Introduction to Governance

Topics:
 Definitions and Scope
 Governance Theories
 Governance Vs Management

Prepared by:
Eng. Hani Oteifa _ GRC SME
Reach Management Consulting - UK

Session I
18 - 19 Sep 2014
Introduction to Governance 1
 Agenda
Session I – 18 , 19 Sep 2014

1 2 Governance:
Government Vs Governance
Concept, Policy and Practice

General Definition of Governance Collapse of Welfare State

Forms of Government New Public Management

Examples - Types of Governments From Concept to Policy

From Concept to Practice
Public management: Evolution & Changes

Introduction to Governance 2
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Introduction to Governance 3
 General Definition of Governance

“Governance Is an Enforcement Mechanism

undertaken by a Government or Authority;
(Formal or informal) through implementation of
Policies; procedures and Decisions guided by well
defined Processes and Actions declaring Power of
Authority and verifying Performance”.

Introduction to Governance 4
 Forms of Governments

I. Democratic forms
II. Autocratic forms
--------------------------------
I. Geography

Introduction to Governance 5
What are the forms of government?

Autocratic
(Greek)
Democratic
• Auto = ONE
• “Kracie” = Rule by (Greek)
Demos = people
“Kracie” = Rule by

Introduction to Governance 6
 Democracy
“To Rule by the people”

1- Direct Democracy

2- Indirect Democracy
A. Representative Democracy

B. Presidential Democracy

C. Parliamentary Democracy

Introduction to Governance 7
 What is Democracy?
• It is a Political Form where Government is assigned and
rule by the power of people.

• There is no one Single model for democracy.

• There are two forms of democracy

1. Direct Democracy – People vote on all the issues

2. Indirect Democracy – People elect representatives

and give them the power to vote on issues

Introduction to Governance 8
 What is Autocracy?
• Autocracy is a form of government in which a
single person holds unlimited political power.
• Oligarchy is a form of government in which the
power to rule is held by a small, self appointed
elite.

Introduction to Governance 9
 Types of Governments
Democratic: Autocratic
Geography
(Representative)

Unitary Authoritarian
Presidential
power is held by • Dictatorship
Strict separation
the central of Powers, • Totalitarianism
government President selects
his own advisors
Federal Monarchies
power is shared Parliamentary • Absolute
between the Monarchy
national and state Law making and • Constitutional
or regional enforcing powers Monarchy
governments overlap

Confederate
alliance of
separate and
independent
states Introduction to Governance 10
 Summary
• How does a democracy differ from
autocracy?
• How does a direct democracy differ from a
representative democracy ?
• How does parliamentary democracy differ
from Presidential?
• How does unitary, federal and confederate
differ?

Introduction to Governance 11
Governments
Examples

Introduction to Governance 12
 Anarchy
• A condition of lawlessness or political disorder
brought about by the absence of governmental
authority.

Example
Haiti after the 2010 Earthquake

Introduction to Governance 13
 Dictatorship
• A form of government in which a ruler or small
group has absolute power
• There is no restriction by a constitution or laws
• The citizens do not possess the right to choose
their own leaders

Introduction to Governance 14
 Communism
• The state plans and controls the economy and a
single - often authoritarian - party holds power
• State controls are imposed with the elimination of
private ownership of property or capital
• Claim all are equal (i.e., a classless society), all
needs taken care of (education/Health Care)
• In a communist society everyone is, theoretically,
treated equally.

Introduction to Governance 15
 Monarchy
• The supreme power is in the hands of a monarch (e.g.,
king, queen, prince, duke, etc.)
• The power is inherited or passed down from family
members and the monarch is usually in power for life
Constitutional Monarchy
• A system of government where a ruler (King, Queen)
acts as a head of state
• In modern times this is more of a tradition and the
monarch has no real power.
• CANADA

Introduction to Governance 16
 Republics
• A representative democracy in which the
Head of State is elected into office (typically
called a "president")
• People's elected deputies (representatives),
not the people themselves, vote on
legislation.
• France, Egypt, United States of America

Introduction to Governance 17
 Socialism
• A central government is the means of planning,
producing and distributing goods
• The government wants a just and equitable
distribution of property and labor

Example

 Sweden

Introduction to Governance 18
 Q’s & A’s
• Based on your knowledge of democracy,
Give few examples of democratic countries?

