Ca Na LNG Power Center Project

Phase 1

1. INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................................................................... 3

2. Scope of Works................................................................................................................................................................ 4

3. Construction Management......................................................................................................................................... 6

4. Construction Work.......................................................................................................................................................... 6

5. MOBILIZATION................................................................................................................................................................. 8

5.1. General................................................................................................................................................................... 8

5.2. Construction Site................................................................................................................................................ 9

5.3. Offices, Accommodation and Facilities..................................................................................................... 9

5.4. Medical emergencies........................................................................................................................................ 9

5.5. Toilet and Washing Facilities......................................................................................................................... 9

5.6. Cleanliness at Site.............................................................................................................................................. 9

5.7. Water, Fuel, Electric Power, and Communication Supply...............................................................10

5.7.1. Water....................................................................................................................................................... 10

5.7.2. Fuel supply............................................................................................................................................ 10

5.7.3. Power supply........................................................................................................................................ 10

5.8. Temporary Jetty................................................................................................................................................ 11

6. PROJECT MANAGEMENT........................................................................................................................................... 12

6.1. Project Management Organization.......................................................................................................... 12

6.2. Key Personnel and Responsibility............................................................................................................. 12

7. METHOD STATEMENT................................................................................................................................................. 16

7.1. Daewoo’s Project Scope................................................................................................................................ 16

7.2. Land Reclamation............................................................................................................................................ 16

7.2.1. Fill Materials Source.......................................................................................................................... 16

7.2.2. Reclamation Works............................................................................................................................ 16

7.2.3. Reclamation Method Statement..................................................................................................17

7.2.4. Shore Protection for Land Reclamation...................................................................................19

7.2.5. Breakwater............................................................................................................................................ 26

7.2.6. Trestle & Jetty Construction.......................................................................................................... 33

7.2.7. Pile Driving Techniques................................................................................................................... 44

7.2.8. Pile Drilling Techniques................................................................................................................... 45

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Ca Na LNG Power Center Project
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Ca Na LNG Power Center Project
Phase 1

1. INTRODUCTION

Daewoo E&C Co. Ltd., through many years of working experience for the construction of ports
and harbors, recognizes and understands that the major factors to complete the Project within
the prescribed periods are the right management, timely allocation of appropriate resources on
site (i.e., work force, equipment, plants and materials), thorough planning and controlling of the
works.

It has proved its high standard and efficient management capability, through many successful
performances of major projects in Southeast and Middle East Asia, Africa and in Korea.

This Construction Method describes on how Daewoo E&C Co., Ltd. (herein after Daewoo) will
develop and coordinate the various elements of construction together with the support activities
to achieve maximum flexibility and to meet the needs of the project from planning stages to
completion.

Daewoo gives emphasis to its management approach to execute the work described in this
section and the key elements of the project management processes and systems to demonstrate
capabilities in undertaking a contract of this magnitude and complexity successfully.

The proposed construction methods are based on Daewoo’s experience, know-how on similar
projects in Korea and abroad and according to what the tender document is suggesting. This
document describes the construction method of the main activities.

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Ca Na LNG Power Center Project
Phase 1

2. SCOPE OF WORKS

The Ca Na LNG Power Center Project (Phase 1) is located in Ninh Thuan, Ca Na Port, Phuoc Diem
Commune. The project’s main scope of work is the construction of LNG Terminal and Power Plant
which is made up of

● LNG Receiving Terminal

● 1,500MW Power Plant

● Marine Works (Berth/Reclamation/Off-loading Facilities/Breakwater)

The main scope of works of Daewoo in this project comprises the constructions of the following:

● Land Reclamation;

● Shore Protection for Land Reclamation

● Breakwater construction (L=1,335m)

● Trestle Construction

● Jetty for 170k LNG

● Excavation works at Intake Forebay

Other works mentioned above shall include, but not limited to, the following activities:

● Mobilization and demobilization of all construction plant and equipment, including , but
not limited to the following:

● Development of construction design to be issued for construction;

● Set up of the construction yard including office, warehouse facilities, first aid, security,
fencing etc.

● Water, fuel and electric supply to the construction site;

● Set up of a temporary jetty at the specified port near the project site for loading
construction material;

● Dismantling of all temporary works required for developing the project;

● Procurement, supply and placing of all materials;

● Preparation of the Shop and construction Drawings

● Perform UXO surveys and demining activities on the whole project area;

● Execution of all finishing works required by the Engineer;

● Preparation of “As built” Drawings

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Ca Na LNG Power Center Project
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Figure 1: Project Site Location

3. CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT

Daewoo will set up the project Construction Management team to provide full construction
management at site. In conjunction with the concerned discipline managers, Daewoo shall
develop and implement an organization in order to assure satisfactory performance of the
following functions in relation to construction activities:

● All materials fully comply with the specifications requirements and procedures established

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to cover all aspects related to material receiving, storage, and issuing, site purchasing,
material tracking and maintenance of tools and plant equipment.

● Project control covering cost scheduling, progress control and quantity surveying.

● Project control covering labor relations, camp administration, liaison with governmental
agencies, invoicing and accounting, safety and security.

● Technical supervision assured by qualified and experienced superintendents and

supervisors.

● Transportation of Daewoo's personnel and material.

● Taking all reasonable precautions; protect all partially or completed works and furnished
materials and equipment from damage by fire, theft, meteorological conditions or by
construction or erection actions by construction activities.

● Prompt reporting to the Employer/Engineer, in accordance with agreed procedures, of

any accident or any other event, which may damage any part of the facilities or material
and of strikes, labor disputes or disturbances, which may lead to a work stoppage.

● Ensure that its personnel for all categories of activities are qualified for the job and have
suitable experience.

4. CONSTRUCTION WORK

The following general activities shall be included in normal operations:

● Provide records of field and/or shop inspection, tests, alignments and calibrations
performed.

● Advise the Engineer when any inspection or test of field installation if require. Liaison as
required for any external authority approvals relating to Daewoo’s work.

● Daewoo shall comply with the Employer's safety procedures.

● Daewoo shall provide all means of access to the work, which are acceptable to the
Employer and in accordance with safety regulations.

● Administrative reporting requirements, including provision of all labor force and

construction equipment reports and submission for Employer's review of the procedures
of his workforce.

● Submission in good time to Employer for his approval of various procedures described in
the Contract.

● Protect and maintain materials at site while it is under the charge of Daewoo.

● Obtain Employer’s approval for any changes in the field and provide drawings marked up
to indicate such changes.

● Carry out Complete Quality Control Procedures and tests to satisfy the requirements of
the Contract.

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5. MOBILIZATION

5.1. General

Daewoo E&C considers that expeditious mobilization of necessary resources to site in the right
sequence of priority batch by batch will benefit the timely execution and completion of the
project. It is therefore the forefront agenda to ensure that the smooth and efficient
implementation of mobilization of necessary resources to site is be executed as per schedule.

Immediately upon the receipt of the Notice to Proceed the designated project management team
composing of highly qualified and well experienced personnel headed by Project Manager will be
sent to the project site and assigned to their respective duties and responsibilities for mobilization
activities. The primary objective will be to prepare early commencement of construction activities
within the job site, develop quarries and establish the site facilities as well as the site office and
bringing in construction equipment and plants needed for the site.

Accordingly, Daewoo E&C will form a supporting team at the Daewoo Head Office in Seoul to
help mobilize project resources to site more expeditiously and efficiently.

