Conventional Lightning Protection System Components –

Part Six

In Article " Types Of Lightning Protection Systems LPS ", I list the main types of Lightning
Protection Systems as follows:

Types of Lightning Protection Systems LPS

Lightning protection systems for buildings and installations may be divided

into three principal types as follows:

1- LPS for Protection for buildings and installations against direct strike
by lightning, which includes:

A- Conventional lightning protection system, which includes:

1. Franklin Rod LPS,

2. Franklin/Faraday Cage LPS.

B- Non-Conventional lightning protection system, which includes:

a- Active Attraction LPS, which includes:

1. Improved single mast system (Blunt Ended Rods),

2. Early streamer Emission System.

b- Active Prevention/Elimination LPS, which includes:

1. Charge Transfer System (CTS),

2. Dissipation Array System (DAS).

2- LPS for Protection against overvoltage on incoming conductors and

conductor systems,

3- LPS for Protection against the electromagnetic pulse of the lightning.

And in Article " Conventional Lightning Protection System Components – Part One ", I
indicated the Conventional Lightning Protection System parts and components as follows:

Conventional Lightning Protection System LPS Components

The Conventional Lightning Protection System consists of two main parts:

1- The External Lightning Protection System, which includes:

 Strike Termination Subsystem,

 Conductor Subsystem,
 Grounding Electrode Subsystem.

2- The Internal Lightning Protection System, which includes:

 Equipotential Bonding Subsystem,

 Surge Protection Subsystem.

Another important components of the Lightning Protection System is the

Connection Components which include but not limited to:

 Clamps,
 Connectors,
 Terminal components,
 Bridging components,
 Expansion pieces,
 Measuring points.

And I explained the Strike Termination Subsystem in this Article.

Also, I explained the Conductor Subsystem in the following Articles:

 Conventional Lightning Protection System Components – Part Two ,

 Conventional Lightning Protection System Components – Part Three ,
 Conventional Lightning Protection System Components – Part Four .

And in Article " Conventional Lightning Protection System Components – Part Five ", I

explained the Grounding Electrode Subsystem.

For more information, you can review the following Articles:

 Introduction to Lightning System Design- Part One

 Introduction to Lightning System Design- Part Two

Today, I will explain the second part of Lightning Protection System; The Internal Lightning
Protection System.

The Correct Choice Of Lightning Protection Components (LPC)

 The correct choice of material, configuration and dimensions of the lightning

protection components is essential when linking the various elements of an LPS
together. 
 The designer/user needs to know that the components, conductors, earth
electrodes etc will meet the highest levels when it comes to durability, long term
exposure to the environmental elements and perhaps most importantly of all, the
ability to dissipate the lightning current safely and harmlessly to earth.
 Various standards series have been compiled with this very much in mind. At
present these standards are as follows:
 Standards for Lightning Protection Systems

1- Within Europe:

Various standards series have been issued by (2) National Committees which are:

1. The European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardisation (CENELEC).

2. The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)

The CENELEC has released the EN 50164 series of standards. The EN 50164 series
are component standards to which the manufacturers and suppliers of lightning
protection components should test their products to verify design and quality. The
EN 50164 series currently comprises of:

 EN 50164-1 Lightning protection components (LPC) – Part 1: Requirements for

connection components,
 EN 50164-2 Lightning protection components (LPC) – Part 2: Requirements for
conductors and earth electrodes,
 EN 50164-3 Lightning protection components (LPC) – Part 3: Requirements for
isolating spark gaps,
 EN 50164-4: Lightning Protection Components (LPC) – Part 4: Requirements
for conductor fasteners,
 EN 50164-5: Lightning Protection Components (LPC) – Part 5: Requirements
for earth electrode inspection housings and earth electrode seals,
 EN 50164-6: Lightning Protection Components (LPC) – Part 6: Requirements
for lightning strike counters,
 EN 50164-7: Lightning Protection Components (LPC) – Part 7: Requirements
for earthing enhancing compounds.

Notes:

 The standards generally have an IEC prefix to their number (CEI for French
versions). IEC standards are produced in English and French languages.
 IEC and CENELEC generally work in parallel, and CENELEC members vote to
adopt new IEC standards as CENELEC standards. The committees of CENELEC may
choose to make some alterations to the IEC version.
 Additionally, CENELEC produce their own standards to which IEC have no
counterpart. CENELEC documents are produced in English, French and German and
an approved CENELEC standard will have an EN prefix (or NE in the French language
versions).

