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Session 1 - Principles of Governance - Introduction To Corporate Governance - 18 Sep 014
Session 1 - Principles of Governance - Introduction To Corporate Governance - 18 Sep 014
Topics:
Definitions and Scope
Governance Theories
Governance Vs Management
1 2 Governance:
Government Vs Governance
Concept, Policy and Practice
Introduction to Governance 2
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Introduction to Governance 4
Forms of Governments
I. Democratic forms
II. Autocratic forms
--------------------------------
I. Geography
Introduction to Governance 5
What are the forms of government?
Autocratic
(Greek)
Democratic
• Auto = ONE
• “Kracie” = Rule by (Greek)
Demos = people
“Kracie” = Rule by
Introduction to Governance 6
Democracy
“To Rule by the people”
1- Direct Democracy
2- Indirect Democracy
A. Representative Democracy
B. Presidential Democracy
C. Parliamentary Democracy
Introduction to Governance 7
What is Democracy?
• It is a Political Form where Government is assigned and
rule by the power of people.
Introduction to Governance 8
What is Autocracy?
• Autocracy is a form of government in which a
single person holds unlimited political power.
• Oligarchy is a form of government in which the
power to rule is held by a small, self appointed
elite.
Introduction to Governance 9
Types of Governments
Democratic: Autocratic
Geography
(Representative)
Unitary Authoritarian
Presidential
power is held by • Dictatorship
Strict separation
the central of Powers, • Totalitarianism
government President selects
his own advisors
Federal Monarchies
power is shared Parliamentary • Absolute
between the Monarchy
national and state Law making and • Constitutional
or regional enforcing powers Monarchy
governments overlap
Confederate
alliance of
separate and
independent
states Introduction to Governance 10
Summary
• How does a democracy differ from
autocracy?
• How does a direct democracy differ from a
representative democracy ?
• How does parliamentary democracy differ
from Presidential?
• How does unitary, federal and confederate
differ?
Introduction to Governance 11
Governments
Examples
Introduction to Governance 12
Anarchy
• A condition of lawlessness or political disorder
brought about by the absence of governmental
authority.
Example
Haiti after the 2010 Earthquake
Introduction to Governance 13
Dictatorship
• A form of government in which a ruler or small
group has absolute power
• There is no restriction by a constitution or laws
• The citizens do not possess the right to choose
their own leaders
Introduction to Governance 14
Communism
• The state plans and controls the economy and a
single - often authoritarian - party holds power
• State controls are imposed with the elimination of
private ownership of property or capital
• Claim all are equal (i.e., a classless society), all
needs taken care of (education/Health Care)
• In a communist society everyone is, theoretically,
treated equally.
Introduction to Governance 15
Monarchy
• The supreme power is in the hands of a monarch (e.g.,
king, queen, prince, duke, etc.)
• The power is inherited or passed down from family
members and the monarch is usually in power for life
Constitutional Monarchy
• A system of government where a ruler (King, Queen)
acts as a head of state
• In modern times this is more of a tradition and the
monarch has no real power.
• CANADA
Introduction to Governance 16
Republics
• A representative democracy in which the
Head of State is elected into office (typically
called a "president")
• People's elected deputies (representatives),
not the people themselves, vote on
legislation.
• France, Egypt, United States of America
Introduction to Governance 17
Socialism
• A central government is the means of planning,
producing and distributing goods
• The government wants a just and equitable
distribution of property and labor
Example
Sweden
Introduction to Governance 18
Q’s & A’s
• Based on your knowledge of democracy,
Give few examples of democratic countries?
Introduction to Governance 19
Governance
CONCEPT, POLICY, PRACTICE
Introduction to Governance 20
The collapse of welfare state and Bureaucratic Public
Management
Traditional Bureacratic Public Management:
Introduction to Governance 21
A New Decade
As a result of such collapse:
New economic and political Consensus:
First – seeking growth & personal welfare
Second – Social welfare through government funds
redistribution and social programmes.
