1.

0 INTRODUCTION
For our topic (land transportation), we have chosen electronic transmissions
control (ETC), which appear on some newer cars, still use hydraulics to actuate the
clutches and bands, but each hydraulic circuit is controlled by an electric solenoid.
This simplifies the plumbing on the transmission and allows for more advanced
control schemes.
ETC has even more elaborate control schemes. In addition to monitoring
vehicle speed and throttle position, the transmission controller can monitor the engine
speed, if the brake pedal is being pressed, and even the anti-lock braking system.
Using this information and an advanced control strategy based on fuzzy logic -
- a method of programming control systems using human-type reasoning.
ETC can do things like:
Downshift automatically when going downhill to control speed and
reduce wear on the brakes
Upshift when braking on a slippery surface to reduce the braking
torque applied by the engine
Inhibit the upshift when going into a turn on a winding road
Let's say you're driving on an uphill, winding mountain road. When you are
driving on the straight sections of the road, the transmission shifts into second gear to
give you enough acceleration and hill-climbing power. When you come to a curve
you slow down, taking your foot off the gas pedal and possibly applying the brake.
Most transmissions will upshift to third gear, or even overdrive, when you take your
foot off the gas. Then when you accelerate out of the curve, they will downshift again.

↑Figure 1: An automatic transmission with a manual mode allows the driver to shift gears
without a clutch pedal.

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2.0 How Does ETC work?

A car with ETC, i.e. automated clutch and gear shift, the microprocessor sends out
commands to actuators to

actuate the clutch

reduce the throttle to idle
shift gears
add throttle
let out the clutch
Shift quality is an integral part of an automatic transmission design. In a clutch
to clutch shifting, where release clutch is changed over to an apply clutch during
shifting, oil pressure profile in the clutch is directly related to the shift quality.
All the clutches are independently controlled by the separate hydraulic
module. Each of the hydraulic module consists of a pressure control solenoid valve
(PCSV) and a pressure control valve (PCV). The PCSV generates the first control
pressure according to the input signal from a transmission electronic control unit. The
PCV determines the second control pressure by the first control pressure from the
PCSV. The second control pressure from the PCV is applied to the friction element
such as a clutch or a brake, and the behaviour of the friction element is determined by
the pressure profile of the second control pressure.
Since the shift quality in the automatic transmission depends on the torque
change caused by engagement or disengagement characteristics between the friction
elements, it is very important to predict the pressure profile on the friction element
and to investigate the effect of the pressure profile on the torque change of a gear-
train in order to obtain a desired shift quality.

Gas pedal
position Shift Desired
characteristic gear
Car speed curve

↑Figure 4: Gear selection strategy

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↑Figure 2: Schematic diagram of a clutch to clutch system

Driving Strategy
Look at overall driving situation and
determine the correct gear for the situation

Driving Functions
Interface with the engine control, determination
of required torque

Transmission Control
Shifting, adaptation functions (for wear and
tear, tolerance deviations, etc.)

To actuators From sensors

Transmission

Opening and closing valves, actuating

electric motors, solenoids, etc.

↑Figure 3: Overview of transmission control

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3.0 The Main Input Parameters of ETC

3.1 Vehicle speed sensor (VSS)

↑Figure 4: Vehicle speed sensor

This sensor sends a varying frequency signal to the ETC to determine the current
speed of the vehicle.
3.2 Wheel speed sensor (WSS)

↑Figure 5: Wheel speed sensor

Wheel speed sensor is used to determine the true speed of the vehicle to determine
whether the vehicle is going downhill or uphill and also adapt gear changes according
to road speeds.
3.3 Throttle position sensor (TPS)

↑Figure 6: Throttle position sensor

The TPS sensor along with the vehicle speed sensor are the two main inputs for most
ETCs.
3.4 Turbine speed sensor (TSS)

↑Figure 7: Turbine speed sensor

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This sensor sends a varying frequency signal to the ETC to determine the current
rotational speed of the input shaft or torque converter.
3.5 Transmission fluid temperature sensor (TFT)

↑Figure 8: Transmission fluid temperature sensor

This sensor determines the fluid temperature inside the transmission

3.6 Kick down switch

↑Figure 9: Kick down switch

It is used to determine if the accelerator pedal has been depressed past full throttle.
3.7 Brake light switch

↑Figure 10: Brake light switch

This input is used to determine whether to activate the shift lock solenoid to prevent
the driver selecting a driving range with no foot on the brake.