For example:

IEC 62305-1 (IEC version) is parallel to EN 62305-1 (CENELEC adopted copy of the
above)
And both are parallel to BS EN 62305-1 (British National Standard adoption ofthe
above)

2- Within USA:

Various standards series have been issued such as:

1. Underwriters Laboratory (UL96 & 96A),

2. The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA 780)
3. The Lightning Protection Institute (LPI-175)

Note:

For heavy fault conditions, Conductor Size should be calculated in accordance with
IEEE Std 80.
 1- The Internal Lightning Protection System

1.1 The Internal Lightning Protection System

External and Internal Lightning Protection Systems

When current from the lightning pulse flows through a conductor which have
impedance consisting of resistive and inductive components, there is voltage drop
from this impedance. If this voltage becomes high enough, it can exceed the
dielectric breakdown value of the medium surrounding the conductor. When that
occurs, an arc (commonly termed as sideflash) is formed. It is desirable to prevent
arcing and sideflash in lightning protection systems because the medium through
which the arc occurs, lie wood, for example, could be ignited.

1.2 Function of Internal Lightning Protection System

The function of the internal lightning protection is to prevent hazardous

sparking inside the building or structure. This could be due, following a
lightning discharge, to lightning current flowing in the external LPS or
indeed other conductive parts of the structure and attempting to flash or
spark over to internal metallic installations.

1.3 How Internal Lightning Protection System prevent hazardous sparking

inside the building or structure?

Mainly, this is achieved by (2) means as follows:

1. Equipotential bonding, or,

2. Ensuring a safety (insulation) distance between the components of
the lightning protection system and other conductive elements inside the
building or structure.

1.4 Components Of The Internal Lightning Protection System

The Internal Lightning Protection System includes (2) subsystems as follows:

1. Equipotential Bonding Subsystem,

2. Surge Protection Subsystem.

2-  Equipotential Bonding Subsystem

2.1 Equipotential Bonding Subsystem

Equipotential bonding is simply the electrical interconnection of all

appropriate metallic installations/parts, such that in the event of lightning
currents flowing, no metallic part is at a different voltage potential with
respect to another because if the metallic parts are essentially at the same
potential then the risk of sparking or flash over is nullified.

This electrical interconnection can be achieved by:

1. Using natural/fortuitous bonding or

2. Using direct connection by specific bonding conductors that are sized
according to BS EN 62305-3,
3. Using non-direct connection, where the direct connection with
bonding conductors is not suitable, by using surge protection devices (SPDs)
which must conform to BS EN 62305-4.

General Notes For Equipotential Bonding:

 In small buildings, bonding bar should be located close to the main

distribution board (MDB) and also closely connected to the earth
termination system with short length conductors.
 In large facilities, several interconnected bonding bars may be
needed. Interconnection should be via a dedicated internal ring (or partial
ring), or via the internal reinforcing of the concrete construction
 An isolated LPS only requires bonding to the structure at ground
level.
 Non-isolated LPS’s require bonding to the structure at ground level,
and at locations where separation distance requirements cannot be
 maintained.
 For structures taller than 30m the standard recommends that
equipotential bonding is carried out at basement/ground level and every 20
m above that.

2.2 Parts Of Equipotential Bonding Subsystem

According to IEC 60364-4-41, equipotential bonding subsystem consists of:

1. Main equipotential bonding,

2. Supplementary equipotential bonding.

2.2.1 Main Equipotential Bonding

Every building must be given a main equipotential bonding, the following building
systems and conductive materials have to be directly integrated into this main
equipotential bonding:

 Telecom networks,
 Data system,
 Power utility cables,
 Internal gas pipe,
 Metal water supply pipe,
 Metal drain pipe,
 Central heating system,
 Foundation earth electrodes or lightning protection earth electrodes,
 Earthing conductor for antennas, if any,
 Earthing conductor for telecommunication systems, if any,
 Protective conductors of the electrical installation in accordance with IEC
60364 series (PEN conductor for TN systems and PE conductors for TT systems or IT
systems),
 Main equipotential bonding conductor,
 Metal shields of electrical and electronic conductors,
 Metal cable sheaths of high-voltage current cables up to 1000 V,
 Conductive parts of the building structure (e.g. lift rails, steel skeleton,
ventilation and air conditioning ducting).

