Algebra Ch.7 (Gr.7 8) AnswerKey

Chapter 7
Chapter 7 Maintaining Mathematical Proficiency (p. 335) 12. 30 = 2 ⋅3⋅5

1. 3x − 7 + 2x = 3x + 2x − 7 77 = 7 ⋅ 11
= (3 + 2)x − 7 The numbers have no common prime factors. So, the GCF of
= 5x − 7 30 and 77 is 1.
2. 4r + 6 − 9r − 1 = 4r − 9r + 6 − 1 13. It is not possible for two integers to have no common factors

because 1 is a factor of every integer.
= (4 − 9)r + 6 − 1
= −5r + 5 Chapter 7 Mathematical Practices (p. 356)
3. −5t + 3 − t − 4 + 8t = −5t − t + 8t + 3 − 4 1. The algebraic expression is 3x 2 − x + 1.
= (−5 − 1 + 8)t + 3 − 4
2. The algebraic expression is −x 2 + x.
= (2)t + (−1)
= 2t − 1 3. The algebraic expression is −x 2 − 2x.
4. 3(s − 1) + 5 = 3(s) − 3(1) + 5 4. The algebraic expression is x 2 + x − 1.
= 3s − 3 + 5 5. The algebraic expression is x 2 + 2.

= 3s + 2
6. The algebraic expression is x − 6.
5. 2m − 7(3 − m) = 2m − 7(3) − 7(−m)
7. The algebraic expression is −x 2 + 2x.
= 2m − 21 + 7m
= 9m − 21 8. The expression is 9.
6. 4(h + 6) − (h − 2) = 4(h) + 4(6) − h − (−2) 9. The algebraic expression is 2x 2.

= 4h + 24 − h + 2
= 4h − h + 24 + 2 7.1 Explorations (p. 357)
= (4 − 1)h + 24 + 2 1. Step 1 (3x + 2) + (x − 5)
= 3h + 26 Step 2 4x + 2 − 5
Step 3 4x + (2 − 2) − 3
7. 20 = 2 ⋅2⋅5 Step 4 4x − 3
36 = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 3
⋅ 2 = 4. 2. Step 1 ( x 2 + 2x + 2 ) − (x − 1)
The GCF of 20 and 36 is 2
Step 2 ( x 2 + 2x + 2 ) + (−x + 1)
8. 42 = 2 ⋅3⋅7 Step 3 x 2 + 2x − x + 3
63 = 3 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 7 Step 4 x 2 + x + (x − x) + 3
The GCF of 42 and 63 is 3 ⋅ 7 = 21. Step 5 x2 + x + 3
9. 54 = 2 ⋅3⋅3⋅3 3. Sample answer: If a polynomial is being subtracted, find
81 = 3 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 3 the opposite of each of its terms. Use the Commutative and
The GCF of 54 and 81 is 3 ⋅ ⋅ 3 3 = 27. Associative Properties to rearrange the terms so that like
terms are grouped together. Then add or subtract like terms.
10. 72 = 2 ⋅2⋅2⋅3⋅3 4. a. ( x 2 + 2x − 1 ) + ( 2x 2 − 2x + 1 )
84 = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 7
= x 2 + 2x 2 + 2x − 2x − 1 + 1
The GCF of 72 and 84 is 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3 = 12. = ( x 2 + 2x2 ) + (2x − 2x) + (−1 + 1)
11. 28 = 2 ⋅ ⋅
2 7 = 3x 2 + 0 + 0
64 = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 = 3x 2
The GCF of 28 and 64 is 2 ⋅ 2 = 4 b. (4x + 3) + (x − 2) = 4x + x + 3 − 2
= (4x + x) + (3 − 2)
= 5x + 1
Copyright © Big Ideas Learning, LLC Algebra 1 379

All rights reserved. Worked-Out Solutions
Chapter 7
c. ( x 2 + 2 ) − ( 3x 2 + 2x + 5 ) 9. x2 − x − 2
= ( x 2 + 2 ) + ( −3x 2 − 2x − 5 ) + 7x 2 − x
= x2 − 3x 2 − 2x + 2 − 5 8x 2 − 2x − 2
= ( 1x 2 − 3x 2 ) − 2x + (2 − 5) The sum is 8x 2 − 2x − 2.
= −2x 2 − 2x − 3
10. ( p 2 + p + 3 ) − ( −4p 2 − p + 3 )
d. (2x − 3x) − ( x 2 − 2x + 4 ) = (−x) + ( −x 2 + 2x − 4 )
= p 2 + p + 3 + 4p 2 + p − 3
= −x − x 2 + 2x − 4
= p 2 + 4p 2 + p + p + 3 − 3
= −x 2 − x + 2x − 4
= ( p 2 + 4p 2 ) + ( p + p) + (3 − 3)
= −x 2 + (−x + 2x) − 4
= 5p 2 + 2p + 0
= −x 2 + x − 4
= 5p 2 + 2p
7.1 Monitoring Progress (pp. 358–361) The difference is 5p 2 + 2p.
1. In the monomial −3x 4, the exponent of x is 4. So, the degree 11. −k + 5 −k+5
of the monomial is 4.
−( 3k 2 − 6) ⇒ −3k 2 +6
2. In the monomial 7c 3d 2, the exponent of c is 3, and the −3k 2 − k + 11
exponent of d is 2. So, the degree of the monomial is The difference is −3k 2 − k + 11.
3 + 2, or 5.
5
12. a. Penny: −16t2 − 25t + 200 −16t2 − 25t + 200
3. In the monomial —3 y, the exponent of y is 1. So, the degree of
Paintbrush: − ( −16t2 + 100 ) ⇒ +16t2 − 100
the monomial is 1. −25t + 100
4. You can rewrite −20.5 as −20.5x 0. So, the degree of the The polynomial −25t + 100 represents the distance
monomial is 0. between the objects after t seconds.
b. When t = 0, the distance between the objects is
5. You can write the polynomial 4 − 9z in standard form as −25(0) + 100 = 100 feet. So, the constant term 100
−9z + 4. indicates the distance between the penny and the
The greatest degree is 1, so the degree of the polynomial is 1. paintbrush is 100 feet when they begin to fall.
The leading coefficient is −9. As the value of t increases by 1, the value of −25t + 100
The polynomial has 2 terms, so it is a binomial. decreases by 25. This means that the objects become
25 feet closer to each other after each second. So, the
6. You can write the polynomial t 2 − t 3 − 10 t in standard form coefficient −25 of the linear term represents how much
as −t 3 + t 2 − 10 t. the distance between the objects changes each second.
The greatest degree is 3, so the degree of the polynomial is 3.
7.1 Exercises (pp. 362–364)
The leading coefficient is −1.
The polynomial has 3 terms, so it is a trinomial. Vocabulary and Core Concept Check
1. A polynomial in one variable is in standard form when the
7. You can write the polynomial 2.8x + x 3 in standard form as exponents of the terms decrease from left to right.
x 3 + 2.8x.
The greatest degree is 3, so the degree of the polynomial is 3. 2. The polynomial must have three terms, and the highest
degree must be 5. Sample answer: One possible polynomial
The leading coefficient is 1.
is 2x 5 − x 2 + 7.
The polynomial has 2 terms, so it is a binomial.
3. To determine whether a set of numbers is closed under an
8. (b − 10) + (4b − 3) = b + 4b − 10 − 3 operation, determine if the operation performed on any two
= (b + 4b) + (−10 − 3) numbers in the set results in a number that is also in the set.
= 5b + (−13)
4. The expression that does not belong with the other three is
= 5b − 13 x 2 − 8 x. This expression has a variable in one of its
The sum is 5b − 13. exponents, so it is not a polynomial. The other three
expressions are polynomials because the terms are constants
or other monomials whose variables have only whole
number exponents.
380 Algebra 1 Copyright © Big Ideas Learning, LLC

Worked-Out Solutions All rights reserved.
Chapter 7
Monitoring Progress and Modeling with Mathematics 18. You can write the polynomial 5z + 2z 3 + 3z 4 in standard
5. In the monomial 4g, the exponent of g is 1. So, the degree of form as 3z 4 + 2z 3 + 5z.
the monomial is 1. The greatest degree is 4, so the degree of the polynomial is 4.
6. In the monomial 23x 4, the exponent of x is 4. So, the degree The leading coefficient is 3.
of the monomial is 4. The polynomial has 3 terms, so it is a trinomial.
5
7. In the monomial −1.75k 2, the exponent of k is 2. So, the 19. You can write the polynomial πr 2 − —7 r 8 + 2r 5 in standard
5
degree of the monomial is 2. form as −—7 r 8 + 2r 5 + πr 2.
4 4 The greatest degree is 8, so the degree of the polynomial is 8.
8. You can rewrite −—9 as −—9 x 0. So, the degree of the monomial
5
is 0. The leading coefficient is −—7.
The polynomial has 3 terms, so it is a trinomial.
9. In the monomial 7s 8t, the exponent of s is 8, and the exponent
—
of t is 1. So, the degree of the monomial is 8 + 1, or 9. 20. The polynomial √ 7 n 4 is in standard form.
10. In the monomial 8m2n4, the exponent of m is 2, and the exponent The only term has a degree of 4, so the degree of the
of n is 4. So, the degree of the monomial is 2 + 4, or 6. polynomial is 4.
—
The leading coefficient is √7 .
11. In the monomial 9x y 3z7, the exponent of x is 1, the exponent
The polynomial has 1 term, so it is a monomial.
of y is 3, and the exponent of z is 7. So, the degree of the
monomial is 1 + 3 + 7, or 11. 4
21. The expression —3 πr 3 is a monomial because it is the product
of a number, —43 π, and a variable with a whole number
12. In the monomial −3q 4rs6, the exponent of q is 4, the
exponent, r 3. The only variable has an exponent of 3, so the
exponent of r is 1, and the exponent of s is 6. So, the degree
degree of the monomial is 3.
of the monomial is 4 + 1 + 6, or 11.
22. The expression 400x 8 + 600x 6 has two terms, so it is a
13. You can write the polynomial 6c 2 + 2c 4 − c in standard
binomial. The greatest degree is 8, so the degree of the
form as 2c 4 + 6c 2 − c.
binomial is 8.
The greatest degree is 4, so the degree of the polynomial is 4.
The leading coefficient is 2. 23. (5y + 4) + (−2y + 6) = 5y − 2y + 4 + 6
The polynomial has 3 terms, so it is a trinomial. = (5y − 2y) + (4 + 6)

= 3y + 10
14. You can write the polynomial 4w11 − w12 in standard form
as −w12 + 4w11. 24. (−8x − 12) + (9x + 4) = −8x + 9x − 12 + 4
The greatest degree is 12, so the degree of the polynomial is 12. = (−8x + 9x) + (−12 + 4)
The leading coefficient is −1. = x + (−8)
The polynomial has 2 terms, so it is a binomial. =x−8
Alternate solution:
15. You can write the polynomial 7 + 3p 2 in standard form as
3p 2 + 7. −8x − 12
The greatest degree is 2, so the degree of the polynomial is 2. + 9x + 4
The leading coefficient is 3. x− 8
The polynomial has 2 terms, so it is a binomial. 25. ( 2n2 − 5n − 6 ) + ( −n2 − 3n + 11 )
16. You can write the polynomial 8d − 2 − 4d 3 in standard form = 2n2 − n2 − 5n − 3n − 6 + 11

as −4d 3 + 8d − 2. = ( 2n2 − n2 ) + (−5n − 3n) + (−6 + 11)
The greatest degree is 3, so the degree of the polynomial 3. = n2 − 8n + 5
The polynomial has 3 terms, so it is a trinomial.
17. The polynomial 3t 8 is in standard form.

The only term has a degree of 8, so the degree of the
polynomial is 8.
The polynomial has 1 term, so it is a monomial.

