (Tubing + Annulus).
2‐ High surface Pressure.
the tubing and casing is appropriate). 3‐ Influx will be beneath completion fluid.
6‐Formation may be protected from damage 4‐ Less safe as hydrocarbons will be brought to surface through
hanger spool outlets and disposal may be more difficult.
5‐ Slow pump speed.
Disadvantage: 6‐ No advantage over reverse circulation
•Slower than Bull heading method
WELL KILLING
4‐ LUBRICATE & BLEED:
Pump a small amount of kill fluid & bleed a small amount
Of gas while keeping constant BHP until well is dead.
‐ It is the Alternative method of Bull Heading.
Advantages:
1‐The only method that can be used in certain circumstances.
Disadvantages:
1‐ Very slow
2‐Requires higher surface pressure than circulating methods.
3‐Pressures equalization across tubing is difficult to achieve.
31
OPERATIONAL CHALLENGES
Well Intervention Common Challenges are:
• Surge Pressure Deviation•
• Swab Pressure Hydrates•
• Blockages Equipment Failure and/or Defect•
Human Error•
1. Surge Pressure
Piston Power arises from running of tubing in hole & caused by:
• Small clearance (between CT OD / tubing ID) produces
▲pressures Completion fluids produces ▲pressure than
oil/gas).
• ▲speed produces ▲pressures.
• Longer OD tools produces ▲pressures.
• May activate pressure‐activated equipment downhole.
Removing Blockages • ▲speed produces ▲pressures.
• Longer OD tools produces ▲pressures.
• Mechanical methods • Greater effect when downhole tools closer to reservoir &
• Chemical methods causes hydrocarbon to be drawn out from reservoir.
32
OPERATIONAL CHALLENGES
• Tractors
• Alternate well interventions method
33
OPERATIONAL CHALLENGES
7 Human Error
WELL
Qualified, well trained competent personnel are essential in
COMPLETION
achieving maximum safety standard & high rate of
operation success.
Objective:
Two ways communication is vital to this dynamic WI
Provide general knowledge of design philosophy,
types, functional requirements & accessories. operations. Well developed intra‐personnel relationship
is essentially important.
WELL COMPLETION TYPE
1. PRODUCER Well WELL COMPLETION
2. INJECTOR Well
3. Observation Well WC is the “hardware” of the outflow system & final stage of a drilled
4. KILL Well well.
The design philosophy of WC is to “Maximize Profitability”.
The well is either Vertically & Horizontally completed.
– by maximizing well hydrocarbon recovery.
• Open Hole Completion – by considering the full hydrocarbon resource life cycle.
• Uncemented Liner Completion
Quality concepts for WC is;
• Gravel Pack / WWS Completion
“A Quality Well is a well which contributes, over its life cycle,
• Tubingless Completion
maximum monetary value, without compromising safety &
• Cemented & Perforated Completion environmental standards”
• Single String or Multiple String Completion
• Conventional or Monobore Completion
34
WELL COMPLETION
1. Conventional Completion (Longer Duration)
2. Mono‐bore Completion (Shorter Duration)
“Completion with fullbore access across the payzone without diameter
restrictions”.
Conventional Same tubing ID Mono-bore
WRSV
TRSV
SSD
SPM
▪▪ No Restriction
◦◦◦◦
35
Completion Functions
Completion Functions
2. Optimize Flow Install the tubing
Xmas Tree
Tubing
Hanger
Tubing
Producing
Fluids
Wireline
Nipple
Perforations
Completion Functions
Completion Functions
4. Contain the Reservoir
3. Protect the Casing
Hydraulic
Control Line
SCSSV
Corrosion
Inhibited
Section of Packer Fluid
corroded
casing
Locator Seal
Assembly
Packer
Tailpipe with
W/L Nipple
Formation
36
Completion Functions Completion Functions
6. Enable Chemical Injection 5. Enable Tubing to Casing Circulation
< 2,000 ft
SPMWith
Chemical
9,740 ft Injection Sliding Side
9,770 ft Valve Door (SSD)
9,800 ft
10,000 ft
Completion Functions
2 Trip Completion
7. Enable Well Kill
Trip 1 : Packer
Trip 2 : Completion
Can be Annulus to Tubing
Or
Tubing to Annulus
Sliding Side
Door (SSD)
37
WELL COMPLETION
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
VERTICAL HORIZONTA
L
UNCEMENTED LINER
PERFORATED LINER
ZONE 2 ZONE 2
SEC RECOVERY
PRI RECOVERY
PERFORATED
OPENHOLE
MULTIPLE
CASING
SINGLE
PRODUCING PRODUCING
WELLBORE
ZONE ZONE ZONE 3
ZONE 3
Concentric String
High Rate Liner
Simple, Low Cost
Int Segregation
P//Pack Screen
Multiple String
High Pressure
Co-Mingling Int
Ext GP
Single String
Plunger Rod
Slotted Pipe
Tubing-less
Interface between Producing Interface between No of Zones
Internal GP
Sub-Pump
Standard
Standard
Gas Lift
Zones & Wellbore Wellbore & Surface
WWS
Rod
Facility
Inflow & Outflow System Vertical & Horizontal Well
1 Inflow System:
Open‐Hole
VERTICAL
WWS Hits few VERTICAL
formation HORIZONTAL
Cased‐Hole & Perforated
OUTFLOW
HORIZONTAL Gas Cap
GOC
2 Outflow System:
Oil Rim
Hits
Tubing‐Less multiple Coning WOC Limited Drawdown
formations
Mono‐Bore
Single or Multiple Tubing
INFLOW
38
39
2. OUTFLOW – SEC RECOVERY
GAS LIFT
Compression
Manifold G as
Surge
Tank
Water Oil
Motorised
Flowline Valve
Continuous Intermittent
Gas Lift Gas Lift
Gas Supply
Unloading Unloading
Control And
Valves Valves
Metering System
Operating
Gas Lift
Valve (O GLV)
Standing Valve
40
WELL COMPLETION
Tubing Hanger
Flow Coupling
1 Anchoring Device SCSSV Landing Nipple
Landing Nipples
2 Circulation Device Top No-Go Nipple
SSD SPM
SPM
3 Isolation Device Top No-Go Nipple
Packer SSD
SSD
4 Anti‐Erosion Device
Blast Joint Producing Zone 2 Blast Joint
WLEG WL Entry
Guide
Perforated Joint Producing Zone 1 Perforated Joint
Control Line
Tubing Hanger
PRODUCER COMPLETION SCHEMATIC
DHSV/ SSSV
Objective:
Down hole device that isolate well pore pressure and fluids in case
of Emergency. Set below crater depth & above CL hydraulic fluid
hydrostatic head.
