GQ INT D UNDER THE PATENT COOPERATION TREATY (PCT) World Intellectual Property > era Z AAO 00 International Burau : lcati (10) International Publication Number = (43) International Publication Date = WO 2023/118480 Al 29 June 2023 (29.06.2023) WIPO|PCT NATIONAL APPLICATION PUBL 61) International Patent Classifcato 1, TM, TN, TR TT, TZ, U CBD 5/16 (2006.01) CO9D 183/04 (2006.01) ZA, 7M, ZW. eee eee eee (84) Designated States (wiles otherwise indicated, for every 21) International Application Number: kind of regional protection available): ARIPO (BW, CV PCTVEP2020087570 GH. GM, KE,LR, LS. MW, MZ, NA, RW, SD, SL, ST, SZ. ‘TZ, UG, ZM, ZW), Eurasian (AM, AZ, BY, KG, KZ, RU, ‘TJ, TM), European (AL, AT, BE, BG, CH, CY, CZ, DE, DK. EE, ES, Fl, FR, GB, GR, HR, HU. IE, 1S, IT. LT.LU (25) Filing Language: English LV, MC, ME, MK, MT, NL, NO, PL, PT, RO, RS, SE, SL SK. SM, TR), OAPI (BF, BJ, CF. CG, Cl. CM, GA, GN, Language: English GQ, GW, KM, ML, MR, NE, SN, TD, TG) G0) Priority Data: (63/293,358 23 December (71) Applicant: PPG COATINGS EUROPE BV. [NLINLI; (Oceanenvieg 2, NL-1047 BB Amsterdam (NL), International ing Date: 22 December 2022 (22.12.2022) (26) Publicatio 2021 23.12.2021) US Published = With international search report (Ave. 21(3) (72) Inventors: COURTIN, Jacques, Ereprjskamp 25, 2353, IX Leiderdorp (NL). LUGTHART, Arjan, Wikhove 8, 3882 WD Putten (NL) PPLEYARD LEES IP LLP: 15 Clare Road, Hal- ¢ HX 2HY (GB). oy (81) Designated States (unless otherwise indicated. for every Kind of national protection available): AE, AG, AL, AM, AO, AT, AU, AZ, BA, BB, BG, BH, BN, BR, BW, BY, BZ, CA, CH, CL, CN, CO, CR, CU, CV, CZ, DE, DJ, DK, DM, DO, DZ, EC, EE, EG, ES, Fl, GB, GD, GE, GH. GM, GT. HN, HR, HU, ID, IL, IN, 1Q, IR, IS, FT, JM, JO, IP. KE, KG, KH, KN. KP, KR, KW, KZ, LA, LC. LK, LR.LS, LU, LY, MA, MD, MG, MK, MN, MW, MX, MY, MZ, NA, NG, NINO, NZ, OM, PA, PE, PG, PH, PL, PT, QA, RO, Ri RU, RW, SA, SC, SD, SE, 8G, SK, SL. ST, SV. SY. TH. (G4) Title: SELF ADHESIVE FOULING RELEASE COATING COMPOSITION (87) Abstract: A mulilayer selF-adhesive fouling selease coating cow position comprising: () an adhesive layer, (i) a structural layer applied over and to the adhesive layer (i: (ii) an imermediate silicone tie coat applied over and to the structural layer (i): and (iv) a silicone fouling release top coat applied over and to the intermediate silicone tie coat i) WoO 2023/118480 At lll ‘wherein the intermediate silicone te coat (il) andor the silicone fouling release top coat (v) comprises a biocide agent.10 15 20 25 30 35 WO 2023/118480 PCT/EP2022/087570 1 ‘SELF ADHESIVE FOULING RELEASE COATING COMPOSITION Field [01] The present disclosure relates to a muttilayer self-adhesive fouling release coating composition, The present disclosure also relates to a method for preparing a multilayer self adhesive fouling release coating composition, to a method of preparation of a coated substrate and to a substrate at least partially coated with a multilayer self-adhesive fouling release composition, Background [02] Fouling may occur on structures, such as static structures, underwater equipment and vessels (such as ships, boats, yachts), that are (fully or partially) submerged in water (such as sea water). The presence of fouling on submerged structures can lead to a reduction in their performance, such as damage to static structures and underwater equipment or reduced speed and increased fuel consumption in vessels. Fouling on submerged (or underwater) structures, can be due to bamacles, mussels, moss animals, green algae, etc attaching thereto, Fouling on submerged (or underwater) structures is also known to lead to reduced maneuverability or to a reduction in thermal conductivity, which necessitates a cleaning operation that takes a lot of time and results in economic loss. Fouling release systems have therefore been used to combat the detrimental effects of such fouling [03] Conventional fouling release systems use physical surface phenomena to disrupt the adhesion of fouling organisms to a substrate. This can be achieved by use of systems that comprise silicone-based components. The silicone-based components provide a surface having low surface energy and low elastic modulus, to which fouling organisms cannot firmly adhere. Any fouling organisms that do adhere to the surface may be removed by weak forces such as those due to movement through water or gentle cleaning. [04] An alternative way to control fouling is by the use of a coating comprising one or more biocides incorporated into a paint/coating matrix. These are typically known as “antifouling’ systems, [05] “Fouling-release" systems comprise a tough, cross-linked thermoplastic elastomeric layer (herein called the “tle coat") which bonds a foul-release silicone top coat (herein called the “fouling release top coat") to an underlying anticorrosive layer, The mechanical properties are generally imparted by the tie coat layer, while the fouling release top coat provides the foul release characteristics10 15 20 25 30 35 WO 2023/118480 PCT/EP2022/087570 [06] Fouling release systems can be applied to a substrate by successively applying (such as by spraying) the tie coat and the fouling release top coat. Altematively, fouling release systems may be coated on a self-adhesive product using a synthetic material and directly applied to a substrate surface (such as by pasting the self-adhesive composition on the surface to be coated) Summary [07] The present disclosure provides a multilayer self-adhesive fouling release coating composition comprising: © anadhesive layer, (i) a structural layer applied over and to the adhesive layer (i); (il) _anintermediate silicone tie coat applied over and to the structural layer (i; and (iv) a silicone fouling release top coat applied over and to the intermediate sllicone tie coat (i ‘wherein the intermediate silicone tie coat (ii) and/or the silicone fouling release top coat (iv) comprises a biocide agent. [08] The present disclosure further provides a method for preparing a multilayer self adhesive fouling release coating composition, comprising: (a) coating an adhesive layer (i) with a structural layer (i); (b) coating the structural layer (i) with an intermediate silicone tie coat (ii); and (©) coating the intermediate silicone tie-coat (ii) with a silicone fouling release top coat (iv), wherein the intermediate silicone tie coat (ii) and/or the silicone fouling release top coat (iv) comprises a biocide agent. [09] The present disclosure further provides a method of coating at least a portion of a substrate with a multilayer self-adhesive fouling release coating composition as defined herein, the method comprising applying and adhering the muttlayer self-adhesive fouling release coating composition onto at least part of an outer surface the substrate. [10] The present disclosure further provides a substrate at least partially coated with a multilayer self-adhesive fouling release coating composition as defined herein or prepared as defined herein.10 15 20 25 30 35 WO 2023/118480 PCT/EP2022/087570 3 [11] The present disclosure further provides a use of a multilayer self-adhesive fouling release coating composition as defined herein or prepared as defined herein for at least partially coating a substrate to prevent fouling thereon Description of figures [12] Figure 1 is a schematic sectional view of a multilayer self-adhesive fouling release composition for preventing and reducing the adhesion of aquatic organisms. [13] Figure 2 is a schematic sectional view of a structural layer (i) having functional groups on both its surfaces to increase the surface energy. [14] Figure 3 is a schematic sectional view of a part of a multilayer self-adhesive fouling release composition which is applied on an underwater structure. [15] Figure 4 is a schematic sectional view of a part of a multilayer self-adhesive fouling release composition which is wound after coating of a tie coat (ii), enabling the contact between a removable liner (ia) and a tie coat layer (ii). Detailed description [16] _ When describing the compositions of the disclosure, the terms used are to be construed in accordance with the following definitions, unless a context dictates otherwise. [17] As used herein, unless otherwise expressly specified, all numbers such as those expressing values, ranges, amounts