Chapter 9

Foundations

Tibor Kokai
Halcrow Yolles

Presented By:.

CONCRETE DESIGN HANDBOOK • THIRD EDITION 1

Outline:

• Changes in the CSA A23.3 – Clause 15

Foundations
• What’s new in the Concrete Design
Handbook Chapter 9 – Foundations?
• Handbook Design Example

Loads and Load Combinations

Table 4.2.4.1 NBCC 2004 ( referenced by Clause 4.2.4.1,Foundations)

Case Load Combination

1 D
2 D+L+S
3 D+(0.9 W or 0.7 E)
4 D+T
5 D+L+S+( 0.9 W or 0.7 E)
6 D+L+S+T
7 D+( 0.9 W or 0.7 E) +T
8 D+L+S+ ( 0.9 W or 0.7 E) +T

1
Clause 15.2 – Loads and reactions

“Factored loads and factored soil resistance shall be used for

calculating the
minimum footing area and the cross sectional forces..” Explanatory
Notes
N 15.2.2

• Based on NBCC - 04, Clause 4.1.3.2 (2) factored loads – Load

combinations for ULS (Ultimate Limit State) for design of cross
sections of the foundation systems
• Use factored loads checking bearing pressure (need qr )
• Use factored loads for designing cross section of the footing

Loads and Reactions Clause

15.2.3
“ Piles and pile caps in deep foundations shall be
designed on the assumption that each axial pile
reaction acts at an eccentricity, in any direction, equal
to the specified pile location tolerance, but not less
than 50 mm”

This Clause sets minimum eccentricity criteria for

designing piles and pile caps.

Shear Design of Footings and Pile

Caps – Clause 15.5
One way shear – equation (11.6):
Vc = ϕc ß √f ‘c bw dv

ß = 0.21 can be used for:

• footings less than 350 mm thick or

• footings with shear span a (distance from 0 shear to the column face) is
less
than 3x footing effective depth dv (dv= greater of 0.9 d or 0.72 h)

2
 Maximum projection-to-depth
of footings supported on soil

Geometry and internal shear

mechanisms in footings
Reference: Perry Adebar, One
- way shear strength of large footings, NRC June 2000,
Vol.27,No.3

One way shear – cont’d

Comments on the diagrams above:

• Slenderness of footings depend on the allowable (factored) soil

pressure

• For typical soil pressures the ratio of footing projection amax to

footing depth d is between 1.0 and 2.5

• The geometry of footings (a / d ratio) effects the shear strength

capacity significantly:
deep (a = d) and typical footings (a ≤ 2.5 d) – shear is transferred
by diagonal compression within 2d from the load (column edge)

slender footings – shear is transferred through diagonal tension,

reducing shear capacity of concrete

One way shear – cont’d

Under Simplified method (Clause 11.3.6.3) ß = 0.18 can be used

when:

• section contains min. transverse reinforcement

but when:

• section contains no transverse steel but the effect of aggregate

size in concrete mix is considered (max aggr. size >20 mm)

ß = 230 / (1000 + dv)

Larger ß value may be obtained using the General method

outlined in Clause 11.3.6.4

3
Two way shear design

• Based on maximum shear resistance given by 3

equations in Clause 13 -Two way slab systems:

vc = ( 1 + 2/ ßc ) 0.19 λϕc √ f ‘c Equation (13-5)

vc = ( αs d / bo + 0.19 ) λϕc √ f ‘c Equation (13-6)
vc = 0.38 λϕc √ f ‘c Equation (13-7)

• Shear resistance slightly increased ( ϕc= 0.65 an 8%

increase from the last code)

10

Flexural design of Footings

• Conventional design (use Clause 10 Flexure and

Axial Loads) or use strut-and-tie method (Clause
11.4)
• Critical section location at base plates to be based on
stiffness proportions

11

Slender Pile Caps

Slender pile caps (with numerous piles)
can be designed similar to footings on
soil:
• effective depth d to satisfy one-way and
two-way sectional shear requirements
• longitudinal reinforcement for flexure
• check bearing stresses at column and
piles
12

4
 Deep Pile Caps
All piles may be within critical section for
shear – no shear applied to section.

13

Handbook Chapter 9
• Method adopted was developed by Adebar.
• Includes both strut-and-tie model and
sectional model – applicable to all pile caps.
• Strength predictions using design method
compare well with all available pile cap test
results.