Chapter 7
26. ( −3p 3 + 5p 2 − 2p ) + ( −p 3 − 8p 2 − 15p ) 33. ( y 2 − 4y + 9 ) − ( 3y 2 − 6y − 9 )

= −3p 3 − p 3 + 5p 2 − 8p 2 − 2p − 15p = y 2 − 4y + 9 − 3y 2 + 6y + 9
=( −3p 3 −
) + ( − ) + (−2p − 15p)
p3 5p 2 8p 2 = ( y 2 − 3y 2 ) + (−4y + 6y) + (9 + 9)
= −4p 3 + ( −3p 2 ) + (−17p) = −2y 2 + 2y + 18
= −4p 3 − 3p 2 − 17p
34. ( 4m2 − m + 2 ) − ( −3m2 + 10m + 4 )
Alternate solution:
= 4m2 − m + 2 + 3m2 − 10m − 4
−3p 3 + 5p 2 − 2p
= ( 4m2 + 3m2 ) + (−m − 10m) + (2 − 4)
+ −p 3 − 8p 2 − 15p
= 7m2 − 11m − 2
−4p 3 − 3p 2 − 17p
Alternate solution:
27. ( 3g2 − g) + ( 3g2 − 8g + 4 ) 4m2 − m+2 4m2 − m+2
= 3g2 + 3g2 − g − 8g + 4 − ( −3m2 + 10m + 4 ) ⇒ 3m2 − 10m − 4
= ( 3g2 + 3g2 ) + (−g − 8g) + 4 7m2 − 11m − 2
= 6g2 + (−9g) + 4
35. ( k 3 − 7k + 2 ) − ( k 2 − 12 ) = k 3 − 7k + 2 − k 2 + 12
= 6g2 − 9g + 4
= k 3 − k 2 − 7k + (2 + 12)
28. ( 9r 2 + 4r − 7 ) + ( 3r 2 − 3r ) = k 3 − k 2 − 7k + 14
= 9r 2 + 3r 2 + 4r − 3r − 7
36. (−r − 10) − ( −4r 3 + r 2 + 7r )
= ( 9r 2 + 3r 2 ) + (4r − 3r) − 7
= −r − 10 + 4r 3 − r 2 − 7r
= 12r 2 + r − 7
= 4r 3 − r 2 + (−r − 7r) − 10
Alternate solution:
= 4r 3 − r 2 − 8r − 10
9r 2 + 4r − 7
Alternate solution:
+ 3r 2 − 3r
−r − 10 −r − 10
12r 2 + r − 7
− ( −4r 3 + r2 + 7r ) ⇒ + 4r 3 − r2 − 7r
29. ( 4a − a3 − 3 ) + ( 2a3 − 5a2 + 8 ) 4r 3 − r 2 − 8r − 10
= −a3 + 2a3 − 5a2 + 4a − 3 + 8
37. ( t 4 − t 2 + t ) − ( 12 − 9t 2 − 7t )
= ( −a3 + 2a3 ) − 5a2 + 4a (−3 + 8)
= t 4 − t 2 + t − 12 + 9t 2 + 7t
= a3 − 5a2 + 4a + 5
= t 4 + ( −t 2 + 9t 2 ) + (t + 7t) − 12
30. ( s3 − 2s − 9 ) + ( 2s 2 − 6s 3 + s) = t 4 + 8t 2 + 8t − 12
= s 3 − 6s 3 + 2s 2 − 2s + s − 9 Alternate solution:
= ( s3 − 6s 3 ) + 2s 2 + (−2s + s) − 9 t4 − t2 + t t4 − t2 + t
= −5s 3 + 2s 2 − s − 9 − ( −9t 2 − 7t + 12 ) ⇒ + + 9t 2 + 7t − 12
Alternate solution: t 4 + 8t 2 + 8t − 12
s3 − 2s − 9
38. ( 4d − 6d 3 + 3d 2 ) − (10d 3 + 7d − 2)
+ −6s 3 + 2s 2 +s
= 4d − 6d 3 + 3d 2 − 10d 3 − 7d + 2
−5s 3 + 2s 2 − s − 9
= ( −6d 3 − 10d 3 ) + 3d 2 + (4d − 7d) + 2
31. (d − 9) − (3d − 1) = d − 9 − 3d + 1 = −16d 3 + 3d 2 − 3d + 2
= (d − 3d) + (−9 + 1)
39. When writing the subtraction as addition, the last term of the
= −2d − 8 polynomial was not multiplied by −1.
32. (6x + 9) − (7x + 1) = 6x + 9 − 7x − 1 ( x2 + x ) − ( 2x2 − 3x ) = x2 + x − 2x2 + 3x
= (6x − 7x) + (9 − 1) = ( x2 − 2x2 ) + (x + 3x)
= −x + 8 = −x2 + 4x
Alternate solution:
6x + 9 6x + 9
− (7x + 1) ⇒ −7x − 1
−x + 8
Chapter 7
40. The terms −4x2 and 8x are not like terms, so they cannot be 51. −16t 2 + v0t + s0 = −16t 2 + (−45)t + 200
added. = −16t 2 − 45t + 200
x3 − 4x2 +3 Let t = 1.
+ −3x3 + 8x − 2 −16t 2 − 45t + 200 = −16(1)2 − 45(1) + 200
−2x3 − 4x2 + 8x + 1 = −16 − 45 + 200
41. (8b + 6) − (4 + 5b) = 8b + 6 − 4 − 5b = 139
= (8b − 5b) + (6 − 4) A polynomial that represents the height of the water balloon
is −16t 2 − 45t + 200, and the water balloon is 139 feet
= 3b + 2
from the ground after 1 second.
A polynomial that represents how much more it costs to
make b necklaces than b bracelets is 3b + 2. 52. −16t 2 + v0t + s0 = −16t 2 + 16t + 3
Let t = 1.
42. (142 + 12m) + (52 + 6m) = 142 + 52 + 12m + 6m
−16t 2 + 16t + 3 = −16(1)2 + 16(1) + 3
= (142 + 52) + (12m + 6m)
= −16(1) + 16 + 3
= 194 + 18m
= −16 + 16 + 3
A polynomial that represents the total number of
memberships at the fitness center is 194 + 18m. =3
The polynomial −16t 2 + 16t + 3 represents the height of
43. 2s2 − 5st − t 2 2s2 − 5st − t 2 the tennis ball after t seconds, and the tennis ball is 3 feet
− ( s2 + 7st − t2 ) ⇒ + −s2 − 7st + t 2 high after 1 second. So, it is back to the initial height where
s2 − 12st you hit it with the racket.
) 53. a. ( −16t 2 + 98 ) − ( −16t 2 + 46t + 6 )

44. ( a2 − 3ab + 2b2 ) + ( −4a2 + 5ab − b2
= a2 − 4a2 − 3ab + 5ab + 2b2 − b2 = −16t 2 + 98 + 16t 2 − 46t − 6
= ( a2 − 4a2 ) + (−3ab + 5ab) + ( 2b2 − b2 ) = ( −16t 2 + 16t 2 ) − 46t + (98 − 6)
= −3a2 + 2ab + b2 = −46t + 92

The polynomial −46t + 92 represents the distance
45. c2 − 6d 2 between the objects after t seconds.
+ c 2 − 2cd + 2d 2 b. When t = 0, the distance between the objects is
2c 2 − 2cd − 4d 2 −46(0) + 92 = 92 feet. So, the constant term 92
indicates that the distance between the two balls is
46. ( −x 2 + 9xy ) − ( x 2 + 6xy − 8y 2 ) 92 feet when they are thrown.
= −x 2 + 9xy − x 2 − 6xy + 8y 2 As the value of t increases by 1, the value of −46t + 92
= ( −x2 − x2 ) + (9xy − 6xy) + 8y 2 decreases by 46. This means that the two balls become
46 feet closer to each other after each second. So, the
= −2x 2 + 3xy + 8y 2
coefficient, −46, of the linear term represents how much
47. The terms of a polynomial are always monomials.
the distance between objects changes each second.
A polynomial is a monomial or a sum of monomials, and
54. a. −0.028t 3 + 0.06t 2 + 0.1t + 17
each monomial is a term of the polynomial.
+ − 0.38t 2 + 1.5t + 42
48. The difference of two trinomials is sometimes a trinomial. If −0.028t 3 − 0.32t 2 + 1.6t + 59
like terms have the same coefficient, they will cancel when
The polynomial −0.028t 3 − 0.32t 2 + 1.6t + 59
subtracted, so the difference will have fewer than
represents the total amount spent each year on buying new
3 terms. Or, if the terms in the trinomial are not all of the same
and used vehicles in the 7-year period.
degree, then the difference could have more than 3 terms.
b. Let t = 5.
49. A binomial is sometimes a polynomial of degree 2. The two −0.028t 3 − 0.32t 2 + 1.6t + 59
terms in the binomial can be of any degree.
= −0.028(5)3 − 0.32(5)2 + 1.6(5) + 59
50. The sum of two polynomials is always a polynomial. = −0.028(125) − 0.32(25) + 8 + 59
Polynomials are closed under addition. = −3.5 − 8 + 8 + 59
= 55.5
The total amount spent on buying new and used vehicles
in the fifth year was $55.5 million.

Chapter 7
55. P = 2x + (3x − 2) + (2x + 1) + (5x − 2) b. 2x2 − 14x = 2(20)2 − 14(20)
= (2x + 3x + 2x + 5x) + (−2 + 1 − 2) = 2(400) − 280

= 12x − 3 = 800 − 280
The polynomial 12x − 3 represents the perimeter of the = 520
quadrilateral. When x = 20 feet, the total area of the deck is
520 square feet.
56. a. −2x + 1 − (x − 2) or x − 2 − (−2x + 1)
c. Divide the total area of the deck by the area that can be
= −2x + 1 − x + 2 = x − 2 + 2x − 1 covered by 1 gallon of sealant to get the amount of sealant
= (−2x − x) + (1 + 2) = (x + 2x) + (−2 − 1) needed.
= −3x + 3 or = 3x − 3 520
— = 1.3
400
The vertical distance between points on the lines with the
So, you need 1.3 gallons of sealant to cover the deck once.
same x-value can be represented by the absolute value of
−3x + 3 or 3x − 3. 61. a.
Area of Area of Area of Area of
b. −3x + 3 = 3x − 3 = 0
patio = rectangular area − pool − hot tub
0 or
−3 −3 +3 +3
A = ℓw − ℓw − s2
−3x = −3 3x = 3
−3x −3 3x 3 A = (8x − 10)(2x + 2x) − (6x − 14)(2x) − x2
—=— —=—
−3 −3 3 3 = (8x − 10)(4x) − ( 6x(2x) − 14(2x) ) − x2
x=1 x=1 = 8x(4x) − 10(4x) − (12x2 − 28x) − x2
Each expression equals 0 when x = 1, which is the = 32x2 − 40x − 12x2 + 28x − x2
x-coordinate of the point of intersection of the two lines.
= ( 32x2 − 12x2 − x2 ) + (−40x + 28x)
57. Your friend is correct. Addition is commutative and = 19x2 − 12x
associative, so you can add in any order. b. 19x2 − 12x = 19(9)2 − 12(9)
58. Sample answer: The polynomials

1
—2 x 2
1
+ and
—2
1
—2 x 2
1
− have
—2 = 19(81) − 108
a sum of x2 and a difference of 1. = 1539 − 108
1
—2 x 2 +
1
—2
1
—2 x 2 + 1
—2
1
—2 x 2 + 1
—2 = 1431
So, when x = 9, the area of the patio is 1431 square feet.
+ —12 x 2 − 1
—2 − ( 1
—2 x 2 − 1
—2 ) = − 1
—2 x 2 + 1
—2
The patio costs 1431(10) = $14,310.
x2 1 Maintaining Mathematical Proficiency
59. a. The set of negative integers is not closed under 62. 2(x − 1) + 3(x + 2) = 2(x) − 2(1) + 3(x) + 3(2)
multiplication because the product of two negative = 2x − 2 + 3x + 6
integers is always a positive integer. = (2x + 3x) + (−2 + 6)
b. The set of whole is closed under addition because the sum = 5x + 4
of two whole numbers is always a whole number.
63. 8(4y − 3) + 2( y − 5) = 8(4y) − 8(3) + 2( y) − 2(5)
60. a. Level 1: A = ℓw
= 32y − 24 + 2y − 10
= x( 10 + (x − 12) )
= (32y + 2y) + (−24 − 10)
= x( x + (10 − 12) )
= 34y − 34
= x(x − 2)
= x(x) − x(2) 64. 5(2r + 1) − 3(−4r + 2) = 5(2r) + 5(1) − 3(−4r) − 3(2)
= x 2 − 2x = 10r + 5 + 12r − 6
Level 2: A = ℓw = (10r + 12r) + (5 − 6)
= x(x − 12) = 22r − 1
= x(x) − x(12)
= x 2 − 12x
Total area:
( x 2 − 2x ) + ( x 2 − 12x ) = x 2 + x 2 − 2x − 12x
= ( x 2 + x 2 ) + (−2x − 12x)
= 2x 2 − 14x
Chapter 7
7.2 Explorations (p. 365) 7.2 Monitoring Progress (pp. 366–368)

1. a. 1; The product of 1 and 1 is 1. 1. ( y + 4)( y + 1) = y( y + 1) + 4( y + 1)
b. −1; The product of 1 and −1 is −1. = y( y) + y(1) + 4( y) + 4(1)
c. 1; The product of −1 and −1 is 1. = y 2 + y + 4y + 4
d. x; The product of any number and 1 is that number. = y 2 + 5y + 4
e. −x; The product of any number and −1 is the opposite of The product is y2 + 5y + 4.
that number.
2. z−2
f. −x; The product of any number and 1 is that number.
× z+6
g. x; The product of the opposite of a number and −1 is the
number. 6z − 12
h. x2;
The product of any number multiplied by itself is the z2 − 2z
number squared. z2 + 4z − 12
i. −x2;The product of any number and its opposite is the The product is z2 + 4z − 12.
opposite of the number squared.
3. ( p + 3)( p − 8) = ( p + 3)[ p + (−8) ]
j. x 2; The product of any number multiplied by itself is the
number squared. p 3
2. a. (x + 3)(x − 2) = x2 + (−2x + 3x) − 6 p p2 3p
= x2 +x−6 −8 −8p −24
b. (2x − 1)(2x + 1) = 4x 2 + (2x − 2x) − 1 The product is p2 + 3p − 8p − 24, or p2 − 5p − 24.
= 4x2 −1
4. (r − 5)(2r − 1) = [ r + (−5) ][ 2r + (−1) ]
c.
r −5
2r 2r2 −10r
−1 −r 5
(x + 2)(2x − 1) = 2x2 + (−x + 4x) − 2 The product is 2r 2 − 10r − r + 5, or 2r 2 − 11r + 5.
= 2x2 + 3x − 2
5. First Outer Inner Last
d.
(m − 3)(m − 7) = m(m) + m(−7) + (−3)(m) + (−3)(−7)
= m2 + (−7m) + (−3m) + 21
= m2 − 10m + 21
The product is m2 − 10m + 21.
(−x − 2)(x − 3) = −x2 + (3x − 2x) + 6 6. First Outer Inner Last
= −x2 + x + 6 (x − 4)(x + 2) = x(x) + x(2) + (−4)(x) + (−4)(2)
3. Multiply each term in one polynomial by each term in the = x2 + 2x + (−4x) + (−8)
other polynomial, then combine like terms. = x2 − 2x − 8
The product is x2 − 2x − 8.
4. Sample answer:
( 2u + )( u − ) = 2u(u) + 2u ( )
1
—2
3
—2
3
−—2 + —12 (u) + 1
—2 ( −— )
3
2
1 3
= 2u2 + (−3u) + —2 u − —4
(x + 1)(x − 2) = x2 + (−2x + x) − 2 = 2u2 − —52u − —34

= x2 − x − 2 The product is 2u2 − —52 u − —34 .