or percentages may be read as if prefaced by the word "about", even if the term does not expressly appear. [18] Any numerical range recited herein is intended to include all sub-ranges subsumed therein. When ranges are given, any endpoints of those ranges and/or numbers within those ranges can be combined within the scope of the present disclosure. Including and like terms ‘means “including but not limited to”. Similarly, as used herein, the terms “on", ‘applied on/over’, “formed on/over", “deposited on/over’, “overlay” and “provided on/over” mean formed, overlay, deposited, or provided on but not necessarily in contact with the surface. For example, a coating layer “formed over" a substrate does not preclude the presence of one or more other coating layers of the same or different composition located between the formed coating layer and the substrate, Including, for example, and like terms means including but not limited to, for example, but not limited to, and the like,10 15 20 25 30 35 WO 2023/118480 PCT/EP2022/087570 4 [19] Singular encompasses plural and vice versa, For example, although reference is made herein to "a" polysiloxane, “a” biocide, “an” isocyanate compound, and the like, one or more of each of these and any other components can be used. As used herein, the term "polymer" refers to oligomers and both homopolymers and copolymers, and the prefix "poly" refers to two or more, [20] The terms ‘comprising’, "comprises" and "comprised of’ as used herein are synonymous with *including’, "includes" or "containing’, "contains", and are inclusive or open- ended and do not exclude additional, non-recited members, elements or method steps. Additionally, although the present disclosure has been described in terms of "comprising", the coating compositions detailed herein may also be described as “consisting essentially of or “consisting of [21] Asused herein, the term “and/or.” when used in a ist of two or more items, means that any one of the listed items can be employed by itself or any combination of two or more of the listed items can be employed. For example, ifa list is described as comprising group A, B, andor C, the list can comprise A alone; B alone; C alone; A and B in combination; A and C in combination, B and C in combination; or A, B, and C in combination. [22] The term “about” as used herein when referring to a measurable value such as a parameter, an amount, a temporal duration, and the like, indicate that a value includes the standard deviation of error for the device or method being employed to determine the value. The term “about” is meant to encompass variations of +/-10% or less, +/-5% or less, or +/-0.1 % or less of and from the specified value, insofar such variations are appropriate to perform in the disclosure. It is to be understood that the value to which the modifier "about" refers is itself also specifically disclosed. [23] The recitation of numerical ranges by endpoints includes all integer numbers and, where appropriate, fractions subsumed within that range (e.g. 1 to 5 can include 1, 2, 3, 4 when referring to, for example, a number of elements, and can also include 1.5, 2, 2.75 and 3.80, ‘when referring to, for example, measurements). The recitation of end points also includes the end point values themselves (e.g. from 1.0 to 5.0 includes both 1.0 and 5.0). Any numerical range recited herein is intended to include all sub-ranges subsumed therein [24] The term “alky?" or “alk” as used herein, relates to saturated hydrocarbon radicals being straight or branched, polycyclic, acyclic, cyclic or part cyclicfacyclic moieties or combinations thereof and containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms, such as 1 to 8 carbon atoms, for example 1 to 6 carbon atoms, or 1 to 4 carbon atoms, The alky! groups in the present disclosure and as claimed may altematively be selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-WO 2023/118480 PCT/EP2022/087570 10 15 20 25 30 35 5 butyl, sec-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl and cyclic or branched variants thereof, n-hexyl and cyclic or branched variants thereof, n-heptyl and cyclic or branched variants thereof and n-octyl and cyclic or branched variants thereof, more typically, from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, n-propyl isopropyl and most typically, from the group consisting of methyl. [25] The term “aryl” as used herein, relates to an organic radical derived from an aromatic hydrocarbon by removal of one hydrogen, and includes any monocyclic, bicyclic or polycyclic carbon ring of upto 7 members in each ring, wherein at least one ring is aromatic. The aryl group may be selected from such monocyclic and bicyclic rings. Said radical may be optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from alkyl or alkoxy radicals. The aryl groups in the present disclosure and as claimed may alternatively be selected from the group consisting of phenyl, naphthyl, indenyl and alkyl substituted phenyl, more typically, methyl substituted phenyl and phenyl, most typically, phenyl. [26] For the avoidance of doubt, the term ‘alkaryl" herein should be interpreted accordingly, for example the reference to alk should be interpreted as alkyl above and the reference to aryl should be interpreted as aryl above. [27] Asused herein, the term "substantially free” means that the material being discussed is present in the composition, if at all, as an incidental impurity. In other words, the material does not affect the properties of the composition. As used herein, the term "completely free" means that the material being discussed is not present in the composition at all [28] Asused herein, the terms “at least a portion of the surface of a substrate" and “at least partially coated” mean that the coating composition may be applied to any fraction of the surface. For many applications, the coating composition is at least applied to the part of the substrate (e.g. a vessel) where the surface (e.g. the ship's hull) may come in contact with water. [29] Asused herein, the term “applied over and to” means that the layers are joined together, that is, are directly in contact with each other. [30] Reference herein to an “outer surface” or like terms refers to an outermost surface, in use. [31] Unless otherwise defined, all terms used in the disclosure, including technical and scientific terms, have the meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this disclosure belongs. By means of further guidance, definitions for the terms used in the description are included to better appreciate the teaching of the present disclosure. All publications referenced herein are incorporated by reference thereto.5 10 15 20 25 30 35 WO 2023/118480 PCT/EP2022/087570 [32] Suitable features of the disclosure are now set forth. [33] The present disclosure provides a multilayer self-adhesive fouling release coating composition comprising: ()_ an adhesive layer; (i) a structural layer applied over and to the adhesive layer (i); (ii) an intermediate silicone tie coat applied over and to the structural layer (i) and (iv) a silicone fouling release top coat applied over and to the intermediate silicone tie coat (i) wherein the intermediate silicone tie coat (ji) and/or the silicone fouling release top coat (iv) comprises a biocide agent, [34] The multilayer self-adhesive fouling release composition is intended for reducing the adhesion of fouling organisms, such as aquatic organisms, such as for preventing or reducing fouling on a substrate such as an underwater structure (such as ship's hulls, harbor facilities, maritime oil field facilities, buoys, etc). The multilayer self-adhesive fouling release composition avoids silicone contamination from the spraying of silicone paint during the application, [35] The muttilayer self-adhesive fouling release coating composition can be directly applied on a surface of a substrate, such as on a static structure or on a vessel (such as the hull of a boat), in one single step, by simply pasting the self-adhesive composition on the surface to be coated, [36] Figure 1 shows a multilayer self-adhesive fouling release coating composition according to the present disclosure comprising layers (a), (i) (i), (i), (iv) and (v) as discussed herein. [37] An “applied multilayer self-adhesive fouling release composition” is