Introduction to Governance 19
 Governance
CONCEPT, POLICY, PRACTICE

18, 19 Sep 2014

Introduction to Governance 20
 The collapse of welfare state and Bureaucratic Public
Management
Traditional Bureacratic Public Management:

Monopoly Rent seeking

Inefficient
power politicians
Debts Development
(Corporate and
Programmes
Businesses) bureaucrats

The welfare state collapsed because of inefficiency and

Shortcoming in Citizens Welfare

 Governments trying to resolve social problems. Increasing Taxes,

with more debt , without reaching citizens welfare (Benefits), or
deploy efficient development programs!

 The mission was impossible !

Introduction to Governance 21
 A New Decade
As a result of such collapse:
New economic and political Consensus:
 First – seeking growth & personal welfare
 Second – Social welfare through government funds
redistribution and social programmes.
A. Successful and Efficient private sector and inefficient
public sector in 70-80 ies. It did create great pressure for
changes in Government Management styles
B. The emergence of New Public Management (NPM) concept-
which was a mixture of market approach practices from
many developed countries (late 80-ies)
Introduction to Governance 22
The NPM From Concept to Policy
NPM Goals
• Improve Efficiency of Public Sector
• Retain Citizens Trust in Government
• Improve Services and Bring Value to Tax payers Money

NPM Strategy
• Minimize Expenditure
• Squeeze Size of government
• Privatize Government Enterprises

NPM Mission
• Transfer Supply of Public Goods to Specialized Companies
• Learning Best Practices from Private Enterprises
• Introduce competition to Vertical markets

Introduction to Governance 23
 The NPM – Pros and Cons

Pros Cons Public Sector was

Professional Public
Getting more
Management
commercialized

Market Re-adjusted
Cutting in Citizens
and Private
Social Programs
Businesses Growth

Corruption practices
Efficiency in Public Private
Partnerships (PPP)

Conflicts with
NGO’s

Introduction to Governance 24
 General impression
The Market driven changes lead to more efficiency, but
created dissatisfaction for many social groups

Main lesson:
o The gap between governments and

citizens did not bridge !

o People were not satisfied from

Management of their governments

Introduction to Governance 25
The change of concept: Re-inventing Government
“Good government requires good Governance”
• In search for more adequate
profile: both government and the
market rejected NPM as a main
driving force for public sector
management

• David Osborne and Ted Gaebler:

Re-inventing government (1992) –
the book which challenged and
changed the understanding of It is a managerial approach
modern government, introducing aimed to reach efficiency,
sustainable growth and
new concept of how government better satisfaction of citizens
should function needs
Introduction to Governance 26
 Government vs. Market

Re-thinking the old questions:

what government should do, how and for whom ?
The debate is not for large or small state, but for a bad or
good management of government!

Government vs market: The old dilemma in new

light: government as a driving force for society
changes, including new opportunities for people,
participation in social life, and competitive business
development !

Introduction to Governance 27
Re-inventing Government: Scope of New Role
• Esteer, not row "it is not government's obligation to
Catalytic Government: provide services, but to see that they are provided"
• Empower communities to solve their own problems
Community-owned: rather than simply deliver services

Competitive: • Encourage competition rather than monopolies

Mission-driven government: • Driven by missions, rather than rules

• Be results-oriented by funding outcomes rather than

Result-oriented: inputs

People Oriented: • Meet the needs of the customer, not the bureaucracy

Enterprizing: • Concentrate on earning money rather than spending it

Anticipatory: • Invest in preventing problems rather than curing crises

• Decentralize, from hierarchy to participation and

Decentralization of authority: teamwork
• Solve problems by influencing market forces rather than
Influencing changes: creating public programs
Introduction to Governance 28
 Transformation - To Good Governance

Good Governance combines short and

medium term policies:

Not just more care and investments for solving the current
needs of societies (jobs, education, health) , but also;
Coping with common society challenges such as lack of
resources, ageing population, pollution, climate changes,
quality of life, intensive migration and so on.
Good Governance adjust country development towards the
changing world: dynamic technological advancement,
openess of markets, global competition, higher citizens
expectations for better life.
Introduction to Governance 29
From Concept to Policy: Principles of good Governance
Rule of the law

Consistency in all Apply Openess

government and
actions/Programs transperancy

Partnership with Efficiency: results

concerned should reflect
parties mission and goals?

Effectiveness:
Predictability
Assessing
and reliability
inputs/outputs

Accountability
Citizens treated
(how we used
as a clients
taxpayers money)

 Principles are drawn from good practices (evidence based !)