41
DHSV
DHSV
WRSV TRSV
PASSV
(Pressure Activated Subsurface Control Safety
Valve)
-Ambient Pressure
-Differential Pressure
SCSSV
(Surface Control Subsurface Safety Valve)
WRSV
TRSV
All Works by Pressure
Two Closure mechanism
-Ball Type - Flapper Type
42
Annulus safety valve When a Tubing retrievable DHSV is run into the well we need
to lock it open
Some countries require annulus safety valves to be installed in gas-lift wells on fixed
installations.
a.False
The idea is the same as for DHSVs, i.e. to prevent an uncontrolled reverse backflow of gas b.True
from the annulus, if any of the wellhead and/or Xmas tree equipment should be damaged.
Would it be an acceptable practice to lock open and set
an insert valve to reinstate production in a well with a
failed tubing retrievable DHSV?
a.No
b.Yes
CIRCULATION DEVICE 2. •
Orienting Sleeve
2.1Sliding Side Door (SSD)
Profile
Provide communication
Seal Bore
between tubing & annulus.
Incorporate nipple profile. Inner Sleeve
inner sleeve with packing, & 3 Positions
seal bores.
Discriminator
Ports
2.2Side Pocket Mandrel
Receptacle
Provide communication Releasing
Shoulder
between tubing & annulus.
Incorporate orienting sleeve,
discriminator, receptacle with
profile & seal bores for 1” or
11/2” valves.
43
SPM ACCESSORIES
Dummy Valve
• Blank off the communication
port
Gas Lift Valve
• Annulus injection pressure
activated
• Production pressure activated
Latches
• Lock in receptacle profile
Locking & Releasing Mechanism
WELL COMPLETION
ISOLATION DEVICE 3.
Designed to provide seal between casing & tubing.
It allows reservoir fluid to be contained within the tubing up to surface facility.
This isolates production casing from being exposed to reservoir pressure &
corrosion from well effluents or injection fluids
PRODUCTION PACKER
Hold-Down Buttons
3.1Permanent Packer
• Integral casing part & run independently.
• Tubing run with connector & seal elements.
• Remove by milling.
Elements
• Electrically WL set.
3.2Retrievable Packer
• Integral part of tubing & run on production Slips
tubing.
• Hydraulically set.
3.3Inflatable Packer
• Well Intervention applications
44
ANTI-EROSION DEVICE 4. Retrievable Hydraulic Packers
4.1 Blast Joint
• Designed to withstand external corrosion caused by formation
fluids.
• Short tubular with SS heavy wall. (3‐20 ft)
• Installed opposite perforations (non‐gravel
pack) where abrasive action & external cutting
occurs caused by formation fluids or sand.
• High velocity & high pressures wells installed
both US & DS.
4.2Flow Coupling
CN0534
9
• Designed to withstand internal abrasive action G‐77 RH PHL RDH BHD RHD HPH HGO
AHC
from flow turbulence.
• Medium length (1‐6 ft) with Stainles steel S heavy‐wall.
• Installed near flow restrictions .
45
OTHERS 5.
5.1Wireline Entry Guide (WLEG)
• Bottom most tubing accessories.
• Provide easy access for WL tools
into tubing.
5.2Perforated Joint
• Eliminate flow restrictions.
• Provide true downhole flow
readings.
5.3Control Line
• Transport hydraulic fluid to SCSSV
• Continuous length & securely
clamped on tubing wall.
5.4Tubing Hanger
• Set in THS , suspend tubing
weight & provide sealing BPV
Receptacle
Tubing
Medium to convey well fluids from wellbore to surface or vise versa.
• Prevent well effluents expose to casing.
• API & Premium connections
API: Tapered thread & rely on thread compound to effect seal
Premium: Metal‐to‐Metal seal
• Tubing = Tubular range from 2⅜” to 4½”
• Casing = Tubular range from >5”
Tubing selection governed by:
• Well peak production rate
• Well depth
• Use of WL tools
• Pressure & temperature
• Annulus differential pressure etc
46
Tubing Hanger
Function:
• Suspend tubing string with
threaded connection
• Isolate casing tubing annular
• Receptacle for BPV
• Set in THS and suspend tubing
weight
TUBING HEAD
TUBING HANGER
Tubing Hanger in Tubing Head Spool
Tubing head spool
Uses of TGB head spool
Internal Needle Valve
Hanger place
47
COMPLETION ACCESSORY DEPTH RATIONALIZATION
Double Studded
1 DHSV
• HP of control line fluid
6 Adapter Flange
1
• Earth crater depth
2
2 Landing Nipple Used as a cross over between
• Below kick off point for deviation. 3 the
• Check well integrity 2 top of the THS and the base of
• Hanging depth for FCD. 4 X‐mass tree
5
3 SPM 4
• Hydrostatic head of hydrocarbon & communication
4 SSD
6
Example:
• Depth of required communication 5
2
11” X 7 1/16” 5K Double Studded Adapter Flange
5 Packer
• Determined by reservoir depths.