used herein to indicate the multilayer self-adhesive fouling release composition as if applied on a surface of a substrate, such as an underwater structure. An “applied muttlayer self-adhesive fouling release Composition” thus comprises a layered structure as schematically shown in Figure 3: the applied composition comprises layers (i) to (iv), since the removable liner (ia) is to be removed prior to application of the composition on a substrate’s surface and the removable polymeric film (v) is to be removed once the composition has been applied over a surface to be coated, [38] The thickness of the multilayer self-adhesive fouling release coating composition depends on the thickness of each layer/coat in the composition. The thickness of the multilayer10 15 20 25 30 35 WO 2023/118480 PCT/EP2022/087570 7 self-adhesive fouling release coating composition may be from 50 ym to 5000 jum, such as from 100 jum to 2000 im, such as from 200 jim to 700 pm. [39] The multilayer self-adhesive fouling release coating composition may be readily applied toa range of substrates and may provide a good re-workabilty during the time of application. [40] The strength of adhesion of aquatic organisms onto an applied multilayer self-adhesive fouling release coating composition may be 0.1 N/mm or less, such as 0.01 N/mm? or less, such as 0.002 Nimnr or less. The lower the strength of adhesion between the silicone fouling release top coat and the aquatic organism, then the more efficient the composition is in terms of preventing or reducing fouling. A low strength of adhesion may be beneficial to low drag properties. [41] The strength of adhesion of aquatic organism onto an applied multilayer self-adhesive fouling release coating composition may be measured with a dynamometer such as an ADEMVA DM10. The method may be as follows: apply a pressure on the aquatic organism to release it from the silicone fouling release top coat of an applied multilayer self-adhesive fouling release coating composition, The measurement may be taken with the gauge positioned at an angle of 90° to the organism, [42] The applied muttlayer self-adhesive fouling release coating composition may have an impact absorption rate of 10% or more. This may be measured by pushing a dyanomometer gauge, for example ADEMVA DM10, on the surface until the paint layer is damaged. [43] The muttilayer self-adhesive fouling release coating composition may have sufficient flexibility to allow a good conformation to all irregular shapes of a substrate (such as an underwater structure). The flexibility may be measured by testing the tensile strength of the composition at 10% elongation, according to the method ISO 527-3/2/300. The tensile strength at 10% elongation at 23°C may be 100 N/15 mm or less, such as 80 N/15 mm or less, such as 60 N/15 mm or less. [44] The elongation at break of the multilayer self-adhesive fouling release coating composition depends on the elongation of each layer/coat from which the composition is comprised. The elongation at break at 23°C may be 15% or more, such as 50% or more, [45] The tensile strength at break of the multilayer self-adhesive fouling release coating composition depends on the elongation of each of the layers/coats in the composition, The tensile strength at break at 23°C may be 10 N/15 mm or more, such as 20 N/15 mm or more.10 15 20 25 30 35 WO 2023/118480 PCT/EP2022/087570 8 [46] Both the elongation at break and the tensile strength at break may be measured using ‘a meth accoding to ISO $27 (with the parametrs: speed 300 mnvmin, sample width 15 mm, sample length 100 mm). [47] The 180° peeling strength of adhesion of the multilayer self-adhesive fouling release coating composition at a speed of 300 mm/min between the adhesive layer (i) and the substrate (such as an underwater structure), as measured according to the Finat test method FTM 1 at 23°C, may be 10 N/25 mm or more, such as 25 N/25 mm or more, such as 40 N/25 mm or more. A higher peeling strength indicates a lower risk of sett-lifting from the substrate. [48] The mutilayer selt-adhesive fouling release coating composition may comprise layers ©, @, (i) and (jv). The multilayer self-adhesive fouling release coating composition may be wound and stored into a roll [49] In the following, individual layers/coats of the multilayer self-adhesive fouling release coating composition are described Adhesive Layer () [50] The muttilayer self-adhesive fouling release coating composition comprises an adhesive layer (i). The adhesive layer is capable of securing the multilayer self-adhesive fouling release coating composition to a substrate at a desired location, The adhesive layer (i) provides adhesion to a substrate on one side and to the structural layer (i) on the other side. The adhesive layer (i) may have strong adhesion to both the substrate and the structural layer (ii). [51] The adhesive layer (i) may comprise a pressure sensitive adhesive (PSA) [52] The pressure sensitive adhesive may be any pressure sensitive adhesive (a) capable of creating lasting adhesion to both the substrate to be coated and the structural layer (i) for at least five years; and (b) resistance to aquatic, such as marine, conditions. [53] The pressure sensitive adhesive may comprise an acrylic pressure sensitive adhesive resin, an epoxy pressure sensitive adhesive resin, an amino-based pressure sensitive adhesive resin, a vinyl-based pressure sensitive adhesive resin and/or a silicone-based pressure sensitive adhesive resin, [54] The pressure sensitive adhesive may comprise an acrylic pressure sensitive adhesive, such as an acrylic acid pressure sensitive adhesive. The acrylic acid pressure sensitive adhesive may be formed from an acrylic polymer and one or more crosslinker. The acrylic polymer may10 15 20 25 30 35 WO 2023/118480 PCT/EP2022/087570 9 comprise @ polymer formed from monomeric acrylic acid andior derivatives thereof, such as acrylic acid and/or acrylic ester. The acrylic acid pressure sensitive adhesive may comprise commercially available acrylic polymer materials. A suitable acrylic polymer material is Loctite DuroTak ® (acrylic base polymers) commercially available from Henkel. The crosslinker may comprise a compound comprising at least one isocyanate functionality and/or a metal organic curing agent, such as a metal salt (such as aluminium acetylacetonate). The acrylic acid pressure sensitive adhesive may comprise commercially available crosslinkers, such as Desmodur® (isocyanate crosslinker) commercially available from Bayer. [55] The pressure sensitive adhesive may comprise a solvent based acrylic adhesive, such as a solvent based acrylic adhesive resistant to water and/or allowing application at low temperatures from -10°C to 60°C, such as from 3°C to 30°C. This characteristic should permit application all of the year. [56] The outer surface of the adhesive layer (i) may be covered with a removable liner (ia) which is released prior to application. [57] The adhesive layer () may have any suitable thickness. The adhesive layer () may have a thickness of 5 um to 250 um, such as 60 ym to 150 um (depending on the type of adhesive used and the application envisaged). [58] The adhesive layer (I) may represent 8 to 30% by weight (w1%) of the multilayer self adhesive fouling release coating composition, Structural Layer Gi [59] The muttilayer self-adhesive fouling release coating composition comprises a structural layer (i). The structural layer (i) is applied over and to the adhesive layer (). The structural layer (i) provides adhesion to the adhesive layer ()) on one side and the intermediate silicone tie coat (ii) on the other side. Thus, the structural layer (i) is coated with a tie coat layer (ii) on one side and an adhesive layer (i) on the other side. [60] The structural layer (il) may comprise a synthetic material layer (lia) or a thermoplastic layer (ib). The synthetic material layer (la) may additionally be considered a thermoplastic layer ib), .