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4.0 The Main Output Parameters of ETC

4.1 Shift lock

Many automatic transmissions lock the selector lever via a shift-lock solenoid to stop
a driving range being selected if the brake pedal is not depressed.

4.2 Shift solenoids

Modern electronic automatic transmissions have electrical solenoids which are

activated to change gears.

4.3 Pressure control solenoids

Modern electronic automatic transmissions are still fundamentally hydraulic. This

requires precise pressure control. Newer automatic transmission designs often use
many pressure control solenoids, and sometimes allow the shift solenoids themselves
to provide precise pressure control during shifts by ramping the solenoid on and off.
The shift pressure affects the shift quality and shift speed.

4.4 Torque converter clutch solenoid (TCC)

Most electronic automatic transmissions utilize a TCC solenoid to regulate the torque
converter electronically. Once fully locked, the torque converter no longer applies
torque multiplication and will spin at the same speed as the engine.

4.5 Outputs to other controllers

The TCU provides information about the health of the transmission, such as clutch
wear indicators and shift pressures, and can raise trouble codes and set
the malfunction indicator lamp on the instrument cluster if a serious problem is found.
An output to the cruise control module is also often present to deactivate the cruise
control if a neutral gear is selected, just like on a manual transmission.

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5.0 The Block Diagram of ETC

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 ↑Figure 11: The Block Diagram

6.0 Analysis

6.1 The Pressure Control Solenoid Valve (PCSV)

↑Figure 12: Hydraulic circuit of release clutch and apply clutch

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The second order system model of a pressure control solenoid valve (PCSV):

where,

Pc1 = the first control pressure,

D = the input duty,
K1 = constant
K2 = constant
ƺ = damping coefficient
wn = the natural frequency

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6.2 Dynamic Analysis of Shift Quality for Clutch to Clutch
Controlled Automatic Transmission

↑Figure 13: Characteristics of PCSV

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↑Figure 14: Bond-graph model of PCV with accumulator and clutch

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 From the Bond-graph model of the PCV with accumulator and clutch state
space equation for the second control pressure by the PCV, P is obtained as,

where,
V = the control volume consisting of the accumulator and the clutch
Aacc = the pressurized area of accumulator piston
ACLUTCH = the pressurized area of clutch piston
XACC = the displacement of accumulator piston
XCLUTCH = the displacement of clutch piston
β = the effective bulk modulus of oil
Q31 = the flow rate through orifice #31
QLEAK = the leakage flow rate
P ACC = the momentum of accumulator piston
MACC = the mass of accumulator piston
P CLUTCH = the momentum of clutch piston
MCLUTCH = the mass of clutch piston

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↑Figure 15: Characteristics of PCV

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7.0 Conclusion

A good electronic transmission control can aid drivers in traveling from one
place to another with comfort. On the other hand, efficient gear transmission can be
cost saving for a car owner this is due to the petrol efficiency.

Electronic transmission control combines all the components from mechanical

engineering, electronic engineering and also control system engineering to transmit
the gears from one to another according to different driving condition.

With implementation of control system engineering, electronics engineering

and also mechanical engineering, the ETC is improving from time to time. This helps
to improve our daily lives which essentially need a car for traveling.

From this assignment, we have learnt how to search for information and made
discussion in a group. We learnt the way to communicate to each other and how to
respect the point of views of another person. We have also learnt how control system
can be implemented in land transportation.

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