11” X 3 1/8” 3K (DSAF) with control line outlet
6 Anti‐Erosion Device
• Determined by reservoirs & flow characteristics
Wellhead
Provides the following functions:
WELLHEAD
Anchor & connections for each individual casing
&
Pressure isolation of individual casing
Connection for Xmas tree
XMAS TREE
Connections for completion string
Isolation of production annulus
Access to annulus for pressure monitoring Objective:
Provide general knowledge of types, functional
and/or pumping. requirements & accessories.
Types of Wellheads:
Compact Wellhead (sub‐sea)
Conventional Wellhead
48
Type of Casing
1. Conductor Pipe
2. Surface Casing
3. Intermediate Casing
4. Production Casing
5. Liner
1 CONDUCTOR PIPE
Prevents unconsolidated formations being eroded.
Provides flow path for drilling fluids.
Cemented in pre‐drilled hole or pile driven.
Sizes ranging from 16” – 30” OD.
Depth varies from surface to 40’ – 400’.
49
Liner Production Casing
Shortened casing hangs from bottom of Set above or through
previous casing through producing
formations. producing formations.
Features:
1 Starter Spool (Conductor Pipe)
2 Surface Casing Head
3 Surface Casing Hanger
4 Production Casing Head
5 Production Casing Hanger
6 Tubing Head
7 Tubing Hanger
50
XMAS TREE
Surface valves manifold to control flow of well fluids & access for well
intervention activities.
Features:
LMV
Manual, NOT working valve optimum conditions.
UMV
Emergency valve (Hyd/Pneu) & cut wire.
FWV
Permits passage of well fluids to CV.
CHOKE VALVE (CV)
Restrict, control or regulate flow of well fluids.
KWV
Permits entry of kill fluids into tubing or equalize.
SV/CV Permits entry of well interventions.
Xmas Tree Type
51
Xmas Tree Type Xmas Tree Type
Flanges
Wellhead Connection Types;
Screwed type (low press <1 000psi).
Rated Working Flange Size Range API Flanged type (high press <5 000psi).
Pressure Type 6B Type 6 BX API Flanged type are mostly used because
it’s less susceptible & easier oriented.
2000 psi 2‐1/16'' ‐‐ 21‐1/4'' 26‐3/4'' ‐‐‐30''
3000 psi 2‐1/16'' ‐‐ 20‐3/4'' 26‐3/4'' ‐‐‐30'' Example of API Flange specification:
5000 psi 2‐1/16'' ‐‐ 11'' 13‐5/8''‐‐21‐1/4'' 9⅛” – 5000 psi API Flange.
10,000 psi ‐‐‐‐‐ 1‐13/16''‐‐21‐1/4''
15,000 psi ‐‐‐‐‐ 1‐13/16''‐‐18‐3/4'' 9⅛” is the ID of the flange & 5000 psi
is the working pressure.
20,000 psi ‐‐‐‐‐ 1‐13/16''‐‐13‐5/8''
52
Ring Gasket Flanges
Marking:
According to API the following marking should be
visible on the Flanges OD:
• Manufacture's name and mark
• API monogram
Type R Octagonal Type R Oval Type RX Type BX • Size
• Thread size
Marking: • End and outlet connection size
According to API the following marking should be visible on the ring
gaskets OD: • Rated working pressure
• Manufacture's name and mark • Type and number(Example BX 159)
• API monogram
• Type and number(Example BX 159) • Ring gasket material( Example S 304)
• Ring gasket material( Example S 304)
Smart Wells Flange Connections
Flanges are API connections and can be one of two
Smart wells offer the possibility to respond to changing conditions.
types:
• Type 6B for 2000, 3000 and 5000 psi. Type 6BX for 10000, 15000 and
Smart wells combine existing state-of-the-art technologies such as wireless 20000 psi.
technologies, remote sensing capabilities, remote control mechanism and
robotic tools.
• Type 6B flanges use either and R or RX ring gasket. The gaskets are
interchangeable, the only difference being that the RX gasket is pressure
energized. The flanges do not make face‐to‐face contact when made up.
Remote sensors can immediately show what is going on in the down hole. • Type 6BX flanges use BX ring gaskets. The flanges make face‐to‐face
contact when made up.
Summary
Valves down the hole can be adjusted, controlling flow or shutting off production
at one level and increasing it from another. • Type R ring Gasket (only for type 6B Flanges)
• API type RX pressure energized ring gasket ( only for type 6B flanges)
• API type BX pressure energized ring gasket ( only for type 6BX)
Fluid processing can take place down the hole with gas and liquids being
separated by devices such as hydro-cyclones
53
WELL INTERVENTION
IADC Definition:
Well Mechanical Failure: Reasons for Well Intervention:
1. Remove flow obstructions e.g. sand bridge, wax, asphaltene,
Some well conduit failures can be repaired by Well scale, paraffin, hydrates etc.
Intervention techniques. 2. Eliminate excessive water or gas production.
3. Repair mechanical failure of completion accessories.
However Workover technique is required, if the failure is 4. Well Stimulation for production enhancement (acid wash,
serious & required to pull tubing such as; matrix acidizing and fracturing).
• TRSV failure or leak. 5. Increase production by bring other productive zones on‐stream.