A. Successful and Efficient private sector and inefficient
public sector in 70-80 ies. It did create great pressure for
changes in Government Management styles
B. The emergence of New Public Management (NPM) concept-
which was a mixture of market approach practices from
many developed countries (late 80-ies)
Introduction to Governance 22
The NPM From Concept to Policy
NPM Goals
• Improve Efficiency of Public Sector
• Retain Citizens Trust in Government
• Improve Services and Bring Value to Tax payers Money
NPM Strategy
• Minimize Expenditure
• Squeeze Size of government
• Privatize Government Enterprises
NPM Mission
• Transfer Supply of Public Goods to Specialized Companies
• Learning Best Practices from Private Enterprises
• Introduce competition to Vertical markets
Introduction to Governance 23
The NPM – Pros and Cons
Market Re-adjusted
Cutting in Citizens
and Private
Social Programs
Businesses Growth
Corruption practices
Efficiency in Public Private
Partnerships (PPP)
Conflicts with
NGO’s
Introduction to Governance 24
General impression
The Market driven changes lead to more efficiency, but
created dissatisfaction for many social groups
Main lesson:
o The gap between governments and
Introduction to Governance 25
The change of concept: Re-inventing Government
“Good government requires good Governance”
• In search for more adequate
profile: both government and the
market rejected NPM as a main
driving force for public sector
management
Introduction to Governance 27
Re-inventing Government: Scope of New Role
• Esteer, not row "it is not government's obligation to
Catalytic Government: provide services, but to see that they are provided"
• Empower communities to solve their own problems
Community-owned: rather than simply deliver services
People Oriented: • Meet the needs of the customer, not the bureaucracy
Not just more care and investments for solving the current
needs of societies (jobs, education, health) , but also;
Coping with common society challenges such as lack of
resources, ageing population, pollution, climate changes,
quality of life, intensive migration and so on.
Good Governance adjust country development towards the
changing world: dynamic technological advancement,
openess of markets, global competition, higher citizens
expectations for better life.
Introduction to Governance 29
From Concept to Policy: Principles of good Governance
Rule of the law
Effectiveness:
Predictability
Assessing
and reliability
inputs/outputs
Accountability
Citizens treated
(how we used
as a clients
taxpayers money)
Decentralized
Centralized Approach
Approach
Governance:
New synthesis and maturity - aimed to reach 3
sustainable growth & public sector efficiency
as well as citizens satisfaction and social welfare
(90 ies – 21st century)
Introduction to Governance 33
Key factors for success:
Introduction to Governance 34
Known Forms of Governance
as Process
Multilevel Public
Governance Governance Governance
Participatory Private
Governance Governance
Regulatory Global
Governance Forms of Governance
Governance
Technology Non-profit
Governance Governance
(IT)
Corporate
Internet Governance
Governance
Environmental Project
Governance Governance
Introduction to Governance 35
Good Governance- The tool for growth and welfare for globe
Specific experience -China introduces almost the same concept and policy: the
role of government-to create harmomious society! Adjustment of global
concept to local Chinese conditions and development plans !
Introduction to Governance 36
Conclusion
• The new, rational social ideas and concepts have led to innovative changes in
government policies ;
• Global impact: when new practices testified its efficiency, they became
guidelines for changes in other countries ;
• The Good Governance as a policy options is based on the concept for re-
inventing government, real policy changes and number of good practices in
most developed countries (UK, USA, Danmark,Nl and etc)
• From the begining of 21 century we have intensive dissemination of good
Governance principles and practices all over the world !
• Today, there is almost full concensus among social stakeholders: modern
public management requires implementation of good Governance principles
• Good Governance is a policy approach aimed to increase public sector
efficiency and citizens satisfaction from having responsible and commited
government.
• Good Governance in global context: require learning and sharing knowledge
and practices among scientists, policymakers, Practitioners, NGO-s from many
countries
• The role of youth meetings like this: learning today, implement tomorrow!
Introduction to Governance 37
Good Governance in global context - References
• UN ,The Department of Economic and Social Affairs , Division for Public
Administration and Development Management
• The 7th Global forum , June 2007,Vienna: dealing with strengthening trust,
accountability and participation in government so that it can serve citizens more
effectively, efficiently and responsively.