¢, such that the structural layer (il) may be both a synthetic material and a thermoplastic layer. ‘Synthetic Mater ia10 15 20 25 30 35 WO 2023/118480 PCT/EP2022/087570 10 [61] The synthetic material layer (lia) may have excellent properties of impermeabilty, water resistance, flexibility and elongation [62] The synthetic material layer (ia) may comprise one or more resin. The resin may comprise a polyurethane resin, a polyurethane acrylic resin, a vinyl chloride resin, a rubber- based resin, a polyester resin, a silicone resin, an elastomeric resin, a fluoro resin, a polyamide resin and/or a polyolefin resin [63] The synthetic material layer (iia) may comprise one or more sub-layers, such as two or more sub-layers. The resins may be present in one or more of the sub-layers, such as in two or more of the sub-layers. The nature and components of each of the sub-layers may provide the synthetic material layer (lia) with additional anchorage and/or barrier properties. [64] The synthetic material layer (lia) may comprise an elastomeric resin, such as an elastomeric resin comprising an olefin-based elastomer. The olefin-based elastomer may comprise a polypropylene-based elastomer and/or a polyethylene-based elastomer. The olefin- based elastomer may comprise no-orientated polypropylene, bi-orientated polypropylene and/or blow polypropylene. Elastomers possess the mechanical properties to undergo elastic deformation under stress, with the material retuming to its previous size without permanent deformation. The use of an olefin-based elastomer may provide a multilayer self-adhesive fouling release coating composition that can be applied on both flat and curved surfaces with good workability and without wrinkle formation. A polypropylene-based elastomer may further allow a good anchorage on the adhesive layer ()) and the intermediate silicone tie coat layer (i) [65] By the term “good anchorage of layers" as used herein, is meant that the relevant layers do not split up during the period and under the conditions of the intended end-use of the muttilayer self-adhesive fouling release coating composition of the present disclosure. [66] The synthetic material layer (iia) may be treated on one or both of its sides, such as on both sides, to enhance the adhesion of the adhesive layer (i) and the intermediate silicone tie coat (ii). Suitable treatment methods will be well known to those skilled in the art. Examples of suitable treatment methods include corona treatment, plasma treatment and/or primer treatment. The synthetic material layer (lia) may be treated using a corona treatment and/or a plasma treatment. Such treatment methods are understood to result in the formation of epoxy functional groups, acrylic functional groups, carboxylic functional groups, amino functional groups, urethane functional groups and/or silicone functional groups on the surface of the synthetic material layer (ja). The provision of functional groups on the surface(s) of the synthetic material layer (jia) increases the surface energy. The synthetic material layer (ia) may be treated on10 15 20 25 30 35 WO 2023/118480 PCT/EP2022/087570 “1 both sides with a plasma treatment using an Nz gas, providing amide, amine and imide functional groups on both sides of the synthetic material layer (lia) [67] The synthetic material layer (iia) may comprise a polypropylene-based elastomer. The synthetic material layer (lia) may be treated on both sides with a plasma treatment using an Nz ga, providing amide, amine and imide functional groups on both sides of the synthetic material layer (ia). [68] The synthetic material layer (lia) may comprise @ porous material. If the synthetic material layer (iia) is porous to any component which could migrate and modify the original properties of the multilayer self-adhesive fouling release coating composition, it may be necessary to adjust the thickness ofthe synthetic material layer (lia) andlor to add a barrier layer in the synthetic material layer (lia) oF to its surface(s). [69] The thickness of the synthetic material layer (ia) will be dependent on the nature of the synthetic material layer (la). The synthetic material layer (lia) may have any suitable thickness. The thickness of the synthetic material layer (lia) may be from 10 to 3000 um, such as from 30 to 1000 um, such as from 50 to 300 ym. ‘Thermoplastic Layer (ib) [70] The thermoplastic layer (iib) may comprise a polar thermoplastic polymer. The polar thermoplastic polymer may comprise a thermoplastic polyurethane and/or a polyolefin grafted with polar groups. [71] By the term ‘polar thermoplastic polymer is meant a thermoplastic polymer, wherein at least one atom in its molecular structure is selected from nitrogen, oxygen and halogen, in addition to carbon and hydrogen. [72] Polar thermoplastic polymers may provide good adhesion between the adhesive layer () and the intermediate silicone tie coat (ii). In addition, the polar thermoplastic polymer may prevent andior reduce any extruding liquid present in the silicone fouling release top coat (iv) from migrating through the adhesive layer ()) and subsequently altering its adherence to a surface. This adherence to a substrate surface may be improved by the thermoplastic properties ofthe polymers and their ability to conform with surface irregularities of the substrate. [73] The thermoplastic layer (jib) may comprise a thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU). Examples of suitable thermoplastic polyurethanes include both aliphatic and aromatic thermoplastic polyurethane, The aliphatic thermoplastic polyurethane may comprise a linear10 15 20 25 30 35 WO 2023/118480 PCT/EP2022/087570 12 segmented block copolymer composed of soft and hard segments, the hard segment being aliphatic. The aromatic thermoplastic polyurethane may comprise a linear segmented block copolymer composed of soft and hard segments, the hard segment being aromatic, The aliphatic thermoplastic polyurethane may comprise an aliphatic thermoplastic polyurethane based on an isocyanate such as 4,4-methylenebis(cyclohexyl isocyanate) (H12 MDI). Commercially available aliphatic thermoplastic polyurethanes include 49510 on PET (Argotec). The aromatic. thermoplastic polyurethane may comprise an aromatic thermoplastic polyurethane based on an isocyanate, such as methylene diphenyl 4,4'-diisocyanate (MDI). The thermoplastic polyurethane may be an aromatic thermoplastic polyurethane, but aliphatic thermoplastic polyurethane may be utilised when colour and clarity retention in sunlight exposure is a priority. [74] The thermoplastic layer (jib) may comprise a polyolefin grafted with polar groups. The polyolefin may comprise polyethylene (PE) andlor polypropylene (PP). The polar groups of the polyolefin may comprise at least one atom selected from nitrogen, oxygen and halogen, such as groups containing 2 carboxylic acid or an acid anhydride. The polyolefin may comprise polypropylene. The polyolefin comprising polar groups may comprise a polypropylene grafted with acrylic acid (PP-g-AA), [75] _ PP-g-AA comprises a polypropylene backbone, which contains tertiary hydrogens which are highly oxidisable. In this polymer, some quantity of the polypropylene units are grafted with blocks of one or more acrylic acid units. By the term ‘grafted’ as used herein, is meant an acrylic: acid block forms a bond with a carbon atom of a polypropylene unit. One acrylic acid b lock can be grafied to one, two or more polypropylene units in one or more polypropylene macromolecules. Less than § mol% of the polypropylene units of the polymer may be grafted with an acrylic acid block. There are many commercial polypropylenes grafted with acrylic acid including, for example, CP28UB Embossing 11 (Profol). [76] The thermoplastic layer (jib) may have any suitable thickness. The thickness of the thermoplastic layer (jib) may be from 30 to 300 um. The thermoplastic layer (iib) may represent 6 to 40% by weight (wt%) of the muttilayer self-adhesive fouling release coating composition, [77] Figure 2 shows a schematic sectional view of a structural layer (ii) provided with functional groups (F) on both ofits sides or surfaces, in order to increase the surface energy. Intermediate Silicone Tie Coat (il) [78] The muttlayer self-adhesive fouling release coating composition comprises an intermediate silicone tie coat (li). ‘The intermediate silicone tie coat (ii) is applied over and to the structural layer (i), The intermediate silicone tie coat may be used as a bond between theWO 2023/118480 PCT/EP2022/087570 10 15 20 25 30 35 13 structural layer may comprise commercially available silicone tie coats. The silicone tie coat may comprise polydimethyisiloxane. The