1/5/2015

Department of Civil Engineering

IIT Guwahati

1/5/2015 CE645 Discussion 1: Interaction 2

Action and Interaction

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1/5/2015 CE645 Discussion 1: Interaction 3

Interaction between Deformable Bodies

Engineering situations

Structural foundations (Soil-footing interaction)

Floating structures (Fluid-solid interaction)

Laminated or composite materials
(Solid-solid interaction)

Indentation (Impact interaction)

Crack and fatigue problems (Stress interaction)

Earth masses and geological structures
(Thermal and Convective interaction)

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Types of Interaction Analyses

Linear elastic analysis

High strength steel

Nonlinear elastic analysis

Concrete, Membranes

Plastic analysis

Most soils

Bingham plasticity

Rubber, Soft soils

Inelastic analysis

Viscoelasticy, Viscoplasticity

Creep

Shrinkage

Time-dependent analysis

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1/5/2015 CE645 Discussion 1: Interaction 5

Interaction Problem for Elastic Bodies

Determination of stress and strain

Generated in individual bodies

Distribution of the same at the contact surfaces

Interaction between deformable elastic media (3 cases)

Interaction between elastic bodies
 Deformable bodies of different elastic characteristics pressed together by
external forces
 Contact region may be smooth or rough

Rough contacts give rise to normal and shear tractions
 Contact region may be advancing, receding or stationary

Extent of contact is an unknown for non-stationary problems

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Interaction Problem for Elastic Bodies

Interaction between elastic medium and rigid body
 Indentation problems

Elastic body get indented by the rigid body

Shape of contact region is known a-priori

Shape of contact region remains constant for any applied force
or stress
 Elastic ball falling on a rigid surface

Rebound governed by the elasticity of falling material and rigidity
of resisting medium
 Restitution

Interaction between elastic bodies and structural elements

 Mechanical behavior of one of the media represented by a
structural element (beam, plate, shell)

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1/5/2015 CE645 Discussion 1: Interaction 7

Pioneer: Hertz (1882)

Contact of elastic bodies under normal loading

Determination of stress distribution for frictionless contact of
two solid spheres subjected to a set of forces whose lines of
action are collinear with the centers of the spheres
 In the absence of any external force

Spheres touch at a point
 In the presence of external force

Formation of circular indentation
1/ 3

Some findings  3π P ( k1 + k 2 ) R1 R2 
ξ = 
 Radius of contact surface  4 ( R1 + R2 ) 

Nonlinear function of applied forces 1/ 2
3P  r 2 
 Distribution of contact stress q (r ) = 1 − 
2πξ 2  ξ 2 

Parabolic stress distribution
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Reduction in the distance between the centres of spheres α =  9π ( k1 + k2 ) ( R1 + R2 ) 
2 2


 
16 R1 R2
( )
k1 = 1 −ν 12 / π E1 ( )
k 2 = 1 −ν 22 / π E2

1/5/2015 CE645 Discussion 1: Interaction 8

Pioneer: Boussinesq (1885)

Contact of elastic medium with
rigid body

Determination of state of stress in
homogeneous, isotropic, elastic half-
space whose surface is deformed by a
rigid body
 Axisymmetric problem  P
 1/ 2
for 0 < r ≤ a0

Axis of indenting solid is normal to the σ zz ( r , 0 ) =  2π a0 a02 − r 2( )
undeformed boundary of half-space 
0 for a0 < r < ∞

Some findings
τ rz ( r , 0 ) = 0 for 0 < r < ∞
 Vertical and shear stress
 Settlement of the system  P 1 −ν ( 2
)

s
for 0 < r ≤ a0
 2 a0 Es
w (r, 0) = 
(
 P 1 −ν s
2
) a 
sin −1  0  for a0 ≤ r < ∞

 π a E
0 s  r 

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1/5/2015 CE645 Discussion 1: Interaction 9

Pioneer: Winkler (1865)

Contact of elastic medium with
structural elements

Loaded prismatic beam of unit width
and length L resting on an elastic
foundation, subjected to varying load
and supported by variable foundation
reaction
 Soil is represented by a set of discrete
disconnected springs
 Solution based on simple beam
bending theory

Findings
 Details in subsequent classes
d4y
EI = w − ky
dx 4

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Idealized Soil Behavior

Factors affecting mechanical behavior of soil

Shape, size and mechanical properties of individual soil particles

Configuration of soil structure

Inter-granular stresses and stress history

Presence of soil moisture, degree of saturation and soil permeability

Impact on soil behavior

Stress-strain phenomena
 Nonlinear, Irreversible, Time-dependent
 Anisotropicity and Heterogeneity of material properties

Idealized soil

Linear elastic behavior
 Linearity and reversibility is not pertinent in soils
 Reduces the analytical rigor

Development of advanced analyses over time

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1/5/2015 CE645 Discussion 1: Interaction 11

Idealized Soil Behavior

Broad categories of modeling soil behavior

Lumped parameter modeling
 Governing equations are of differential form

Winkler model

Pasternak model
d4y

Kerr model EI = w − ky

Hetenyi model dx 4

Vlasov and Leontiev model

Continuum modeling or Half-space modeling
 Governing equations are of integral form

Gorbunov-Posadov model

Zemochyn-Sinitsyn model

Goodier and Hodge model

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Idealized Foundation Behavior

Flexural behavior of prismatic beam elements

Bernoulli-Euler beam theory
 Does not consider

Shear deformation and membrane effect

Abrupt changes in the flexural stiffness of the beam

Variation of soil properties along the length of the beam

Time-dependent behavior of soil

Flexural behavior of mat, raft or pavement structures

Poisson-Kirchoff thin plate theory
 Does not consider

Effect of localized loads

Thickness of the plate and its bending rigidity

Time-dependent behavior of soil

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1/5/2015 CE645 Discussion 1: Interaction 13

Idealized Interface Behavior

Mechanical behavior of soil-foundation interface

Important with respect to elastic continuum behavior of idealized soil
 Special measures adopted for lumped parameter modeling

Incorporation of specified conditions
 Frictional effects

Smooth or Adhering interfaces
 Finite friction or Coulomb friction
 Membrane stresses

Factors affecting interface behavior

Pore-water pressure throughout the time-dependent deformation
 Interface behavior continually changes during consolidation process

Distribution and character of external loads (Static, Dynamic)

Relative flexibility of the foundation (Rigid or Flexible footing and soil)

Time-dependent and dynamic effects (Material property varying with time)

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When to consider SSI?

Do we need to always go for SSI analysis?

Might not be considered

 Light structures in relatively stiff soils

Low-rise buildings or simple retaining walls
 Rigid structures on stiff soils

Poisson’s ratio 0.5 nullifies all effects of adhesion on settlement response

Rigid settlement is identical to frictional case

Definitely to be considered
 Flexible foundation
 Flexible structures
 Poisson’s ratio indicating compressible medium
 Dynamic effects

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1/5/2015 CE645 Discussion 1: Interaction 15

Solution Techniques

Determination of contact stress distribution at the interface

Contact stresses are used to evaluate the flexural response
 Deformation, Bending moment, Shear forces in soil and structure

Flurry of methods available
 Analytical methods
 Superposition methods
 Approximate analysis techniques
 Variational methods
 Numerical methods

Finite difference, Finite element, and/or Boundary element techniques

Types of problems
 Plane strain
 Axisymmetric
 Three-dimensional

1/5/2015 CE645 Discussion 1: Interaction 16

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