SHS

General Chemistry 2
Quarter 1: Week 6 - Module 6
Thermodynamics
STEM – General Chemistry 2
Grade 11/12 Quarter 3: Week 6 - Module 6: Thermodynamics
First Edition, 2021

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 General Chemistry 2
Quarter 3: Week 6 - Module 6
Thermodynamics
 Target

Energy exists in many forms, such as heat, light, chemical energy, and
electrical energy. Energy is the ability to bring about change or to do work.
Thermodynamics is the study of energy. Energy exist in nature in many forms,
such as heat, chemical energy, electrical energy, light and this energy brings us the
ability to do work. What does it mean by learning thermodynamics? Yes! We are
learning energy itself. Wondered why heat travels from hotter region to colder
region and not the other way around? Why do the foods we eat gives us energy that
later we can use to do work? As you learn along this module, you will be answering
these questions that is why you must have that high amount to energy to beat the
heat!
In the past lessons you learned how solutions exhibit properties that
depends on the concentration of solute molecules or ions known as Colligative
property. You have learned that Colligative properties include vapor pressure
lowering, boiling point elevation, freezing point depression, and osmotic pressure.

This learning material will provide you with information and activities that
will help you understand procedures in titration, the anchored law in reactions, the
enthalpy and the first law of thermodynamics.

After going through this learning material, you are expected to:

1. Describe laboratory procedures in determining concentration of

solutions (STEM_GC11PPIIId-f-119)
2. Explain the first law of thermodynamics (STEM_GC11TCIIIg-i-124)
3. Explain enthalpy of a reaction (STEM_GC11TCIIIg-i-125)
4. Calculate the change in enthalpy of a given reaction using Hess Law
(STEM_GC11TCIIIg-i-127)
 Laboratory Solution Preparation

Photo credits from:http://www.organicchem.org/

Titration is a process by which we determine the volume of a standard
solution which then reacts to a sample weight or volume of substance. Determining
the concentration of an acid or base is known as acid-base titration. This is done
by measuring the amount of titrant, solution with known concentration reacting
completely with a solution of unknown concentration, the analyte. At the end of the
titration known as the equivalence point happens where it is determined by the use
of an indicator which changes color at the desired point.

Jumpstart

Jump in. Do the activity to get a better grasp of the concept.

Don’t forget to give your best shot in answering the questions.

Directions: Choose your answer from the given choices.

1. What do you call the process by which a solution of known concentration is
used to determine the concentration of an unknown solution?
A. Condensation B. Filtration C. Separation D. Titration

2. When performing acid-base titration, at what point does the reaction stops?
A. Analyte B. Equivalence C. End D. Titrant

3. What is the role of phenolphthalein in a titration process?

 A. Analyte B. Equivalence C. Indicator D. Titrant

4. Which of the following is a change caused by an indicator in the acid-base

titration?
A. Color B. Size C. Time D. Volume

5. Before using the glass equipment in the laboratory, what specific water is
used to clean them?
A. Clean B. Distilled C. Mineral D. Tap

6. The first law of thermodynamics is also known as the law of conservation of

what property?
A. Density B. Energy C. Mass D. Property

7. Which of the following object shows a transformation of energy from

mechanical to electrical?
A. Airplane B. Battery C. Turbine D. Water wheel

8. Among the functions below, which of them is considered a state function?

A. titration B. enthalpy C. heat D. work

9. What happens to the internal energy of a system if both heat and work have
a sign of negative?
A. Decreases B. Increases C. no effect D. stay the same

10. If the direction of work is “into the system”, what will be the sign for its
internal energy?
A. negative B. positive C. undefined D. zero

11. Who is the scientist that is named after a law in determining indirectly the
enthalpy of substances?
A. Dalton B. Hess C. Rutherford D. Seyhan

12. What happens to the enthalpy of the individual reaction using Hess’ Law if
you reverse the reactants and products?
A. Decrease B. Increase C. Reversed D. The same

13. How are the parts or chemical equations described by the Hess Law in
obtaining the enthalpy?
A. Difference B. Product C. Quotient D. Sum

14. How are you going to describe the movement of heat in an endothermic
reaction?
A. Absorption B. Decrease C. Increase D. Release

15. Which of the following is categorization of an exothermic reaction?

A. Absorption B. Decrease C. Increase D. Release
 Discover

A titration is a technique where a solution of known concentration is used to

determine the concentration of an unknown solution. Typically, the titrant (the
know solution) is added from a burette to a known quantity of the analyte (the
unknown solution) until the reaction is complete.