 Principles are guiding rules and benchmarks for good Governance for all the
world Introduction to Governance 30
 Good Governance: Main policy aspects
• Strategic management: Mission, Vision, Strategy, action plans,
Innovations and changes
• Government Organizational Re-structure based on the
principle-agent model (clear roles of all institutions)
• Bulding up capacity to manage according to the principles
(the new vision for public administration)
• Professional policy Making/Makers
• Improvement of regulatory policies for business development
• Better administrative services for citizens
• Public-private partnership PPP (scenario win-win)
• Human Resources Capacity management
• E-management
• Innovations, identification and dissemination of good
practices Introduction to Governance
31
 From concept to practice
How principles of good Governance can become practice in
short and medium term government actions:
• Setup legal rules and • launch innovations, decribe good
compulsory enforcements for all practices and disseminate
government actions from among others
planning to decision taking

Decentralized
Centralized Approach
Approach

• Both options are workable, depends from the national culture of

politicians and bureaucrats, as well as NGO-s development
• Recommended way: start with voluntary approach and create legal
base for all (e.gov. Internet legislations and guidance site! )
• International dimensions: learn the best practices from advanced
countries: UK,USA, Danmark, Estonia and others !
Introduction to Governance 32
Public Management: Evolutions and changes

The old public management:

Bureacratic style, ineffective management 1
(Before 70ies)

New Public management: (NPM)

Market-driven Approach, effective 2
management, BUT … social disappointments
(70-80 ies)

Governance:
New synthesis and maturity - aimed to reach 3
sustainable growth & public sector efficiency
as well as citizens satisfaction and social welfare
(90 ies – 21st century)
Introduction to Governance 33
 Key factors for success:

Political Dialog and Active role of other

decisiveness for Assign consultations stakeholders: voters,
changes: requires Professionals, with businesses opposition political
well educated, NOT politically and NGOs- parties in NGO-s, use
disciplined and manipulated Always feedback pressure from civil
inteligent administration from partners! society members
politicians

Moving forward towards deploying Governance

Introduction to Governance 34
Known Forms of Governance
as Process
Multilevel Public
Governance Governance Governance

Participatory Private
Governance Governance

Regulatory Global
Governance Forms of Governance
Governance

Technology Non-profit
Governance Governance
(IT)

Corporate
Internet Governance
Governance
Environmental Project
Governance Governance

Introduction to Governance 35
 Good Governance- The tool for growth and welfare for globe

Good Governance- now it is a dominant policy and practice in developed

democratic countries

Good Governance role: though education, better business regulation and

rational social policy, to contribute for sustainable economic growth and social
welfare of citizens !

Good Governance: It is not fashion, it is an effective tool to manage country

development and to serve citizens in best way !

Good Governance in a global context: it is a concept, policy and practice

without boundaries!

Specific experience -China introduces almost the same concept and policy: the
role of government-to create harmomious society! Adjustment of global
concept to local Chinese conditions and development plans !

Introduction to Governance 36
 Conclusion
• The new, rational social ideas and concepts have led to innovative changes in
government policies ;
• Global impact: when new practices testified its efficiency, they became
guidelines for changes in other countries ;
• The Good Governance as a policy options is based on the concept for re-
inventing government, real policy changes and number of good practices in
most developed countries (UK, USA, Danmark,Nl and etc)
• From the begining of 21 century we have intensive dissemination of good
Governance principles and practices all over the world !
• Today, there is almost full concensus among social stakeholders: modern
public management requires implementation of good Governance principles
• Good Governance is a policy approach aimed to increase public sector
efficiency and citizens satisfaction from having responsible and commited
government.
• Good Governance in global context: require learning and sharing knowledge
and practices among scientists, policymakers, Practitioners, NGO-s from many
countries
• The role of youth meetings like this: learning today, implement tomorrow!
Introduction to Governance 37
 Good Governance in global context - References
• UN ,The Department of Economic and Social Affairs , Division for Public
Administration and Development Management

• Making public administration and Governance more responsive to the needs of

citizens is one of the most important aims of the United Nations’ “Reinventing
Government” programme !

• Every 2 years: Global Forum on Reinventing Government ; International

gathering of policy makers and experts; The forum is worldwide laboratory for
sharing new ideas and policy development

• The 7th Global forum , June 2007,Vienna: dealing with strengthening trust,
accountability and participation in government so that it can serve citizens more
effectively, efficiently and responsively.

• www.un.org (Division for Public Administration and Development Management-

global forum)
Introduction to Governance 38