The following installation components have to be integrated indirectly into the

main equipotential bonding via isolating spark gaps:

 installations with cathodic corrosion protection

Note:

Permission should be obtained from the operator of these systems to ensure there
are no conflicting requirements.

Below figure (based on BS EN 62305-3 fig E.45) gives example for these bonding

connections:
 Main Equipotential Bonding

 from above Figure, we can note the following:

 The power cable is bonded via a suitable SPD, downsream from the electric
meter, to the equipotential bonding bar.
 The screen of any antenna cable along with any shielded power supply to
electronic appliances being routed into the structure should also be bonded at the
equipotential bar.
 If gas or water pipes entering the structure have insulated inserts
incorporated into them, then these insulated sections should be bridged by suitably
designed SPDs. Agreement with the relevant utility should be sought prior to
installation.
 2.2.2 Supplementary equipotential bonding

 If the disconnection conditions, from supply, of the respective system

configuration cannot be met for an installation or a part of it, a
supplementary local equipotential bonding is required.
 The supplementary equipotential bonding must be used for
installations or parts of installations of IT systems with insulation
monitoring.
 The supplementary equipotential bonding is also required if the
environmental conditions in special installations or parts of installations
mean a particular risk.
 The IEC 60364 series Part 7 draws attention to the supplementary
equipotential bonding for operational facilities, rooms and installations of a
particular type. These are, for example:

1. IEC 60364-7-701 Rooms with bathtub or shower,

2. IEC 60364-7-702 Swimming pools and other basins,
3. IEC 60364-7-705 for agricultural and horticultural premises.

2.2.3 The Difference Between Main And Supplementary Equipotential

Bonding

 The conductors of supplementary equipotential bonding can be

chosen to be smaller than that of the main equipotential bonding,
 Supplementary equipotential bonding can be limited to a particular
location.

3-  Considerations For Different Cases Of Main Equipotential Bonding In

 Any Installation

3.1 Lightning Equipotential Bonding For External LPS

And External Conductive Parts

In the case of equipotential bonding for an external LPS and external

conductive parts, the following considerations must be noted:

 It should be carried out in the basement or at ground level of the

structure.
 The bonding conductor should have a direct connection to an earth
bonding bar which in turn should be connected to the earth termination
system.
 It should be carried out as near to the point of entry into the
structure as possible.
 If direct bonding is not acceptable then suitably designed SPDs should
be used.

3.2 Lightning Equipotential Bonding Of External Services

External Services entering the facility may include:

1. Telephone and telecommunication lines,

2. Cable TV circuits,
3. Antenna feeders,
4. Power lines,
5. Pipe work (water, air, gas, etc),
6. Metal ducts,

In the case of equipotential bonding for External Services, the following

considerations must be noted:
 The bonding bar should be located as close as possible to, and
connect to, all external metallic services entering the facility (gas pipes,
water, power, telephone, etc).
 Where permitted, these items should be bonded directly to the
bonding bar. In the cases of electrical, electronic and tele/data
communications services, bonding should be via surge protective devices.
 It is good practice to bring all services into the structure in close
proximity to each other (i.e. enter the structure near ground level at one
common location) to make Equipotential bonding as close as possible to the
entry point which simplify the bonding requirements, and minimize voltage
differentials between each service.
 If the metallic and electrical services enter the structure at different
locations and thus several bonding bars are required, these bonding bars
should be connected directly to the earth termination system, which
preferably should be a ring (Type B) earth electrode arrangement. If a Type
A earth electrode arrangement is used then the bonding bars should be
connected to an individual earth electrode (rod) and additionally
interconnected by an internal ring conductor.
 If the services enter the structure above ground level, the bonding
bars should be connected to a horizontal ring conductor either inside or
outside the outer wall and in turn be bonded to the external down
conductors and reinforcing bars of the structure.
 If the cables (power, telecom etc) entering the structure are of a
shielded construction, then these shields should be connected directly to
the equipotential bonding bar. The other ‘live’ cores should be bonded via
suitable SPDs.
 Where structures are typically computer centers or communication
buildings where a low induced electromagnetic field is essential, then the
ring conductors should be bonded to the reinforcing bars approximately
every 5 metres.