Let’s take for example this Laboratory Activity: (YOU DON’T NEED TO PERFORM
THIS EXPERIMENT)

Objectives:

1. Determine the molar concentration of hydrochloric acid (HCl) using a

standard sodium hydroxide solution (NaOH).
2. Use the titration equation (MA)(VA) = (MB)(VB) ,where MA is the molar
concentration of the acid, VA is the volume of the acid sample you use in the
activity, MB is the base molarity, and VB is the base volume.

Materials:

• Iron stand
• 10 mL pipette
• Burette clamp
• Base burette
• Aspirator
• One (25 mL or 50 mL) graduated cylinder
• One (50 mL) beaker
• Three (250 mL) Erlenmeyer Flasks or beakers
• Medicine dropper for the indicator
• Phenolphthalein indicator
• 250 mL distilled water
• 50 mL hydrochloric acid (to be obtained from the teacher)
• 50 mL of 0.1 M or mol/L sodium hydroxide in a clean, dry labeled glass
container (to be prepared and standardized by the teacher)

SAFETY: laboratory gown/aprons and gloves

Procedure:
1. Wash the glasswares (Erlenmeyer flasks, beakers, pipette) with dishwashing
liquid. Rinse these thoroughly with tap water, and finally with

distilled water.

2. Invert the glasswares to drain the distilled water. Leave these inverted until use.
Preparing the Burette for Titration

a. Wash the burette with dishwashing liquid using a long-handled brush.

Make sure to clean the tip of the burette. Empty the burette into the
sink.
b. Using a beaker, place some distilled water into the base burette and rinse
it thoroughly. Drain any liquid inside the burette by inverting it on the
burette clamp, while the pinchcock is released.
c. Using the small beaker, rinse the burette with about 5 mL freshly
prepared NaOH standard solution. Make sure to drain the base through
the tip of the burette. Do this twice and discard the washing in the sink.
d. Secure the pinchcock of the burette, making sure that no liquid flows
through the tip. Fill this with NaOH standard solution until the 50 mL-
mark, though it does not have to be exact.
e. Let the solution flow through the tip of the burette, such that no air
space remains in it, including the part after the pinchcock. Collect the
solution using a clean beaker. This solution can still be used for titration.

Hint: Close and open the pinchcock alternately to remove air spaces. A
continuously smooth flow of the liquid out of the burette means there is no more
air space.

f. If there is more air space, fill the burette with NaOH standard solution up
to the 50 mL-mark. Make sure that the lower meniscus is at the 50 mL mark
of the burette.

g. The titrant is ready for use in the analysis!

Titrating the Hydrochloric Acid

1. Using the 10 mL pipette, add 10 mL of HCl to a clean Erlenmeyer flask.

2. Using the graduated cylinder, add 25 mL of distilled water to the acid.

3. Add two drops of phenolphthalein indicator and swirl the solution. Place
the flask under the burette, and titrate with the standard solution while
shaking the flask, until the appearance of a very pale pink color that persists
for about 20 seconds. Record the final volume of the base to 2 decimal
places.

4. Do two to three trials of the titration, Fill the table below with your
results:
 Alternatively, we do not need to perform ourselves with the chemicals in the
laboratory, however similar experiments are available online and, in that case,
provided in the following links.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sFpFCPTDv2w
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2z4mlE6MK0U

Questions:

1. What are the notable laboratory procedures that is shown in the experiment
or (video)? (YOU CAN USE SEPARATE PAPER)

___________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________.
2. What are the reactants of the reaction (experiment/video)? _________________
3. What are the products of the reaction (experiment/video)? __________________
4. Describe what would have happened in one of your titrations if you had
forgotten to add phenolphthalein to the sample flask.

The First Law of Thermodynamics

The first law of thermodynamics states that energy can neither be created
nor destroyed; it can only be transformed from one form to another. This is also
known as the Law of Conservation of Energy. For example, the flow of electron
produces light in a bulb, it appears (light) energy is produced in a bulb, however, it
is through the conversion of electrical energy to light.
Internal energy is a state function, meaning it does not depend on the path
of the process. The value is the same regardless of the pathway and depends only
on the initial and final states of the system.
ΔE = Efinal -Einitial

Change in Internal Energy is used in expressing the first law of

thermodynamics, wherein change in the internal energy (∆E) is the sum of the heat
(q) that flows across its boundaries and the work (w) done on the system by the
surroundings.