• Casing, Tubing & Packer leak. 6. Maintain control of oil, gas and water production from various
• Casing, Tubing collapse. zones or layers in stratified reservoirs.
• Serious Cement failure. 7. Monitor reservoir characteristics by obtaining reservoir
• Failure or insufficient system for artificial hydrocarbon recovery. pressure, temperature, electrical & chemical properties.
• Recovery of fish which is unable to be recovered by conventional 8. Isolating zones or wells.
method.
54
WELL INTERVENTION
METHOD
1. Snubbing : Tripping pipe into well against pressure.
COILED 2. Coiled Tubing : Technique using continuous thin‐walled tube
Into pressurized well by means of a mechanically driven belt.
3. Wireline : Convey tools using wire or cable.
TUBING
Objective:
The three main manufacturers are: Well Intervention technique using continuous length of thin‐walled tube into
pressurized well by means of a mechanically driven belt.
QT (Quality Tubing) •
GT (Global Tubing) • Coiled Tubing provides a broad spectrum of well interventions services that
Tenaris • substantially reduce costs for many work over, remedial & specialized drilling
operations formerly requiring a rig.
CT is manufactured from flat metal strips, called skelps.
Common size range from 1” ‐ 1¾” due to current economical changes & CT
String construction and manufacturing processes depend on: advance technology larger size range from 2” ‐ 3½”.
Type of assembly weld (butt weld, bias weld) •
Wall thickness configuration (non‐tapered, tapered, true taper) • It can be easily transported, rigged – up & unrigged in a shortest period of
time. (Offshore ‐ 3 hrs & Onshore – 2 hrs)
Special purpose strings (weld bead removal, coated CT) •
Currently max working depth 25K ft @ 250 ft/min. CT is cheaper & quicker
alternative to perform downhole works compare to conventional methods.
55
COILED TUBING
CT WELD
COILED TUBING ‐ History
90s QUALITY TUBING
1965 – 90s SOUTHWESTERN
REPUBLIC 90s QT-70 QT-700
TUBING MANNESMAN
Strip length
COILED TUBING
COILED TUBING IS MANUFACTURED FROM CARBON STEEL
COILED TUBING – Manufacturing Process
Strips are bias welded end‐to‐
end to form a continuous roll
Begins with long flat strips Flat coil passes through
of carbon steel rollers
Inspected throughout
Spooled onto service reel or Edges are pressed &
transport drum welded together
Precisely heated and cooled
throughout
56
COILED TUBING
Coiled Tubing Manufacturing
APPLICATION:
• Casing Cutting, Sand Washing LIMITATIONS:
• Well Unloading Life Limits – primarily •
bending stresses.
• Washing Perforations
Pressure & Tension •
• Through Tubing Operations Limits – Monitor & record
• Tubing De‐scaling tension & compression at
various pressures.
• Cementing. Logging, Fishing
Diameter & Overall Limits •
• Nitrogen Lifting, Perforating
– Record usage, physical
• Drilling or Milling conditions & dimensions.
• Slim‐well 2” ‐ 4¾” CT Completion Helicoidal Buckling affect •
• Mono‐bore Completion Services horizontal well.
CT EQUIPMENT
CT EQUIPMENT
CT components are modular, lightweight, skid CT components are modular, lightweight, skid mounted
mounted design for ease of lifting & positioning. design for ease of lifting & positioning. Basic skid units 6
Basic skid units that make a standard CT Package: 4
that make a standard CT Package:
1. Control Cabin 5
• Control Cabin 1
4
1
6
• CT Reel 7
2. Power Pack
3 2 • Power Pack 2 3
3. CT Reel 7 • Injector Head 5
8 • BOP system
4. Goose Neck
5. Injector Head The additional equipment list required for CT operations 5
6. Strippers are:
XMAS TREE
6. Goose Neck
7. BOP
7. Strippers
8. Kill Line WELLHEAD
8. Bottom Hole Assembly (BHA)
57
COMPONENTS OF A COILED TUBING UNIT
Reference A Coiled Tubing Unit
Gooseneck
CTU, 95K, 2.0”, QT900,
(0.175in) 19000ft
Control console Injector
2” 0.175”
Service reel BOP
CT EQUIPMENT
1 Control Cabin
• Elevated Location ‐ to provide full view of all activities.
• Control Panel – control valves & gauges (Eye Level)
• Combined Control Cabin & Power Pack to reduce footprint.
58
Coiled Tubing Unit
Various configuration & design:
•Independent or truck mounted unit
•Elevated Location ‐ to provide full view of all
activities.
Instrument & Control System:
•Primary control: Weight Indicator, Circulating
& Wellhead Pressure
•Secondary control: Depth/Speed, Stripper
Pressure & Chain Tensioner
•Support control: Engine RPM, Drive System,
Air & BOP Pressures
Standby pumps as back‐up to operate PCE in
maintaining maximum well security in the
event of major equipment failure.
Gauges are located at operator’s eye level.
CT EQUIPMENT
2 CT Reel
59
CT EQUIPMENT
3 Power Pack Able to bend CT here
SERVICE REEL
Maintains tension here
Hydraulic motor
CT EQUIPMENT
4 Gooseneck
• Sets of Rollers: guide CT from Reel & leads into
IH in vertical plane.
• Recommended Radius: 72” for 1¼” OD CT
Main
Drive
5 Injector Head
Hydraulic
Cylinders
• Profile Gripper Blocks: hydraulic adjustable Skate Profile
friction grips CT without slippage & crimp CT.
• Hydraulic Drive Chains: 2 hydraulic unison Chain
motors drive chains & disk brakes to hold CT Tension
Sprocket
weight in stationary position.