The major tasks to carry out by the project management team during mobilization period are as
follows:

● To implement the mobilization program with due expedition of all construction resources,
i.e., workforce labor, equipment and materials on site in line with the requirements of
Construction Schedule. The mobilization will be based on priorities and shall be given all-
out effort to be completed at the earliest possible time.

● To review the contract documentation and data and establish the detailed requirements
specific for the project.

● To prepare the detailed work schedule in bar-chart format based on the given preliminary
construction schedule.

● To finalize the general layout of the job site facilities, i.e., Fabrication yard, workshops,
warehouses, site offices, site facilities, temporary roads etc.

● To establish detailed procedures for administration, supervision, and support activities.

● To finalize the managing and supervising of the mobilization of the selected approved
subcontractors to site and to finalize the selecting and nominating of the materials and
equipment suppliers approved by the Engineer/Employer.

● To manage and supervise the purchase order and delivery of long-lead materials and
equipment.

● To manage and supervise the subcontractors, prepare requisition orders and purchase
orders for the job site facilities, construction equipment, small tools, consumable and
supplies, etc.

● To get the approval of the Employer/ Engineer for the land where to establish the
temporary construction facilities.

● To finalize and get approval to the Employer/ Engineer the location of the off-site
disposal area of the unsuitable materials.

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5.2. Construction Site

Daewoo will secure the relevant authorization from the competent authorities for safe vacant area
for the setting of temporary task force’s camp and facilities within the onshore work area while
the demining and UXO for the construction site are being carried out. The proposed site facilities
and installation will be submitted to the Engineer for approval within 2 weeks of the
commencement date.

5.3. Offices, Accommodation and Facilities

Daewoo’s temporary site office, accommodation including Engineering accommodation and other
required facilities will be installed on the onshore area within the perimeter of the project site
boundary to the location approve by the Engineer.

5.4. Medical emergencies

One (1) fire rescue vehicle will be available which shall also function as ambulance service within
the site boundary.

5.5. Toilet and Washing Facilities

Daewoo E&C will provide sufficient toilets and washing area for the convenience of the worker.
The mentioned subjects will be connected to existing sewage system or the contents will be
disposed properly to a place approved by the Employer/Engineer. The sanitary good condition will
be maintained throughout the work and be removed when no longer needed.

Strict regulation in utilizing the facilities will be enforced to avoid nuisance or contamination of
the works as required.

5.6. Cleanliness at Site

Daewoo will take all necessary steps to ensure the proper maintenance of the worksite and other
occupied premises in a clean condition throughout the entire construction period.

Garbage containers with cover will always be made available on site during construction period to
designated location to keep the site free from all rubbish and offensive matter which shall be
disposed of in a manner agreed by the Employer/Engineer. Only materials needed for site
construction will be stored on site. Materials and equipment shall be properly arranged, stored,
stacked in a safe and orderly manner after use.

Oils, toxic waste, floating materials and other liquid chemicals shall be discharged to a location
which is free from contamination as per the instruction and approval of the Engineer. All water
discharged shall be free from foreign matter.

Signage stating about cleanliness will be posted on all designated area on site to remind all
workers for their involvement throughout the entire period of the work.

5.7. Water, Fuel, Electric Power, and Communication Supply

5.7.1. Water

Freshwater will be sourced out locally or from deep well using submersible pump for adequate
supply.

Temporary water storage shall be constructed including water treatment facilities at a designated

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approved location which will be used throughout the entire period of the project construction
that can provide water at the pressure required at all times.

5.7.2. Fuel supply

Fuel either gasoline or diesel will be supplied by fuel supplying company truck to where it will
transport to dedicated storage tank at site to power all equipment used for construction. Daewoo
shall design the size and number of the fuel tanks to be installed at the site to cover all his
requirements in connection with the execution of the Works Diesel generators will have a
dedicated storage tank and maintain a minimum of 24 hour emergency fuel supply.

5.7.3. Power supply

Power supply will basically be obtained from the local source and in addition, standby generators
will be prepared at the job site for emergency and operation failure.

Communication Supply

Up to date telecommunication facilities will be made available. This will include but not be limited
to the equipment required for connection to the telephone system, internet, fax as well as mobile
site radio equipment. All communication facilities will be removed after the project completion.

5.8. Temporary Jetty

A temporary jetty will be constructed to the location approved by the Engineer at site which will
be used for loading construction materials coming from onshore.

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6. PROJECT MANAGEMENT

6.1. Project Management Organization

For the execution of this project Daewoo E&C will provide all manpower, materials, plant,
equipment, services together with support facilities and will effectively perform the following key
activities for successful execution of the works :

● Overall Project Management services for the contract including planning and controls

● Management for the construction of the site

● Quality Assurance

● Health and Safety Management including Environmental Protection

● Contract Administration

● Procurement of services, materials, and equipment

● Construction of temporary works and permanent works

● Maintenance of the works throughout the contract period

● Development of required drawings

● Updating “as-built” drawings

● On-line computer survey operations

Daewoo E&C will equipped the organization with dedicated and competent individuals with
appropriate experience and qualifications for the positions that they fill. Particular attention will be
given to the selection of the following:

● Project Manager

● QA/QC, Safety, Project Control, Administration and Construction

● Supportive Specialists

6.2. Key Personnel and Responsibility

To provide the necessary balanced organization with the requisite skills and experience for
implementing the project. Daewoo proposes to incorporate the key personnel for the positions
shown in the Attachment No. 02 Project Organization Chart. Brief descriptions of the roles and
responsibilities of each key managerial and technical position are given hereunder.

1) Project Manager

The Project Manager will direct the performance of the contract works assisted by the following
discipline manager:

● Planning Manager

● Site Manager

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● Marine Engineer

● Quality Control Manager

● Health, Safety and Environment (HSE) Manager

The Project Manager’s responsibilities will include:

● Overall control and direction of the Contract

● Accountability for the achievement of schedule and quality within the budget

● Particular emphasis on environmental and safety aspects

● Liaison with the Employer and his Consultant responsible for supervision of the works,
other external companies and authorities

● Project management including establishing and maintaining the project program and
coordinating construction activities

● Overseeing that construction complies with the required technical standards

● Resolution of technical issues

● Maintaining the public image of the company

● Reporting to the Project Director in Daewoo’s Headquarters in Seoul, Korea

Under the strong leadership of the Project Manager, all managers will have a clear understanding
of their roles and responsibilities, and be able to collaborate effectively to mitigate and resolve all
issues immediately when they are identified.

2) Planning Manager

The responsibilities of the Planning Manager will include:

● Establishing and monitoring the project schedule and schedule control system

● Setting up and monitoring the project cost control system

● Preparing schedule for daily, weekly and monthly activities as required

● Integrating all major supplier’s schedules into the schedule control system

● Providing timely advice of all significant cost and schedule variances to the responsible
managers

● Coordinating with all concerned authorities

● Quantity Surveying

● Administering subcontractors

● Technical reports and specifications

3) Site Manager

The responsibilities of the Site Manager will include:

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● All temporary and permanent construction activities

● Directing and supervising the team leaders and subcontractors at each job section to
ensure that the progress of the work is as per schedule and mitigate any delays

● Close liaison with the Project Control Manager on program and progress

● Ensuring that the works satisfy the requirements for quality control, health and safety,
and environmental protection

4) Marine Engineer

The responsibilities of the Marine Engineer will include:

● Management and control of the technical operation especially involving marine

construction works

● Prepared required document for the construction of steel piles breasting and mooring
dolphins.