silicone tie coat may comprise SIGMAGLIDE® 780 (commercially available from PPG). i) and the silicone fouling release top coat (iv). The intermediate silicone tie coat [79] When the structural layer (i) is a synthetic material layer (ia), the intermediate silicone tie coat (i) provides adhesion to the synthetic material layer (iia) on one side and the silicone fouling release top coat (iv) on the other, providing a bond between the synthetic material layer (iia) and the silicone fouling release top coat (v). [60] When the structural layer (i) is a synthetic material layer (lia), the intermediate silicone tie coat (ii) may comprise one or more silicone components. The intermediate silicone tie coat (i may comprise two silicone components, such as a two component polysiloxane or a silane slicone curable by a poly-condensation system, [81] When the structural layer (i) is a synthetic material layer (la), the intermediate silicone tie coat (i comprise polydimethyisiloxane. The silicone tie coat may comprise SIGMAGLIDE® 790 may comprise commercially available silicone tie coals. The silicone tie coat may (commercially available from PPG). When the structural layer (i) is a synthetic material layer ia), the intermediate silicone tie coat (ii) may comprise an organo functional silane having the structure: X-CH2CH:CH:Si(OR)a4R' wherein n= 0, 1 or 2; [82] OR represents a hydrolysable group such as a methoxy, ethoxy or acetoxy group, such as an acetoxy group; and [83] _X represents an organo functional group such as an epoxy, amino, methacryloxy or sulphide group. X may represent an organo functional group comprising an additional acid or organic acid so as to increase the adhesion of the silicone fouling release top coat (jv) to the intermediate silicone tie coat (ii). The additional acid may comprise an organic acid, such as a carboxylic acid, such as acetic acid. [64] When the structural layer (i) is a synthetic material layer (ja), the intermediate silicone tie coat (il) may have any suitable thickness. The thickness may be such that the intermediate sllicone tie coat (ji) is dry after a heating step during @ process for the manufacture of the multilayer self-adhesive fouling release coating composition, for example, when it leaves an5 10 15 20 25 30 35 WO 2023/118480 PCT/EP2022/087570 14 oven during the manufacturing process and has a good anchorage on the synthetic material layer (ia). It also enables the intermediate silicone tie coat (ii) to have a satisfactory anchorage on the silicone fouling release top coat (iv) which is coated onto the intermediate silicone tie coat layer (i). The intermediate silicone tie coat (i) may have a thickness from 10 to 120 ym, such as from 20 to 60 jum, such as from 30 to 60 ym. [85] When the structural layer (ji) is a thermoplastic layer (ib), the intermediate silicone tie Coat (i) provides adhesion to the thermoplastic layer (lib) on one side and the silicone fouling release top coat (v) on the other, providing a bond between the thermoplastic layer (it) and the silicone fouling release top coat (v). Suitable intermediate silicone tie coats (i) will be well known to those skied in the art, for example, those disclosed in US 4861670. The intermediate silicone tie coat (i) may comprise commercially available silicone tie coats. The silicone tie coat may comprise polydimethylsiloxane. The silicone tie coat may comprise SIGMAGLIDE® 790 (commercially available from PPG). [86] When the structural layer (i) is a thermoplastic layer (lib), the intermediate silicone tie coat (ii) may comprise vuleanisable silicone. [87] When the structural layer (i) is a thermoplastic layer (jib), the intermediate silicone tie coat (ii) may have any suitable thickness, The intermediate silicone tie coat (ii) may have a thickness from 10 to 100 um, such as from 20 to 50 pm. [88] The intermediate silicone tie coat (i) typically represents 12 to 16% by weight (w1%) of the muttilayer self-adhesive fouling release coating composition, Silicone Fouling release Top Coat (v) [89] The muttilayer self-adhesive fouling release coating composition comprises a silicone fouling release top coat (v). [90] When the structural layer (i) of the multilayer self-adhesive fouling release coating composition is a synthetic material layer (ja), the silicone fouling release top coat (iv) may be applied over and to the intermediate silicone tie coat (li) such that the outer surface of the multilayer self-adhesive fouling release coating composition comprises an outer surface having a fouling release coating, the silicone fouling release top coat (\). [91] When the structural layer (i) is a synthetic material layer (ia), the silicone fouling release top coat ((v) may comprise one or more silicone resins. Such silicone resins may be condensation-type silicone resins or addition-type silicone resins. The silicone resins may10 15 20 25 30 35 WO 2023/118480 PCT/EP2022/087570 15 comprise one or more silicone components, One component silicone resins may be dried alone or two component silicone resins may be compounded with a curing agent. [92] The silicone resin may comprise an elastomeric silicone resin, such as a polysiloxane resin containing reactive groups which can react with a curing agent in a condensation-type reaction. The polysiloxane may comprise a polydialkylsiloxane, a polydiarylsiloxane and/or polyalkylsiloxane such as of the formula: R' represents a hydroxy group, such that the polysiloxane is hydroxy-terminated, [93] R? independently represents a hydrocarbon or fluorinated hydrocarbon radical. Examples of suitable hydrocarbon radicals can include but are not limited to one or more of the following: C1-Cao alkyl, Ce-Can aryl, Ce-20 alkaryl, vinyl, isopropenyl, allyl, butenyl and hexenyl. An example of a suitable fluorinated hydrocarbon radical is 333-trifluoropropyl. The hydrocarbon radical may be phenyl or C1-Cs alkyl, such as methyl, Each R? may be alkyl, such as methyl m represents an integer of from 250 to 600. [94] When the structural layer (i) is a synthetic material layer (ia), the silicone fouling release top coat (iv) may comprise a fouling release agent. Suitable fouling release agents will be well known to those skilled in the art. The fouling release agent may comprise silicone oil, liquid paraffin, surfactant wax, petrolatum, animal fats and/or fatty acids. [25] When present, the fouling release agent may lower the surface energy of the silicone fouling release top coat iv) and the multilayer self-adhesive fouling release coating composition ‘may maintain a good fouling release property for an extended time period. The fouling release ‘agent migrates to the surface of the silicone resin matrix and covers the surface of the silicone fouling release top coat (i) with the fouling release component to reduce and prevent the fouling on a substrate by reducing the surface energy. [96] The fouling release agent may comprise a silicone oil, such as a non-hydrolysable silicone oil, The non-hydrolysable silicone oil may comprise a homopolymer siloxane copolymer siloxane oil, such as pheny-methyl dimethyl siloxane copolymer and/or phenyl ‘methyl siloxane homopolymer. ora10 15 20 25 30 WO 2023/118480 PCT/EP2022/087570 16 [97] The fouling release agent may be unreactive with the silicone resin of the silicone fouling release top coat (v). Thus, the fouling release effect may be maintained for a long period of time. [98] The fouling release agent may be present in the silicone fouling release top coat (iv) in any suitable amount. The siicone fouling release top coat (iv) may comprise from 0.1 to 100 wt% of fouling release agent, such as from 1 to 90 w1%, such as from 2 to 50 wi%. [29] When the structural layer (i is a synthetic material layer (ia), the silicone fouling release {op coat (iv) may have any suitable thickness. The thickness may be such that the silicone fouling release top coat (iv) is dry after a heating step during the process for the manufacture of the muttiayer self-adhesive fouling release coating composition, for example, when it leaves an oven during such manufacturing process and has fouling release properties to reduce and/or prevent the adhesion of fouling organisms on a substrate. The silicone fouling release top coat (jv) may have a (dry film) thickness from 80 to 800 ym, such as from 120 to 300 ym, such