Image credits from: https://courses.lumenlearning.com/

Mathematically it is expressed as:

ΔE = q + w
 This law says that there are two kinds of processes, heat and work, that can
lead to a change in the internal energy of a system. Since both heat and work can
be measured and quantified, this is the same as saying that any change in the
energy of a system must result in a corresponding change in the energy of the
surroundings outside the system. In other words, energy cannot be created or
destroyed.

As the equation says, we have two kinds of processes, heat and work, that
defines the change in the internal energy of the system. Since both heat and work
can be measured and quantified, it is similar in saying that change in the (E)
energy of the system must result in a change in the energy of the surroundings. If
the heat flows into a system or the surroundings do work on it (on the system),
internal energy increases and the values of q and w are positive. On the other
hand, heat flow out of the system or work done by the system (on the
surroundings), the internal energy decreases because q and w are both negative.
HEAT is added to the system → → HEAT is released by the system
(+q) SYSTEM (-q)
WORK is done on the system → → WORK done by the system
(+w) (-w)
SURROUNDINGS
Sample Problem: Calculate ΔE if 100 kJ of heat energy is absorbed by the
system and 30 kJ of work is done on the surroundings.

Solution: The addition of heat increases the energy of the system by 100 kJ
but doing work decreases the energy of the system by 30 kJ.

Given: q= +100 kJ (absorbed by the system, + )

w = -30 kJ (done by the system: sign is - )

Required: ΔE (internal energy)

Strategy: ΔE = q + w
= 100 kJ + (-30 kJ)
= 70 kJ
Enthalpy of Chemical Reactions

The term enthalpy originates from the Greek word enthalpein that means “to
warm”. Enthalpy is the energy transferred under constant pressure, represented by
the symbol H. Also, it is known as the heat content. Just like (E) internal energy, H
is also a state function which is defined by the change from the final to the initial
state.
ΔH = Hfinal -Hinitial
Enthalpy change, is called heat of reaction which is based on the net energy
change from the breaking and making of bonds. It represents heat absorbed or
released when the reactants are converted intro products, at a constant pressure.

ΔH = Hproducts -Hreactants
ΔH = q (at a constant pressure)
The enthalpy of chemical reactions is composed of the reactants and
products and their corresponding bond energies, the amount of energy to break the
bonds or released in forming the bonds. The sign of ΔH determines the direction of
heat transfer. A positive ΔH means an absorption of heat from the surroundings,
also known as endothermic reaction. A negative value of ΔH indicates an
exothermic reaction, a heat releasing process.

The enthalpy relation between reactants and products is usually shown in a

thermochemical equation. This is a balanced equation wherein the value of ΔH with
the appropriate sign, is usually written at the right side. Since both the physical
state and amount of substances involved in the process affects the magnitude of
ΔH, a thermochemical equation also shows whether the substance is a solid, liquid
gas or aqueous, while the coefficients represent the number of moles of reactants
and products. Furthermore, reversing the reaction would lead to a ΔH value that
has the same magnitude but opposite in sign.

Image credits from: https://flexbooks.ck12.org/

Standard Enthalpy of Reaction: Hess’ Law

There are reactions wherein the direct measurement of enthalpy change is

not possible. There are also compounds that cannot be formed from their elements
because the reaction is either very slow or there are side reactions that result in
products other than what is desired. Hess’ Law provides an indirect method of
determining heat of reaction using a basis related chemical reactions with
predetermined values of ΔHf°. Hess's Law of Constant Heat Summation (or just
Hess's Law) states that regardless of the multiple stages or steps of a reaction, the
total enthalpy change for the reaction is the sum of all changes. This law is a
manifestation that enthalpy is a state function.

Hess’ Law states that…

1. Reverse reaction – reverse sign (If we reverse the reaction, we have to

reverse the sign in that change in enthalpy)
2. Enthalpy of the reaction is equal to the sum of the parts.

Example: What is the heat of reaction of Carbon Monoxide if the following reaction
are used?