Idler Sprocket
• Face‐to‐face Gripper Block backed by hydraulic
force Skate Profile grip CT in motion or Accumulator
stationary position.
• Accumulator compensate CT OD
abnormalities.
60
CT EQUIPMENT
6 Stripper
INJECTOR V95HP INJECTOR
• Pressure containment device – Primary Barrier in well
control system. Protective Crash
Hydraulic Frame
• Installed above BOP & below IH.
Motors &
• Dual assembly used for extreme well conditions. Gearboxes
• Hydraulic activation from Control Cabin.
Inner Frame
• Can be redressed during operation with pressure
Chain Lube
isolated Oil Tank
1. Conventional Stripper
2. Tandem Stripper Outer Frame
3. Side Door Stripper
4. Radial Stripper Hydraulic
Bulkhead
Load Pins
• Mounted closer to IH • Hydraulic pressure applied through Pack
Port moves Lower Bushing ▲ & energize
• Easy & safer access for Seals stripping element. De‐energize
inspection. is achieve through Retract Port.
• Extended Bushing improve guides &
minimizing Seals wear. • Well pressure will further energize
stripper.
• Hydraulic pressure applied Closing
Port moves Upper Bushing ▼&
energize stripping element. • Seal can be redressed from top of
Stripper within IH frame provided the
• Well pressure provide gives no impact well pressure is isolated.
in energizing element.
• CT range from 1” ‐ 1¾”
• 45 min – 1 hr redressing period.
61
TANDEM STRIPPER
RADIAL STRIPPER
• Used in conjunction with fixed Stripper.
• Easy & safer access for Seals
• Similar in principle with Side Stripper
inspection.
• Back up Stripper system.
• Generally used for high
• Allow operation to continue without
pressure well & back‐up
delay.
system.
• Primary Stripper should be redressed at
• CT range from 1” ‐ 1¾”
the earliest practical opportunity.
• 45 min period redress
CT EQUIPMENT CT EQUIPMENT
8 Shear & Seal BOP
BOP 7
• It‘s serve to provide a Tertiary Barrier. It is mounted directly above the
It‘s serve to provide a mean of securing the CT & isolate well •
Xmas Tree. pressure during Normal, Unusual or Emergency operating
• Always function test the ram before executing the CT operation & the situations.
blade/cutter is only good for one‐time use.
It’s a Mechanical Closable Type of Secondary Barrier. •
9 Coiled Tubing Function & pressure test is compulsory before used. •
• Raw long flat metal strips rolled & folded into long spiral tube & welded.
CT BOP configurations & side-port facility allows well control •
• The individual length again is welded together to form continuous length. operations to be conducted under variety of conditions.
• Continuously milled tubing has now been introduce but it’s expensive.
Rams are hydraulically & mechanically activated only during CT •
• Alloy grade ‘A606’ is the common material use for ductility & combat in stationary position.
bending stresses.
• 2 types – Normal operation constant OD & ID. Abnormal operation CT BOP available in various configurations: SINGLE, COMBI, •
constant OD & variation ID. TRIPLE COMBI & QUAD BOP.
• Limitations – Bending Stresses, Internal Pressure Pump & Axial (tension). Advantage of COMBI BOP assemblies reduces height & weight. •
62
BLOW OUT PREVENTERS
• Secondary Well Control
• Controlled from operator’s station in CT cab
• Most have handles to lock in once closed
• Accumulator backup
Blinds
Shear/Cutters
Slips
Tubing Rams
Flow Cross
63
BOP Stack
QUAD BOP
Solid block equipped with 4 sets of rams.
It’s a Secondary Barrier in well control system.
1. Blind Ram
- Seal when no CT in place.
2. Shear Ram
- Cut through CT but no seal.
3. Slip Ram
4. Pipe Ram
Quad Stacks
Quad Stacks
64
Quad Stacks Quad Stacks
3. Pipe Ram
• Pressure Sensor
• Equalizing Valve
• Side Kill Port
65
SINGLE RAM BOP COMBI BOP
Shear & Seal BOP or Safety BOP (Spacer Spool)
Solid block equipped with 2 sets of rams.
Single Ram generally fitted with rams capable of shearing CT or toolstring
It’s a Secondary Barrier in well control system.
&
sealing to provide well pressure isolation.
1. Blind Ram
It’s a Tertiary Barrier in well control system
2. Slip Ram or Pipe Ram
• Pressure Sensor
• Equalizing Valve
• Side Kill Port
Advantage:
Less Height
Less procedure steps
66
LOW PRESSURE CT STACKS HIGH PRESSURE CT STACKS
1
1
1. Goose Neck
1. Goose Neck
2. Injector Head 2
2
2. Injector Head
3. Stripper
3. Dual Stripper System
3
4. Hydraulic Connector 3 4. Hydraulic Connector 4
4
5. Flow line
5
5. Quad BOP System 5
6. Combi BOP System
6 6. Flow line 6
7. Annular BOP
7 7. Annular BOP 7
8. Shear & Seal BOP
8. Shear & Seal BOP
8 8
9. Xmas Tree
9. Xmas Tree
9 9
67
CT PCE CONNECTIONS CT BARRIERS
High Pressure Well: Stripper
• Flange type or Hydraulic Connectors Primary Barrier
Low Pressure Well: BOP
• Screw Type
SLUICE LENGTH
Connections between Stripper & BOP is preferable to use
Hydraulic Connector making it possible to reconfigure Blind Ram
• Deployment system – installing Annular BOP or
Spacer Spool (extra Safety BOP)
Bias Welds Butt Welds
Fixed angle flat strips are welded and when milled the bias weld is distributed along a helix in A high percentage of failures occur in the HAZ of the weld bead.
the finished tube. The material in this area fatigues much more rapidly than the parent material, especially in
a sour gas environment.