Chapter 7
8. First Outer Inner Last 4. ( y + 6)( y + 4) = y( y + 4) + 6( y + 4)

(n + 2)( n2 + 3 ) = n( n2 )+ n(3) + 2( n2 ) + 2(3) = y( y) + y(4) + 6( y) + 6(4)
= n3 + 3n + 2n2 + 6 = y2 + 4y + 6y + 24
= n3 + 2n2 + 3n + 6 = y2 + 10y + 24
The product is n3 + 2n2 + 3n + 6.
5. (z − 5)(z + 3) = z(z + 3) − 5(z + 3)
9. x2 + 5x + 8 = z(z) + z(3) − 5(z) − 5(3)
× x+1 = z2 + 3z − 5z − 15
x2 + 5x + 8 = z2 − 2z − 15
x3 + 5x2 + 8x
6. (a + 8)(a − 3) = a(a − 3)+ 8(a − 3)
x3 + 6x2 + 13x + 8
= a(a) − a(3) + 8(a) − 8(3)
The product is x3 + 6x2 + 13x + 8.
= a2 − 3a + 8a − 24
10. n2 − 2n + 4 = a2 + 5a − 24
× n−3
7. (g − 7)(g − 2) = g(g − 2) − 7(g − 2)
−3n2 + 6n − 12
= g(g) − g(2) − 7(g) − 7(−2)
n3 − 2n2 + 4n
= g2 − 2g − 7g + 14
n3 − 5n2 + 10n − 12
= g2 − 9g + 14
The product is n3 − 5n2 + 10n − 12.
1 1 8. (n − 6)(n − 4) = n(n − 4) − 6(n − 4)
11. —2 h ( b1 + b2 ) = —2 (x − 7)[ x(x + 11) ]
= n(n) − n(4) − 6(n) − 6(−4)
= —12 (x − 7)(2x + 11)
= n2 − 4n − 6n + 24
F O I L
= n2 − 10n + 24
= —12 [ 2x2 + 11x + (−14x) + (−77) ]
9. (3m + 1)(m + 9) = 3m(m + 9) + 1(m + 9)
= —12 ( 2x2 − 3x − 77 )
= 3m(m) + 3m(9) + 1(m) + 1(9)
= x2 − —32 x − —
77
2 = 3m2 + 27m + m + 9
The polynomial that represents the area of the trapezoidal = 3m2 + 28m + 9
region becomes x2 − —32 x − —
77
2
. The longer base becomes
x + 11. Substituting this value in the formula for the area of 10. (5s + 6)(s − 2) = 5s(s − 2) + 6(s − 2)
a trapezoid along with the other unchanged values changes = 5s(s) − 5s(2) + 6(s) − 6(2)
the linear and constant terms in the polynomial.
= 5s2 − 10s + 6s − 12
7.2 Exercises (pp. 369–370) = 5s2 − 4s − 12
Vocabulary and Core Concept Check 11. (x + 3)(x + 2)

1. Sample answer: Distribute one of the binomials over each
x 3
term in the other binomial, and simplify by combining like
terms. Or, write each binomial as a sum of terms and make x x2 3x
a table of products. Then, write the sum of the products and
2 2x 6
simplify by combining like terms.
x2 + 3x + 2x + 6 = x2 + 5x + 6
2. The letters stand for the sets of terms to multiply: first, outer,
inner, and last. 12. ( y + 10)( y − 5) = ( y + 10)[ y + (−5) ]
Monitoring Progress and Modeling with Mathematics y 10

3. (x + 1)(x + 3) = x(x + 3) + 1(x + 3) y y2 10y
= x(x) + x(3) + 1(x) + 1(3) −5 −5y −50
= x2 + 3x + x + 3
y2 + 10y − 5y − 50 = y2 + 5y − 50
= x2 + 4x + 3

Chapter 7
13. (h − 8)(h − 9) = [ h + (−8) ][ h + (−9) ] 20. The two terms that represent x − 5 on the left side of the
table should be x and −5, not 5.
h −8
(x − 5)(3x + 1) = [ x + (−5) ](3x + 1)
h h2 −8h
3x 1
−9 −9h 72
x 3x 2 x
h2 − 8h − 9h + 72 = h2 − 17h + 72
−5 −15x −5
14. (c − 6)(c − 5) = [ c + (−6) ][ c + (−5) ]
3x2 + x − 15x − 5 = 3x2 − 14x − 5
c −6
c c2 −6c (b + 3)(b + 7) = b(b) + b(7) + 3(b) + 3(7)
−5 −5c 30 = b2 + 7b + 3b + 21
c2 − 6c − 5c + 30 = c2 − 11c + 30 = b2 + 10b + 21
15. (3k − 1)(4k + 9) = [ 3k + (−1) ](4k + 9) 22. First Outer Inner Last
(w + 9)(w + 6) = w(w) + w(6) + 9(w) + 9(6)
3k −1
= w2 + 6w + 9w + 54
4k 12k2 −4k = w2 + 15w + 54
9 27k −9
12k2 − 4k + 27k − 9 = 12k2 + 23k − 9 (k + 5)(k − 1) = k(k) + k(−1) + 5(k) + 5(−1)
16. (5g + 3)(g + 8) = k2 − k + 5k − 5
= k2 + 4k − 5
5g 3
g 5g2 3g 24. First Outer Inner Last
(x − 4)(x + 8) = x(x) + x(8) + (−4)(x) + (−4)(8)
8 40g 24
= x2 + 8x − 4x − 32
5g2 + 3g + 40g + 24 = 5g2 + 43g + 24 = x2 + 4x − 32
17. (−3 + 2j )(4j − 7) = [ 2j + (−3) ][ 4j + (−7) ] 25. First Outer Inner Last
2j −3
( q − )( q + ) = q(q) + q( ) + ( ) (q) + ( −— )( — )
3
—4
1
—4
1
—4
3
−—4
3
4
1
4
4j 8j 2 −12j
= q2 + —14 q − —34 q − —3
−7 −14j 21 16
8j2 − 12j − 14j + 21 = 8j 2 − 26j + 21 = q2 − —12 q − —3

16
18. (5d − 12)(−7 + 3d) = [ 5d + (−12) ][ 3d + (−7) ] 26. First Outer Inner Last
5d −12 ( z − — )( z − — ) = z(z) + z( −— ) + ( −— )(z) + ( −— )( −— )

5
3
2
3
2
3
5
3
5
3
2
3
3d 15d 2 −36d
= z2 − —23 z − —53 z + —
10
9
−7 −35d 84
= z2 − —73 z + —
10
15d 2 − 36d − 35d + 84 = 15d 2 − 71d + 84 9
19. The first term t also should be multiplied by t + 5. 27. First Outer Inner Last
(t − 2)(t + 5) = t (t + 5) − 2(t + 5) (9 − r)(2 − 3r) = 9(2) + 9(−3r) + (−r)(2) + (−r)(−3r)
= t(t) + t(5) − 2(t) − 2(5) = 18 − 27r − 2r + 3r 2
= t2 + 5t − 2t − 10 = 18 − 29r + 3r 2
= t2 + 3t − 10 = 3r 2 − 29r + 18

Chapter 7
28. First Outer Inner Last 33.

Area of Area of Area of
(8 − 4x)(2x + 6) = 8(2x) + 8(6) + (−4x)(2x) + (−4x)(6) = −
shaded region rectangular region triangular region
= 16x + 48 − 8x2 − 24x
= −8x2 + 16x − 24x + 48 A = ℓw − —12 bh
= −8x2 − 8x + 48 = (x + 6)(x + 5) − —12 (x + 6)(x + 5)
29. First Outer Inner Last F O I L F O I L

(w + 5)( w2 + 3w ) = w( w2 ) + w(3w) + 5( w2 ) + 5(3w) = [ x(x) + x(5) + 6(x) + 6(5) ] − —21 [ x(x) + x(5) + 6(x) + 6(5) ]
= w3 + 3w2 + 5w2 + 15w 1
= ( x2 + 5x + 6x + 30 ) − —2 ( x 2 + 5x + 6x + 30 )
= w3 + 8w2 + 15w 1
= (x2 + 11x + 30) − —2 ( x 2 + 11x + 30 )
= x2 + 11x + 30 − —12 ( x2 ) − —12 (11x) − —12 (30)
(v − 3)( v2 + 8v ) = v( v2 ) + v(8v) + (−3)( v2 ) + (−3)(8v)
= x2 + 11x + 30 − —12 x2 + —
11
x − 15
= v3 + 8v2 − 3v3 − 24v 2
= v3 + 5v2 − 24v ( ) (
= x2 − —12 x2 + 11x − —
11
2
x + (30 − 15) )
1 11
= —2 x 2 + — x + 15
31. A = ℓw 2
= (2x − 9)(x + 5) The polynomial —12 x2 + —

11
2
x + 15 represents the area of the
shaded region.
F O I L
= 2x(x) + 2x(5) + (−9)(x) + (−9)(5) 34.
Area of Area of Area of
= −
= 2x2 + 10x − 9x − 45 shaded region square region rectangular region
= 2x2 + x − 45 A = s2 − ℓw
The polynomial + x − 45 represents the area of the
2x2 = (x + 1)2 − (x − 7)(5)
rectangular region.
= (x + 1)(x + 1) − (x − 7)(5)
1
32. A = —2 bh F O I L
= x(x) + x(1) + 1(x) + 1(1) − [ x(5) − 7(5) ]
= —12 (p + 1)(2p − 6)
= x2 + x + x + 1 − (5x − 35)
F O I L
= x2 + 2x + 1 − 5x + 35
1
=—2 [ p(2p) + p(−6) + 1(2p) + 1(−6) ] = x2 + 2x − 5x + 1 + 35
1
= —2 ( 2p2 − 6p + 2p − 6 ) = x2 − 3x + 36
= 1
—2 ( 2p2 − 4p − 6 ) The polynomial x2 − 3x + 36 represents the area of the
1
shaded region.
= —2 ( 2p2 ) − —12 (4p) − —12 (6)
35. x2 + 3x + 2
= p2 − 2p − 3
× x+4
The polynomial p2 − 2p − 3 represents the area of the
triangular region. 4x2 + 12x + 8
x3 + 3x2 + 2x
x3 + 7x2 + 14x + 8
36. f 2 + 4f + 8
× f+1
f 2 + 4f + 8
f 3 + 4f 2 + 8f
f 3 + 5f 2 + 12f + 8
37. y2 + 8y − 2
× y+3
3y2 + 24y − 6
y3 + 8y2 − 2y
y3 + 11y2 + 22y − 6
Chapter 7
38. t2 − 5t + 1 44. a. A = ℓw
× t−2 = (x + 22 + x)(x + 20 + x)
−2t2 + 10t − 2 = (2x + 22)(2x + 20)
t3 − 5t2 +t F O I L
t3 − 7t2 + 11t − 2 = 2x(2x) + 2x(20) + 22(2x) + 22(20)
= 4x2 + 40x + 44x + 440
39. 5b2 + 5b − 4
= 4x2 + 84x + 440
× −b + 4
A polynomial that represents the combined area of the
20b2 + 20b − 16
photo and the frame is ( 4x2 + 84x + 440 ) square inches.
−5b3 − 5b2 + 4b
b. Let x = 4.
−5b3 + 15b2 + 24b − 16
4x2 + 84x + 440 = 4(4)2 + 84(4) + 440
40. 2d2 −d+7 = 4(16) + 336 + 440
× d+6 = 64 + 336 + 440
12d 2 − 6d + 42 = 840
2d 3 − d2 + 7d When the width of the frame is 4 inches, the combined
2d 3 + 11d 2 + d + 42 area of the photo and the frame is 840 square inches.
45. The degree of the product is the sum of the degrees of each
41. 3e2 − 5e + 7
binomial.
× 6e + 1
3e2 − 5e + 7 46. Sample answer: (2x − 6)( x 2 + 3x + 4 )
18e3 − 30e2 + 42e
x2 + 3x + 4
18e3 − 27e2 + 37e + 7
2x − 6
42. 6v2 + 2v − 9 −6x2 − 18x − 24
× −5v + 4 2x3 + 6x2 + 8x
24v2 + 8v − 36 2x3 −10x − 24
−30v3 − 10v2 + 45v The product is 2x3 − 10x − 24, which is a trinomial of degree 3.
−30v3 + 14v2 + 53v − 36
47. The FOIL method can only be used for multiplying two
43. a. A = ℓw
binomials, because each of the four letters represent one of
the products when two binomials are multiplied. When two
= (10x + 10)(4x + 20) trinomials are multiplied, however, there are 6 products. The
F O I L FOIL method would leave out the products that include the
=10x(4x) + 10x(20) + 10(4x) + 10(20) middle terms of the two trinomials.
= 40x2 + 200x + 40x + 200 48. a. The two binomials being multiplied are (−4x + 3) and
= 40x2 + 240x + 200 (−8x − 9). The binomial (−4x + 3) is comprised of the
A polynomial that represents the area of the football field two terms on top of the table, and the binomial (−8x − 9)
is ( 40x2 + 240x + 200 ) square feet. is comprised of the two terms on the left side of the table.
b. When x > 0, a is positive because it is the product of two
b. 4x + 20 = 160
negative terms, b is negative because it is the product of one
− 20 − 20 negative term and one positive term, c is positive because it is
4x = 140 the product of two negative terms, and d is negative because
4x 140 it is the product of one negative term and one positive term.
—=—
4 4
x = 35 49. Your answers should be equivalent. You are both multiplying
the same binomials, and neither the order in which you
40x2 + 240x + 200 = 40(35)2 + 240(35) + 200 multiply nor the method used will make a difference.
= 40(1225) + 8400 + 200
= 49,000 + 8400 + 200
= 57,600
When the width of a football field is 160 feet, the area is
57,600 square feet.
Chapter 7
50. V = ℓwh 54. y = −4 ∣ x + 2 ∣

