THERMAL PROPERTIES

FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

THERMODYNAMICS
THERMODYNAMICS:
• Study of the relationship between energy transformations in a system and other physical quantities such as
pressure, temperature, volume and internal energy.
INTERNAL ENERGY:
• The internal energy U of a system is the sum of all the microscopic kinetic and potential energies of the
molecules in the system.
• Matter is formed of molecules which possess attraction hence they have Potential Energy and as they are in
constant motion hence they also possess Kinetic Energy.
• ∆U = EK + EP
 • In case of ideal gas, no attractive force is assumed between molecules hence Kinetic Energy of molecules
constitutes the internal energy.
• ∆U = EK
• Kinetic Energy is proportional to temperature so for ideal gas the internal U is directly proportional to temp.
• ∆U α EK α T
FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS:
• The increase in internal energy of the system is the result of heat supplied to the system and/or the external
work done on the system. U = Q + W
− U = −Q − W
Positive (+) Negative (-) •
ΔQ Heat supplied to system Heat lost by system
ΔU Increase in internal energy Decrease in internal energy
ΔW Work done on the system Work done by the system
(Compression of gas) (Expansion of the gas)
If a gas reaches the same final stage from two different paths, the amount of heat and work done can be
different for two paths but change in internal energy will be the same.

WORK DONE BY/ON A GAS:

• When gas expands, the forces due to its pressure push back the piston.
• Volume becomes (V+ΔV).
• Gas does external work when it expands.
• W = pV
• Area under P-V graph is equal to work done.
• If volume doesn’t change, no work is done by or on the gas.
• The work done against the attractive forces between molecules is known as internal work.
• Consider ΔW = 0, when ice melts.
ISOTHERMAL CHANGE:

• When the state of a gas changes by the change in its volume without any change in temperature, the gas is said
to undergo an isothermal change.
• For an isothermal change, temperature remains constant.
• Hence ΔU = 0
• 0 = Q + W
• First law of thermodynamics becomes
• ΔQ = – ΔW (Isothermal expansion)
• – ΔQ = ΔW (Isothermal compression)

GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION FOR ISOTHERMS (INDICATOR DIAGRAMS):

P/ pa

T3
T2
T1

V/ m3

ADIABATIC CHANGE:
• Change in the state of a gas by change in its volume where no heat enters or leaves the system.
• Q = 0 ,
• First law of thermodynamics becomes
 • U = Q + W
• U = W
• − U = −W
GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF ADIABATIC CHANGES:

Isotherms
P/ pa
Adiabatic change

T3
T2
T1

V/ m3

FLT GRAPHS
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PxYmvFf834
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