14

Step 1: Combined
Shear/Bearing Check
• determine effective depth d
• check column and pile dimensions c, dp.

15

5
(a) Determine initial depth
Use sectional shear design method to
determine initial depth by:
• checking one-way shear at dv
• checking two-way shear at d/2
Ignore any piles within the critical section.

16

Step 2: Design longitudinal

reinforcement

• Provide minimum reinforcement (0.2%)

as a uniform cage.

• Concentrate any additional

reinforcement between piles.

• Use strut-and-tie model shown below to

determine total reinforcement needed.
17

18

6
Plain Concrete – Clause 22
(applicable to foundations)

New Clause 22.8 – Drilled piles

• Design for min. eccentricity of 0.1 dP in addition to

tolerance eccentricity (Clause 15.2)
• Ignore outer 25 mm for uncased piles
• Use stress capacity reduction factor of 0.8 for
uncased
piles to calculate compression, tension and shear
capacity specified in Clause 22.8.5

19

Plain concrete – cont’d

• Pile bells shall be proportioned using Clause 15.8.2.4

(referencing ACI 336.3R document):

20

What’s new in Chapter 9- Foundations ?

New sections with discussion on:

• Spread footings with caps or pedestals

• Combined footings and mats
• Extended section on piles and pile caps

21

7
 List of Tables
Tables on One-way Shear….. Table 9.1 to Table 9.3
Tables on Two-way Shear…...Table 9.4 to Table 9.6
Tables on Flexural Design……Table 9.7a to Table 9.9b
Tables on Pile Supported Pile Caps….discontinued

22

Tables 9.1 to 9.3 consider all conditions set out in Clauses 11.3.6.2, 11.3.6.3
and 15.7. When 3d<ab the smallest d value was used calculated based on
Clause 11.3.6.3.(b) and ab/3.
23

24

8
 25

Chapter 9 includes design

examples on:
• Square footing design using the Tables in the
Chapter and
the strut-and-tie method

• Footing design supporting a shear wall

• Square and rectangular pile cap design using S&T

method

• Design of a drilled pile

26

Design examples on:

One way strip footing design using the Tables in

the Chapter and strut-and-tie method to illustrate
this alternate approach

27

9
Footing supporting shear wall – design example

• Clause 13.3.5 (Shear in two way slabs) does not apply.

Use soil pressure distribution to analyze/design footing:

qsf = Pf / Af + Mf /S ≤ qsr

• Estimate footing size ( use ~ 135% Pf / qsr ) and check

pressure distribution for max qsf ≤ qsr. Uniform ab is
selected in each principal direction

• Determine the required footing depth dv by using one

way and two way shear criteria:

- way shear (in both directions) using Table 9.3 (with

1
parameters qsf and ab) and
- way shear at wall edge assuming a fictitious column
2
(250x500mm) and fictitious footing (3450x3700mm)
using Table 9.6 (with parameters qsf and Af / Ac) to
establish a minimum dv .
The largest governing case is used in selecting the final
depth d.

• Flexural design (check if Clause 10.7.1 Deep beams

applies) and use Tables 9.9 with parameter qsfab2 to
determine As (mm2) in both principal directions

28

Pile cap design examples (square and rectangular)

using strut-and-tie method

29

Design example of a cast in place (drilled) pile

30

10
 Questions ?

31

ls
β = 0.33( − 1 ) ≤ 1.0; ≥ 0
bs

bs
ls

32

(b) Check bearing stresses:

Increase d, c, and dp as required.

fb ≤ 0.6φc fc' + α β 6φc fc'

(MPa
units)
 accounts for confinement
 accounts for shear depth of pile cap 33

11
 34

where:

α = 0.33( A2 / A1 − 1 ) ≤ 1.0
max :

35

12