= (4x − 3)(x + 1)(x + 2) −4[ −(x + 2) ], if x + 2 < 0
= (4x − 3)[ x(x + 2) + 1(x + 2) ]
g(x) = {−4(x + 2), if x + 2 ≥ 0
= (4x − 3)[ x(x) + x(2) + 1(x) + 1(2) ] g(x) = −4[ −(x + 2) ], if x + 2 < 0
= (4x − 3)( x2 + 2x + x + 2 ) g(x) = −4(−x − 2), −2 −2
= (4x − 3)( x2 + 3x + 2 ) g(x) = −4(−x) − 4(−2),
= 4x( x2 + 3x + 2 ) − 3( x2 + 3x + 2 ) g(x) = 4x + 8, if x < −2
= 4x( x2 ) + 4x(3x) + 4x(2) − 3( x2 ) − 3(3x) − 3(2) g(x) = −4(x + 2), if x + 2 ≥ 0
= 4x3 + 12x2 + 8x − 3x2 − 9x − 6 g(x) = −4(x) − 4(2), −2 −2
= 4x3 + ( 12x2 − 3x2 ) + (8x − 9x) − 6 g(x) = −4x − 8, if x ≥ −2
= 4x3 + 9x2 − x − 6 So, a piecewise function for y = −4 ∣ x + 2 ∣ is
4x + 8, if x < −2
A polynomial that represents the volume of the container is
( 4x3 + 9x2 − x − 6 ) cubic feet.
g(x) = {
−4x − 8, if x ≥ −2
.
51. a. The product of m and n is c. So, when c > 0, m and n have

the same signs because the product of two numbers with
55. 10 2 ⋅ 10 9 = 10 2 + 9
= 1011
the same sign is positive.
b. The product of m and n is c. So, when c < 0, m and n have
x5 x
56. —8x
=—⋅
8
x5 + 1 x6
= —8 = x 6 − 8 = x−2 = —2
x x x
1
opposite signs because the product of one positive number
1 1 1 1
57. (3z 6)−3 = — =—=—=—
(3z 6)3 33(z 6)3 27z 6 ⋅3 27z18
and one negative number is negative.
Maintaining Mathematical Proficiency

52. y = ∣ x ∣ + 4
( )
58. —
2y 4
3y
−2
= (2y 4 − 3)−2 = (2y)−2 = 2−2y−2 = —
1
=—
1
22y2 4y2
A piecewise function for y = ∣ x ∣ + 4 is 7.3 Explorations (p. 371)

1. a. x 2 − 2x + 2x − 4 = x 2 − 4
−x + 4, if x < 0
g(x) = { x + 4, if x ≥ 0
.
b. 4x 2 + 2x − 2x − 1 = 4x 2 − 1
53. y = 6 ∣ x − 3 ∣ 2. a.
6[ −(x − 3) ], if x − 3 < 0
g(x) = { 6(x − 3), if x − 3 ≥ 0
g(x) = 6[ −(x − 3) ], if x − 3 < 0
g(x) = 6(−x + 3), +3 +3
x 2 + 2x + 2x + 4 = x 2 + 4x + 4
g(x) = 6(−x) + 6(3),
b.
g(x) = −6x + 18, if x < 3
g(x) = 6(x − 3), if x − 3 ≥ 0
g(x) = 6(x) − 6(3) +3 +3
g(x) = 6x − 18, if x ≥ 3
So, a piecewise function for y = 6 ∣ x − 3 ∣ is
−6x + 18, if x < 3
g(x) = {
6x − 18, if x ≥ 3
. 4x2 − 2x − 2x + 1 = 4x2 − 4x + 1

Chapter 7
3. F O I L c. (a + b)(a − b) = a2 − b2
(a + b)(a − b) = a(a) + a(−b) + b(a) + b(−b) (3x + 1)(3x − 1) = (3x)2 − 12
= a2 − ab + ab − b 2 = 9x2 − 1
= a2 − b2 Check
+ + + −
So, (a + b)(a − b) = a2 − b 2.
(a + b)2 = (a + b)(a + b)
+ + + +
−
F O I L
= a(a) + a(b) + b(a) + b(b) + + + +
−
= a2 + ab + ab + b2
= a2 + 2ab + b2 + + + +
−
So, (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2.
+ + + + −
(a − b)2 = (a − b)(a − b)
F O I L 9x2 − 3x + 3x − 1 = 9x2 − 1
= a(a) +a(−b) + (−b)(a) + (−b)(−b) The product is 9x2 − 1.
= a2 − ab − ab + b2 d. (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b 2
= a2 − 2ab + b2 (x + 3)2 = x2 + 2(x)(3) + 32
So, (a − b)2 = a2 − 2ab + b2. = x2 + 6x + 9
Check
4. a. ( a + b)( a − b) = a2 − b 2 + + + +
(x + 3)(x − 3) = x2 − 32
= x2 − 9 + + + + +
Check + + + + +
+ − − −
+ + + + +
+ + + + + + +
−
−
−
+ + − − − x2 + 3x + 3x + 9 = x2 + 6x + 9
+ + − − − The product is x2 + 6x + 9.
+ + − − − e. (a − b)2 = a2 − 2ab + b 2
(x − 2)2 = x2 − 2(x)(2) + 22
x2 − 3x + 3x − 9 = x2 − 9
= x2 − 4x + 4
The product is x2 − 9.
Check
b. (a − b)(a + b) = a2 − b 2 + − −
(x − 4)(x + 4) = x2 − 42
+
+
−
−
= x2 − 16
Check − − + +
+ + + + +
− − + +
+ + + + + +
x2 − 2x − 2x + 4 = x2 − 4x + 4
− − − − − − The product is x2 − 4x + 4.
− − − − − −
− − − − − −
− − − − − −
x2 + 4x − 4x − 16 = x2 − 16

Chapter 7
f. (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b 2 9. a. The Punnett square shows four possible gene

combinations of the offspring. Of these combinations,
(3x + 1)2 = (3x)2 + 2(3x)(1) + 12
one results in black. So, —14 = 25% of the possible gene
= 9x2 + 6x + 1
combinations result in black.
Check
+ + + + b. Model the gene from each parent with the expression
0.5B + 0.5W. There is an equal chance that the offspring
+ + + + + inherits a black or a white gene from each parent.
You can model the possible gene combinations of the
offspring with the expression (0.5B + 0.5W )2. Notice that
+ + + + +
this product also represents the area of the Punnett square.
Expand the product to find the possible colors of the
+ + + + + offspring.
+ + + + + (0.5B + 0.5W )2 = (0.5B)2 + 2(0.5B)(0.5W ) + (0.5W )2
= 0.25B2 + 0.5BW + 0.25W 2
9x2 + 3x + 3x + 1 = 9x2 + 6x + 1
Consider the coefficients in the polynomial. So, 25% of
The product is 9x2 + 6x + 1. the offspring are BB, or black; 50% of the offspring are
BW, or gray; and 25% of the offspring are WW, or white.
7.3 Monitoring Progress (pp. 372–374)
1. (x + 7)2 = x 2 + 2(x)(7) + 72 7.3 Exercises (pp. 375–376)
= x2 + 14x + 49 Vocabulary and Core Concept Check
The product is x2 + 14x + 49. 1. Substitute the first term of the binomial for a and the second
term of the binomial for b in the square of a binomial pattern
2. (7x − 3)2 = (7x)2 − 2(7x)(3) + 32
a2 + 2ab + b2. Then simplify.
= 49x2 − 42x + 9
The product is 49x2 − 42x + 9. 2. The expression that does not belong is (x + 2)(x − 3). It
is the only one that cannot be simplified using the sum and
3. (4x − y)2 = (4x)2 − 2(4x)(y) + y2 difference pattern. The pattern for this one is (a + b)(a − c),
= 16x2 − 8xy + y2 but the pattern for the others is (a + b)(a − b).
The product is 16x2 − 8xy + y2.
Monitoring Progress and Modeling with Mathematics
4. (3m + n)2 = (3m)2 + 2(3m)(n) + n2 3. (x + 8)2 = x 2 + 2(x)(8) + 82
= 9m2 + 6mn + n2 = x2 + 16x + 64
The product is 9m2 + 6mn + n2.
4. (a − 6)2 = a2 − 2(a)(6) + 62
5. (x + 10)(x − 10) = x 2 − 102 = a2 − 12a + 36
= x2 − 100
5. (2f − 1)2 = (2f )2 − 2(2f )(1) + 12
= 4f 2 − 4f + 1
6. (2x + 1)(2x − 1) = (2x)2 − 12
6. (5p + 2)2 = (5p)2 + 2(5p)(2) + 22
= 4x2 − 1
= 25p2 + 20p + 4
The product is 4x2 − 1.
7. (−7t + 4)2 = (−7t)2 + 2(−7t)(4) + 42
7. (x + 3y)(x − 3y) = x 2 − (3y)2
= 49t2 − 56t + 16
= x2 − 9y2
The product is x2 − 9y2. 8. (−12 − n)2 = (−12)2 − 2(−12)(n) + n2
= 144 + 24n + n2
8. Rewrite 212 as (20 + 1)2. Then use the square of a binomial
= n2 + 24n + 144
pattern.
(20 + 1)2 = 202 + 2(20)(1) + 12 9. (2a + b)2 = (2a)2 + 2(2a)(b) + b 2
= 400 + 40 + 1 = 4a2 + 4ab + b2
= 441
10. (6x − 3y)2 = (6x)2 − 2(6x)(3y) + (3y)2
= 36x2 − 36xy + 9y2

Chapter 7
11. (x + 4)2 = x 2 + 2(x)(4) + 42 27. 422 = (40 + 2)2

= x2 + 8x + 16 = 402 + 2(40)(2) + 22
12. (x + 7 + x)2 = (2x + 7)2 = 1600 + 160 + 4
= (2x)2 + 2(2x)(7) + 72 = 1764
= 4x 2 + 28x + 49 28. 292 = (30 − 1)2
13. (7n − 5)2 = (7n)2 − 2(7n)(5) + 52 = 302 − 2(30)(1) + 12

= 49n2 − 70n + 25 = 900 − 60 + 1
= 841
14. (4c + 4d )2 = (4c)2 + 2(4c)(4d ) + (4d )2
= 16c2 + 32cd + 16d 2 29. 30.52 = (30 + 0.5)2
= 302 + 2(30)(0.5) + 0.52
15. (t − 7)(t + 7) = t 2 − 72
= 900 + 30 + 0.25
= t2 − 49
= 930.25
16. (m + 6)(m − 6) = −
=
m2
m2 − 36
62 1
30. 10 —3 ⋅ 9 — = ( 10 + — ) ( 10 − — )
2
3
1
3
1
3
= 102 − () 1 2
—3
17. (4x + 1)(4x − 1) = (4x)2 − 12 1
= 100 − —9
= 16x2 − 1
= 99 —89
18. (2k − 4)(2k + 4) = (2k)2 − 42
31. The middle term in the square of a binomial pattern was not
= 4k2 − 16 included.
19. (8 + 3a)(8 − 3a) = 82 − (3a)2 (k + 4)2 = k 2 + 2(k)(4) + 42
= 64 − 9a2 = k 2 + 8k + 16
2 32. There is no middle term in the sum and difference pattern.
( 1
)( 1
20. —2 − c —2 + c = —2 ) () 1
− c2
(s + 5)(s − 5) = s 2 − 52
= —14 − c2
= s 2 − 25
21. ( p − 10q)( p + 10q) = p2 − (10q)2 33. a. (x + 50)2 = x 2 + 2(x)(50) + 502
= p2 − 100q2 = x2 + 100x + 2500
22. (7m + 8n)(7m − 8n) = (7m)2 − (8n)2 A polynomial that represents the area of the house after
the renovation is ( x2 + 100x + 2500 ) square feet.
= 49m2 − 64n2
b. x 2 + 100x + 2500 = (15)2 + 100(15) + 2500
23. (−y + 4)(−y − 4) = (−y)2 − 42 = 225 + 1500 + 2500
= y2 − 16 = 4225
24. (−5g − 2h)(−5g + 2h) = (−5g)2 − (2h)2 The area of the house after the renovation is
4225 square feet.
= 25g2 − 4h2
The original area of the house was 50 2 = 2500 square feet.
25. 16 ⋅ 24 = (20 − 4)(20 + 4) So, the area of the renovation is
4225 − 2500 = 1725 square feet.
= 202 − 42
= 400 − 16
= 384
26. 33 ⋅ 27 = (30 + 3)(30 − 3)