as from 180 to 250 ym. [100] When the structural layer (i) of the multilayer self-adhesive fouling release coating Composition is a thermoplastic layer (jib), the silicone fouling release top coat (\v) may be applied over the intermediate silicone tie coat (i) such that the outer surface of the muttlayer self adhesive fouling release coating composition comprises an outer surface having a fouling release coating, the slicone fouling release top coat (v). [101] When the structural layer (ji) is a thermoplastic layer (ib), the silicone fouling release top coat (iv) may comprise a polysiloxane, such as a polydialkyl siloxane, such as polydimethylsiloxane. The silicone fouling release top coat (iv) may comprise a one component silicone system or a two component silicone system. The silicone fouling release top coat (iv) may be a two component system. The silicone fouling release top coat (iv) may comprise or may be the product of at least one reactive silicone, at least one condensation catalyst and at least one crosslinker. [102] The reactive silicone may be at least one of a polydialkylsiloxane, a polydiarylsiloxane and/or a polyalkylarylsiloxane of the formula:10 15 20 25 30 35 WO 2023/118480 PCT/EP2022/087570 17 wherein each R'is a hydroxyl radical or has the formula: —o—si— OR"). Re wherein each R® independently represents a hydrocarbon or fluorinated hydrocarbon radical, each R® and R' independently represents a hydrocarbon radical, a is 0 or 1, and m has a value such that the viscosity of the compound under ambient temperature and pressure conditions is Up to 50,000 centipoise. Examples of suitable hydrocarbon radicals can include but are not limited to one or more of the following: C1-Czo alkyl, Ce-Czo aryl, Ce-z0 alkaryl, Vinyl, isopropenyl, allyl, butenyl and hexenyl. An example of a suitable fluorinated hydrocarbon radical is 333- trifuoropropyl. The hydrocarbon radical may be phenyl or C1-Cs alkyl, such as methyl, Each R®, R® and R* may be alkyl, such as methyl. [103] The silicone fouling release top coat (iv) may comprise or may be the product of two or more reactive silicones differing in average molecular weight, [104] Suitable condensation catalysts will be well known to those skilled in the art and may be those known to be useful for promoting condensation curing of a Room Temperature \Vulcanisable (RTV) material. The condensation catalysts may comprise tin, zirconium, titanium and/or aluminium compounds. The condensation catalysts may comprise dibutyitin dilaurate, dibutyltin diacetate, dibutyltin methoxide, dibutyltin bis (acetylacetonate), 1,3-dioxypropane- titanium bis (acetylacetonate), titanium naphthenate, tetrabutyl titanate, zirconium octanoate and/or aluminium acetylacetonate. Various salts of organic acids with such metals as lead, iron, cobalt, manganese, zinc, antimony and bismuth may also be used. The condensation catalyst ‘may comprise a tin and/or titanium compound, [105] Suitable crosslinkers will be well known to those skilled in the art, The crosslinkers may comprise trfunctional and/or tetrafunctional silanes. By the term “functional meant the presence of a silicone-oxygen bond. The crosslinker may comprise methyltrimethoxysilane, methytriethoxysilane, 2-oyanoethyltrimethoxysilane, methyltriacetoxysilane, tetraethyl silicate andlor tetra-n-propyl silicate. The crosslinker may comprise a tetrafunctional silane, such as a tetraalkyl silicate in this context is [106] When the structural layer (ji) is a thermoplastic layer (ib), the silicone fouling release top coat (iv) may further comprise an additive, Suitable additives will be well known to a person skilled in the art. A suitable additive may comprise a filler. Suitable fillers will be well known to10 15 20 25 30 35 WO 2023/118480 PCT/EP2022/087570 18 the person skilled in the art, Suitable examples of filers include reinforcing and extending (non- reinforcing) fillers. Suitable reinforcing fillers may be commercially available in the form of relatively large aggregated particles typically having an average size significantly greater than 300 nm, The reinforcing filler may comprise a silica filer, such as fumed silica andior precipitated silica, having surface areas in the ranges of 90 to 325 and 8 to 150 mg respectively. The reinforcing filler may be pre-treated with a treating agent to render it hydrophobic. The treating agent may comprise cydlic silicones such as cyclooctamethyltetrasiloxane, 1,3-divinyk1,1,3- tetramethyidisilazane, hexamethylcyclotrsilazane and/or octamethyl cyclotetrasilazane. The treating agent may comprise hexamethyidisilazane. [107] An extending (non-reinforcing) filer may comprise titanium dioxide, lithopone, zinc oxide, zirconium silicate, iron oxide, diatomaceous earth, calcium carbonate, glass fibres or spheres, magnesium oxide, chromic oxide, zirconium oxide, aluminium oxide, crushed quartz, calcined clay, talc, kaolin, asbestos, carbon, graphite, cork, cotton and/or synthetic fibres. [108] When the structural layer (i) is a thermoplastic layer (lib), the relative proportions of the various constituents of the silicone fouling release top coat (|v) may be varied within wide limits. The filer may be present in the silicone fouling release top coat (iv) in any suitable amount, The filler may be present from 5 to 200 parts by weight, such as from 10 to 150 parts by weight, per 100 parts of reactive silicone. The condensation catalyst may be present in the silicone fouling release top coat (iv) in any suitable amount. The condensation catalyst may be present in an amount of from 0.001 to 2.5 wt% of the thermoplastic layer (jib), based on the combination of reactive silicone and filer. The crosslinker may be present in the silicone fouling release top coat (jv) in any suitable amount. The crosslinker may be present in an amount of from 0.25 to 5.0 ‘wt% of the thermoplastic layer (ib), based on the combination of reactive silicone and filer. The silicone fouling release top coat (iv) may further comprise a suitable addition curable silicone coating material. Suitable addition curable coating materials will be well known to those skilled in the art [109] When the structural layer (ji) is a thermoplastic layer (ib), the silicone fouling release top coat (iv) may comprise a vuleanisable silicone and an extruding liquid. The extruding liquid may be released very slowly through the silicone polymer, generally enabling to further slowdown the build up of undesired organisms and hence further improve the fouling release properties of the vulcanisable silicone. The extruding liquid may comprise a compound having a boiling point of at least 250°C at atmospheric pressure. The extruding liquid may comprise a silicone oil, @ low molecular weight polyolefin, a polyester, a polyisocyanate, a polyurethane and/or a polyepoxide. The extruding liquid may comprise a silicone oil, Silicone oils generally Consist of polydihydrocarby| siloxanes, of which the hydrocarbyl groups may be substituted with10 15 20 25 30 35 WO 2023/118480 PCT/EP2022/087570 19 heteroatoms. The hydrocarbyl groups may be alkyl groups, such as methyl groups, or all or part may be aryl groups, such as phenyl groups. [110] When the structural layer (ji) is a thermoplastic layer (ib), the silicone fouling release top coat (iv) may have any suitable dry film thickness. The silicone fouling release top coat (iv) may have a dry film thickness from 10 to 600 jum, such as from 20 to 500 jim, such as from 30 to 400 um or even from 150 to 250 um, [111] The silicone fouling release top coat (iv) typically represents from 25 to 45% by weight (wt%) of the muttilayer self-adhesive fouling release coating composition, [112] The silicone fouling release top coat (iv) may comprise SIGMAGLIDE® 890 (available from PPG), Removable Liner (ia) [113] The multilayer self-adhesive fouling release coating composition may optionally comprise a removable liner (ia). The removable liner (ia) may be applied on the adhesive layer () and removed prior to application of the composition on a substrate's surface, The removable liner (ia) may be present (.e. not optional) [114] When the structural layer (i) is a synthetic material layer (iia), the removable liner may comprise a siliconized paper or siliconized synthetic layer. [115] When the structural layer (i) is a synthetic material layer (ia), the