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General Chemistry 1
Quarter 2 - Module 8
Preparation of Organic Compounds

Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines

General Chemistry 1 – Grade 11
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 2 - Module 8: Preparation of Organic Compounds
First Edition, 2020

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 Senior High School

General
Chemistry 1
Quarter 2 - Module 8
Preparation of Organic Compounds

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 Table of Contents

What This Module is About...........................................................................................................i

What I Need to Know.....................................................................................................................i
How to Learn from this Module....................................................................................................ii
Icons of this Module......................................................................................................................ii
What I Know...................................................................................................................................iii

Second Quarter – Module 8

Lesson 1: Preparation of Organic Reactions

What’s In..................................................................................................... 1
What’s New................................................................................................ 1
What’s More ............................................................................................. 3
What I Have Learned................................................................................ 4
What I Can Do ........................................................................................... 4

Summary......................................................................................................................... 5
Assessment: (Post-Test)................................................................................................. 6
Key to Answers................................................................................................................ 7
References...................................................................................................................... 8
What This Module is About

Organic compounds are considered as carbon-containing chemical

compounds of living things because of their association with organisms and life
processes. Their structure, properties, reactions, compositions and preparation are
the core topics of organic chemistry.

About 200 years ago, it is believed that organic compounds needed a ‘life
force’ to be produced. Other compounds like rock that were from nonliving things
were referred to as inorganic. The synthesis of urea (an organic compound) from
amonium cyanate (an inorganic compound) as an experiment of Friedrich Wöhler in
1828 dispelled the belief that organic compounds could only be formed by nature.
The range of application of organic compounds includes, but is not limited to
petrochemicals, food, pharmaceuticals, explosives, fragrances, paints and
cosmetics.

In this module, we describe the structures, properties and reactions of

hydrocarbons and organic functional groups. Moreover, the preparation of selected
organic compounds is introduced for you to have a gist of the complexity of organic
synthesis.

What I Need to Know

At the end of this module, you should be able to:

1. Describe the preparation of selected organic compounds (STEM_GC11CBIId-

g-97).

i
How to Learn from this Module
To achieve the objectives cited above, you are to do the following:
• Take your time reading the lessons carefully.
• Follow the directions and/or instructions in the activities and exercises
diligently.
• Answer all the given tests and exercises.

Icons of this Module

What I Need to This part contains learning objectives that
Know are set for you to learn as you go along the
module.

What I know This is an assessment as to your level of

knowledge to the subject matter at hand,
meant specifically to gauge prior related
knowledge.
What’s In This part connects previous lesson with that
of the current one.

What’s New An introduction of the new lesson through

various activities, before it will be presented
to you

What is It These are discussions of the activities as a

way to deepen your discovery and under-
standing of the concept.

What’s More These are follow-up activities that are in-

tended for you to practice further in order to
master the competencies.

What I Have Activities designed to process what you

Learned have learned from the lesson

What I can do These are tasks that are designed to show-

case your skills and knowledge gained, and
applied into real-life concerns and situations.

ii
 What I Know

Pretest: MULTIPLE CHOICE:

Directions: Read and understand each item and choose the letter of the correct
answer.

1. Which of the following is formed when an alcohol is dehydrated?

A. Aldehyde C. Alkene
B. Ketone D. Amine

2. The organic starting materials for the preparation of an ester could be_________
A. a ketone and alcohol C. an acid and alcohol
B. water and oxygen D. alkane and aldehyde

3. When an alcohol reacts with an acid, an alkene is formed. What type of reaction took
place?
A. Combustion C. Dehydration
B. Saponification D. Oxidation

4. Which reagent is needed to change an alkyne to an alkane?

A. H2, catalyst C. ether
B. base D. water

5. What reaction takes place when an alcohol is produced during the net addition of
water across the double bond of an alkene?
A. Reduction C. Dehydration
B. Hydration D. Oxidation

6. Esters are produced when carboxylic acids are heated with alcohols in the presence
of a catalyst in the process called ______________.
A. Esterification C. Aldol condensation
B. Heating D. Oxidation

7. Which type of alcohols where the carbon atom of the hydroxyl group (OH) is attached
to only one single hydrocarbon or R group?
A. tertiary C. secondary
B. primary D. none

8. A primary alcohol is converted to a carboxylic acid in the process called _________.

A. Reduction C. Dehydration
B. Hydration D. Oxidation

9. Which of the following is likely to be the main product when an alkane is subjected to
high heat and pressure?
A. alcohol C. alkane
B. ester D. amine

10. What is used to speed up a reaction?

A. catalyst C. alkane
B. amine D. ester

iii
 Preparation of Organic
Compounds

What’s In

In lesson 1, you have learned that organic compounds are carbon-containing

compounds which do not only pertain to hydrocarbons but also compounds with any
number of other elements. Moreover, you also knew how different organic
compounds written through their structural formula and how each organic compound
react with other compounds. In this lesson, you will the preparation of selected
organic compounds.