= 302 − 32
= 900 − 9
= 891

Chapter 7
34. a. (100 − x)(100 + x) = 1002 − x 2 37. x 2 − 121 fits the product side of the sum and difference
= 10,000 − x2 pattern, so working backward, a and b are the square roots of
a2 and b2.
The product that represents the area of the new parking lot — —
is ( 10,000 − x2 ) square feet. √ x2 = x and √ 121 = 11
b. The area of the parking lot decreases. The original area is So, x2 − 121 = (x + 11)(x − 11).
10,000 square feet. So, the new area is the original area
38. The Punnett square shows four possible gene combinations
decreased by x2.
of the offspring. Of these combinations, three result in
c. 10,000 − x 2 = 10,000 − 212 green pods. So, —34 = 75% of the possible gene combinations
= 10,000 − 441 result in green pods.
= 9559 Alternately, the coefficients of the polynomial model show
When x = 21, the area of the new parking lot is that GG accounts for 25% of the possible gene combinations,
9559 square feet. and Gy accounts for 50% of the possible gene combinations.
So, 25% + 50% = 75% of the possible gene combinations
35. a. The Punnett square shows four possible gene result in green pods.
combinations of the offspring. Of these combinations, one
results in albino coloring. So, —14 = 25% of the possible 39. ( x 2 + 1 )( x 2 − 1 ) = ( x 2 )2 = 12
gene combinations result in albino coloring. = x4 − 1
b. (0.5N + 0.5a)2 = (0.5N )2 + 2(0.5N )(0.5a) + (0.5a)2
40. ( y3 + 4 )2 = ( y3 )2 + 2( y3 )(4) + 42
= 0.25N 2 + 0.5Na + 0.25a2
= y6 + 8y3 + 16
The coefficients show that 25% + 50% = 75% of the
possible gene combinations result in normal coloring, 41. ( 2m2 − 5n2 )2 = ( 2m2 )2 − 2( 2m2 )( 5n2 ) + ( 5n2 )2
while 25% of the possible gene combinations result in = 22m2 ⋅ 2 − 20m2n2 + 52n2 ⋅ 2
albino coloring.
= 4m4 − 20m2n2 + 25n4
36. a. A = π r2
42. ( r 3 − 6t 4 )( r 3 + 6t 4 ) = ( r 3 )2 − ( 6t 4 )2
= π (6 − x)2
= r 3 ⋅ 2 − 62t 4 ⋅ 2
= π ( 62 − 2(6)(x) + x2 )
= r 6 − 36t 8
= π ( 36 − 12x + x2 )
2
= π (36) − π (12x) + π ( x2 ) 43. Your friend is incorrect. The expression 4 —3
2
( )
1
can be written
= 36π − 12π x + π x2 (
as 4 + 1
—3 ) . However, using the square of a binomial pattern
2
= π x2 − 12π x + 36π results in 42 + 2(4) —13 + —13 ( ) ( ) = 16 + — + —, which is
8
3
1
9
A polynomial that represents the area of your pupil is 18 —79 , not 16 —19 .
( π x2 − 12π x + 36π ) square millimeters.
44. Sample answer: One way to modify the dimensions of the
b. Let x = 4. Find the area of your pupil before entering
lake is by increasing one dimension by 4 and decreasing
the room.
the other dimension by 4, which can be modeled by
π x2 − 12π x + 36π = π (4)2 − 12π (4) + 36π (x + 4)(x − 4). This follows a sum and difference pattern.
= π (16) − 48π + 36π A second way to modify the dimensions of the lake is by
= 16π − 48π + 36π increasing both dimensions by 2, which can be modeled by
(x + 2)2. This follows a square of a binomial pattern. A third
= 4π way to modify the dimensions of the lake is by decreasing
The area of your pupil before entering the room is both dimensions by 2, which can be modeled by (x − 2)2.
4π millimeters. This also follows a square of a binomial pattern, but this one
Let x = 2. Find the area of your pupil after entering has subtraction.
the room.
π x2 − 12π x + 36π = π (2)2 − 12π (2) + 36π
= π (4) − 24π + 36π
= 4π − 24π + 36π
= 16π
The area of your pupil after entering the room is 16π
16π
millimeters. So, the area of your pupil is — = 4 times
4π
greater after entering the room than before.

Chapter 7
45. Let 9x 2 − 48x + k = a2 − 2ab + b 2. 50. 49s + 35t = 7(7s + 5t)

So, 9x2 = a2
— — 51. 15x − 10y = 5(3x − 2y)
√9x2 = √a2
3x = a. 7.4 Explorations (p. 377)
Then, 48x = 2ab 1. a. C; 5; (x − 1)(x − 3) = 0 ← Factored
48x = 2(3x)b Form
48x = 6xb F O I L
48x 6xb x(x) + x(−3) + (−1)(x) + (−1)(−3) = 0
—=—
6x 6x x2 − 3x − x + 3 = 0
8 = b. x2 − 4x + 3 = 0 ← Standard
Finally, k = b2 Form, C
k = 82 −3 −3
k = 64. x2 − 4x = −3 ← Non-
So, when k = 64, 9x2 − 48x + k = 9x2 − 48x + 64 is the standard
square of the binomial 3x − 8. Form, 5
So, the equation (x − 1)(x − 3) = 0 is equivalent to
46. (x + 1)3 = (x + 1)(x + 1)(x + 1) x2 − 4x + 3 = 0 (C) and x2 − 4x = −3 (5).
= [x(x + 1) + 1(x + 1)](x + 1) b. D; 1; (x − 2)(x − 3) = 0 ← Factored
= [x(x) + x(1) + 1(x) + 1(1)](x + 1) Form
= ( x2 + x + x + 1 )(x + 1) F O I L
= ( x2 + 2x + 1 )(x + 1) x(x) + x(−3) + (−2)(x) + (−2)(−3) = 0
= x2(x + 1) + 2x(x + 1) + 1(x + 1) x2 − 3x − 2x + 6 = 0
= x2(x) + x2(1) + 2x(x) + 2x(1) + 1(x) + 1(1) x2 − 5x + 6 = 0 ← Standard
= x3 + ( x2 + 2x2 ) + (2x + x) + 1 Form, D
= x3 + 3x2 + 3x + 1 −6 −6
(x + 2)3 = (x + 2)(x + 2)(x + 2) x2 − 5x = −6 ← Non-
= [x(x + 2) + 2(x + 2)](x + 2) standard
= [x(x) + x(2) + 2(x) + 2(2)](x + 2) Form, 1
= ( x2 + 2x + 2x + 4 )(x + 2) So, the equation (x − 2)(x − 3) = 0 is equivalent to
x2 − 5x + 6 = 0 (D) and x2 − 5x = −6 (1).
= ( x2 + 4x + 4 )(x + 2)
c. A; 3; (x + 1)(x − 2) = 0 ← Factored Form
= x2(x + 2) + 4x(x + 2) + 4(x + 2)
= x2(x) + x2(2) + 4x(x) + 4x(2) + 4(x) + 4(2) F O I L
= x3 + 2x2 + 4x2 + 8x + 4x + 8 x(x) + x(−2) + 1(x) + 1(−2) = 0
= x3 + 6x2 + 12x + 8 x2 − 2x + x − 2 = 0
So, (a + b)3 = a3 + 3a2b + 3ab2 + b3. x2 − x − 2 = 0 ← Standard Form, A
+2 +2
47. Sample answer: The statement (a + b)(a − b) < (a − b)2 <
x2 − x = 2 ← Nonstandard
(a + b)2 is true when a = 3 and b = 4.
Form, 3
Check (a + b)(a − b) < (a − b)2 < (a + b)2
So, the equation (x + 1)(x − 2) = 0 is equivalent to
? ?
(3 + 4)(3 − 4) < (3 − 4)2 < (3 + 4)2 x2 − x − 2 = 0 (A) and x2 − x = 2 (3).
? ?
(7)(−1) < (−1)2 < (7)2
−7 < 1 < 49 ✓

48. 12y − 18 = 6(2y − 3)
49. 9r + 27 = 9(r + 3)

Chapter 7
d. B; 4; (x − 1)(x + 2) = 0 ← Factored Form x= 1 2

F O I L (−3)(−4) ≠ 0 (−2)(−3) ≠ 0
(x − 4)(x − 5) = 0
x(x) + x(2) + (−1)(x) + (−1)(2) = 0 False False
d.
x2 + 2x − x − 2 = 0 3 4 5 6
x2 + x − 2 = 0 ← Standard
(−1)(−2) ≠ 0 (0)(−1) = 0 (1)(0) = 0 (2)(1) ≠ 0
Form, B
False True True False
x(x + 1) = 2 ← Nonstandard
x= 1 2
Form, 4
x(x) + x(1) = 2 (x − 5)(x − 6) = 0 (−4)(−5) ≠ 0 (−3)(−4) ≠ 0
False False
x2 +x=2 e.
3 4 5 6
x2 + x − 2 = 2 − 2
x2 + x − 2 = 0 ← Standard (−2)(−3) ≠ 0 (−1)(−2) ≠ 0 (0)(−1) = 0 (1)(0) = 0
Form, B False False True True
So, the equation (x − 1)(x + 2) = 0 is equivalent to x= 1 2
x2 + x − 2 = 0 (B) and x(x + 1) = 2 (4). (−5)(0) = 0 (−4)(1) ≠ 0
(x − 6)(x − 1) = 0
e. E; 2; (x + 1)(x − 3) = 0 ← Factored Form True False
f.
F O I L 3 4 5 6
x(x) + x(−3) + 1(x) + 1(−3) = 0 (−3)(2) ≠ 0 (−2)(3) ≠ 0 (−1)(4) ≠ 0 (0)(5) = 0
x2 − 3x + x − 3 = 0 False False False True
x2 − 2x − 3 = 0 ← Standard Form, E
If the product of two values is 0, then at least one of the
(x − 1)2 = 4 ← Nonstandard values must be 0. If (x − a) is a factor of an equation, then
Form, 2 x = a is a solution.
x2 − 2(x)(1) + 12 = 4
3. a. When you add 0 to a number n, you get n. Adding 0 does
x2 − 2x + 1 = 4
not change the value, but adding 1 increases the value.
−4 −4
b. If the product of two numbers is 0, then at least one of the
x2 − 2x − 3 = 0 ← Standard Form, E numbers is 0. The product of 0 and any number is always
So, the equation (x + 1)(x − 3) = 0 is equivalent to 0, never 1.
x2 − 2x = 3 (E) and (x − 1)2 = 4 (2). c. The square of 0 is equal to itself, and the square of 1 is
equal to itself. Both are true: 02 = 0 and 12 = 1.
2.
x= 1 2 d. When you multiply a number n by 1, you get n. The
(0)(−1) = 0 (1)(0) = 0 product of any number and 1 is the number. On the other
(x − 1)(x − 2) = 0 hand, the product of any number and 0 is 0.
True True
a. e. When you multiply a number n by 0, you get 0. The
3 4 5 6
product of any number and 0 is 0. On the other hand, the
(2)(1) ≠ 0 (3)(2) ≠ 0 (4)(3) ≠ 0 (5)(4) ≠ 0 product of any number and 1 is the number.
False False False False f. The opposite of 0 is equal to itself. Zero is neither positive
x= 1 2 nor negative. So, it is its own opposite. The opposite of 1,
however, is −1.
(x − 2)(x − 3) = 0 (−1)(−2) ≠ 0 (0)(−1) = 0
False True 4. When an equation is in factored form, the product of the
b.
3 4 5 6 factors equals 0. So, set each polynomial factor equal to 0,
and solve.
(1)(0) = 0 (2)(1) ≠ 0 (3)(2) ≠ 0 (4)(3) ≠ 0
True False False False 5. b; If the product of two numbers is 0, then at least one of
x= 1 2 the numbers is 0. This property is called the Zero-Product
Property because it describes what happens when you have
(x − 3)(x − 4) = 0 (−2)(−3) ≠ 0 (−1)(−2) ≠ 0
a product that is equal to zero. The Zero-Product Property
False False
c. is used in algebra to solve polynomial equations by setting
3 4 5 6 each polynomial factor equal to 0. It is important because it
(0)(−1) = 0 (1)(0) = 0 (2)(1) ≠ 0 (3)(2) ≠ 0 provides an easy way to solve polynomial equations.
True True False False

Chapter 7
7.4 Monitoring Progress (pp. 378–380) 4. (3s + 5)(5s + 8) = 0

1. x(x − 1) = 0 3s + 5 = 0 or 5s + 8 = 0
x=0 or x−1= 0 −5 −5 −8 −8
+1 +1 3s = − 5 5s = − 8
x= 1 3s −5 5s −8
—=— —=—
Check x(x − 1) = 0 x(x − 1) = 0 3 3 5 5
5 8
? ? s = −— s = −—
0(0 − 1) = 0 1(1 − 1) = 0 3 5
? ? Check (3s + 5)(5s + 8) = 0
0(−1) = 0 1(0) = 0
0=0✓
The roots are x = 0 and x = 1.
0=0✓ [ ( ) ][ ( ) ]
5
3 −— + 5
3
5 ?
5 −— + 8 = 0
3
2. 3t(t + 2) = 0
25
( ?
(−5 + 5) −— + 8 = 0
3 )
3t = 0 or t+2= 0
1 ?
0 −— = 0
3 ( )
3t 0 0=0✓
—=— −2 −2
3 3
t=0 t=−2 (3s + 5)(5s + 8) = 0
Check 3t(t − 2) = 0
?
3(0)(0 + 2) = 0
3t(t + 2) = 0
?
3(−2)(−2 + 2) = 0
[ ( ) ][ ( ) ]
8 8
3 −— + 5 5 −— + 8 = 0
5 5
?
?
0(2) = 0
?
−6(0) = 0
(
24
5
?
−— + 5 (−8 + 8) = 0)
0=0✓ 0=0✓
1 ?
— (0) = 0
5 ()
The roots are t = 0 and t = −2. 0=0✓
5 8
3. (z − 4)(z − 6) = 0 The roots are s = −— and s = −—.
3 5
z−4= 0 or z−6= 0
5. (b + 7)2 = 0
+4 +4 +6 +6
(b + 7)(b + 7) = 0
z= 4 z= 6
b+7= 0 or b+7= 0
Check (z − 4)(z − 6) = 0 (z − 4)(z − 6) = 0
−7 −7 −7 −7
? ?
(4 − 4)(4 − 6) = 0 (6 − 4)(6 − 6) = 0 b = −7 b = −7
? ? Check (b + 7)2 = 0
0(−2) = 0 2(0) = 0
?
0=0✓ 0=0✓ (−7 + 7)2 = 0
?
The roots are z = 4 and z = 6. (0)2 = 0
0=0✓
The equation has repeated roots of b = −7.