removable liner (ia) may comprise a clay-coated backing paper coated by an addition-type siliconised system. The clay coated paper may contain water in an amount of 3% or more, such as from 6 to 10% by ‘weight of water. The water contained in the paper may contribute to the hydrolysis of the acetate ion CHsCOO- (which is a product formed during curing of the intermediate silicone tie coat (i), and thereby destroy the acetate ion. It is well-known that the kinetic and the post curing of the last deposit comprising the silicone fouling release top coat (jv) is affected by the presence of the acetate ion. The clay-coated backing paper liner may reduce the amount of residual acetic acid in the intermediate silicone tie coat (i) and thus advantageously enable restoration of a good curing kinetic of the silicone fouling release top coat (Iv). Indeed, during curing of the intermediate silicone tie coat (i), the multilayer self-adhesive fouling release coating composition comprising layers (ia) (), (ia) and (li) (as shown in Figure 4) may be wound into a roll so that the intermediate silicone tie coat (i) comes into contact with the removable liner (ia), which may reduce the amount of acetate. When the roll is unwound, the silicone fouling release top coat (iv) may be coated on the intermediate silicone tie coat (i) which has a reduced amountWO 2023/118480 PCT/EP2022/087570 10 15 20 25 30 35 20 of acetic acid. When a siliconised synthetic or polyethylene paper is used as removable liner ((a), the acetate ion is not hydrolysed when the composition is wound into a roll, which will slow down curing of the silicone fouling release top coat (iv) which is not dry after the process step and may give some variations of thickness of the silicone fouling release top coat (iv) by deepness in the roll [116] When the structural layer (i) is a synthetic material layer (ia), the removable liner (ia) may have a weight of 15 gm?, such as 25 gm?, such as 40 to 165 gm?. This may provide desirable removability of the removable liner (ia) from the adhesive layer (i) and/or enable a good working efficiency. [117] When the structural layer (i) is a thermoplastic layer (jib), the removable liner (ia) may comprise humidified paper, for example containing more than 4%, such as more than 6% by ‘weight of water. This is particularly advantageous when the intermediate silicone tie coat (iv) comprises vulcanisable silicone, in particular, when acetic acid is released during the curing of the intermediate silicone tie coat (ii), the removable liner (ia) (having water content as above) is particular advantageous. The acetic acid yielded in the intermediate silicone tie coat (ti) subsequently dramatically slows down the curing of the silicone fouling release top coat (iv). It has been observed however that the liner (ia) reduces the amount of residual acetic acid in the intermediate silicone tie coat (i) and thus, advantageously enables a good curing kinetic of the silicone fouling release top coat (iv) to be restored. Indeed, during coating of the intermediate silicone tie coat (ii), the multilayer self-adhesive fouling release coating composition comprising layers (ia), (), (jib) and (iii) may be wound into a roll so that the intermediate silicone tie coat (ii) ‘comes into contact with the liner (ia) which may absorb the acetic acid. When the rollis unwound, the silicone fouling release top coat (iv) may then be applied on the intermediate silicone tie coat (ii having a reduced amount of acetic acid, Film Laver (v) [118] The multilayer self-adhesive fouling release coating composition may further comprise a film layer (v). The fim layer (v) may be a removable polymeric and/or protective film. The removable polymeric and/or protective film may be applied over and to the silicone fouling release top coat (Iv) to protect the silicone fouling release top coat (\v). The removable polymeric andlor protective film may be removed once the adhesive layer () of the pressure sensitive adhesive foll has been applied to the surface of the structure to be coated [119] When the structural layer (i) is a synthetic material layer (iia) the film layer (v) may be present,10 15 20 25 30 35 WO 2023/118480 PCT/EP2022/087570 24 [120] When the structural layer (j) is a synthetic material layer (lia), the film layer (v) may comprise a polyvinylidene fluoride, a polyurethane, a polyvinyichloride, a polyester and/or a polypropylene, [121] When the structural layer (i) is a synthetic material layer (iia), the film layer (v) may comprise a polyester and/or a polypropylene film, [122] The film layer (v) advantageously prevents the migration of silicone and/or extruding liquid up to the adhesive layer (i) when the pressure sensitive adhesive foil comprising layers (a), (0, (ia), (iv) and (¥) is wound into a roll, wherein the silicone fouling release top coat (iv) ‘would come into contact with the removable liner (ia) when the film layer (v) would be absent. This is likewise the case when the multilayer self-adhesive fouling release coating composition comprising layers (), (la), (ii), (1v) and (v) is wound into a roll, wherein the silicone fouling release top coat ((v) would come directly into contact with adhesive layer () when the film layer (V) would be absent. [123] When the structural layer (i) is a synthetic material layer (ia), the film layer(v) may have ‘muitiple functions. One function may be the protection of the silicone fouling release top coat (iv) from scratch and scuff during manipulation and application. The film layer (v) may be removed just after the adhesive layer (i) of the multilayer self-adhesive fouling release coating composition has been applied to the surface to be coated. A second function may be the transfer ofa film layer (v) with a defined engineered surface to the silicone fouling release top coat (i) The removable polymeric film (v) may be laminated on top of a silicone fouling release top coat (iv) which is not completely dry. Post-curing may subsequently be used to create a specific surface of the silicone fouling release top coat (iv) of the multilayer self-adhesive fouling release coating composition. If the appearance of the film layer (v) is an ultra smooth film, the silicone fouling release top coat (iv) will be extra smooth. The film layer (v) may be structured with a positive relief. Due to contact between the film layer (v) and the silicone fouling release top coat (iv), the negative of said positive relief may be transferred on the surface ofthe fouling release top coat (iv), providing an engineered surface of said silicone fouling release top coat (iv). The aim of the engineered surface may be to improve drag resistance andlor the fouling release property. A third function may be, when the multilayer self-adhesive fouling release coating composition is wound into roll, to prevent the migration of components from the intermediate silicone tie coat (ji) and the silicone fouling release top coat (iv) though the removable liner (ja) which could modify the original properties of the multilayer self-adhesive fouling release coating composition10 15 20 25 30 35 WO 2023/118480 PCT/EP2022/087570 22 [124] When the structural layer (i) is a thermoplastic layer (lia), the pressure sensitive adhesive foil may comprise layers (ia), (i), (ia), ii), (iv) and (v) and may be wound and stored in a roll [125] When the structural layer (i) is a thermoplastic material (ib), the film layer (v) may comprise a polyester and/or a polypropylene film. The film layer (v) may advantageously prevent the migration of silicone and/or extruding liquid up to the adhesive layer (i) when the multilayer self-adhesive fouling release coating composition comprising layers (ia), (i), (ib), (ii), (iv) and (v) is wound into a roll and the silicone fouling release top coat (iv) comes into contact with the removable liner (ia). [126] When the structural layer (i) is a thermoplastic layer (lib), the film layer (v) may be applied over and to the silicone fouling release top coat (iv) prior to completion of the curing andlor drying of the silicone fouling release top coat (iv), enabling the structure of the surface of the silicone fouling release top coat (iv) o be very smooth or embossed. Biocide [127] The intermediate silicone tie coat (ii) and/or the silicone fouling release top coat (iv) comprises