● Handles all technical aspects of the marine equipment, plant and vehicles

5) Quality Control Manager

The responsibilities of the Quality Control Manager will include:

● Establishing and maintaining the quality assurance system relating to all aspects of the
project including Construction Quality Control

● Ensuring the required standard of quality is achieved

● Inspection and testing

● Regular reporting

● Establishing, implementing and maintaining the QA System for the project

● Reviews and Audits in conjunction with Home Office QA Division

● Managing all In-situ Testing

● Investigating sources of natural construction materials

● Geotechnical investigations and surveys

6) Health, Safety and Environment (HSE) Manager

The responsibilities of the HSE Manager will include:

● Establishing the project health and safety program including all necessary

● Prevention and contingency plans

● Ensuring compliance with local Health and Safety Act standards, and all applicable
standards, codes, etc.

● Maintaining health and safety standards on site

● Safety Induction

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● Training

The HSE Manager’s duties will also cover environmental protection activities such as:

● Establishment and implementation of the Environmental Protection Plan

● Authority to ensure compliance with the Environmental Protection Plan

● Authority to take action in the event that the contractor’s activities are adversely affecting
the environment

● Monitoring and controlling environmental procedures

● Liaison with concerned authorities

● Working in close cooperation with the Specialist Consultants as necessary

7. METHOD STATEMENT

7.1. Daewoo’s Project Scope

As mentioned in the previous chapter, Daewoo’s scope of works that will be involved in realizing
the proposed project includes the following:

● Land Reclamation;

● Shore Protection for Land Reclamation

● Beakwater contruction (L=1,335m)

● Trestle Construction

● Jetty for 170k LNG

● Excavation works at Intake forebay

7.2. Land Reclamation

7.2.1. Fill Materials Source

A total of about 1,000,000m3 of fill material is anticipated to be required for the purpose of
reclaiming the 1000,???? acres of land for the project. There are two (2) quarry site locations
available to source out the fill materials to be used for reclamation.

Base on the approval and permit for the quarrying activities at these borrow area, the
approximate total volume of fill materials to be extracted from these area is 1000,000,??? in total.
This amount is sufficient to cater for the 1000,???? Cubic meter needed to reclaim the 1000 acres
of the project area.

7.2.2. Reclamation Works

The proposed project is expected to require about 1,000,000m3 of fill material for reclaiming
1000,??? acres of sea/land. The fill material will come from the sand source as shown in Figure 2:
Quarry Site Locations.

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Figure 2: Quarry Site Locations

The following paragraphs provide the method statement for the works involved in realising the
proposed project. The method statement is a general one which is mostly on Daewoo’s
perspective’s view. The final detailed method statement will be provided at a later stage when all
necessary details are provided or contained.

7.2.3. Reclamation Method Statement

Figure ?.? shows the typical construction sequence for the land reclamation work.

7.2.3.1. Site Possession and Site Preparation

Site possession is defined as occupation of land, particularly by contractor to carry out the works.
Daewoo E&C will mobilize all machineries, plants and equipment required for reclamation and
other associated works after obtaining the Site Possession from the Client.

Temporary structures and / or facilities (if any) will be constructed after completion of the site
clearing. Hoarding and relevant signboards will be installed and site access will be established to
control access to and from the project site.

7.2.3.2. Setting Out and Pre-Land Reclamation Survey

A licensed surveyor appointed by Daewoo E&C will conduct a setting out and pre-land
reclamation survey to confirm the extent of the project boundary and to determine the current
seabed and topography level within the project boundary. Temporary bench marks will be
established at or near to the project site for reference during interim and handover survey works.

7.2.3.3. Transportation of Fill Material

Dedicated earthmoving equipment such as truck, wheel loader or excavator will be used in

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hauling and transporting the fill materials from fill material source area to the reclamation site.

Sufficient number of dump trucks will convey the fill materials and dump to the designated area
in the reclamation site in succession.

The fill materials produced at quarry source areas will be sorted out to meet daily or weekly
demand schedule. Over-sized stones shall be broken into small pieces to meet the required
demand sizes.

Quarries to where fill materials are produced should undergo laboratory testing to confirm
whether they meet the required standards for prior to hauling operations.

Daewoo E&C will conduct the testing and inspection together with the presence of the Client’s
Engineer.

The fill materials produced at quarry source areas will be sorted out to meet daily or weekly
demand schedule. Over-sized stones shall be broken into small pieces to meet the required
demand sizes.

The list of the proposed major construction equipment is shown in table below which may vary as
the work progresses depending on the magnitude of the remaining work.

Table 1: Major Construction Equipment for Filling

Equipment Description
Excavator Breaking, sorting & loading
Wheel Loader Loading
Dump Truck Hauling
Bulldozer Blading and collection
Conveyor Belt Equipment Filling

7.2.3.4. Fill Materials to Reclamation area

Dump trucks will unload directly the fill materials near the tidal zone within the reclamation site
area. The dedicated earthmoving equipment such as Bulldozers or excavators will be utilized to
push the unloaded fill materials from land towards the sea. Conveyor belt will also be an option
for filling materials from land sources. Vibratory Roller Compactors will be used for compacting
when the desired layer or level is met during filling.

Figure 3: Filling Process of Reclamation

7.2.4. Shore Protection for Land Reclamation

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7.2.4.1. General

The shore protection will be constructed along the perimeter of proposed land reclamation
boundary while land reclamation at tidal zone area is being undertaken.

Figure 4: Shore Protection Plan View

Figure 5: Sectional View of Shore Protection

7.2.4.2. Shore Protection Construction

Shore protection construction can proceed from both onshore and offshore side. The methods of
construction proposed for each different condition have been adapted to the soil conditions
present at the site.

Within the tidal zone area, the construction material shall compose of local silty soil either from
dry material excavated and collected within the area nearby the approved site.

Admixture of a cement or lime shall be used for treatment of the material prior to its placement
to increase its strength and decrease its deformability.

7.2.4.3. Shoreline Protection Main Materials

Table 2: Materials for Shoreline Protection

Material Type Descriptions/ Characteristics

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Quarry Run Rock Less than 75kg/ea class

Armor Stone 400~600kg/ea class – 2 layers at sea side
Filter Stone Less than 2.5 kg/ea
Filter Mat 50 kN/m
Blinding Concrete 100mm thk
Crown Wall

7.2.4.4. Sources of Shoreline Protection Main Materials

General fill or Quarry Run Rock, Filter Stone and Armour Stone materials for shoreline protection
shall be sourced out to the approved quarries located at a distance of about 10 km and 30km
respectively from the project site and to other propose quarry approved by the Engineer.

7.2.4.5. Transportation of Materials

Imported rocks delivered by barge and quarry-run stone materials produced at quarry will be
sorted out to meet daily or weekly demand schedule and be deposited to the stockpiling area
depending on the demand of schedule.

Over-sized stones shall be broken into small pieces to meet the required demand sizes. Sorting
out various sizes of stones will be done using excavator, and bulldozer will carry out rock into
mound ready for loading, and wheel loader will perform the loading whereas the dump truck will
undertake the hauling of materials.

Produced and loaded stone materials will be transported to the stockpiling yard near the
temporary jetty. The skip type bucket with crane will be used for loading stones to the barge for
marine placing. And for land placing, such as core materials will be transported directly to the
planned location of shoreline protection.