Figure 6. Butt‐welded CT string showing the HAZ.
Butt weld profile
HAZ (Heat Affected Zone): approximately 3/8” from the
weld
68
10 . ACCESSORIES AND SUPPORT EQUIPMENT
CT EQUIPMENT
Pumping or Nitrogen services equipment.
Pumps, tanks, hoppers, filtration unit & inter connecting piping into Swivel Inlet. • 10 CT Auxiliary Equipment
Additional safety barriers such as wood & trays beneath nitrogen tank if spillage occur & • • Pumping or Nitrogen services equipment.
water wash down station for deck cleaning.
• Pumps, tanks, hoppers, filtration unit & inter connecting piping into Swivel
Inlet.
Hydraulic Crane Liquid Pump Tanks & CT Drilling • Additional safety barriers such as wood & trays beneath nitrogen tank if
Mixing/Storing Equipment spillage occur & water wash down station for deck cleaning.
▐ A means of ▐ Sends fluid to ▐ Contain fluid for ▐ Similar to
lifting the the tubing circulating equipment 11 CT Tooling
injector to the found on a
Xmas tree drilling rig BHA = Standard Tooling + Specialist Tooling
▐ Provides
support and Standard Tooling:
stability Specialist Tooling:
• Tubing Connector.
Downhole Motors•
• Check Valves (Dual Valves)
Jetting Nozzles•
• Release Sub
Bull Nose•
• Circulating Sub Bridge Plugs•
• Swivels Optional
Tooling Perforating Guns•
Logging Tools•
FLUID PUMP
CT Tooling 11
Standard Tooling + Specialist Tooling = BHA
Delivers fluids through CT or down ▐
well
Standard Tooling: Specialist Tooling:
Downhole Motors• Capable of pressures up to 20,000 psi ▐
Tubing Connector. •
Check Valves (Dual Valves) • Jetting Nozzles•
Release Sub • Bull Nose•
Circulating Sub Optional
• Bridge Plugs•
Swivels Tooling
•
Perforating Guns•
Logging Tools•
69
CT PCE TESTING - INSURANCE
OPERATION AND RIG‐UP
Compulsory to Pressure Test PCE before opening Xmas Tree or before RIH.
DIAGRAM
Circulation Fluid Flow
Hydraulic Power Flow GOOSENECK
• Dual Check Valves to be “on the stump” pressure tested before installing on the BHA. RETURN TANK
&
GAS BUSTER INJECTOR
• Pressure test BHA
CHOKE
To return tank BOP
• Pressure test BOP system
• Pressure test connections & flanges from bottom upwards.
CAB REEL
POWER PACK To Injector
Kill fluids & Kill Pills & pumps must be ready in hand before RIH.
Extreme care must be taken during RIH with CT while passing trough Xmas Tree & DHSV & Input from cab
To BOP’s and stripper
To Reel
other completion accessories.
PUMP
To coiled tubing
To well
CT BHA CT BHA
CONNECTOR ‐ Standard 1
CT BHA configuration:
1. Roll‐On Connector
The easiest type & use when no 1. Coiled Tubing
rotation required (tubing splice) &
same OD w/CT.
2. Grapple Connector 2
2. Connector
Lager OD than CT & can be used
for rotating.
3. Pinned Connector 3. Check Valve
3
Standard
Better torque effect than Grapple
4. Electricline Connector
type but weak due holes drilled. 4. Optional BHA
This type of connector grips from
outside CT with conductor wireline 5. Specialist Tooling 4
running inside CT. Deploying
electronic logging tools in horizontal
wells. Designs differ from company to
company & quite complicated.
CRIMPING TOOL 5
4 3 2 1
Crimping Wheel Profile
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CT BHA CT BHA
OPTIONAL TOOL CHECK VALVE ‐ Standard 3 2 1
Release Sub, Jar, Accelerator, Swivel etc 1. Ball Check Valve
Metal-to-metal seal & use when no
requirement for ball activated
tools.
RELEASE SUB – Optional 2. Dart Check Valve
Similar to Ball type.
1. Ball Operated Release Sub 3. Flapper Check Valve
Surface pressure activated. Calculate volume of CT
on reel & launch ball by free fall until it seat (CT
Full bore design & enables
under slight compression) then pressure up to
launching of balls.
release sub. 4. Spring Return Check Valve
2. Pressure Activated Release Sub
All time close valve & can be 5 4
Similar to Ball type but pressure differential in CT pump through..
can activate sub. 5. Pressure Retaining Check Valve
3. Tension Activated Release Sub
Requires over pull from surface to shear screw & Similar to Spring Return type &
release sub. adjustable by adding or
subtracting washers.
3 2 1
CT BHA CT BHA
SPECIALIST TOOLING SPECIALIST TOOLING
5. Drill Bits 6
1. Reverse Circulation Bullnose
3
6. Blind Box 2. Multiple Small Diameter Ports
8 7
7. Casing Cutter 3. Mule Shoe & Angle Jet
1
8. Undereamer 4. Drill Motor
5 4
2
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CT OPERATIONAL PARAMETERS CT OPERATIONAL PARAMETERS
c) Working Deck: All procedures to be tailored to site condition.
1. Sufficient hoisting system to support CT operations. a) Operational Considerations:
2. Main access & emergency exits should not be restricted. 1. Gas Well - Caused undue wear to Stripper Seals therefore additional Stripper required.