a biocide agent, [128] The biocide agent (also known as an anti-fouling biocide agent or anti-foulant agent) acts to physiologically disrupt or kill a marine organism. Thus, the biocide provides an anti- fouling coating effect. This is in addition to the fouling release effect provided by the fouling release top coat, [129] Both the intermediate silicone tie coat (i) and the silicone fouling release top coat (iv) may comprise a biocide agent. [130] The intermediate silicone tie coat (ii) may comprise a biocide agent (and not the silicone fouling release tie coat (v)). [131] The silicone fouling release topcoat (v) may comprise a biocide agent (and not the intermediate silicone tie coat (i) [132] The multilayer self-adhesive fouling release coating composition may comprise multiple (for example two or three, such as two) intermediate silicone tie coats, wherein each of the intermediate silicone tie coats comprises a biocide agent.10 15 20 25 30 35 WO 2023/118480 PCT/EP2022/087570 23 [133] Any suitable biocide agent may be used. [134] The biocide agent may comprise an inorganic compound, a metal-containing organic ‘compound and/or a metal-free organic compound, [135] The inorganic compound may comprise a copper compound (such as copper sulfate, copper powder, cuprous thiocyanate, copper carbonate, copper chloride, and/or cuprous oxide), zinc sulfate, zinc oxide, and/or a copper nickel alloy. [136] The metal-containing organic compound may comprise an organo-copper compound and/or an organo-zinc compound. The metal-containing organic compound may comprise manganese ethylene bis dithiocarbamate (maneb) and/or propineb. Examples of organo-copper compounds include copper nonylphenol-sulfonate, copper _bis(ethylenediamine) bis(dodecylbenzene sulfonate), copper acetate, copper naphthenate, copper pyrithione and copper bis(pentachlorophenolate). Examples of the organo-zinc compounds include zinc acetate, zine carbamate, bis(dimethylcarbamoy!) zinc ethylene-bis(dithiocarbamate), zinc dimethyl dithiocarbamate, zinc pyrithione, and zinc ethylene-bis(dithiocarbamate). The metal- containing organic compound may comprise (polymeric) manganese ethylene bis dithiocarbamate complexed with zinc salt (mancozeb) [137] The metal-free organic compound may comprise a N-trihalomethytthiophthalimide, a trihalomethyithiosulphamide, a dithiocarbamic acid, a N-arylmaleimide, a 3-(substituted amino)- 1,3 thiazolidine-2,4-dione, a dithiocyano compound, a triazine compound and/or an oxathiazine. [138] Examples of a N-trihalomethylthiophthalimide include N-trichloromethylthiophthalimide and N-fluorodichloromethythiophthalimide. [139] Examples of a dithiocarbamie acid include bis(dimethylthiocarbamoy) disulphide, ammonium N-methyldithiocarbamate and ammonium ethylene-bis(dithiocarbamate). [140] Examples of a trinalomethyithiosuiphamide include N-(dichlorofluoromethythio)-N'.N- dimethykN-phenyisulphamide and _—_N-(dichlorofluoromethylthio)-N',N'dimethy-N-(4- methyipheny))sulphamide. [141] Examples of a N-aryimaleimide include N-(2,4,6-trichloropheny)maleimide, N-4 tolyimaleimide, N-3—chlorophenylmaleimide, _N-(4-n-butylpheny)maleimide, (anilinophenyhmaleimide, and N-(2,3-xylyl)maleimide.10 15 20 25 30 35 WO 2023/118480 24 [142] Examples of a 3-(substituted amino)-1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-diones include 2- (thiocyanomethyithio)-benzothiazole, 3-benzylideneamino-1, 3hiazolidine-2,4-dione, 3-(4- methylbenzylideneamino)-1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione, __3-(2-hydroxybenzylideneamino)-1,3- thiazolidine-2,4-dione,3-(4-dimethylaminobenzylideamino)-1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione, and 3- (24-dichlorobenzylideneamino)-1 3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione. [143] Examples of a dithiocyano compound include dithiocyanomethane, dithiocyanoethane, and 2,5-dithiocyanothiophene. [144] Examples of a triazine compound include _2-methyithio-4-butylamino-6- cyclopropylamino-s-triazine [145] Examples of an oxathiazine include 1,4,2-oxathiazines and their mono- and di-oxides such as disclosed in WO 98/05719: mono- and di-oxides of 1,4,2-oxathiazines with a substituent in the 3 position representing (a) phenyl; phenyl substituted with 1 to 3 substituents which are independently hydroxyl, halo, C1-Crz alkyl, Cs-Cs cycloalkyl, trinalomethyl, phenyl, C1-Cs alkoxy, Cr-Cs alkylthio, tetrahydropyranyloxy, phenoxy, C1-Cs alkyl carbonyl, phenyl carbonyl, C1-Ce alkylsulfinyl, carboxy or its alkali metal salt, C:-Cs alkoxycarbonyl, C1-C1 alkylaminocarbonyl, phenylaminocarbonyl, tolylaminocarbonyl, morpholinocarbonyl, amino, nitro, cyano, dioxolanyl oF C1-Cz alkyloxyiminomethyl; naphthyl; pyridiny!; thienyl; furanyl; or thienyl or furanyl substituted with one to three substituents which are independently Cr-Cs alkyl, C1-Ce alkoxy, Cr-Cs alkyl halo, cyano, formyl, acetyl, benzoyl, nitro, C1-Cs alkoxycarbonyl, phenyl, phenylaminocarbonyl oF Cs-Cs alkyloxyiminomethyl; or (b) a substituent of generic formula x. \ Y: ‘wherein X is oxygen or sulphur; Y is nitrogen, CH or C(C}-Cs alkoxy); and the C6 ring may have one Cs-Cs alkyl substituent; a second substituent which is C1-Ce alkyl or benzyl being optionally present in position 5 or 6, [146] The metal-free organic compound may comprise 2,4,5,6-tetrachloroisophthalonitrile, N,N-dimethyl-dichlorophenylurea, 4,5-dichloro-2-n-octyl-4-isothiazoline-3-one, N,N-dimethyl-N'- pheny-(N-fluorodichloromethyithio)-sulfamide, _tetramethyithiuramdisulphide, 3-Iodo-2- propinylbuty! carbamate, 2-(methoxycarbonylamino)benzimidazole, 2,3,5,6-tetrachloro-4- (methylsulphony)pyridine, diiodomethyl-p-tolyl sulphone, phenyl(bispyridine)bismuth dichloride, 2-(4-thiazolyi)benzimidazole, dihydroabietyl amine, N-methylol formamide and pyridine triphenylborane.10 15 20 25 30 35 WO 2023/118480 PCT/EP2022/087570 25 [147] The biocide may comprise a specific bamaclecide, such as cuprous oxide or thiocyanate, Another suitable bamaclecide is ECONEA (2-(p-chlorophenyl)-3-cyano-4-bromo- S-trifluoromethyl pyrrole), commercially available from Janssen Pharmaceuticals. Another suitable bamaciecide is SELEKTOPE (also known as medetomidine or 4-(1-(2,3 dimethylpheny)jethyl|-1H-imidazole), commercially available from I-Tech AB. [148] The biocide agent may improve the prevention and/or reduction of fouling, by providing a biocidal effect in addition to fouling release effect of the silicone fouling release top coat. [149] The intermediate silicone tie coat (i) and/or the silicone fouling release top coat (iv) may each comprise 1 % by weight or greater, such as 2 % by weight or greater or 4 % by weight or greater of the biocide agent based on the total weight of the coat. The intermediate silicone tie coat (il) and/or the silicone fouling release top coat (iv) may each comprise 20 % by weight or lower, such as 15 % by weight or lower, or 10% by weight or 8 % by weight or lower of the biocide agent based on the total weight of the coat. The biocide agent may be present in the intermediate silicone tie coat (ii) and/or the silicone fouling release top coat (jv) in an amount ranging from 1 to 20 % by weight, such as from 2 to 15 % by weight, such as from 4 to 10 % by ‘weight, based on the total weight of the coat. [150] The intermediate silicone tie coat (ji) and/or the silicone fouling release top coat (iv) may each comprise from 1 to 20% by weight, such as from 1 to 15 % by weight of the biocide agent. [151] The multilayer self-adhesive fouling release coating composition may comprise layers (a), (, Gi, (ii) and (iv) and (). Coating System [152] The present disclosure further comprises a coating system comprising: (a) a muttilayer self-adhesive fouling release coating composition as defined herein; and. (b) an edge sealant fouling release coating composition operable to be applied to an edge of the muttilayer self-adhesive fouling release coating composition (ie. once the multilayer self-adhesive fouling release coating composition is applied to a substrate). [153] The edge sealant fouling release coating composition may comprise a reactive silicone polymer; a non-reactive silicone polymer; and a crosslinker. [154] The reactive silicone polymer may comprise one or more polysiloxanes. Such polysiloxanes may include polysiloxanes derived from the condensation polymerisation of silicon