The list of the proposed major construction equipment is shown in table below which may vary as
the work progresses depending on the magnitude of the remaining work.

Table 3: Main Equipment for Shoreline Protection

Equipment Description
Excavator Breaking, sorting & loading

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Wheel Loader Loading

Dump Truck Hauling
Bulldozer Blading and collection
Crane For loading stone to the barge

7.2.4.6. Shoreline Protection Marine & Land Based Equipment

Both marine and land based equipment will be considered for the shoreline protection
construction. Land-based technique will be used where it will be possible to be applied but when
the mound extends offshore beyond the limited reach of land-based machinery, floating
equipment will be necessary.

The minimum depth to where marine equipment can be used for placing materials is -3.30 msl. It
was assumed that side dumping vessel is suited for this type of work. The operability of this
equipment can be extended to a depth being mentioned.

The advantages to use this equipment will result in reduction of the erosion during construction
and time construction due to its lower draft that will allow extending the placing of the berms in
shallower water. Land based equipment such as dumper trucks will be used for unloading rock
materials by land.

7.2.4.7. Positioning and Survey

In order to carry out the rock placing works as accurate as possible, positioning and guidance
systems will be instituted overboard of Dumping Vessel (DV), on the barges and on the survey
boat. On board of the DV, the rock dumping process will be observed and optimized by using
graphic video monitors showing the dump locations.

The intermediate surveys will be carried out on a daily basis to monitor progress using the survey
system on board of the survey vessel. In addition to the horizontal and vertical positioning
systems, hydrographic echo sounder systems including multi-beam will be utilized to monitor and
collect information about the sea surface and slopes.

This information will be processed in the office and the results will be analyzed and will be used
for the preparation of new dumping plans. The performance of the positioning system is checked
regularly against established reference points. For Hydro survey refer to Section 4.3 & 4.4

7.2.4.8. Under Water Diving for Shoreline Protection Construction

Aside from Hydro survey, professional divers will be required to assist for underwater works for
breakwater construction during and after putting of material to ensure the final placement of the
works in the provided design drawings. The diving work procedure will conform to the latest
Diving Operation at Work Regulations and with regards to the information and safety memos
issued by the Vietnam Department of Energy and Guidance Notes from Association of Offshore
Diving Contractors the Employment Medical Service and the Diving Medical Advisory Council.

7.2.4.9. Shoreline Protection Construction between Elevation 1.0 to -0.80m msl at Tidal Zone

There are two alternative methods/ options which can be applied for construction. The first
method shall be adopted in building the shoreline protection at tidal zone.

Local soil material is dumped on a single lift of maximum 2.5 m so to be always at an elevation

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higher than the maximum tide level of +1.20 m on msl (+3.0 m on CD). Above this level, the
material is compacted by sheep-foot roller and the front advances.

-2.70

ROCK SELECTED BASE

-1.20 / 1.50m
PROTECTIONS MATERIAL STABILIZED LOCAL SOIL
(DESICCATED DREDGED MATERIAL
OR DRY EXCAVATED SOIL
SECTION
PLAN

Figure 6: First Method-Shoreline Protection Tidal Zone Construction Plan and Section

Construction Sequence:

a) Soil produced nearby the project zone area will be treated with cement or lime prior to
placement.

b) Materials will be transported by trucks and moved by bulldozers, graders, so to advance

on a level always higher than the maximum high tide, with a maximum embankment
height of 2.50m.

c) The material is laid and compacted on a single lift towards sea direction.

d) Rocks will be placed for slope protection once the embankment is completed

e) Sequence of work will be repeated until elevation -0.80msl is reached toward sea.

f) Settlements will be compensated as maintenance since embankment will settle during

service since underwater soil is not properly compacted.

7.2.4.10. Shoreline Protection Construction in Shallow Water (-0.80m to -3.30m msl)

Construction in shallow water will be executed using land based crane and to avoid short term
failure a berm advancing front and at the sides must be executed. The berm should at least be
15m long and 2m thick minimum for the advancing.

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1 5m
1 5m

1 5m

1 5m
-3.30m -3.30m
-3.30m
PLAN

min 15m

TRANSITION LAYER
WELL GRADED GRAVEL,
SAND AND COBBLES

m.s.l.

2 .00
-3.30M (msl)

SECTION

Figure 7: Shoreline Plan & Section in Shallow Water

Construction Sequence:

a) Well-graded rock, gravel, sand and cobbles will be used as indicated in Figure 5:
Sectional View of Shore Protection.

b) The advance 15m length with a thickness of 2m berm will be obtained by dumping using
crane ; the crest elevation will be attained by dumping materials from land using
bulldozers or shovels.

c) During the advance, external slope will be re-shaped to final and it will be protected with
rock to avoid excessive erosion.

7.2.4.11. Shoreline Construction in Deep Water

The Shoreline Protection to elevation -3.3m msl will be constructed using both marine and land
based equipment at the same time.

Simultaneous operation of marine and land equipment on two separate fronts will offer
advantage to time construction.

Plan view of marine equipment placing granular materials for the underwater berms and land
based equipment that transport the core material from stocking area at the staging platform to
the emerging front and other equipment placing and trimming the armor rocks is shown in Figure
11.

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Figure 8: Shoreline construction in Deep water

Sequence of Work

a) Quarry run filling by marine equipment below water level. Utilize land equipment when
Quarry run is above water level.

b) Trimming & shaping the desired slope by Land Equipment

c) Rock layer (Armour Stone and filter stone) placing by marine and land equipment

d) Filter mat installation after completion of rock layer installation

e) Blinding concrete pouring

f) Crown wall installation

7.2.5. Breakwater

7.2.5.1. General

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The Breakwater structure for the LNG project with a total length of 1,335m will be constructed
using land and marine equipment. The overall plan view and section are shown in Figure 9:
Breakwater Plan View and Figure 10: Breakwater Cross Section.

Figure 9: Breakwater Plan View

Figure 10: Breakwater Cross Section

7.2.5.2. Breakwater Construction

The Breakwater construction can proceed from both onshore and offshore side. The methods of
construction proposed for each different condition have been adapted to the soil conditions
present at the site.

7.2.5.3. Shoreline Protection Main Materials

Table 4: Materials for Shoreline Protection

Material Type Descriptions/ Characteristics

Quarry Run Rock 1~300 kg/ea class
Filter Layer 0.75~1.25 Ton/ea class; 2layers both side; 500mm thk
Armor Stone 0.75~1.25 Ton/ea class; 2layers both side; 500mm thk
Tetra Pod (T.T.P.) 10 Ton/ea class;3.2m thk
Blinding Concrete 100mm thk
Crown Wall

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7.2.5.4. Sources of Breakwater Main Materials

The Quarry Run Rock, Filter Stone and Armour Stone materials for breakwater structure will be
sourced out to the approved quarries located at a distance of about 10 km and 30km respectively
from the project site and to other propose quarry approved by the Engineer.

7.2.5.5. Transportation of Materials

Imported rocks delivered by barge and quarry-run stone materials produced at quarry will be
sorted out to meet daily or weekly demand schedule and be deposited to the stockpiling area
depending on the demand of schedule.

Over-sized stones shall be broken into small pieces to meet the required demand sizes. Sorting
out various sizes of stones will be done using excavator, and bulldozer will carry out rock into
mound ready for loading, and wheel loader will perform the loading whereas the dump truck will
undertake the hauling of materials.