- Require thorough checks, pressure rating, back up equipment
d) PCE Considerations: 2. High Wellhead Pressure etc
- Effective RU e.g. Riser length, IH pick-up height, PCE stick-up height
1. Type of Stripper. 3. Toolstring Length
- Extra long TCP may require WL assistance.
2. Additional Stripper means additional stack‐up height. 4. Toolstring Deployment System
3. COMBI unit reduces height & weight.
b) Working Location:
e) Hydraulic Hoses: - Require Heavy Duty Lifting Frame installed between block & Xmas
1. Different rig requires different lengths. 1. Semi‐Sub Rig
Tree to support IH & BOP.
2. Hoses extensions. 2. Drilling Rig - Rig Frame height can be restrictive to IH.
f) Support Stand: 3. Workover Rig - The V-door tend to be smaller than conventional Rig to accommodate IH.
1. Adjustable stand with PRV to accommodate riser contraction during well
production operation with cold liquids.
4. Land Operation - Require adjustable stand to support IH holding back against CT pull.
CT EMERGENCY PROCEDURES
Procedures are dependent on combination of toolstring position & wellhead
c) Leak between Xmas Tree & Stripper: pressure.
1. Stop CT. a) Platform Shut Down:
2. Inform Company man. 1. Stop CT.
(suspend CT operation & well made safe)
2. Stop pumping fluids.
3. Depending on the severity of the leak, a decision
3. Close Slips Rams.
should be taken as to close the shear/Seal rams.
4. Close Pipe rams.
5. Await further instruction.
d) CT Pinhole Leak: 6. A decision should be made to close Shear/Seal above wellhead.
1. Stop CT.
2. Inform Company Man. b) Stripper Leaks:
3. Depressurize CT. Stripper element should sufficiently energized to contain well pressure BUT not to
restrict CT.
4. If the pressure drops & Check Valves are holding, 1. Stop CT.
5. POOH & spool the pinhole CT onto reel. 2. Close Pipe Rams.
3. Inform Company Man.
4. Form a remedial plan
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f) CT Parted Downhole: e) CT Ruptures: (assuming CT rupture at Gooseneck)
1. Stop CT.
1. Stop CT.
2. Inform Company Man.
2. Inform Company man.
3. Establish the depth of parted CT.
3. Depressurize CT.
4. No need to consider of killing the well.
4. If the pressure drops & Check Valves are holding,
5. POOH the parted CT slowly to pre‐determine depth.
5. Pull rupture to deck level & splice CT.
6. Close Xmas Tree SW slowly & cautiously – count the
6. If it appears that Check Valves are not holding pressure,
turns to establish CT is above Xmas Tree.
7. The Shear & Seal rams should be closed & the well
7. Once CT is above SV, close Xmas Tree UMV & LMV.
secured.
8. Depressurize the riser & pull the end of parted CT to
8. Prepare to fish CT.
surface.
9. Prepare to fish the lost CT.
CT Parted
g) Cut CT Using Quad BOP:
1. Apply tension on CT.
2. Close slip ram.
3. Close pipe ram.
4. Closing shear ram to cut CT
5. Pull CT above the Quad BOP
6. Close blind ram
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RUNAWAY COILED TUBING
Close Slip rams
Although coiled tubing is often “light”
Engage the Reel brake
when starting in a live well, it soon Circulation
becomes heavy and tries to fall in the hole. Repair/replace power pack
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RUNAWAY TUBING - DOWNHOLE RUNAWAY TUBING - DOWNHOLE
Increase traction pressure Close and secure pipe rams
once tubing has stopped.
Momentum of tubing, due to weight/depth
In the diagram below (figure WC27), Which valves need to be opened to pressure test the
stripper in the direction of flow?
INTERVENTION
(Coiled Tubing, Slickline, Wireline & Snubbing)
(Well servicing)
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WELL INTERVENTION WELL INTERVENTION
IADC Definition:
Reasons for Well Intervention:
However Workover technique is required, if the failure is
serious & required to pull tubing such as;
• TRSV failure or leak.
• Casing, Tubing & Packer leak.
• Casing, Tubing collapse.
• Serious Cement failure.
• Failure or insufficient system for artificial hydrocarbon recovery.
• Recovery of fish which is unable to be recovered by conventional
method.
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WIRELINE
Well Intervention technique of conveying tools & instrument downhole.
The most efficient & Practical method to diagnose well problems.
Easily junk wells if not properly manage.
Wire line operation can be carried out in dead or live wells. However,
it has its limitation on highly deviated wells.
Wireline Category:
1. Slickline or Solidline or Pianoline or Measuring line. WIRELINE
2. Braidedline
3. Electricline
SLICKLINE
Single strand wire with wire OD range from 0.105”, 0.108”, 0.125” & 0.190 (0.092”, 0.082”, 0.072” &
0.066”).
• Wire selection depends on the severity of the operation load.
• It’s robust & versatile in service
Slickline Categories:
1‐ Carbon Steel:
It has high ultimate tensile strength, good ductility, and relatively
low cost.
To Protect the wire from the corrosive effect of H2S, it has to be
inhibited with approved chemical.
For IPS wire used in H2s service well the maximum concentration
should not be more than 30 ppm with small percentage of Co2.
2‐Stainless Steel
Due to the high H2S content of some wells special material such as
0.108’’ Nitronic 50 of stainless are used.
Although these are not as strong as IPS carbon steel they have an
excellent resistance to H2S corrosion.