C(s) + O2 (g) → CO2 (g) ΔH = -393.5 kJ

CO (g) + ½ O2 (g) → CO2 (g) ΔH = -283.0 kJ
Target:
C(s) + ½ O2 (s) → CO (g)
Strategy: In order to obtain the target equation, we must follow Hess’ Law. #1
states that if we reverse the reaction, we have to reverse the sign in that change in
enthalpy.
C(s) + O2 (g) → CO2 (g) ΔH = -393.5 kJ
CO2 (g) → CO (g) + ½ O2 (g) ΔH = 283.0 kJ
 C(s) + ½ O2 (s) → CO (g) ΔH = ?
Hint: We can rearrange equations to make sure we can come up with a reactant
being cancelled in the product.

C(s) + O2 (g) → CO2 (g) ΔH = -393.5 kJ

CO2 (g) → CO (g) + ½ O2 (g) ΔH = 283.0 kJ
C(s) + ½ O2 (s) → CO (g) ΔH = -110.5 kJ
We can cancel or cross-out the same chemical compounds in the left of the
equation and in the right. As for oxygen, we can still cancel it out, however, it is not
complete because there will be a remainder of ½. Lastly, in order to calculate the
ΔH of the equation, we can perform it algebraically, obtaining -110.5 kJ in the
example.

Sample problem: Calculate the standard enthalpy of formation, ΔH° for methane
gas, CH4, produced from graphite and hydrogen gas according to the following
reaction:
C (graphite) + 2H2 (g) → CH4 (g)
Since this reaction that forms methane does not happens as written, ΔH° of
methane is determined indirectly using the following set of reactions whose ΔH°
have been accurately determined and applying Hess Law.

C(graphite) + O2 (g) → CO2 (g) ΔH° = -393.5 kJ

H2 (g) + ½ O2 (g) → H2O (l) ΔH° = -285.8 kJ
CH4 (g) + 2 O2 (g) → CO2 (g) + 2H2O (l) ΔH° = -890.4 kJ
C (graphite) + 2H2 (g) → CH4 (g) ΔH° = ?

Strategy: In applying Hess Law, equations can be rearranged so that the desired
reactants and products will appear in the overall reaction. If the equation is
reversed, the sign of ΔH° is also reversed. If the equations are multiplied by a factor
to obtain the desired coefficients, the ΔH° values must also be multiplied by the
same number.

Solution:
C(graphite) + O2 (g) → CO2 (g) ΔH° = -393.5 kJ
H2 (g) + ½ O2 (g) → H2O (l) ΔH° = -285.8 kJ
CH4 (g) + 2 O2 (g) → CO2 (g) + 2H2O (l) ΔH° = -890.4 kJ
C (graphite) + 2H2 (g) → CH4 (g) ΔH° = ?
Write the equation as is.

C(graphite) + O2 (g) → CO2 (g) ΔH° = -393.5 kJ

2H2 (g) + O2 (g) → 2H2O (l) ΔH° = 2(-285.8 kJ)
CH4 (g) + 2 O2 (g) → CO2 (g) + 2H2O (l) ΔH° = -890.4 kJ
C (graphite) + 2H2 (g) → CH4 (g) ΔH° = ?
Multiply equation #2 by two (2) including the value of ΔH°.
C(graphite) + O2 (g) → CO2 (g) ΔH° = -393.5 kJ
2H2 (g) + O2 (g) → 2H2O (l) ΔH° = -571.6 kJ
CO2 (g) + 2H2O (l) → CH4 (g) + 2 O2 (g) ΔH° = +890.4 kJ
 C (graphite) + 2H2 (g) → CH4 (g) ΔH° = ?
Rewrite reaction (3) in the reverse direction and change the sign of ΔH° from – to +.
C(graphite) + O2 (g) → CO2 (g) ΔH° = -393.5 kJ
2H2 (g) + O2 (g) → 2H2O (l) ΔH° = -571.6 kJ
CO2 (g) + 2H2O (l) → CH4 (g) + 2 O2 (g) ΔH° = +890.4 kJ
C (graphite) + 2H2 (g) → CH4 (g) ΔH° = -74.7 kJ
Add the equations algebraically. Substances that appear on the opposite sides of
the equation may be cancelled.

According to Germain Hess, a Russian chemist, the enthalpy change is the

same whether a reaction takes place in one step or a series of steps. Since using
Hess’ Law takes place using different pathways, overall change in enthalpy is the
same regardless of the route, so long as initial and the final condition are the same.
That is why enthalpy, being a state function can be obtained and best explained
using the Hess’ Law.