Chapter 7
6. (d − 2)(d + 6)(d + 8) = 0 10. 4x2 = 2x

d−2= 0 or d+6= 0 or d+8= 0 4x2 − 2x = 2x − 2x
+2 +2 −6 −6 −8 −8 4x2 − 2x = 0
d=2 d = −6 d = −8 2x(2x − 1) = 0
Check (d − 2)(d + 6)(d + 8) = 0 2x = 0 or 2x − 1 = 0
?
(2 − 2)(2 + 6)(2 + 8) = 0 2x 0
—=— +1 +1
? 2 2
0(8)(10) = 0
x=0 2x = 1
0=0✓
2x 1
—=—
(d − 2)(d + 6)(d + 8) = 0 2 2
?
(−6 − 2)(−6 + 6)(−6 + 8) = 0 1
x=—
? 2
(−8)(0)(2) = 0
0=0✓ Check 4x2 = 2x 4x2 = 2x
?
(d − 2)(d + 6)(d + 8) = 0
?
4(0)2 = 2(0)
?
4(0) = 0
2 ()
1 2 ?
4 — =2 —
1
2 ()
(−8 − 2)(−8 + 6)(−8 + 8) = 0
?
(−10)(−2)(0) = 0
0=0✓ 4 ()
1 ?
4 — =1
1=1✓
0=0✓
1
The roots are d = 2, d = −6, and d = −8. The roots are x = 0 and x = —.
2
7. The GCF of 8 and −24 is 8. The GCF of y2 and y is y. So, 11. Let y = 0.
1
the greatest common monomial factor of the terms is 8y. y = −—2 (x + 4)(x − 4)
So, 8y2 − 24y = 8y( y − 3). 1
0 = −—2 (x + 4)(x − 4)
8. a2 + 5a = 0
a(a + 5) = 0 −2(0) = −2 ⋅ ( −— )(x + 4)(x − 4)
1
2
a=0 or a+5= 0 0 = (x + 4)(x − 4)

−5 −5 x+4= 0 or x−4= 0
a = −5 −4 −4 +4 +4
Check a2 + 5a = 0 a2 + 5a = 0 x = −4 x= 4
? ?
(0)2 + 5(0) = 0 (−5)2 + 5(−5) = 0 So, the width of the entrance at ground level is
? ?
0+0=0 25 − 25 = 0 ∣ − 4 − 4 ∣ = 8 feet.
0=0✓ 0=0✓
The roots are a = 0 and a = −5. 7.4 Exercises (pp. 381–382)
Vocabulary and Core Concept Check
9. 3s2 − 9s = 0
1. The product of 3x and x − 6 equals 0. According to the
3s(s − 3) = 0 Zero-Product Property, at least one of the factors equals 0.
3s = 0 or s−3= 0 So, let 3x = 0 and x − 6 = 0. Then solve each equation to
3s 0 get the solutions x = 0 and x = 6.
—=— +3 +3
3 3
s=0 s=3
Check 3s2 − 9s = 0 3s2 − 9s = 0
? ?
3(0)2 − 9(0) = 0 3(3)2 − 9(3) = 0
? ?
0−0=0 3(9) − 27 = 0
?
0=0✓ 27 − 27 = 0
0=0✓
The roots are s = 0 and s = 3.

Chapter 7
2. The one that is different is “Find the value of k for which 6. −2v(v + 1) = 0
(2k + 4) + (k − 3) = 0.”
−2v = 0 or v+1= 0
(2k + 4) + (k − 3) = 0 −2v 0
—=— −1 −1
(2k + k) + (4 − 3) = 0 −2 −2
3k + 1 = 0 v=0 v = −1
−1 −1 The roots are v = 0 and v = −1.
3k = −1 7. (s − 9) (s − 1) = 0
3k −1
—=— s−9= 0 or s−1= 0
3 3
1 +9 +9 +1 +1
k = −—
3 s=9 s=1
1
The solution is k = −—. The roots are s = 9 and s = 1.
3
(2k + 4)(k − 3) = 0 8. ( y + 2) ( y − 6) = 0
2k + 4 = 0 or k−3= 0 y+2= 0 or y−6= 0
−4 −4 +3 +3 −2 −2 +6 +6
2k = −4 k=3 y = −2 y=6
2k −4 The roots are y = −2 and y = 6.
—=—
2 2
k = −2 9. (2a − 6) (3a + 15) = 0
The roots are k = −2 and k = 3. 2a − 6 = 0 or 3a + 15 = 0
+6 +6 − 15 − 15
2a = 6 3a = −15
3. x(x + 7) = 0
2a 6 3a −15
x=0 or x+7= 0 —=— —=—
2 2 3 3
−7 −7 a=3 a = −5
x = −7 The roots are a = 3 and a = −5.
The roots are x = 0 and x = −7.
10. (4q + 3) (q + 2) = 0
4. r(r − 10) = 0 4q + 3 = 0 or q+2= 0
r=0 or r − 10 = 0 −3 −3 −2 −2
+ 10 + 10 4q = −3 q = −2
r = 10 4q −3
—=—
The roots are r = 0 and r = 10. 4 4
3
q = −—
5. 12t(t − 5) = 0 4
12t = 0 or t−5= 0 3
The roots are q = −— and q = −2.
12t 0 4
—=— +5 +5
12 12 11. (5m + 4)2 = 0
t=0 t=5 (5m + 4) (5m + 4) = 0
The roots are t = 0 and t = 5. 5m + 4 = 0 or 5m + 4 = 0
−4 −4 −4 −4
5m = −4 5m = −4
5m −4 5m −4
—=— —=—
5 5 5 5
4 4
m = −— m = −—
5 5
4
The equation has repeated roots of m = −—.
5

Chapter 7
12. (h − 8)2 = 0 17. (r − 4)2(r + 8) = 0

(h − 8) (h − 8) = 0 (r − 4)(r − 4)(r + 8) = 0
h−8= 0 or h−8= 0 r−4= 0 or r−4= 0 or r+8= 0
+8 +8 +8 +8 +4 +4 +4 +4 −8 −8
h=8 h=8 r=4 r=4 r = −8
The equation has repeated roots of h = 8.
One root of the equation is r = −8. The equation also has
13. (3 − 2g) (7 − g) = 0 repeated roots of r = 4.
3 − 2g = 0 or 7−g= 0 18. w(w − 6)2 = 0
+ 2g + 2g +g +g w(w − 6)(w − 6) = 0
3 = 2g 7=g w=0 or w − 6 = 0 or w−6= 0
3 2g
—=— +6 +6 +6 +6
2 2
w=6 w=6
3
—=g
2 One root of the equation is w = 0. The equation also has
3 repeated roots of w = 6.
The roots are g = — and g = 7.
2
19. (15 − 5c)(5c + 5)(−c + 6) = 0
14. (2 − 4d ) (2 + 4d ) = 0 15 − 5c = 0 or 5c + 5 = 0 or −c + 6 = 0
2 − 4d = 0 or 2 + 4d = 0 − 15 − 15 −5 −5 −6 −6
−2 −2 −2 −2 −5c = −15 5c = −5 −c = −6
−4d = −2 4d = −2 −5c −15 5c −5 −c −6
—=— —=— —=—
−4d −2 4d −2 −5 −5 5 5 −1 −1
—=— —=—
−4 −4 4 4 c=3 c = −1 c=6
1 1
d=— d = −— The roots are c = 3, c = −1, and c = 6.
2 2
1 1
The roots are d = — and d = −—.
2 2 ( 2
)
20. (2 − n) 6 + —n (n − 2)= 0
3
2
2−n= 0 or 6 + —n = 0 or n−2= 0
3
15. z (z + 2)(z − 1) = 0 −2 −2 −6 −6 +2 +2
z=0 or z+2= 0 or z−1= 0 2
−n = −2 —n = −6 n=2
−2 −2 +1 +1 3
−n −2
z = −2
The roots are z = 0, z = −2, and z = 1.
z=1 —=—
−1 −1
3 2
⋅ 3
— —n = — ( −6 )
2 3 2 ⋅
n=2 n = −9
16. 5p(2p − 3)(p + 7) = 0
One root of the equation is n = −9. The equation also has
5p = 0 or 2p − 3 = 0 or p+7= 0 repeated roots of n = 2.
5p 0
—=— +3 +3 −7 −7 21. y = (x − 8)(x + 8)
5 5
2p = 3 p = −7 0 = (x − 8)(x + 8)
p=0
2p 3
—=— x−8= 0 or x+8= 0
2 2
+8 +8 −8 −8
3
p=— x=8 x = −8
2
3 The x-coordinates of the points where the graph crosses the
The roots are p = 0, p = —, and p = −7.
2 x-axis are the roots x = 8 and x = −8.

Chapter 7
22. y = ( x + 1 )( x + 7 ) 32. 6m2 + 12m = 0

0 = ( x + 1 )( x + 7 ) 6m( m + 2 ) = 0
x+1=0 or x+7=0 6m = 0 or m+2=0
−1 −1 −7 −7 6m 0
—=— −2 −2
6 6
x = −1 x = −7 m=0 m = −2
The x-coordinates of the points where the graph crosses the The roots are m = 0 and m = −2.
x-axis are the roots x = −1 and x = −7.
33. 25c + 10c2 = 0
23. y = −( x − 14 )( x − 5 ) 5c( 5 + 2c ) = 0
0 = −( x − 14 )( x − 5 ) 5c = 0 or 5 + 2c = 0
−1 0 ) = −1 ⋅ [ −( x − 14 )( x − 5 ) ]
( 5c 0
—=— −5 −5
0 = ( x − 14 )( x − 5 ) 5 5
c=0 2c = −5
x − 14 = 0 or x−5=0
2c −5
+14 +14 +5 +5 —=—
2 2
x = 14 x=5 −5
c=—
2
The x-coordinates of the points where the graph crosses the 5
x-axis are the roots x = 14 and x = 5. The roots are c = 0 and c = −—.
2
24. y = −0.2( x + 22 )( x − 15 ) 34. 18q − 2q2 = 0
0 = −0.2( x + 22 )( x − 15 ) 2q( 9 − q ) = 0
0 −0.2( x + 22 )( x − 15 ) 2q = 0 or 9−q=0
— = ——
−0.2 −0.2 2q 0
—=— +q +q
0 = ( x + 22 )( x − 15 ) 2 2
x + 22 = 0 or x − 15 = 0 q=0 9=q
−22 −22 +15 +15 The roots are q = 0 and q = 9.
x = −22 x = 15 35. 3n2 = 9n
The x-coordinates of the points where the graph crosses the 3n2 − 9n = 9n − 9n
x-axis are the roots x = −22 and x = 15.
3n2 − 9n = 0
25. 5z2 + 45z = 5z( z + 9 ) 3n( n − 3 ) = 0
3n = 0 or n−3=0
26. 6d2 − 21d = 3d( 2d − 7 )
3n 0
—=— +3 +3
27. 3y3 − 9y2 = 3y2( y − 3 ) 3 3
n=0 n=3
28. 20x3 + 30x2 = 10x2( 2x + 3 ) The roots are n = 0 and n = 3.
29. 5n6 + 2n5 = n5( 5n + 2 ) 36. −28r = 4r2
30. 12a4 + 8a = 4a( 3a3 + 2 ) −28r + 28r = 4r2 + 28r
0 = 4r2 + 28r
31. 4p2 − p = 0
0 = 4r( r + 7 )
p( 4p − 1 ) = 0
4r = 0 or r+7=0
p=0 or 4p − 1 = 0
4r 0
+1 +1 —=— −7 −7
4 4
4p = 1 r=0 r = −7
4p 1
—=— The roots are r = 0 and r = −7.
4 4
1
p=—
4
1
The roots are p = 0 and p = —.
4