3.3 Lightning Equipotential Bonding For Internal Systems

Internal metallic items in the facility may include:

1. Water pipes,
2. Gas pipes,
3. Heating pipes,
 4. Air ducts,
5. Lift shafts,
6. Electrical services,
7. Hand rails.

In the case of equipotential bonding for Internal metallic items, the

following considerations must be noted:

 Bonding at ground or basement level should be made to the above

internal metallic items.
 If the conductors within the structure have an outer screening or are
installed within metal conduits then it may be sufficient to only bond these
screens and conduits.
 However, this may not avoid failure of equipment due to
overvoltages. In this case coordinated SPDs designed and installed in
accordance with BS EN 62305-4 should be used.
 If these internal conductors are neither screened nor located in metal
conduits, they should be bonded using suitably designed SPDs.
 These items should comply with the separation distance
requirements, as bonding and connection to the LPS at other locations may
be required.

Note:

For buildings higher than 30 m, it is recommended that equipotential

bonding requirements are repeated at a level of 20 m and every 20 m above
that.

3.4 Lightning Equipotential Bonding Of Roof Top Fixtures

 Special problems may occur when roof-mounted fixture/structures (such as

vents, skylights, air-handling units, pipes, etc), which are often installed at a later
date, protrude from zones of protection.
 If, in addition, these roof-mounted structures contain electrical or electronic
equipment, such as roof-mounted fans, antennas, measuring systems or TV
cameras, additional protective measures are required.
Equipotential bonding of roof top fixtures ,generally, governed by (3) scenarios as
follows :

Scenario#1

If the roof mounted equipment is not protected by the air termination system
but can withstand a direct lightning strike without being punctured

In this case, Equipotential bonding of roof top fixtures requirements will be as

follows:

 The casing of the equipment should be bonded directly to the LPS.

 If the equipment has metallic services entering the structure (gas, water etc)
that can be bonded directly, then these should be bonded to the nearest
equipotential bonding bar.
 If the service cannot be bonded directly (power, telecom, cables) then the
‘live’ cores should be bonded to the nearest equipotential bonding bar, via suitable
Type I lightning current SPDs.

Scenario#2

If the roof mounted equipment cannot withstand a direct lightning strike and
there is sufficient space on the roof for achieving a separation distance

In this case, Equipotential bonding of roof top fixtures requirements will be as

follows:

 An air rod or suspended conductor should be installed as in below Figure.

This should offer sufficient protection and is so spaced from the equipment, such
that it complies with the separation distance. This air rod/suspended conductor
should form part of the air termination system.
 Air Rod or Suspended Conductor for Roof Mounted Equipment

 If the equipment has metallic services entering the structure (gas, water etc)
that can be bonded directly, then these should be bonded to the nearest
equipotential bonding bar.
 If the other electrical services do not have an effective outer core screen,
then consideration should be given to bonding to the nearest equipotential bonding
bar, via Type II overvoltage SPDs.
 If the electrical services are effectively screened but are supplying electronic
equipment, then again due consideration should be given to bonding, via Type II
overvoltage SPDs.
 If the electrical services are effectively screened but are not supplying
electronic equipment, then no additional measures are required.

Scenario#3

If the roof mounted equipment cannot withstand a direct lightning strike and
there isn’t sufficient space on the roof for achieving a separation distance

In this case, Equipotential bonding of roof top fixtures requirements will be as

follows:

 An air rod or suspended conductor should be installed and there should be a

direct bond to the casing of the equipment, the air rod/suspended conductor should
be connected into the air termination system.
 If the equipment has metallic services entering the structure (gas, water etc)
that can be bonded directly, then these should be bonded to the nearest
equipotential bonding bar.
 If the service cannot be bonded directly, (power, telecom, cables) then the
‘live’ cores should be bonded to the nearest equipotential bonding bar, via suitable
Type I lightning current SPDs.

These scenarios are summarized in the below flow chart:

 Flow Chart for Protecting Roof Mounted Equipment

However, to eliminate the need to bond, it may be possible to select air-

termination location and height so the fixture is protected by the air-termination,
but positioned far enough distance away so that bonding is not required (see below
figure).
 Requirements of  Protected Roof Mounted Equipment for bonding

In the next Article, I will explain the following points:

 Components of Equipotential Bonding Subsystem,

 Separation distance requirements,
 Test and Inspection of the Equipotential Bonding Subsystem,
 General Overview of Surge Protection Subsystem.