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Mechanical application;
• Removal of well obstruction
• Repair mechanical failure
• Bringing other zones in‐line
• Setting downhole FCD
Advance application by running;
• Recorded Real Time Data
Acquisition Instrument
• Recorded Tubing Caliper
• Perforators
• Tubing Cutter
• Chemical Deployment Tools
• Explosive Jar etc
ELECTRICLINE BRAIDEDLINE
Multi‐strands wire cable OD range from 3⁄16”, 7⁄32”, ¼” & 5 ⁄16”.
• Wire selection depends on the severity of the operation load required.
Multi‐strands wire cable range from 3⁄16”, 7⁄32”, ¼” & 5 ⁄16”, 7⁄16” Application:
• Fishing job & Swabbing
Application by running;
• Pressure & Temperature Recorder
• Electronic Logging Instrument for open hole & cased hole.
• Coring Services
• Packer setting
• Perforations etc.
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Cable or Line Sizes
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SURFACE WIRE LINE RIG UP SURFACE EQUIPMENT
1.3 Hoisting Unit
Hoisting Unit
• Pedestal Crane
• Mast
• ‘A’ Frame
• Derrick
• Gin Pole
• Rig
Operational Considerations:
• Length of Lubricators, Risers & Stack Up.
• Height of Hoisting Unit
• Fishing Job
• Toolstring Length
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SURFACE SLICK LINE RIG UP
WEIGHT INDICATOR
2.1 Quick Union
2.2 Stuffing Box / GIH
2.3 Lubricator
2.4 WL Valve or BOP
2.5 Optional: Tool Trap,
Injection Sub, SCU etc
2.6 Tree Adapter
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LUBRICATORS PCE – QUICK UNION
‐Thread Connection:
5 ¾ ‐ 4 ACME Thread
. Hand Tight No Wrench.
. O‐Ring Seal.
.To be kept clean at all time.
.Check thread & O‐ring before
Make‐Up.
Manual & Hydraulic Stuffing Box Stuffing Box
‐ The stuffing box is used to provide
a seal around the slickline as it moves
into and out of the well.
‐ A packing nut compresses, the packing
within the stuffing box to effect the seal.
‐ A sheave is used to effect a 180 deg bend
and guide the wire into the stuffing box packing.
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WIRE LINE VALVE (BOP)
BRAIDEDLINE PCE
GIH
Contaminated
Grease Tank
SCU
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Safety check union/sub •
The safety check union/sub is intended to retain the pressure if the wireline breaks or is •
pulled out of the wireline head.
It is installed just below the injection head and is a check valve in the form of a ball •
which is pressed against a non‐extrusion ring/seating.
Before installation and use, the valve should be checked, and if any damage is found the •
ball and its brass seating should be replaced.
The use of SCU is compulsory during W/L operations in sour gas & oil wells.•
SCU must be installed between upper section of lubricator & injection Nipple•
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Shear Valves (Tree/Stand-Alone) •
During W/L operations it may become necessary to cut the wire. •
Some Xmas Tree valves are designed to do this without damaging the valve. In some cases, •
e.g. when fishing with heavy duty wire, it may not be advisable to do so.
In such case, it may be necessary to include a purpose designed shear valve, mounted just •
above the tree.
It is a ram type shear/seal BOP as it has superior cut capacity. •
The valve should cut the wire or the BHA. It has the additional advantage of sealing at the •
bottom of the riser.
Shear valves should be considered when: •
The DHSV is locked permanently open using a sleeve. This means that it can’t be used as a •
barrier with W/L out of the well.
The lubricator is not long enough to contain the whole tool string. If X/T valves leak, the •
lubricator could not be isolated.
•An extra barrier is required due to the nature of the operation, or the equipment •
configuration.
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WIRELINE PARAMETERS
TOOLSTRING CONFIGURATIONS
Chapter 8
Five considerations required serious
attention prior wireline operations. Rope Socket
3 ft
3 ft
Roller Stem
Swivel Joint
1. Job Planning 4 ft
Accelerator 3 ft 3 ft
6 ft
Knuckle Joint
2. Rig‐up & Rig‐down Stem 4 ft
3 ft 3 ft
4 ft 2½ ft 2½ ft
Upstroke Jar
2½ ft 2½ ft 2½ ft
4. RIH Considerations Spang Jar
2½ ft
SSSV 10°-20° Angle 20°-30° Angle 30°-50° Angle 50° Angle & Above
5. Emergency Response
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WIRELINE PARAMETERS WIRELINE PARAMETERS
2. Rig Up & Rig Down: 1. Job Planning:
• Effective Communication
• Obtain Well Information 1 Husband & 4
Wives
• Working Location
• Study Well History
• Weather Condition
• Tools & Equipment Inventory
• Hazardous Environment for Material Selection
• Pre‐Run Checks on Tools & Equipment • Pre‐Run Checks on Tools & Equipment
• Back Up & Spares for Tools & Consumables • Personnel Knowledge & Skills
• Safety Devices & Equipment
De-Pressurize
Bleed off through production process venting system.
If not possible, bleed off with extreme care, no personnel & source of
ignition down wind.
De-pressurizing must be a Controlled Operation.
PATIENCE is the virtue of this case & NO ACCELERATION is
permitted. Ensure that equipment is earthed to prevent ignition by
static electricity.
Wireline Philosophy:
“Achieve WL Objective with Minimum Run”
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WIRELINE PARAMETERS
5 Emergency Response
5.1 During emergency if toolstring in lubricator
• Close SW on Xmas Tree
• Shut down Power Pack
• Secure wire with Wire Clamp
Thank You •
•
Secure work area & make safe
Refer to Company Man for further instruction.
5.2 During emergency if toolstring is suspended in the well
• Close Blind Ram WL BOP
• Shut down Power Pack
• Secure wire with Wire Clamp
• Secure work area & make safe
• Refer to Company Man for further instruction.
88