What’s New

Preparation of Selected Organic Compounds

Organic compounds are usually synthesized from other groups of organic

compounds. Two or more organic compounds react to form a new organic
compound with characteristic properties. Sometimes, a single type of organic
compound undergoes a certain reaction, producing a new compound as a product.
Heat, temperature and pressure, acids, bases and water are some of the essentials
needed to make a chemical reaction feasible. There are several ways to prepare a
certain organic compound; the examples given below are the most common and just
few of the many preparation routes.

1. Preparation of Alkanes

1a. Catalytic Cracking- large hydrocarbon molecules are broken or

fragmented into smaller and more useful bits of hydrocarbons using high
pressures and temperatures.

Heat, pressure

Reaction 1. Catalytic cracking of a large alkane

(https://getrevising.co.uk/revision-notes/uses-and-cracking-of-crude-oil)

1
 1b. Alkanes from Unsaturated Hydrocarbon.

Alkane can be prepared from alkene and alkyne through addition of H 2

gas or the process called hydrogenation. In this process, dihydrogen gas is
added to alkynes and alkenes in the presence of a catalyst - substance that
makes the reaction proceed faster.

Reaction 2. Hydrogenation of an alkyne to produce an alkane

https://study.com/academy/lesson/catalytic-hydrogenation-of-alkynes-mechanism-explanation.html

2. Preparation of Alkenes

Alkenes from the Dehydration of Alcohols

Alkenes are generally prepared through dehydration of an alcohol or
removal of water from an alcohol compound. Water is removed from the
alcohol compound and is freed as a product.

acid

Reaction 3. Removal of water from an alcohol to produce an alkene

(http://www.mendelset.com/articles/687/dehydration_alcohols

3. Preparation of Alcohols

Alcohols from the Hydration of Alkenes

Alcohols are usually obtained by the net addition of water across the
double bond of an alkene. This reaction uses an acid as a catalyst.

acid

Reaction 4. Acid-catalysed hydration of an alkene to produce an alcohol

(https://socratic.org/questions/how-can-alkenes-be-used-to-make-ethanol)

4. Preparation of Esters

Esters from the Reaction of Alcohol and Carboxylic acid

Esters are produced when carboxylic acids are heated with
alcohols in the presence of a catalyst (usually an acid) and this process is
called esterification.

Heat,acid

2
 Reaction 5. Esterification reaction of ethanoic acid and ethanol to produce an
ester named ethyl ethanoate
(http://www.passmyexams.co.uk/GCSE/chemistry/carboxylic-acids-reaction-alcohol.html)

5. Preparation of Carboxylic Acids

Carboxylic acids from the Oxidation of Primary Alcohols

The oxidation of primary alcohols is a common method for the
synthesis of carboxylic acids which requires a strong oxidizing agent. Primary
alcohols are those alcohols where the carbon atom of the hydroxyl group
(OH) is attached to only one single hydrocarbon or R group like ethanol,
propanol, etc.
Strong
oxidizing
agent

Heat

Ethanol, primary alcohol

Reaction 6. Oxidation of ethanol to ethanoic acid (carboxylic acid)
(https://www.chemistryscl.com/organic/oxidation-of-alcohols/index.php)

What’s More

Activity 1: Alcohol Synthesis

Directions: Make a reaction pathway for the synthesis of hexanol. You are given
hexene and water as your starting materials.

What I Have Learned

3
Activity 2: Think Like a Chemist!

Directions: Level up your way of thinking and put yourself in a chemist’s

perspective. Answer and explain each item briefly and concisely.

1. Describe how you will prepare an alcohol from an alkene.

2. Describe how you will prepare an alkene from an alcohol.
3. Describe how you will prepare an ester.

What I Can Do

Activity 3: The Grandma Ester Corporation

Directions: Using the link: https://jameskennedymonash.wordpress.com/2013/

12/13/infographic-table-of-esters-and-their-smells/, look for the
infographic of the ester compounds which is responsible for the smell
of different fruits, perfumes and flowers. The goal is to convince an
investor to invest in your company so that you can build a factory of an
ester compounds. For example, you could make hexyl pentanoate,
and sell it as perfume ingredient. Give at least five ester compounds
and fill out the table below as your guide.

Ester How to
Compound Structure prepare the Properties Uses
Name compound?

SUMMARY

4
 Catalytic Cracking- large hydrocarbon molecules are broken or fragmented
into smaller and more useful bits of hydrocarbons using high pressures and
temperatures.
 Alkane can be prepared from alkene and alkyne through addition of H 2 gas or
the process called hydrogenation.
 Alkenes are generally prepared through dehydration of an alcohol or removal
of water from an alcohol compound.
 Alcohols are usually obtained by the net addition of water across the double
bond of an alkene.
 Esters are produced when carboxylic acids are heated with alcohols in the
presence of a catalyst, specifically an acid, .in the process called
esterification.
 The oxidation of primary alcohols is a common method for the synthesis of
carboxylic acids which requires a strong oxidizing agent.

Assessment: (Post-Test)

5
Multiple Choice
Direction: Answer the questions that follow. Choose the best letter among the given
choices for each item.