Please, keep following.

Back To
Course Lightning-1: Introduction to Lightning Protection System Design

Course Lightning-2: Lightning Protection System Design and

Calculations
Course Description:

This course is intended to prepare the targeted persons with the following:

 Knowing the steps of Lightning Protection System Design Process,

 Knowing the definitions of Main Terms in Lightning Protection System Design Process,
 Knowing IEC 62305-2 method of Risk Assessment Study,
 Knowing NFPA 780 method of Risk Assessment Study,
 Knowing Software Method For Performing The Risk Assessment Study,
 Knowing Online Calculators Method For Performing The Risk Assessment Study,
 Know how to size Air Termination System Components,
 Knowing different methods for the Best Positioning of Air Terminals,
 Know how to Determine The Number Of Down Conductors,
 Know how to design earth termination system,
 Know how to write specifications for the designed LPS.

The targeted Persons:

Design engineers, New graduate engineers, under graduate engineering students.

Skills Development:

On completion of this course the target person will be able to:

 Apply all the steps for Lightning Protection System Design Process,
 Perform the Risk Assessment Study,
 Size Air Termination System Components,
 Apply methods for the Best Positioning of Air Terminals,
 Determine the Number Of Down Conductors,
 Design earth termination system,
 Write specifications for the designed LPS.

Course Outline:

1 Design Process for Lightning Protection Systems

A Planning phase
B Consultation phase
C Detailed Design phase
D Quality Assurance
General Recommendation for Efficient Lightning
E
Protection System Design
 Introduction to Design Calculations of Lightning
2
Protection Systems
A Sources and Types of Damage to a Structure
B Types of Loss
C Types of Risks Associated with Losses
D Lightning Protection Levels (LPL)
E Lightning Protection Zones (LPZ)
F Class of LPS
G Protection Measures
3 Lightning Protection System Design Process
A Step#1: Characteristics of the Structure to Be Protected
1 Characteristics of the Structure
2 Effects Of Lightning On A Structure
B Step#2: Risk Assessment Study
What are the benefits from performing risk assessments
1
study?
2 Methods Of Calculations For Risk Assessment Study
4 Manual Method: Equations And Tables Method as per IEC
 62305-2
Procedure For Performing The Risk Assessment Study
A
By Manual Method
1 Part#1: Evaluating Need of Lightning Protection
2 Part#2: Determination of Required Protection Measure
Part#3: evaluating the cost-effectiveness of protection
3
measures
a Step#2-1: Identify The Structure to be Protected

Step#2-2: identify the Types Of Loss relevant to the

b
structure to be protected Rn
Step#2-3: for each Loss to be considered, identify the
c
Tolerable Level Of Risk RT
Step#2-4: Identify and calculate the risk components Rx
d
that make up Primary risk Rn
1 First Part: Identification of the Risk Components Rx
2 Second Part: Calculations of the Risk Components Rx
 A- Calculations Of NumberOf Dangerous Events Per Year
NX
B- Calculations of Probability of damage to structure PX
C- Calculations of Amount of Consequent Loss LX
e Step#2-5: Calculate Rn = Σ Rx
Step#2-6: Comparing the calculated actual risk Rn of
f
each loss to a tolerable level of risk (RT)
g Step#2-7: go back to step#2-4 
Manual Method (Equations And Tables Method) as per
5
NFPA-780
General notes for the Risk Assessment Study as per
A
NFPA-780
B Part#1: Evaluating Need For Lightning Protection
1 Method#1: The simplified Risk assessment
a Step#2-1: Calculate Equivalent Collection Area Ae
Step#2-2: Determine the Value of Lightning Flash
b
Density (Ng)
c Step#2-3: Calculate Annual Threat of Occurrence (Nd)
Step#2-4: Calculate the Tolerable Lightning Frequency
d
(Nc)
Step#2-5: Comparing the Annual Threat of Occurrence
e
(Nd) to the Tolerable Lightning Frequency (Nc)
2 Method#2: The detailed Risk assessment
a Step#2-1: Identify The Structure to be Protected
b Step#2-2: for each Loss to be considered, identify the
 Tolerable Level Of Risk RT
Step#2-3: identify the Types of Risk Due to
c
Lightning (Rn)
Step#2-4: For each type of Risk to be considered ,
d identify and calculate the risk components Rx that
make up Primary risk Rn
1 First Part: Identification of the Risk Components Rx
2 Second Part: Calculations of the Risk Components Rx
A- Calculations of First Parameter: NX = The average
annual threat of occurrence
B- Calculations of Second Parameter: PX = Probabilities
of Damage
C- Calculations of Third Parameter: LX 
e Step#2-5: Calculate R = Σ Rx
Step#2-6: Comparing the total risk R with the maximum
f tolerable risk (RT) for each type of loss relevant to the
structure
Step#2-7: go back to step#2-4 and make a series of trial
g and error calculations until the total risk R is reduced
below that of RT (R ≤ RT).
Software Method For Performing The Risk Assessment
6
Study