Produced and loaded stone materials will be transported to the stockpiling yard near the
temporary jetty. The skip type bucket with crane will be used for loading stones to the barge for
marine placing. And for land placing, such as core materials will be transported directly to the
planned location of shoreline protection.

The list of the proposed major construction equipment is shown in table below which may vary as
the work progresses depending on the magnitude of the remaining work.

Table 5: Main Equipment for Breakwater Structure

Equipment Description
Excavator Breaking, sorting & loading
Wheel Loader Loading
Dump Truck Hauling
Bulldozer Blading and collection
Crane For loading stone to the barge
Flat Barge For material transport & equipment platform
offshore

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7.2.5.6. Breakwater Structure Marine & Land Based Equipment

Both marine and land based equipment will be utilized in the construction of breakwater
structure. Land-based technique will be used where it will be possible to be applied but when the
mound extends offshore beyond the limited reach of land-based machinery, floating equipment
will be used.

The minimum depth to where marine equipment can be used for placing materials is -3.30 msl. It
was assumed that side dumping vessel is suited for this type of work. The operability of this
equipment can be extended to a depth being mentioned.

The advantages to use this equipment will result in reduction of the erosion during construction
and time construction due to its lower draft that will allow extending the placing of the berms in
shallower water. Land based equipment such as dumper trucks will be used for unloading rock
materials by land.

7.2.5.7. Positioning and Survey

In order to carry out the rock placing works as accurate as possible, positioning and guidance
systems will be instituted overboard of Dumping Vessel (DV), on the barges and on the survey
boat. On board of the DV, the rock dumping process will be observed and optimized by using
graphic video monitors showing the dump locations.

The intermediate surveys will be carried out on a daily basis to monitor progress using the survey
system on board of the survey vessel. In addition to the horizontal and vertical positioning
systems, hydrographic echo sounder systems including multi-beam will be utilized to monitor and
collect information about the sea surface and slopes.

This information will be processed in the office and the results will be analyzed and will be used
for the preparation of new dumping plans. The performance of the positioning system is checked
regularly against established reference points. For Hydro survey refer to Section 4.3 & 4.4

7.2.5.8. Under Water Diving for Breakwater Construction

Aside from Hydro survey, professional divers will be required to assist for underwater works for
breakwater construction during and after putting of material to ensure the final placement of the
works in the provided design drawings. The diving work procedure will conform to the latest
Diving Operation at Work Regulations and with regards to the information and safety memos
issued by the Vietnam Department of Energy and Guidance Notes from Association of Offshore
Diving Contractors the Employment Medical Service and the Diving Medical Advisory Council.

7.2.5.9. Breakwater Construction between Elevation 1.0 to -0.80m msl at Tidal Zone

There are two alternative methods/ options which can be applied for construction. The first
method shall be adopted in building the breakwater at tidal zone.

Breakwater material is dumped on a single lift of maximum 2.5 m so to be always at an elevation

higher than the maximum tide level of +1.20 m on msl (+3.0 m on CD). Above this level, the
material is compacted by sheep-foot roller and the front advances.

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-2.70

ROCK SELECTED BASE

-1.20 / 1.50m
PROTECTIONS MATERIAL STABILIZED LOCAL SOIL
(DESICCATED DREDGED MATERIAL
OR DRY EXCAVATED SOIL
SECTION
PLAN

Figure 11: First Method-Breakwater Structure Tidal Zone Construction Plan and Section

Construction Sequence:

a) Breakwater materials will be transported by trucks and moved by bulldozers, graders, so

to advance on a level always higher than the maximum high tide, with a maximum
embankment height of 2.50m.

b) The material is laid and compacted on a single lift towards sea direction.

c) T.T.P., Stone Protection, & Filter stones will be placed for slope protection once the core
materials formed its shape and reached the design level.

d) Sequence of work will be repeated until elevation -0.80msl is reached toward sea.

e) Settlements will be compensated as maintenance since embankment will settle during

service since underwater soil is not properly compacted.

7.2.5.10. Breakwater Construction in Shallow Water (-0.80m to -3.30m msl)

Breakwater construction in shallow water will be executed using land based crane and to avoid
short term failure a berm advancing front and at the sides must be executed. The berm should at
least be 15m long and 2m thick minimum for the advancing.

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1 5m
1 5m

1 5m

1 5m
-3.30m -3.30m
-3.30m
PLAN

min 15m

TRANSITION LAYER
WELL GRADED GRAVEL,
SAND AND COBBLES

m.s.l.

2 .00
-3.30M (msl)

SECTION

Figure 12: Breakwater Plan & Section in Shallow Water

Construction Sequence:

d) Quarry run for embankment will be used as core material for breakwater.

e) The advance 15m length with a thickness of 2m berm will be obtained by dumping using
crane ; the crest elevation will be attained by dumping materials from land using
bulldozers or shovels.

f) During the advance, external slope will be re-shaped to final.

g) T.T.P, Stone protection, and filter stone will be placed down the slope formed by the core
material.

7.2.5.11. Breakwater Construction in Deep Water

The Breakwater structure to elevation -3.3m msl will be constructed with the combination of
marine and land based equipment at the same time.

Simultaneous operation of marine and land equipment on two separate fronts will offer
advantage to time construction.

Plan view of marine equipment placing granular materials for the underwater berms and land
based equipment that transport the core material from stocking area at the staging platform to
the emerging front and other equipment placing and trimming the armor rocks is shown in Figure
13: Shoreline construction in Deep water.

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Figure 13: Shoreline construction in Deep water (To be changed)

Sequence of Work

g) Quarry run filling by marine equipment below water level and utilize land equipment
when Quarry run is above water level.

h) Trimming & shaping the desired slope by Land Equipment

i) Rock layer (Armour Stone and filter stone) placing by marine and land equipment

j) Filter mat installation after completion of rock layer installation

k) Blinding concrete pouring

l) Crown wall installation

7.2.6. Trestle & Jetty Construction

The construction methodologies described in this section are suitable for pile-and-deck structures
as required for the Ca Na LNG Trestle and Jetty Structures component.

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Figure 14: Jetty & Trestle Structure Plan View

For this type of structure, individual support piles are drilled into bedrock. The piles provide
support to a pile cap and deck superstructure.

The trestle structural configurations are all pile-and-deck type structures with some variations with
respect to materials and member sizes. In general, the various designs for the trestle can be
described as a deck superstructure supported on steel pipe pile bents installed at defined ( 25m)
spacing. The pipe piles vary from 900 mm to 1200 mm in diameter and are socketed into the
underlying bedrock.

Each bent at typical section has at least 4 piles, 2 vertical and 2 battered piles, and has a steel box
beam or precast concrete pile cap, at pipeway loop section has atleast 6 piles, 2 vertical and 4
battered piles, and has a steel box beam or precast concrete pile cap, at junction platform section
has atleast 24 vertical piles and has a steel box beam or precast concrete pile cap.

The pile cap at trestle spans perpendicular to the trestle alignment. The pile caps in turn support
steel box beams or precast concrete girders which span between the bents and form the main
trestle superstructure and vehicle roadway. The pipe racks consist of steel truss assemblies
spanning between the bents and are installed adjacent to the roadway. A typical LNG trestle
structure is shown in Figure 15: Sample Typical LNG Trestle under Construction.

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Figure 15: Sample Typical LNG Trestle under Construction

The two principal methods proposed for constructing the LNG Trestle and Jetty Structures are:

• The Marine-Based Method, which uses floating equipment; and

• The Cantilever Method, which uses a mobile construction platform that progresses above the
water supported by the very trestle foundations that it installs.