Explore

Accomplish the activities below. This would help you

strengthen your skills and basic concepts you have learned
in this lesson.

Enrichment Activity 1. FACT or BLUFF?

Direction: Write F if the statement is correct and B if it is incorrect.

________1. According to the first law of thermodynamics, energy can be created and
destroyed.
________2. The energy of the surroundings is called as internal energy.
________3. Internal energy of the system is composed of two state functions called
heat and work.
________4. When both q and w are both positive, the internal energy of the system
increases.
________5. The work done by the system is categorized by a negative (-) sign on the
value of work (w).
________6. Enthalpy is symbolized by the letter H which refers to the energy
transferred under constant temperature.

________7. At constant pressure, change in enthalpy is always equal to heat (q).

________8. An exothermic reaction feels cold to the touch because heat is absorbed
 by the system.
________9. When the heat energy of product is greater than its reactant, it is
categorized by an endothermic reaction.
________10. Thermochemical equation shows the enthalpy relationships between
reactants and products.

Enrichment Activity 2. Follow the Rules of the Law.

Direction: Use Hess’ Law in determining the change in enthalpy of the chemical
reaction. Follow the steps that you have learned in this module. Use a separate
sheet in writing your answer.
Calculate the standard enthalpy of formation, ΔH° for NO2 (g), produced from NO (g)
and O (g) according to the following reaction:
NO (g) + O (g) → NO2 (g)

Reactions:
NO(g) + O3 (g) → NO2 (g) + O2 (g) ΔH° = -198.9 kJ
O3 (g) → 3/2 O2 (g) ΔH° = -142.3 kJ
O2 (g) → 2O (g) ΔH° = 495.0 kJ
NO (g) + O (g) → NO2 (g) ΔH° = ?

Deepen

Activity: PROBLEM POSING!

Direction: Chlorine trifluoride (ClF3) is used as a fluorinating agent. It may be used
as an igniter and propellant in rockets and also used in nuclear fuel processing.
Breathing Chlorine Trifluoride can irritate the lungs causing coughing and/or
shortness of breath. Higher exposures can cause a build-up of fluid in the lungs
(pulmonary edema), a medical emergency, with severe shortness of breath. Contact
with the liquified gas can cause frostbite.

Using the given table below, formulate your own kind of problem; through
providing hypothetical value for individual reactions, and also provide answer using
the steps in getting the ΔH° of the reaction. ONLY condition is the reaction must be
exothermic.

The scoring rubric below will be used in assessing your output. Use a
separate sheet to write your answer.
 ClF3(g) + O2 (g) → ½ Cl2O (g) + 3/2OF2 (g) ΔH° =
2ClF(g) + O2 (g) → Cl2O (g) + OF2 (g) ΔH° =
2OF2 (g) → O2 (g) + 2F2 (g) ΔH° =
ClF (g) + F2 (g) → ClF3 (g) ΔH° = ?

Scoring Rubric

Activity 1 point 3 points 5 points

Organization Did not show Showed chronological Provided accurate
chronological steps with minimal steps with
arrangement of steps errors appropriate
arrangement of it
Content Showed no formula, Showed minimal Show appropriate
answers and guides number of errors formula, used
throughout the guides in between
output, showing and showed
incomplete formula, accurate answers
answers and guides
Accuracy Did not show any Showed incorrect Showed accurate
correct answer at all answers ranging from answers all
1-5 throughout the
output
Neatness Showed erasures not Showed erasures Showed no erasures
less than 10 ranging from 1-5 at all
 Gauge

Direction: Choose the best answer. Use a separate sheet for your answers.
1. The concentration of the unknown substance in titration is determined by
what measure?
A. molality B. molarity C. ppm D. ppb

2. By what type of solution can you categorize a solution whose concentration

or strength has been correctly established is a standard solution?
A. basic B. inorganic C. organic D. standard

3. What is point in titration which it is determined by the use of an indicator

which changes color at the desired point?
A. Acid point B. basic point C. equivalence D. turning

4. What is being avoided in cleaning the laboratory tools and equipment before
using?
A. contamination B. errors C. fire D. viruses

5. A burette is used to dispense unknown liquid into the flask. What part of the
burette is responsible in stopping the flow of liquid in it?
A. funnel B. pinchcock C. nozzle D. opening

6. For any chemical reaction carried out in any manner, the quantity of heat
absorbed or evolved by the reaction is determined by the expression
_________.
A. ΔE + w B. ΔE - w C. q D. w