A StrikeRisk V5.0
1 Why using StrikeRisk V5.0?
2 How to use StrikeRisk V5.0?
 a Opening the StrikeRisk program
b User Interface
c Customizing the user interface
d Basic Steps
e StrikeRisk Options

B RAPAL Software
1 Why using RAPAL Software?
2 The Construction Of RAPAL Software
a Structure's Dimensions
b Structure's Attributes
c Environmental Influences
d Conductive Electric Service Lines
 e Protection Measures
f Type Of Loss
g Results
3 End/Exit RAPAL Software

C Riesgo Software
1 Why using Riesgo Software?
2 The Construction of Riesgo Software
a Program Tab
b Program windows
1 Company window
2 Project window
3 General data window
4 Risk calculation window
 ExcelSheets Method For Performing The Risk
7
Assessment Study
A IEC62305-2 Need for Lightning Protection Excel Sheet
B NFPA 780 Simplified Method Excel Sheet
8 Online Calculators Method
A Harger’s Risk Assessment Guide
B Mr. Lightning’s risk assessment program
C Schirtec’s Strike risk assessment program
9 Step#3: Selection Of External LPS Type and Material
The Correct Choice Of Lightning Protection Components
A
(LPC)
Material Requirements for Conductors and Air
B
Terminations
 Comparison between Copper and Aluminum as a
C
Lightning Conductor Material
D Use of Dissimilar Metals
E Temperature Rise Criteria
F Natural Components
10 Step#4: Sizing of Air Termination System Components
A Introduction
B Sizing of Air Terminals Based on IEC 62305-3
C Sizing of Air Terminals Based on BS EN 62305-3
D Sizing of Natural Air Terminals
Positioning / Placement of Air Termination System
E
Components
Suitability Of Air-Termination Forms and Design
F
Methods
The Class of LPS/LPL influences on the (3) Positioning
G
Methods

11 The Rolling Sphere Method RSM

A The striking distance approach
Relation between Lightning Protection Levels and
B
Rolling Sphere Radius
 C The Rolling Sphere Method Protection Applications
1 Rolling Sphere Method With Rod Air-Terminations
2 Rolling Sphere Method And Mesh/Catenary Conductors
3 Rolling Sphere Method And Tall Structures
How To Apply The Rolling Sphere Method for Lightning
D
Protection Design?
12 Protection Angle Method PAM
A Application And Usage
Differences between the Protection Angle Method
B
and the Simple Cone of Protection Method
Relation between the Protection Angle Method PAM and
C
the Rolling Sphere Method RSM
D Determination Of Air Rod Protective Angle
E Restrictions for using Protection angle method PAM
Shapes of Protection Zones Provided By Protection
F
Angle Method PAM
Applications of protection using the Protection Angle
G
Method
Advantages and disadvantages of Protection Angle
H
Method PAM
13 Mesh Method
A Usage
B Conditions for Application of Mesh Method Protection
C Using Natural Components In Mesh Method
D Special Cases for Protection by Mesh Method
 Recommendations for the Best Positioning of Air
14
Terminals
A Recommendation on positioning of Air-terminals
B Recommendation for Masts and Antennas
Recommendation for Protection of other items
C
protruding above the roof
D Recommendation for Bonding of Roof Top Fixtures
15 Step#5: Design of Down-Conductor System
A Determination Of The Number Of Down Conductors
1 According to IEC 62305-3
2 According to NFPA 780-2011
3 According to NFPA 780-2011
Practical Recommendations For Determining Number Of
B
Down Conductors
16 Step#6: Design of Earth Termination System
17 Step#7: Design of Internal LPS System
18 Step#8: LPS Design Drawings and Specifications