Although both method may be used to construct the entire Trestle, the floating Marine-Based
Method will be used more in deeper water, while the Cantilever Method will be used in shallow
waters, since marine based equipment will be restricted to tidal windows and hence longer
construction times.

Figure 16: Cantilever Construction with Cantilever Platform

7.2.6.1. Floating Marine-Based Method

Where the water depths are sufficient enough to not limit construction to tidal windows, marine

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floating equipment may be used to install the Trestle and Jetty Structures. There is less likelihood
of barges grounding in deeper waters where the seabed is sub-tidal. Also, sub-tidal habitat is less
sensitive to disturbance.

In shallow waters, the work would be limited to tidal windows and the risk of equipment
grounding and disturbing the sensitive inter-tidal habitat is greater. Also the cost of construction
will be higher and take longer due to the constant interruption of work to accommodate tidal
windows.

For this construction method, the cranes, equipment and materials are all brought to the work site
on floating flat deck barges. In general, the methods and techniques used to install and drill piles
are similar to the Cantilever Method with the exception that the crane is on a floating platform
and not a fixed one. As such, the construction activities are more susceptible to delays due to sea
state and environmental conditions. In addition, temporary piles and falsework may be required to
support templates for accurately installing the permanent piles.

Placement of scour protection around the perimeter of each pile for either the Trestle or the Jetty
Structures would be conducted soon after installation of the piles and before the installation of
the main deck elements to allow easier access for floating equipment. For structures located in
shallow waters, the scour protection would be placed via marine-based methods using tidal
windows and a flat deck barge equipped with an excavator or front end loader and a stockpile of
riprap. The excavator or front end loader would place the scour protection to the appropriate
thickness around each pile. For structures in deeper waters, in lieu of an excavator, a marine
derrick fitted with a clamshell grab may be used for more accurate placement of the scour
protection.

7.2.6.2. Construction Equipment

The primary piece of equipment required for marine-based construction is the marine derrick.

A marine derrick is essentially a flat deck barge that has a duty-cycle crawler crane mounted on it.
In order to drive piles and drill into rock the crane must be able to accommodate various driving
and drilling rig equipment. Both vibratory and impact hammers will be required for the initial
setting of the piles. The drill rig will typically be a diesel powered drill unit capable of
accommodating various types of drill bits.

The size of crane is dictated by the capacity requirements of the heaviest pile and by the length
of crane boom required for properly handling and pitching the longest pile. Because the floating
marine equipment can be brought relatively close to the work face, the crane will have a smaller
lift radius than other construction methods and therefore the capacity requirements will be less
onerous.

Local marine contractors have duty-cycle cranes with capacities ranging up to 350 tons which,
depending on boom length, can easily pick loads ranging up to 60 to 100 tons based on a 15 m
to 10 m lift radius.

For the heaviest or longest piles, in-situ field splicing is an alternative, if cranes with the necessary
capacity or boom length are not readily available. Although field splicing is not uncommon, it
should be limited due to the time and expense required to make field welds over open seas as
well as associated quality issues. Field splicing may also be difficult to execute, if the piles sink
into the weak seabed material under their own weight.

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7.2.6.3. Cantilever Construction Method

The Cantilever Construction Method, also known as the “cantitravel”, “over-the-top” or

“cantilevered bridge” method, is a common method of constructing pile-and-deck trestles which
has been used successfully around the world. This method uses a span by span approach for
building the trestle using a mobile work platform that is supported above tidal waters. The pile
guides and templates are “cantilevered” out from the main work platform to facilitate a work front
that is located a full span away from the last finished bent.

This method produces a minimum amount of disturbance to the existing ground or seabed, while
still allowing work to proceed from the elevated construction platform which is supported on the
same pile foundations used to support the final structure.

When cantilever construction is used, the construction methodology must be taken into account
during the design phase to make the construction process as efficient as possible.

The structural design is typically optimized to suit the construction methodology in terms of the
selected member sizes, spans, materials, connections, detailing, etc.

As mentioned above, the working platform, also known as a “cantitraveler” or “cantilevered

bridge” is a primary piece of equipment required for cantilever construction. A photo of a

typical cantitraveler platform is shown in Figure 16: Cantilever Construction with Cantilever
Platform. A cantitraveler or cantilevered bridge is basically a customized mobile working platform
which provides:

● A support platform for a crawler crane and associated equipment such as vibratory
hammers, impact hammers, and drilling equipment;

● Integral guides and templates used to locate, drive and install foundation piles; and

● A platform which facilitates the installation of superstructure elements and the finishing
of connections between foundations and superstructure elements.

For cantilevered construction, the exact sequence of construction operations will vary from project
to project depending on various factors such as trestle layout and overall construction
methodology. Regardless of the actual construction sequence however, a main benefit for this
type of construction is the repeatability of the construction cycle for each pile foundation.

In general, the construction cycle for any given pile foundation starts with the installation of the
piles. The erection and assembly of the transverse pile cap, which essentially completes the pile
bent foundation, will follow the installation of the piles. Depending on the construction process,
once a pile bent is completed, trestle deck elements may be erected or temporary bracing
installed to provide longitudinal stability to the bent. Upon completion of the cycle, the platform
is advanced forward one span to begin a new cycle and initiate construction on the next pile
bent. Possible construction sequences and techniques for pile installation and drilling which may
be used for the LNG trestle are described in more detail in the following sections.

7.2.6.4. Construction Equipment

Selection and design of the required construction equipment is integral with both the trestle
design and the chosen construction methodology. The design of the trestle itself will typically be
developed with consideration of the intended construction equipment, sequencing and overall

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process. Likewise the design of the construction platform will also be developed to facilitate an
efficient construction process. Both design of the trestle and the construction platform will be
based on the optimization of various interrelated parameters including trestle span length,
construction platform dimensions, crane size, weights of components, structural interferences,
structural connections, etc.

The two main pieces of equipment for cantilevered construction is the construction platform and
the crane. The construction platform can come in various shapes and sizes, but there are

two basic types which are most commonly used consisting of:

● Cantitraveler platform; and

● Cantilevered bridge.

Both types of construction platforms and the crane requirements are described below

Cantitraveler Platform

A cantitraveler platform as shown in Figure 16: Cantilever Construction with Cantilever Platform is
made up of a main carriage frame that supports a work deck for the crawler crane, equipment,
and personnel. The main frame of the cantitraveler is mounted on steel wheel bogies which ride
on rails attached to the top flanges of heavy rail girders.

The rail girders are separate components designed to bear on the trestle pilecaps and take the
large construction loads from the cantitraveler and transfer them directly to the pile foundations.
The rail girders are necessary to support the heavy construction loads, since it would be
uneconomical to design the deck elements of the final trestle structure to support such loads. The
rail girders are typically individual simple span girders which can be picked up by the cantitraveler
crane and leapfrogged from the back span to the fore span allowing the cantitraveler to index
forward as each pile bent foundation is completed. Because the main carriage of the cantitraveler
is usually positioned over a single span it also allows the crane to install deck elements in the
back span behind the cantitraveler or in some cases the fore span in front of the cantitraveler
once the next pile bent is complete. A cable system comprised of winches, pulleys and sheaves
that are restrained in the trestle superstructure is used to advance the cantitraveler.