1. The organic starting materials for the preparation of an ester could be_________
A. an acid and alcohol C. a ketone and alcohol
B. water and oxygen D. alkane and aldehyde

2. What is the product of the following reaction?

A. ester C. alcohol
B. aldehyde D. alkyne

3. Which type of alcohols where the carbon atom of the hydroxyl group (OH) is attached to
only one single hydrocarbon or R group?
A. tertiary C. secondary
B. primary D. none

4.Which of the following is likely to be the main product when an alkane is subjected to high
heat and pressure?
A. alcohol C. alkane
B. ester D. amine

5. What is the product of the following reaction?

A. ester C. alcohol
B. aldehyde D. alkyne

6.Which of the following best describes the reaction?

A. Reduction C. Dehydration
B. Hydration D. Oxidation

7.What is the best condition and reagent for the following reaction?

A. H2O, H+ C. Cl2, H2O

B. H2, Ni D. HBr, H2O2

8. A primary alcohol is converted to a carboxylic acid in the process called _________.

A. Reduction C. Dehydration
B. Hydration D. Oxidation

9. What is used to speed up a reaction?

A. catalyst C. alkane
B. amine D. ester

10.Which reagent is needed to change an alkyne to an alkane?

A. H2, catalyst C. ether
B. base D. water

Key to Answers

6
 ACTIVITY 3: THE GRANDMA ESTER CORPORATION
Answer may vary

ACTIVITY 2: THINK LIKE A CHEMIST!

Answer may vary

10.A 10.A
9.A 9.C
8.D 8.D
7.A 7.B
6.D 6.A
ACTIVITY 1: ALCOHOL SYNTHESIS
5.A 5.B
4.C 4.A
3.B 3.C
2.A 2.C
1.A 1.C
POST TEST PRETEST

References

7
“Alkyne Reaction Patterns – Hydrohalogenation – Carbocation ...,” accessed last
November 2, 2020, https://www.masterorganicchemistry. com/2013/05/24/
alkyne-reaction-patterns-the-carbocation-pathway/

Brown, Theodore. Chemistry: The Central Science. New York: Pearson,2015.

Canva. accessed last November 5, 2020. www.canva.com/education

“Catalytic Hydrogenation of Alkynes: Mechanism & Explanation,” accessed last

November 2, 2020”, https://study.com/academy/lesson/catalytic-
hydrogenation-of-alkynes-mechanism-explanation.html

Chang, R. and Goldsby, K. Chemistry. New York: McGraw-Hill Education, 2010.

“Dehydration of Alcohols | MendelSet”, accessed last November 2, 2020,

http://www.mendelset.com/articles/687/dehydration_alcohols

“Esters and Formation of esters-Alcohol”, accessed last November 4, 2020,

https://sites.google.com/site/chemistry_olp/formation-of-esters

“How can alkenes be used to make ethanol? | Socratic”, accessed last November
2, 2020, https://socratic.org/questions/how-can-alkenes-be-used-to-make-
ethanol

“Hydrocarbons-Lessons-Tes Teach”, accessed last November 2, 2020,

https://www.tes.com/lessons/hUjQYBl3Z4qVw/hydrocarbons

“Learn Physical Properties of Alkynes in 3 minutes”, accessed last November 2,

2020, https://www.toppr.com/content/story/amp/physical-properties-of-
alkynes-37358/

Molview. Accessed September 2020. molview.org

“Physical Properties of Aldehydes & Ketones.” Ck-12. accessed September 18,

2020., https://www.ck12.org/na/ald-physical-properties-of-aldehydes-ketones-
1/lesson/Physical-Properties-of-Aldehydes-and-Ketones-xii-chemistry/
#:~:text=Aldehydes%20and%20Ketones-,Properties%20of%20Aldehydes
%20and%20Ketones,chain%20increases%2C%20water%20solubility
%20decreases.

“Preparation of Alkanes”. By Jus., accessed September 18, 2020., https://byjus.

com/chemistry/preparation-ofalkanes/#:~:text=Preparation%20of%20Alkanes
%20from%20unsaturated,or%20platinum%20to%20form% 20alkanes.

“Organic Chemistry.” American Chemical Society, accessed September 17, 2020.,

https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/careers/college-to-career/areas-of-
chemistry/organic-chemistry.html

8
“Oxidation of Alcohols to Aldehyde, Ketone, Carboxylic Acid”, accessed last
November 2, 2020, https://www.chemistryscl.com/organic/oxidation-of-
alcohols/index.php

“Reaction of Carboxylic Acids with Alcohols - Pass My Exams”, accessed last

November 2, 2020, http://www.passmyexams.co.uk/GCSE/chemistry/
carboxylic-acids-reaction-alcohol.html)

Silberberg, Martin. Principles of General Chemistry. Boston: McGraw-Hill Higher

Education, 2013.

Stoker, H. Essentials of General, Organic, & Biological Chemistry. Boston, Mass.:

Houghton Mifflin. 2003.

“The Basics of General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, -Lumen Learning”,

accessed last November 2, 2020, https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-
orgbiochemistry/chapter/12-2-structures-and-names-of-alkanes/

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