7. What is the internal energy of the system that absorbs 50 J of heat and 15 J
work done by the system?
A. +40 J B. -40 J C. +35 J D. -35 J

8. Calculate the internal energy of the system that absorbs 50 kJ of heat and
65 kJ work done by the system.
A. + 15 J B. -15 kJ C. +20 kJ D. -20 kJ

9. Which of the following is an equivalent of ΔH given the pressure is constant?

A. ΔE B. ΔH C. q D. w

10. When the heat is released by the system, what will be the value of ΔH?
A. >0 B. <0 C. =0 D. undefined
 11. In enthalpy change, which process has met this condition: H products <
Hreactants?
A. endothermic B. exothermic C. heat content D. 4

12. What law is used in calculating the heat of reaction indirectly, via several
steps but with the resulting net reaction being the desired chemical
reaction?
A. Hess’ Law B. Dalton’s Law C. Charles’ Law D. Ideal Gas

For items 13-15, refer to this problem: What is the heat of reaction of Carbon
monoxide if the following reaction are used?
Fe(s) + ½ O2 (g) → FeO (s) ΔH = -272.0 kJ
2 Fe (s) + 3/2 O2 (g) → Fe2O3 (g) ΔH = -825.5 kJ
FeO (s) + ½ O2 (g) → Fe2O3 (g) ΔH = ?

13. What is the value of equation 1 ΔH if two (2) is multiplied in this reversed
equation, FeO (s) → Fe(s) + ½ O2 (g)
A. -272.0 kJ B. +272.0 kJ C. -544 kJ D. +544 kJ

14. Following the steps in Hess’ Law, which compounds/elements will be

cancelled?
2 FeO (s) → 2Fe(s) + O2 (g)
2 Fe (s) + 3/2 O2 (g) → Fe2O3 (g)

A. FeO B. O2 C. Fe D. Fe2O3

15. What will be the final ΔH of the equation: FeO (s) + ½ O2 (g) → Fe2O3 (g)?
A. -280.5 kJ B. +280.5 kJ C. -281.5 kJ D. +281.5 kJ
Jumptart Gauge
1. D 1. B
2. B 2. D
3. C 3. C
4. A 4. A
5. B 5. B
6. B 6. B
7. C 7. C
8. B 8. B
9. A 9. C
10.B 10.B
11.B 11.B
12.C 12.A
13.D 13.D
14.A 14.C
15.D 15.C
Explore
Enrichment 2
Enrichment 1
NO(g) + O3 (g) → NO2 (g) + O2 (g) ΔH° = -198.9 kJ
1. F O3 (g) → 3/2 O2 (g) ΔH° = -142.3 kJ
2. B O2 (g) → 2O (g) ΔH° = +495.0 kJ
3. B NO (g) + O (g) → NO2 (g) ΔH° = ?
4. F
5. F NO(g) + O3 (g) → NO2 (g) + O2 (g) ΔH° = -198.9 kJ
6. B 3/2 O2 (g) + → O3 (g) ΔH° = +142.3 kJ
7. F ½ ( 2O (g) → O2 (g)) ½ (ΔH° = -495.0 kJ)
8. B
9. F
10.F NO(g) + O3 (g) → NO2 (g) + O2 (g) ΔH° = -198.9 kJ
3/2 O2 (g) + → O3 (g) ΔH° = +142.3 kJ
O (g) → ½ O2 (g) ΔH° = -247.5 kJ
NO (g)
+ O (g) → NO2 (g) ΔH° = -304.1 kJ
Answer Key
References:
Books:
Teaching Guide for Senior High School. General Chemistry 2 Acid-Base Titration.
Ilao, Luciana V., Betty M. Lontoc, Edwehna Elinore S. Paderna-Gayon. General
Chemistry 2: The First Law of Thermodynamics. 1st ed. Manila. Rex Book
Store, Inc. 2016.

Ilao, Luciana V., Betty M. Lontoc, Edwehna Elinore S. Paderna-Gayon. General

Chemistry 2: Standard Enthalpy of Reaction: Hess’ Law. 1st ed. Manila. Rex
Book Store, Inc. 2016.

Ayson, Marissa F., Rebecca S. De Borja. General Chemistry 2 Textbook: First Law of
Thermodynamics. Quezon City. Vibal Group, Inc. 2016.

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