The guides or templates used for positioning, setting and installing the piles are typically located
at the ends of truss frames cantilevered out from the side of the main carriage frame.

The pile guides or templates are customized to suit the trestle layout and can be adjusted or
dismantled as required.

Cantilevered Bridge

Another type of platform which may be used in cantilevered construction is the cantilevered
bridge as shown in Figure 3-3. A cantilevered bridge is comprised of a steel through-truss which
extends over multiple spans of the trestle. The bridge has a platform on its upper chords for
supporting a crawler crane and has a rail mounted gantry crane running between the main
trusses. The functionality of the cantilevered bridge is similar to that of the cantitraveler in that
the bridge supports a crawler crane for installing the foundation piles, has built-in piling
templates for positioning the piles, and also facilitates the installation of trestle deck components.
A cable system with winches, pulleys and sheaves is employed to advance the cantilevered bridge
from span to span, similar to the cantitraveler system.

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Unlike the cantitraveler system however, the cantilevered bridge does not use wheels and rail
girders to facilitate movement. Instead, the cantilevered bridge bears directly on the foundation
pilecaps and is typically slid forward on guides and bearing pads attached to the pilecaps.

Another primary difference between the two platform types is the method by which trestle deck
elements are erected and installed. Since the cantilevered bridge covers multiple spans and the
top platform and bracing prevents the crawling crane from gaining access to the trestle deck
below, the bridge is equipped with an internal gantry crane that can be used to erect and install
trestle deck elements in the spans covered by the bridge.

Figure 17: Cantilever Construction with Cantilever Bridge

Crane

The required crane size is directly related to the trestle span and weight of the structural members
required to be installed by the crane. As the spans increase, the crane reach increases and a larger
crane is required to lift the same weight at the extended reach. Also, as the span increases, in
general, so will the pile size and the size of hammers required for the installation. The crane size
quickly limits out and sets the maximum span length.

7.2.6.5. Construction Sequencing

The basic construction cycle for building a trestle span, as shown in Figure 18: Cantilever
Construction Sequence, consists of the following general construction steps:

a) Installation of piles;

b) Installation of pile cap;

c) Installation of temporary longitudinal bracing;

d) Transfer of rail girders;

e) Movement of cantitraveler platform; and

f) Installation of longitudinal girders and deck elements.

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Figure 18: Cantilever Construction Sequence

Depending on the design and geotechnical conditions, the pipe piles may be either driven into
the seabed overburden material, or driven through the overburden material and then drilled into
the underlying bedrock to achieve the required bottom fixity. Various techniques for driving and
drilling piles are described in more detail below in Figure 18: Cantilever Construction Sequence
and Figure 19: Cantitravel Bridge Construction Sequence.

After all the piles for a particular bent have been installed and cut-off to the proper elevation, the
pilecap is erected and attached to the pile heads thus completing the pile bent foundation.

The connection between the pile heads and the pile cap varies depending on the type of
materials used in the design:

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1. For a steel pilecap, a basic field weld would be used to directly connect the pilecap to the steel
pipe piles.

2. If a cast-in-place concrete pilecap is used, reinforced concrete plugs would be cast into the pile
heads with the reinforcement extending up into the pilecap to provide the connection. Formwork
would be set up above the water, supported on the pipe piles, reinforcement for the pile cap
placed, and finally the pile cap would be poured. The formwork would be removed after several
days of curing time.

3. If a precast concrete pile cap is used, concrete infill plugs would be cast in the pile heads
similar to the cast-in-place construction. The infill plug reinforcement cages would extend up
through holes in the precast units to provide the connection to the pilecap. The pilecap is
complete when infill concrete is poured into the precast unit to monolithically join the elements
together. The precast option does not require formwork like a regular cast-inplace pilecap would.
But, regardless of which concrete option is used, those elements that have some amount of cast-
in-place concrete will require at least 7 days curing before loads may be placed on the structure.

Upon completion of a pile bent, the crane on the cantitraveler will install bracing to stabilize the
bent in the longitudinal direction. Once the new pile bent is stabilized, the rail girders are
advanced to the next position and the cantitraveler is moved to the next span to initiate the next
construction cycle.

Throughout the above process, there are several options for installing the trestle superstructure
and deck elements. One option is to install the trestle girders or deck elements with the crane on
the cantitraveler before it is moved into the next position. The trestle girders may either be
installed in the fore span in front of the cantitraveler or the back span depending on the selected
construction methodology. Another option is to allow the cantitraveler to be moved forward and
immediately begin on the next bent foundation while a second smaller crane follows behind on
the finished trestle deck and provides a second work front by installing the trestle superstructure
and deck elements on the back spans behind the cantitraveler.

As shown in Figure 19: Cantitravel Bridge Construction Sequence, the basic construction sequence
described above for a cantitraveler platform is essentially the same for a cantilevered bridge with
some minor exceptions as follows:

1. Installation of piles;

2. Installation of pile cap;

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Figure 19: Cantitravel Bridge Construction Sequence

Similar to the Marine-Based Method, placement of scour protection around the perimeter of each
pile would be conducted soon after pile installation. The scour protection could be placed via
marine-based methods using tidal windows and a flat deck barge equipped with an excavator or
front end loader and a stockpile of riprap. This work could be conducted simultaneously as the
cantilever platform advances along the trestle length. Alternatively the cantilever platform crane
could be used to install the scour protection as each bent is completed prior to the erection of
deck elements.

7.2.6.6. Cantilever Construction Schedule and Equipment Profile

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Mobilization and start-up includes assembly of the construction platform and crane over open
waters. The initial pile bents will be installed using marine-based methods and then the cantilever
work platform can be erected from barges using marine derricks so that the balance of the trestle
can be completed with the Cantilever Construction Method.

The assembly of the construction platform and the initial start-up of the trestle construction may
take a few weeks to a month depending on the geotechnical conditions and the number of initial
trestle bents that need to be constructed.

Once the start-up process is completed, typical cantilever construction can achieve an average
productivity rate of approximately 2 days for one complete span (including the foundation and
superstructure). This productively rate however, is typical for projects where the spans are less
than what is proposed for the LNG trestle and where the piles are only driven into the overburden
soils.

For the LNG project, the spans may be up to 36 m and the local geotechnical conditions require
the piles to be driven into the overburden soils and drilled into the underlying bedrock. Of the
various construction activities that make up a typical production cycle, the pile drilling operations
will be the most time consuming, especially if the piles are required to be socketed to significant
embedment depths. It is estimated that pile drilling and socketing may take up to 3 to 4 days per
pile, and since the piles must be drilled sequentially, a typical span with a 4 pile bent may require
14 to 18 days to complete. For pile bents with additional piles, add 3 to 4 days per pile to
complete the given span. If the piles are not required to be socketed into the rock, such as for
the spans in deeper water, the productivity rate will improve.

Once the trestle is complete, disassembly of the heavy construction crane and travelling platform
will be conducted using floating marine derricks which will lift the crane and platform
components onto flat deck barges for demobilization. The disassembly and demobilization
process is estimated to take several weeks.

The overall estimated schedule duration for the construction of the trestle structures is 14 months.
However since the Trestle is not a critical path item, there is enough schedule float to allow for
longer Trestle construction times without delaying the overall project.

Although marine derricks and scows would not be required for the Cantilever Construction
Method other than the initial mobilization, delivery of piles and other construction materials will
be required using supply barges. In shallow waters the supply barge movements would be
dependent on tidal windows while for those sections of the Trestle in deeper waters they will not.

