Phonetics

Sounds of Language
 Phonetics

The general study ‫دراسة عامة‬

of the characteristics ‫لخصائص‬
of speech sounds ‫أصوات الكالم‬
 3 branches of phonetics

Articulatory Acoustic Auditory

phonetics phonetics phonetics
‫دراسة لنطق الكالم‬ ‫صوتي‬ ‫سمعي‬

is the study of deals with the deals with the

how speech physical properties perception, via
sounds are of speech as sound the ear, of
made waves in the air. speech sounds.
 sounds ‫االصوات‬

‫ساكن‬ consonants ‫علة‬

C
vowel v

Place of Manner of
voice
articulation articulation
‫طريقة النطق‬ ‫الصوت‬
‫مكان النطق‬
Voiceless Voiced
V- V+
‫غير اهتزازي‬ ‫اهتزازي‬
Voiced and Voiceless sound

V+ V-
The distinction can be felt physically by placing a
fingertip gently on the top of your Adam’s apple.

V+ (e.g.
• If you feel vibration, it is a sound
Z-Z-Z-Z or V-V-V-V).

V- • If not, it is a sound
(e.g. S-S-S-S or F-F-F-F).
How voiced and voiceless sounds are produced ?

the air pushed out ‫دفع الهواء للخارج‬

by the lungs up ‫من الرئة‬

through the trachea ‫خالل القصبة الهوائية‬

to the larynx. ‫الى الحنجرة‬

Inside the larynx ,vocal folds (or vocal

cords), take two basic positions.
 1.When the ‫عندما‬
vocal folds are spread apart, ‫تتباعد الطيات الصوتية‬
the air from the lungs ‫يمر الهواء من الرئتين‬
passes between them ‫بينهما‬
unimpeded. ‫دون عوائق‬

Sounds produced in this way are described

as voiceless
 When the
vocal folds are held together,
the air from the lungs
repeatedly pushes them apart
‫عندما‬
‫يتم سحب الطيات الصوتية معًا‬
‫ فإن الهواء القادم من الرئتين‬،
‫يدفعهما بعيدًا عن بعضهما‬

as it passes through, ، ‫بشكل متكرر أثناء مرورهما‬

‫مما يؤدي إلى حدوث اهتزاز‬
creating a vibration effect
. Sounds produced in this way are described
as voiced.
 sounds ‫االصوات‬

‫ساكن‬ consonants ‫علة‬

C
vowel v

Place of Manner of
articulation voice
articulation
‫طريقة النطق‬ ‫الصوت‬
‫مكان النطق‬
Voiceless Voiced
V- V+
‫غير اهتزازي‬ ‫اهتزازي‬
 Bilabials Labiodent dental Alveolars Palatals Velars Glottals
als
V- V+ V- V+ V- V+ V- V+ V- V+ V- V+ V- V+

stops P b t d k g

Fricatives f v θ ð s z ʃ ʒ h

Affricates tʃ dʒ

Nasals m n ŋ

liquids lr

glides w j
Organs of speech
Uvula
 Articulatory system

Nasal cavity Uvula

Oral cavity
 Behind the
upper front teeth

alveolar + tongue = t , d
Hard palate

Bony plate
Roof of the mouth
‫سقف‬
 Velum
(Soft palate)

Soft palate Allow air to pass

through
Nose and mouth
‫يسمح الهواء بالمرور خالل األنف والفم‬
It separates the nasal
cavity
from oral cavity
‫يفصل بين التجويف األنفي التجويف الفمي‬
 The hanging ball

Palatine Uvula
Uvula
Work with
back of throat +palate +air
‫حلق‬
(To create sounds)
 Voice box
Type your text
Uvula
 ‫‪The place of‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪Bilabials‬‬ ‫شفوية‬
‫‪articulation‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫شفة ‪ +‬اسنان فوق ‪Labiodentals‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪Dentals‬‬ ‫طرف لسان ‪ +‬خلف ثنايا العليا‬ ‫مكان النطق‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪Alveolars‬‬ ‫جزء امامي من السان مع خلف االسنان‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪Palatals‬‬ ‫سقف الفم‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪Velars‬‬ ‫حلقي‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪Glottals‬‬ ‫مزماري‬
 Bi =2
‫شفوية‬ Bilabials Labials= lip
The sounds formed using both upper and lower lips.
pat, bat, and mat

V- V+
p b
m
w
‫اسنان فوق‬+‫شفة‬ Labio-dentals

sounds formed with the upper teeth and the lower lip.

fat and vat and safe and save

photo)
V- V+
f
f v
 ‫طرف اللسان‬
‫ اسنان علوية‬+ Dentals
sounds formed with the tongue tip
behind the upper front teeth.

thin bath = θ V- V+
the, there = ð θ ð
‫جزء امامي من اللسان‬
‫مع خلف االسنان فوق‬ Alveolars
sounds formed with the front part of the
tongue on the alveolar ridge

top, dip, sit, zoo and nut

V- V+
t d
s z
n
‫ سقف‬+ ‫لسان‬ Palatals
sounds formed with the tongue and the hard palate.