Chapter 7
37. The other factor, 6x, should also be set equal to 0. Then b. Let x = 0.
each equation should be solved to get two roots of the
2
original equation. y = −—( x + 315 )( x − 315 )
315
6x( x + 5 ) = 0 2
y = −—( 0 + 315 )( 0 − 315 )
x=0 or x+5=0 315
2
6x 0 y = −—( 315 )( −315 )
—=— −5 −5 315
6 6
= ( −2 )( −315 )
x=0 x = −5
= 630
So, the height of the arch is 630 feet.
38. Each side of the equation cannot be divided by y because
y could be 0, and division by 0 is undefined. Instead, 21y 41. y = −16x2 + 4.8x
should be subtracted from each side, so that the equation 0 = −16x2 + 4.8x
is 3y2 − 21y = 0, and the greatest monomial factor should 0 = x( −16x + 4.8 )
be factored out on the left side of the equal sign. Then each
x=0 or −16x + 4.8 = 0
factor should be set equal to zero, and each equation should
be solved to find both roots of the original equation. −4.8 −4.8
−16x = −4.8
3y2 = 21y
−16x −4.8
3y2 − 21y = 21y − 21y — = —
−16 −16
3y2 − 21y = 0 x = 0.3
3y( y − 7 ) = 0 Because y = 0, the roots are the x-values that represent the
3y = 0 or y−7=0 times when the penguin is at water level. So, when x = 0, the
3y 0 penguin emerges from the water. Then it is above the water
—=— +7 +7 until 0.3 second later, the moment it breaks the surface of the
3 3
y=0 y=7 water again after the leap. So, the penguin is airborne for
0.3 second with each leap.
The roots are y = 0 and y = 7.
42. The point of intersection on the positive x-axis is farther
39. Let y = 0.
from the origin than the point of intersection on the negative
11 x-axis. So, the positive solution to the equation is 5, because
y = −—( x − 4 )( x − 24 )
50 it is the one with the greater absolute value. Therefore, the
11 equation is y = ( x − 5 )( x + 3 ).
0 = −—( x − 4 )( x − 24 )
50
50( )
( )
50 11 (
−— 0 = −— −— x − 4 )( x − 24 )
11 11 50
43. The graph has two x-intercepts because x-intercepts occur
when y = 0, and this equation has two roots (one of which
0 = ( x − 4 )( x − 24 ) is a repeated root) when y = 0.
x−4=0 or x − 24 = 0
44. no; The equation y = ( x − a )( x − b ) will not have two
+4 +4 +24 +24 x-intercepts if a = b. In this case, there is a repeated root,
x=4 x = 24 and the graph will only have one x-intercept.
So, the width of the tunnel at ground level is ∣ 24 − 4 ∣ = 20 feet.
45. no; The equation ( x2 + 3 )( x4 + 1 ) = 0 does not have any
40. a. Let y = 0. real roots. Roots will occur if x3 + 3 = 0 or x4 + 1 = 0.
2 However, solving these equations results in x2 = −3 or
y = −—( x + 315 )( x − 315 )
315 x4 = −1, and even powers of any number cannot be
2 negative.
0 = −—( x + 315 )( x − 315 )
315
x3 + 3 = 0 x4 + 1= 0
315
2
315
2
2
315 ( )
−—( 0 ) = −— −— ( x + 315 )( x − 315 )
−3 −3 −1 −1
0 = ( x + 315 )( x − 315 ) x3 = −3 x4 = −1
x + 315 = 0 or x − 315 = 0
46. Sample answer: A polynomial equation of degree 4 that only
−315 −315 +315 +315
has three roots must have a repeated root. So, one possible
x = −315 x = 315 equation is ( x − 1 )( x − 2 )2( x − 3 ) = 0.
So, the width of the arch at ground level is
∣ −315 − 315 ∣ = 630 feet.

Chapter 7
47. a. ( x + y )( 2x − y ) = 0 52. 48
x+y=0 or 2x − y = 0 1( 48 ) = 48
x+y−y=0−y 2x − y + y = 0 + y 2( 24 ) = 48
x = −y 2x = y 3( 16 ) = 48
y2x 4( 12 ) = 48
—=—
22 6( 8 ) = 48
1
x = —y So, the factor pairs of 48 are 1 and 48, 2 and 24, 3 and 16, 4
2 and 12, and 6 and 8.
1
So, the roots of the equation occur when x = −y and x = —y.
2
7.1–7.4 What Did You Learn? (p. 383)
b. ( x2 − y2 )( 4x + 16y ) = 0
1. Sample answer: Use x + 4 to represent each side of the
x2 − y2 = 0 or 4x + 16y = 0
square. So, an expression that represents the area is
x2 − y2 + y2 = 0 + y2 4x − 4x + 16y = 0 − 4x ( x + 4 )2. Then use the square of a binomial pattern to
x2 = y2 16y = −4x simplify this expression into a polynomial. As another method,
— — 16y −4x you could calculate the area of each shaded region and add
± √ x2 = ± √ y2 —= — those areas together.
−4 −4
x=±y −4y = x
2. Sample answer: The solutions are the constant terms with
So, the roots of the equation occur when x = ± y and x = −4y. the opposite sign. This method does not work when the
coefficient is not 1.
48. ( 4x−5 − 16 )( 3x − 81 ) = 0
4x−5 − 16 = 0 or 3x − 81 = 0 7.1–7.4 Quiz (p. 384)

+16 +16 +81 +81 1. The polynomial −8q3 is in standard form.
4x−5 = 16 3x = 81 The only term has a degree of 3. So, the degree of the
polynomial is 3.
4x−5 = 42 3 x = 34
x−5=2 x=4
The polynomial has 1 term. So, it is a monomial.
+5 +5
x=7 2. You can write the polynomial 9 + d 2 − 3d in standard form
The solutions are x = 7 and x = 4. as d 2 − 3d + 9.
The greatest degree is 2. So, the degree of the polynomial is 2.
Maintaining Mathematical Proficiency The leading coefficient is 1.
49. 10 The polynomial has 3 terms. So, it is a trinomial.
1( 10 ) = 10 2 5
3. You can write the polynomial — m4 − — m6 in standard form
2( 5 ) = 10 5 m6 + 2 m4. 3 6
as − — —
So, the factor pairs of 10 are 1 and 10, and 2 and 5. 6 3
50. 18 5
The leading coefficient is −—.
6
1( 18 ) = 18 The polynomial has 2 terms. So, it is a binomial.
2( 9 ) = 18
4. You can write the polynomial −1.3z + 3z4 + 7.4z2 in
3( 6 ) = 18
standard form as 3z4 + 7.4z2 − 1.3z.
So, the factor pairs of 18 are 1 and 18, 2 and 9, and 3 and 6.
51. 30 The leading coefficient is 3.
1( 30 ) = 30 The polynomial has 3 terms. So, it is a trinomial.
2( 15 ) = 30
5. ( 2x2 + 5 ) + ( −x2 + 4 ) = 2x2 − x2 + 5 + 4
3( 10 ) = 30
= ( 2x2 − x2 ) + ( 5 + 4 )
5( 6 ) = 30
= x2 + 9
So, the factor pairs of 30 are 1 and 30, 2 and 15, 3 and 10,
The sum is x2 + 9.
and 5 and 6.

Chapter 7
6. ( −3n2 + n ) − ( 2c2 − 7 ) = −3n2 + n − 2n2 + 7 15. 5x2 − 15x = 0

= ( −3n2 − 2n2 ) + n + 7 5x(x − 3) = 0
= −5n2 + n + 7 5x = 0 or x−3=0
The difference is −5n2 + n + 7. 5x 0
—=— +3 +3
5 5
7. (−p2 + 4p)−( p2 − 3p + 15 ) x=0 3=0
= −p2 + 4p − p2 + 3p − 15
The roots are x = 0 and x = 3.
= ( −p2 − p2 ) + ( 4p + 3p ) − 15
16. (8 − g)(8 − g) = 0
= −2p2 + 7p − 15
8−g=0 or 8−g=0
The difference is −2p2 + 7p − 15.
+g +g +g +g
8. ( a2 − 3ab + b2 ) + ( −a2 + ab + b2 ) 8=g 8=g
= a2 − a2 − 3ab + ab + b2 + b2
The equation has repeated roots of g = 8.
= ( a2 − a2 ) + ( −3ab + ab ) + ( b2 + b2 )
= 0 − 2ab + 2b2 17. (3p + 7)(3p − 7)(p + 8) = 0
= −2ab + 2b2 3p + 7 = 0 or 3p − 7 = 0 or p+8= 0

The sum is −2ab + 2b2. −7 −7 +7 +7 −8 −8
3p = −7 3p = 7 p = −8
9. ( w + 6 )( w + 7 ) = w( w + 7 ) + 6( w + 7 )
3p 7 3p 7
= w( w ) + w( 7 ) + 6( w ) + 6( 7 ) −— = −— —=—
3 3 3 3
= w2 + 7w + 6w + 42 7
p = −— p=—
7
3 3
= w2 + 13w + 42
7 7
The product is w2 + 13w + 42. The roots are p = −—, p = —, and p = −8.
3 3
10. ( 3 − 4d )( 2d − 5 ) 18. −3y(y − 8)(2y + 1) = 0
F O I L −3y = 0 or y − 8 = 0 or 2y + 1 = 0
= 3( 2d ) + 3( −5 ) + ( −4d )( 2d ) + ( −4d )( −5 ) −3y 0
—=— +8 +8 −1 −1
−3 −3
= 6d − 15 − 8d 2 + 20d y=0 y=8 2y = −1
= −8d 2 + ( 6d + 20d ) − 15 2y −1
—=—
= −8d 2 + 26d − 15 2 2
1
The product is −8d 2 + 26d − 15. y = −—
2
1
11. y2 + 2y − 3 The roots are y = 0, y = 8, and y = −—.
2
× y+9 19. a. P = 2ℓ + 2w
——
9y2 + 18y − 27
= 2(x + 72 + x) + 2(x + 48 + x)
y3 + 2y2 − 3y = 2(2x + 72) + 2(2x + 48)
y——
——
3 + 11y2 + 15y − 27
= 2(2x) + 2(72) + 2(2x) + 2(48)
The product is y3 + 11y2 + 15y − 27. = 4x + 144 + 4x + 96
12. (3z − 5)(3z + 5) = (3z)2 − 52

= 8x + 240
= 9z2 − 25 A polynomial that represents the perimeter of the blanket

including the fringe is (8x + 240) inches.
The product is 9z2 − 25.
b. A = ℓw
13. (t + 5)2 = t 2 + 2(t)(5) + 52 = (x + 72 + x)(x + 48 + x)
=t 2 + 10t + 25 = (2x + 72)(2x + 48)
The product is t 2 + 10t + 25. F O I L
= 2x(2x) + 2x(48) + 72(2x) + 72(48)
14. (2q − 6)2 = (2q)2 − 2(2q)(6) + 62
= 4x2 + 96x + 144x + 3456
= 4q2 − 24q + 36
= 4x2 + 240x + 3456
The product is 4q2 − 24q + 36.
A polynomial that represents the area of the blanket
including the fringe is (4x2 + 240x + 3456) square inches.
Chapter 7
c. P = 8x + 240 Section 7.5

= 8(4) + 240 7.5 Explorations (p. 385)
= 32 + 240 1. a.
= 272
A = 4x2 + 240x + 3456
= 4(4)2 + 240(4) + 3456
= 4(16) + 960 + 3456
Area = x 2 − 3x + 2 = (x − 1)(x − 2)
= 64 + 960 + 3456
= 4480 b.
When the width of the fringe is 4 inches, the perimeter of

the blanket is 272 inches and the area is 4480 square inches.
20. a. 1000(1 + r)2 = 1000(1 + r)(1 + r)

Area = x 2 + 5x + 4 = (x + 1)(x + 4)
F O I L
= 1000[ 1(1) + 1(r) + r(1) + r(r) ] c.
= 1000(1 + r + r + r2)
= 1000(r2 + 2r + 1)
= 1000(r2) + 1000(2r) + 1000(1)
= 1000r2 + 2000r + 1000
The polynomial in standard form that represents the
balance of your bank account after 2 years is
(1000r2 + 2000r + 1000) dollars. Area = x 2 − 7x + 12 = (x − 4)(x − 3)
b. 1000r2 + 2000r + 1000 = 1000(0.03)2 + 2000(0.03) + 1000
d.
= 1000(0.0009) + 60 + 1000
= 0.9 + 60 + 1000
= 1060.9
When the interest rate is 3%, the balance after 2 years is
$1060.90.
c. 1000(1 + r3) = 1000(1 + 0.03)3
= 1000(1.03)3 Area = x 2 + 7x + 12 = (x + 4)(x + 3)
= 1000(1.092727)
= 1092.73 2. Arrange algebra tiles that model the trinomial into a
rectangular array, use additional algebra tiles to model the
The balance after 3 years is only $1092.73. So, you do not dimensions of the rectangle, then write the polynomial in
have enough money for the $1100 guitar. factored form using the dimensions of the rectangle.
5
21. y = −—
216 (x − 72)(x + 72) 3. Find two integer factors of c that have a sum of b, then write
5 the binomial factors by adding each integer factor to x.
0= −—
216 (x − 72)(x + 72)
−—
216 216
( 5
)
50 (0) = − 5 − 216 (x − 72)(x + 72)
— — 7.5 Monitoring Progress (pp. 386–388)
1. x 2 + 7x + 6
0 = (x − 72)(x + 72)
Factors of 6 Sum of factors
x − 72 = 0 or x + 72 = 0
1, 6 7
+ 72 + 72 − 72 − 72
2, 3 5
x = 72 x = −72
So, the width of the bunker at ground level is So, x 2 + 7x + 6 = (x + 1)(x + 6).
∣ −72 − 72 ∣ = 144 inches.