7.2.7. Pile Driving Techniques

The pile installation techniques described below are applicable to either Cantilever or Marine
Based Methods.

The steel pipe piles proposed for the trestle foundations will be supplied in approximately 12 m
(40 ft) long sections and will require welding to be assembled and spliced into their final length.
Because the seabed overburden material at the project site is predominantly comprised of weak
marine clay, it is anticipated the steel pipe piles will sink some distance into the overburden
material under their own weight, essentially “setting” themselves into the seabed. This can make
in-situ field splicing of the pile sections difficult. As a result, the piles will likely need to be

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preassembled and spliced lengths that can be practically handled prior to being transported to
site.

An efficient way of transporting long piles to site is on flat deck barges, which can be kept at the
project site and used to stockpile the piles. When it comes time to install a pile, the barge can be
brought into position during the tidal windows, and then the pile can be picked and pitched by a
crane. For relatively long piles, the rigging may need to be adjusted in order the pick and pitch
the pile without exceeding the bending strength of the pile. Once the pick is complete the barge
can be moved away to a secure anchorage until it is required again.

Stockpiling the piles on a flat deck barge is also advantageous in that it avoids any requirements
for a pile lay-down area.

Once a pile is positioned by a crane and set into the seabed, it needs to be driven through the
overburden material until it reaches bedrock. A pile may be driven either closed-ended or open-
ended depending on the design requirements and geotechnical conditions. However if the pile is
required to be socketed into the bedrock, it will need to be driven open-ended, and cleaned out
prior to rock drilling.

For the driving operation, either an impact or vibratory hammer may be used. Although impact
hammers have the ability the drive piles through harder material, they are much noisier than
vibratory hammers and do cause greater underwater pressure disturbances.

Fortunately it is anticipated that a vibratory hammer will be adequate enough to advance the pile
through the weak overburden material until the pile tip is seated close to bedrock.

For the last few meters above the bedrock however, an impact hammer will likely be required to
advance the pile through any harder till layers until the pile tip actually reaches bedrock.

Once the bedrock is reached, the impact hammer will drive the piles approximately 1 m into the
bedrock to properly seat the pile and/or “seal” it for socketing. Although an impact hammer will
be noisier than a vibratory hammer, it will only be required for a short duration to drive the pile
the remaining depth and tap it into the bedrock.

Measures such as the use of bubble curtains may be employed to mitigate underwater
overpressures from the pile driving operations and keep underwater acoustics within allowable
limits. Typically the overpressure limit for pile driving is set at approximately 30 kPa, but may vary
at the regulator’s discretion.

If the pile is designed to be only seated on the bedrock, then the pile installation is complete.
However, if the pile is designed to be socketed into the bedrock, the overburden material left
inside the pipe will need to be cleaned out prior to the drilling operation. A grab hammer will
typically be used to clean out the pile, however if the material is weak and loose enough it may
be possible to flush or airlift it out of the pile. The removed material is stockpiled on a barge for
disposal. Filter cloth and other materials may be used on the barge to reduce turbidly caused by
any remaining water runoff from the stockpile.

7.2.8. Pile Drilling Techniques

The pile drilling techniques described below are applicable to either Cantilever or Marine Based
Methods.

Driving piles into rock is not feasible, unless the rock is very soft and weak. Therefore for most

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types of rock, drilling equipment and techniques must be employed to fix piles into the rock.
Depending on the design requirements and the degree of moment capacity and fixity required at
the bottom of the pile, piles may be installed into bedrock either as rock doweled piles or rock
socketed piles.

For a rock doweled pile, the pile itself is inserted down the entire length of a hole drilled into the
bedrock. The pile can be fully grouted in the hole or advanced with a friction fit, thereby
providing fixity at the bottom of the pile as well as development of the pile’s full moment
capacity.

A rock socket is similar to a rock dowel, but in lieu of inserting the steel pile all the way into the
drilled hole, the steel pipe pile is only embedded a certain distance into the rock and the balance
of the hole is filled with a cast-in-place reinforced concrete core. The concrete core also extends a
certain distance up into the hollow of the pile above the rock to facilitate load transfer. The
reinforced concrete core acts like an extension of the steel pile into the rock and thereby provides
anchorage and a degree of fixity at the bottom of the pile. The reinforced concrete core however,
will not provide the full moment capacity of the steel pipe pile therefore a rock socketed pile is
not as strong as a rock doweled pile.

For installing a pile into rock, initially the pipe pile must be driven a certain distance into the
bedrock in order to “seal” the hole and prevent overburden material from sloughing in as the hole
is advanced past the tip of the pipe pile. Various drill bits and techniques may be employed
depending on the type of rock being drilled and whether it is a rock socketed pile or rock
doweled foundation. Some typical drill bits which may be employed include down-thehole
hammers, churn drills, core barrels, rock augers, tri cone bits and other rotary bits. The contractor
will use the most effective bit given the local rock conditions. Drill bits are typically attached to a
rotating kellybar operated from a diesel-powered drill unit mounted on a frame or the leads of a
crane.

The installation of a rock socketed pile, involves inserting the drill bit into the pile from the top
and lowering it to the bottom. The drill unit rotates the bit, grinding the rock away at the bottom
of the hole and advancing it with a diameter slightly smaller than the inside diameter of the pile.
The hole is drilled to the desired embedment depth while the drill tailings are simultaneously
airlifted to the surface through the kellybar. Once the hole is complete and cleaned, a
reinforcement cage and tremie concrete can be placed, completing the socket. For a rock doweled
pile, the hole must be drilled with a diameter large enough to allow the pile itself to be inserted.
However, since the drill bit is generally smaller than the pile’s inside diameter (so that it may be
inserted into the pile) special techniques must be used to drill an oversized hole.

One method is to use a down-the-hole hammer with undercutting capability. Although the overall
hammer bit is small enough to fit inside the pile, once the tip of the bit is advanced beyond the
pile end, under reaming cutter wings extend out from the bit, drilling a hole slightly larger in
diameter than the pile.

Another method involves the attachment of a sacrificial cutting ring to the pile itself. The drill bit
is used to drill a slightly undersized hole similar to a rock socket. The cutting ring on the end of
pile is advanced by rotating the pile itself, typically in the opposite direction of the drill bit, and
reaming out the hole thereby enlarging it and allowing the pile to be embedded. For this method
the drill unit must have the capability to rotate the pile.

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A third method for installing a rock dowel involves the use of a large diameter pipe casing. Using
the same techniques as for piles, the oversized casing is driven down, sealed into the rock and
cleaned out. Using standard rock socket drill techniques, a hole is drilled in the rock that is
smaller than the casing but larger than the pile. The pile is inserted into the casing from above
and grouted into the hole. The casing is then removed and positioned for the next pile.

This technique has some disadvantages compared to the previously mentioned methods in that it
requires multiple handling of large long pipes, including pile insertion and casing removal. This
may require a crane with a very large boom. Another disadvantage is the greater volume of
material required to be cleaned out of the casing as compared to other methods where just the
pile is installed. Also, when the casing is removed there may be additional disturbance and soil
sloughing around the pile. This is avoided with the other methods.

For all of the above drilling techniques, the tailings from the drill process are typically extracted by
airlift systems. The removed material can be run through a cyclone to extract water before it is
stockpiled on a barge for disposal. Filter cloth and other materials may be used on the barge to
reduce turbidly caused by any remaining water runoff from the stockpile.

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