Shout ,share = [ ʃ ] V- V+
Child ,chease = [tʃ ] tʃ ʒ
treasure , pleasure = [ʒ] ʃ dʒ
joke and gem = [dʒ] j
Yet = [ j ]
‫الجزء الخلفي للسان‬ Velars
‫ منطقة ناعمة‬+
Sounds produced with the back of the
tongue against the velum

Cook = [k] V- V+
Bang = [ŋ] k g
ŋ
‫مزماري‬ Glottals
one sound that is produced without the
active use of the tongue and other
parts of the mouth.
V-
horse = [h]
h
 Bilabials Labio- dental Alveolars Palatals Velars Glottals
dentals
V- V+ V- V+ V- V+ V- V+ V- V+ V- V+ V- V+

stops P b t d k g

Fricatives f v θ ð s z ʃ ʒ h

Affricates tʃ dʒ

Nasals m n ŋ

liquids lr

glides w j
• Stops ‫توقف‬
• Fricatives
Articulation
‫احتكاك‬
of manner
• Affricates ‫انفجاري‬
• Nasals ‫انفي‬ ‫اسلوب النطق‬

• Liquids ‫صامت‬
• Glides ‫انزالقي‬
Stops p/, /b/, /t/, /d/, /k/, /ɡ
(Plosives)

‫تيار هواء‬
“stopping” of the air stream (very briefly)
then letting it go suddenly
 Bilabials Labiodent dental Alveolars Palatals Velars Glottals
als
V- V+ V- V+ V- V+ V- V+ V- V+ V- V+ V- V+

stops P b t d k g
Fricatives
/f/, /v/, /θ/, /ð/, /s/, /z/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/, /h/.

‫منع‬ ‫تيار هواء‬

Fricatives involve almost blocking the air stream
‫فتحة ضيقة‬
the air push through the very narrow opening
,a type of friction is produced and the resulting those
sounds
 Bilabials Labiodent dental Alveolars Palatals Velars Glottals
als
V- V+ V- V+ V- V+ V- V+ V- V+ V- V+ V- V+

stops P b t d k g

Fricatives f v θ ð s z ʃ ʒ h
Affricates ʧ / ʤ

If you combine a brief stopping of the air stream

with an obstructed release
which causes some friction, you will be able to
produce the sounds

• E.g. cheap and jeep.

 Bilabials Labiodent dental Alveolars Palatals Velars Glottals
als
V- V+ V- V+ V- V+ V- V+ V- V+ V- V+ V- V+

stops P b t d k g

Fricatives f v θ ð s z ʃ ʒ h

Affricates tʃ dʒ
Nasals /m/, /n/ and /ŋ/ v+
are produced when the velum is lowered and
the air stream is allowed to flow out through
the nose

morning, knitting and name begin and end with nasals

 Bilabials Labiodent dental Alveolars Palatals Velars Glottals
als
V- V+ V- V+ V- V+ V- V+ V- V+ V- V+ V- V+

stops P b t d k g

Fricatives f v θ ð s z ʃ ʒ h

Affricates tʃ dʒ

Nasals m n ŋ
 liquids l ,r

The /l/ sound is called a lateral liquid

is formed by letting the air stream flow around the sides of the tongue as the tip of
the tongue makes contact with the middle of the alveolar ridge.

The /r/ sound formed with the

tongue tip raised and curled back near the alveolar ridge.
 Bilabials Labiodent dental Alveolars Palatals Velars Glottals
als
V- V+ V- V+ V- V+ V- V+ V- V+ V- V+ V- V+

stops P b t d k g

Fricatives f v θ ð s z ʃ ʒ h

Affricates tʃ dʒ

Nasals m n ŋ

liquids lr
glides [w] and [j] v+
• E.g. we, wet, you and yes.

These sounds are typically produced with

the tongue in motion (or “gliding”) to or from the position
of a vowel

sometimes called semi-vowels.

 Bilabials Labiodent dental Alveolars Palatals Velars Glottals
als
V- V+ V- V+ V- V+ V- V+ V- V+ V- V+ V- V+

stops P b t d k g

Fricatives f v θ ð s z ʃ ʒ h

Affricates tʃ dʒ

Nasals m n ŋ

liquids lr

glides w j
 sounds ‫االصوات‬

‫ساكن‬ consonants ‫علة‬

C
vowel v

Place of Manner of
articulation voice
articulation
‫طريقة النطق‬ ‫الصوت‬
‫مكان النطق‬
Voiceless Voiced
V- V+
‫غير اهتزازي‬ ‫اهتزازي‬
vowels
 Diphthongs
The combination of two sounds is known as
diphthongs.
) ‫ ي‬+ ‫ مثل ( ا‬. ‫وهو دمج صوتين لينتج عنهم صوت واحد‬
) ‫تنطق آي‬eye ) ‫= أي كما في كلمة‬