ET AC Circuits Intro Phasor

21-08-2023
Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur

Department of Electrical Engineering
Electrical Technology
Department of Electrical Engineering, IIT Kharagpur
Aut 2023-24, Sec 1&2
LecBa: AC circuits, Important variables, phasors
Dr. Dipankar Debnath

Assistant Professor
Email: ddebnath@ee.iitkgp.ac.in
Disclaimer: The content of this class is prepared based on the objective and syllabus of “Electrical Technology”, Aut Sem, 2023-24, IIT Kgp. Hence it is not meant for general usages.

Recap
Passive and Active elements
Fundamental Laws: Ohm’s, Coulomb’s, Kirchoff’s, Ampere’s,
Various Sources
Linearity, laterality of elements
Electric power available at your home: AC or DC?

Electric power generated mostly in: AC or DC?
Electric power transmitted and distributed in which form (in general): AC or DC?
EE11003 - Electrical Technology (Aut 2023-24, Sec 1&2) - (c) Dipankar Debnath
21-08-2023
Electrical Technology (EE11003) Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur

LecBa: AC circuits- important definitions Department of Electrical Engineering
INTRODUCTION TO AC SYSTEM
Instantaneous Voltage 𝑣(𝑡) = 𝑉 sin(𝜔𝑡)

𝜔(𝑟𝑎 𝑑 ⁄sec) = 2 × 𝜋 × 𝑓
 A cycle consists of one complete positive and one complete negative alternation
Define following: 1.Frequency, 2.Time Period, 3.Peak Value, 4.RMS Value, 5.Average Value
2

1 Department of Electrical Engineering
𝑓=
1.Frequency (f) 𝑇
Frequency ( f ) is the number of cycles that a sine wave completes in one second. Frequency is measured in hertz (Hz).
2.Time Period (T)

The time required for a sine wave to complete one full cycle is called the period. Time period is measured in seconds.
3.Peak Value (Vm)

Maximum/Amplitude of the sin wave with respect to the zero reference.
3
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4.RMS Value (Vrms)

The RMS (root mean square) value/effective value, of a sinusoidal voltage is equivalent to the dc voltage
that would do the same amount of work (produce the same amount of heat in a resistive circuit).
1 1 𝑉
For the waveform shown, RMS Value=? 𝑉 = 𝑣 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑉 sin𝜃 𝑑𝜃 =
𝑇 𝜋 2

5.Average Value (Vavg)

Average value of a sine wave voltage or
current over one cycle is zero
1
𝑉 = 𝑣(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = 0
𝑇
Average value of a sine wave voltage or

current over one Half-cycle is =?
 Do you know the numerical values of above parameters with respect to your home power
supply (Indian standard)??
Vrms=? Vpeak=? Vavg=?

F=? T=? 5
21-08-2023
Significance of Avg and RMS values Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur

•An alternating current which produces heat in a given resistance at the same average rate as 'I 'amperes of
DC current, is said to have a value of 'I' ampere.
•The instantaneous heat produced by a AC current in a resistor R, is= Ri2
•Therefore average heat dissipated by ac current in a cycle is
•The average heat produced by 'I' amp of dc current= RI2
This expression: root mean square (RMS)

 Also known as effective value
 Alternating volt: given by that value of alternating voltage
which will force 1 A of current (RMS) to 1Ω or resistance. It
is also called RMS value of the voltage.

Significance of Avg and RMS values Department of Electrical Engineering
Average value of AC variables:

 Symmetrical ac wave will have zero avg value
 True avg value indicates if there is any dc
offset present in ac variable
 For ac quantities (usually assumed
sinusoidal/symmetrical), avg value usually
means avg of either +ve or –ve half cycle
 Equivalent to avg value of rectified ac
Average value 1
𝑉 = 𝑣(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = 0
(over one complete cycle) 𝑇 Significance/importance of average value?
Average value (over half cycle) Ex. Grid connected solar inverter- grid current
/
𝐼 = ∫ 𝑖 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
21-08-2023

Is there any problem if there is dc component present in ac

variable?

How to write/ symbol of
• Instantaneous value/function: example→ i or i(t)

• RMS value : example→ IRMS or I
• Average value : example→ IAVG , IAV
 Phasor quantities: 𝐼,̅ 𝑉 (𝑇𝑜 𝑏𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑢𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟)
• Indian context: 230 V, 50 Hz (230 V is RMS or avg or peak?)
21-08-2023
Find the Values for a Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur

Sinusoidal Source Department of Electrical Engineering
• Average value (over half cycle)

2 /
𝑉 = 𝑣 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑇
• Root Mean Square (RMS) value
/
2
𝑉 = 𝑣 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑇
For symmetrical Waveforms: Calculate over one-half cycle

For non-symmetrical Waveforms: Calculate over one complete
(full) cycle (remember: ‘T’ indicates one time period i.e. one
complete cycle)
• Form factor =
• FF=1.11 𝒐𝒏𝒍𝒚 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑙 𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚

• RMS calculation is difficult as compared to avg value
calculation. So, if AVG is known RMS can be calculated by
using form factor. Some ac multimeter use this for sinusoidal
quantities which have form factor of 1.11
 Note: for symmetrical waveforms calculate average for 1 half
cycle only (say positive half cycle)
• Crest or Peak factor =
• CF = 1.414 𝒐𝒏𝒍𝒚 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑙 𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚
– ordinary voltmeter gives RMS value, to test insulation we
need peak value, hence crest factor may be useful; thus
useful for dielectric test
21-08-2023
Iavg=?
Form factor=?
Peak factor=?
Homework: Mid-sem Q for Aut 22-23
• Calculate average and RMS value of • Calculate equivalent resistance between

the signal v(t) shown in Figure below. terminals a and b for the network
shown below
v(t)
6
T/2
0 t
T
-6 Ans: 17/9 ohm
VAVERAGE = 1.5 V
VRMS = 4.9 V
Ans: 17/9 ohm
21-08-2023
phase angle Ф (Generally expressed in degree)  (in red) v1(t) = Vm sin(ωt + Ф) is shifted to
* ωt is expressed in rad left or earlier in time as compared to v(t) =
Vm sin(ωt)
 v1(t) leads v(t) by Ф rad
 v(t) lags v1(t) by Ф rad
 These two sinusoids are out of phase if Ф ≠0
What is phase difference?
Two sinusoidal waves whose phases are to

 Phase is the fractional part of a period be compared must:
through which time or the associated 1. Both be written as sine waves, or both as
time angle ωt has advanced from an cosine waves.
2. Both be written with positive amplitudes.
arbitrary reference.
3. Each have the same frequency.
14
Practice problem Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur

=?
Who leads?
at Ans= 10.4V V1 leads V2 by 1300
Evaluate the following:

(a) 5 sin (5t − 9◦) at t = 0, 0.01, and 0.1 s; Determine the angle by which v1 leads i1 if v1 = 10
(b) 4 cos 2t and 4 sin (2t + 90◦) at t = 0, 1, and 1.5 s; cos (10t − 45◦) and i1 is equal to (a) 5 cos 10t; (b) 5
(c) 3.2 cos (6t + 15◦) and 3.2 sin (6t + 105◦) at t = 0, 0.01, cos (10t − 80◦); (c) 5 cos (10t − 40◦); (d) 5 cos (10t +
and 0.1 s. 40◦); (e) 5 sin (10t − 19◦).
21-08-2023
• Sinusoidal voltage applied (Vm sin wt)

• How to determine what will be the phase, and amplitude of current?
• How to relate the voltage and current?
– Impedance or Impedance function represented by Zangle = Z θ
– Z= magnitude of impedance expressed in Ohms (V/I)
– θ = V- I
– Angle or θ = +ve, implies: v leads i (angle= number of degrees or radians by which v leads i)
θ = Negative, implies?
Electrical Technology (EE11003) Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur

LecBa: Phasors Department of Electrical Engineering
PHASOR DIAGRAM OF A SINUSOIDAL WAVEFORM

 Basically a rotating vector, simply called a “Phasor” is a scaled line whose length represents an AC quantity that has
both magnitude (“peak amplitude”) and direction (“phase”) which is “frozen” at some point in time.
 This anti-clockwise rotation of the vector is considered to be a positive rotation. Likewise, a clockwise rotation is
considered to be a negative rotation.
Rotating Phasor Sinusoidal waveform in time domain

21-08-2023
• 2 or more sinusoidal waveforms having Two SINUSOIDAL WAVEFORMs having phase

difference
phase differences can be represented by
phasor diagram provided they have
same frequency
• They will appear stationary with respect
to each other
• The phasors will be lagging or leading
with respect to each other’s phasor by
the difference of phase angle V leading I by Φ
Equivalent phasor diagram
or
18

ET AC Circuits Intro Phasor

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21-08-2023

Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur

Dr. Dipankar Debnath

Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur

Electric power available at your home: AC or DC?

Electrical Technology (EE11003) Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur

Instantaneous Voltage 𝑣(𝑡) = 𝑉 sin(𝜔𝑡)

Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur

2.Time Period (T)

3.Peak Value (Vm)

Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur

4.RMS Value (Vrms)

Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur

5.Average Value (Vavg)

Average value of a sine wave voltage or

Vrms=? Vpeak=? Vavg=?

Significance of Avg and RMS values Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur

This expression: root mean square (RMS)

Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur

Average value of AC variables:

Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur

Is there any problem if there is dc component present in ac

Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur

How to write/ symbol of

• Instantaneous value/function: example→ i or i(t)

• Indian context: 230 V, 50 Hz (230 V is RMS or avg or peak?)

Find the Values for a Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur

• Average value (over half cycle)

For symmetrical Waveforms: Calculate over one-half cycle

• FF=1.11 𝒐𝒏𝒍𝒚 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑙 𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚

Homework: Mid-sem Q for Aut 22-23

• Calculate average and RMS value of • Calculate equivalent resistance between

Ans: 17/9 ohm

What is phase difference?

Two sinusoidal waves whose phases are to

Practice problem Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur

Evaluate the following:

• Sinusoidal voltage applied (Vm sin wt)

Electrical Technology (EE11003) Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur

PHASOR DIAGRAM OF A SINUSOIDAL WAVEFORM

Rotating Phasor Sinusoidal waveform in time domain

• 2 or more sinusoidal waveforms having Two SINUSOIDAL WAVEFORMs having phase

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