Chapter 7
2. x 2 + 9x + 8 9. 200 = (s − 30)(s − 40)

Factors of 8 Sum of factors 200 = s(s) + s(−40) + (−30)(s) + (−30)(−40)
1, 8 9 200 = s 2 − 40s − 30s + 1200
2, 4 6 200 = s 2 − 70s + 1200
− 200 − 200
So, x 2 + 9x + 8 = (x + 1)(x + 8).
0 = s 2 − 70s + 1000
3. w 2 − 4w + 3 0 = (s − 50)(s − 20)
Factors of 3 −1, −3 s − 50 = 0 or s − 20 = 0
Sum of factors −4 + 50 + 50 + 20 + 20
So, w 2 − 4w + 3 = (w − 1)(w − 3). s = 50 s = 20
The diagram shows that the side length is more than
4. n2 − 12n + 35 40 meters, so a side length of 20 meters does not make sense
Factors of 35 −1, −35 −5, −7 in this situation. The side length is 50 meters. So, the area of
the square plot of land is 50(50) = 2500 square meters.
Sum of factors −36 −12
So, n2 − 12n + 35 = (n − 5)(n − 7). 7.5 Exercises (pp. 389–390)
5. x 2 − 14x + 24
Vocabulary and Core Concept Check
1. The signs tell you that the factors have constant terms
Factors of 24 −1, −24 −2, −12 −3, −8 −4, −6 that are opposite signs. When factoring
Sum of factors −25 −14 −11 −10 x 2 + bx + c = (x + p)(x + q), if c is negative, p and q
must have opposite signs.
So, x 2 − 14x + 24 = (x − 2)(x − 12).
2. Sample answer: A trinomial that can be factored as
6. x 2 + 2x − 15 (x + p)(x + q), where p and q are positive is x 2 + 5x + 6. It
Factors of −15 −1, 15 1, −15 −3, 5 3, −5 can be factored as (x + 2)(x + 3), where p = 2 and q = 3.
Sum of factors 14 −14 2 −2

So, x2 + 2x − 15 = (x − 3)(x + 5). 3. x 2 + 8x + 7
7. y 2 + 13y − 30
Factors of 7 1, 7
Sum of factors 8
Factors −1, 1, −2, 2, −3, 3, −5, 5,
of −30 30 −30 15 −15 10 −10 6 −6 So, x 2 + 8x + 7 = (x + 1)(x + 7).
Sum of
29 −29 13 −13 7 −7 1 −1 4. z2 + 10z + 21
factors
Factors of 21 1, 21 3, 7
So, y 2 + 13y − 30 = (y − 2)(y + 15).
Sum of factors 22 10
8. v 2 − v − 42
So, z2 + 10z + 21 = (z + 3)(z+ 7).
Factors −1, 1, −2, 2, −3, 3, −6, 6,
of −42 42 −42 21 −21 14 −14 7 −7 5. n2 + 9n + 20
Sum of Factors of 20 1, 20 2, 10 4, 5
41 −41 19 −19 11 −11 1 −1
factors Sum of factors 21 12 9
So, v2 − v − 42 = (v + 6)(v − 7). So, n2 + 9n + 20 = (n + 4)(n + 5).
6. s 2 + 11s + 30
Factors of 30 1, 30 2, 15 3, 10 5, 6
Sum of factors 31 17 13 11
So, s 2 + 11s + 30 = (s + 5)(s + 6).

Chapter 7
7. h 2 + 11h + 18 16. z2 + 7z − 18
Factors of 18 1, 18 2, 9 3, 6 Factors
−1, 18 1, −18 −2, 9 2, −9 −3, 6 3, −6
Sum of factors 19 11 18 of −18
Sum of
So, h 2 + 11h + 18 = (h + 2)(h + 9). 17 −17 7 −7 3 −3
factors
8. y 2 + 13y + 40 So, z2 + 7z − 18 = (z − 2)(z + 9).
Factors of 40 1, 40 2, 20 4, 10 5, 8
17. n2 + 4n − 12
Sum of factors 41 22 14 13
Factors
So, y 3 + 13y + 40 = (y + 5)(y + 8). of −12 −1, 12 1, −12 −2, 6 2, −6 −3, 4 3, −4
Sum of
9. v 2 − 5v + 4 11 −11 4 −4 1 −1
factors
Factors of 4 −1, −4 −2, −2
So, n2 + 4n − 12 = (n − 2)(n + 6).
18. s 2 + 3s − 40
So, v 2 − 5v + 4 = (v − 1)(v − 4).
Factors −1, 1, −2, 2, −4, 4, −5, 5,
10. x 2 − 13x + 22 of −40 40 −40 20 −20 10 −10 8 −8
Factors of 22 −1, −22 −2, −11 Sum of
39 −39 18 −18 6 −6 3 −3
Sum of factors −23 −13 factors
So, x 2 − 13x + 22 = (x − 2)(x − 11). So, s 2 + 3s − 40 = (s − 5)(s + 8).
11. d 2 − 5d + 6 19. y 2 + 2y − 48
Factors of 6 −1, −6 −2, −3 Factors −1, 1, −2, 2, −3, 3, −4, 4, −6, 6,

of −48 48 −48 24 −24 16 −16 12 −12 8 −8
Sum of
So, d 2 − 5d + 6 = (d − 2)(d − 3). 47 −47 22 −22 13 −13 8 −8 2 −2
factors
12. k 2 − 10k + 24 So, y 2 + 2y − 48 = ( y − 6)( y + 8).

Factors of 24 −1, −24 −2, −12 −3, −8 −4, −6
20. h 2 + 6h − 27
Sum of factors −25 −14 −11 −10
Factors of −27 −1, 27 1, −27 −3, 9 3, −9
So, k 2 − 10k + 24 = (k − 4)(k − 6). Sum of factors 26 −26 6 −6
13. w2 − 17w + 72 So, h 2 + 6h − 27 = (h − 3)(h + 9).
Factors −1, −2, −3, −4, −6, −8,
of 72 −72 −36 −24 −18 −12 −9 21. x 2 − x − 20
Sum of Factors −1, 1, −2, 2, −4, 4,

factors −73 −38 −27 −22 −18 −17 of −20 20 −20 10 −10 5 −5
Sum of
So, w 2 − 17w + 72 = (w − 8)(w − 9). 19 −19 8 −8 1 −1
factors
14. j 2 − 13j + 42 So, x 2 − x − 20 = (x + 4)(x − 5).
Factors of 42 −1, −42 −2, −21 −3, −14 −6, −7
22. m2 − 6m − 7
Sum of factors −43 −23 −17 −13
Factors of −7 −1, 7 1, −7
So, j 2 − 13j + 42 = ( j − 6)( j − 7).
Sum of factors 6 −6
15. x2 + 3x − 4
So, m2 − 6m − 7 = (m + 1)(m − 7).
Factors of −4 −1, 4 1, −4 −2, 2
Sum of factors 3 −3 0
So, x 2 + 3x − 4 = (x − 1)(x + 4).

Chapter 7
23. −6t − 16 + t 2 = t 2 − 6t − 16 28. Because c is −60, the factors should have opposite signs.
Factors s 2 − 17s − 60
of −16 −1, 16 1, −16 −2, 8 2, −8 −4, 4
−1, 1, −2, 2, −3, 3,
Sum of Factors 60 −60 30 −30 20 −20
15 −15 6 −6 0
factors of −60 −4, 4, −5, 5, −6, 6,
So, t2 − 6t − 16 = (t + 2)(t − 8). 15 −15 12 −12 10 −10
Sum of 59 −59 28 −28 17 −17

24. −7y + y 2 − 30 = y 2 − 7y − 30
factors 11 −11 7 −7 4 −4
Factors
of −30 −1, 30 1, −30 −3, 10 3, −10 −5, 6 5, −6
So, s2 − 17s − 60 = (s + 3)(s − 20).
Sum of
29 −29 7 −7 1 −1
factors 29. m2 + 3m + 2 = 0
So, y 2 − 7y − 30 = ( y + 3)( y − 10). (m + 1)(m + 2) = 0
25. a. x 2 − 8x + 15 Factors of 2 1, 2
Factors of 15 −1, −15 −3, −5 Sum of factors 3
Sum of factors −16 −8 m+1= 0 or m+2= 0

So, x 2 − 8x + 15 = (x − 3)(x − 5), and a binomial that −1 −1 −2 −2
represents the height of the projection is (x − 5) feet. m = −1 m = −2
b. Let x = 8.
The roots are m = −1 and m = −2.
P = 2ℓ + 2w
= 2(x − 3) + 2(x − 5) 30. n2 − 9n + 18 = 0
= 2(8 − 3) + 2(8 − 5) (n − 6)(n − 3) = 0
= 2(5) + 2(3) Factors of 18 −1, −18 −2, −9 −3, −6
= 10 + 6
Sum of factors −19 −11 −9
= 16
So, the perimeter of the projection is 16 feet. n−6= 0 or n−3= 0
+6 +6 +3 +3
26. a. x 2 + x − 30
n=6 n=3
Factors The roots are n = 6 and n = 3.
of −30 −1, 30 1, −30 −2, 15 2, −15 −5, 6 5, −6
Sum of 31. x 2 + 5x − 14 = 0
29 −29 13 −13 1 −1
factors (x − 2)(x + 7) = 0
So, + x − 30 = (x − 5)(x + 6), and a binomial that
x2
Factors of −14 −1, 14 1, −14 −2, 7 2, −7
represents the width of the land is (x − 5) meters.
b. Let x = 20. Sum of factors 13 −13 5 −5
x 2 + x − 30 = 202 + 20 − 30 x−2= 0 or x+7= 0
= 400 + 20 − 30 +2 +2 −7 −7
= 390 x=2 x = −7
So, the area of the land is 390 square meters. The roots are x = 2 and x = −7.
27. The sum of the factors 4 and 12 is 16, not 14.

x 2 + 14x + 48
Factors of 48 1, 48 2, 24 3, 16 4, 12 6, 8
Sum of factors 49 26 19 16 14
So, x 2 + 14x + 48 = (x + 6)(x + 8).

Chapter 7
32. v 2 + 11v − 26 = 0 36. y 2 − 2y − 8 = 7

(v − 2) (v + 13) = 0 y 2 − 2y − 8 − 7 = 7 − 7
y 2 − 2y − 15 = 0
Factors of −26 −1, 26 1, −26 −2, 13 2, −13 ( y + 3)( y − 5) = 0
Factors of −15 −1, 15 1, −15 −3, 5 3, −5
v−2= 0 or v + 13 = 0
+2 +2 − 13 − 13
v=2 v = −13 y+3= 0 or y−5= 0
The roots are v = 2 and v = −13. −3 −3 +5 +5
y = −3 y=5
33. t 2 + 15t = −36
The roots are y = −3 and y = 5.
t 2 + 15t + 36 = −36 + 36
t 2 + 15t + 36 = 0 37. m2 + 10 = 15m − 34
(t + 3)(t + 12) = 0 m2 + 10 − 15m = 15m − 15m − 34
m2 − 15m + 10 = −34
Factors of 36 1, 36 2, 18 3, 12 4, 9 6, 6
m2 − 15m + 10 + 34 = −34 + 34
Sum of factors 37 20 15 13 12
m2 − 15m + 44 = 0
t+3= 0 or t + 12 = 0 (m − 4)(m − 11) = 0
−3 −3 − 12 − 12
Factors of 44 −1, −44 −2, −22 −4, −11
t = −3 t = −12
The roots are t = −3 and t = −12. Sum of factors −45 −24 −15
34. n2 − 5n = 24 m−4= 0 or m − 11 = 0
n2 − 5n − 24 = 24 − 24 +4 +4 + 11 + 11
n2 − 5n − 24 = 0 m=4 m = 11
(n + 3)(n − 8) = 0 The roots are m = 4 and m = 11.
Factors −1, 1, −2, 2, −3, 3, −4, 4, 38. b 2 + 5 = 8b − 10

of −24 24 −24 12 −12 8 −8 6 −6 b2 + 5 − 8b = 8b − 8b − 10
Sum of b 2 − 8b + 5 = −10
23 −23 10 −10 5 −5 2 −2
factors b 2 − 8b + 5 + 10 = −10 + 10
b 2 − 8b + 15 = 0
n+3= 0 or n−8= 0
(b − 3)(b − 5) = 0
−3 −3 +8 +8
n = −3 n=8 Factors of 15 −1, −15 −3, −5
The roots are n = −3 and n = 8. Sum of factors −16 −8
35. a 2 + 5a − 20 = 30 b−3= 0 or b−5= 0
a2 + 5a − 20 − 30 = 30 − 30 +3 +3 +5 +5
a 2 + 5a − 50 = 0 b=3 b=5
(a − 5)(a + 10) = 0 The roots are b = 3 and b = 5.
Factors −1, 1, −2, 2, −5, 5,
of −50 50 −50 25 −25 10 −10
Sum of
49 −49 23 −23 5 −5
factors
a−5= 0 or a + 10 = 0
+5 +5 − 10 − 10
a=5 a = −10
The roots are a = 5 and a = −10.

Chapter 7
39. The length of the cut picture is (x − 5) inches and the width
is (x − 6) inches. b.
Area of
browser window
=—
3
13 ⋅ Area of
screen
A = ℓw
20 = (x − 5)(x − 6)
3
24 = —
13 ⋅A
20 = x(x) + x(−6) + (−5)x + (−5)(−6)
20 = x2 − 6x − 5x + 30
13
3
13
— (24) = —
3 ( 133 ) ⋅ A
—
104 = A
20 = x 2 − 11x + 30
Let A = ℓw = (x + 7)w and x = 6.
20 − 20 = x 2 − 11x + 30 − 20
104 = (x + 7)w
0 = x 2 − 11x + 10
104 = (6 + 7)w
0 = (x − 10)(x − 1)
104 = 13w
−1, −10 −2, −5 104 13w
Factors of 10 —=—
13 13
Sum of factors −11 −7 8=w
x − 10 = 0 or x−1= 0 So, the screen is 6 + 7 = 13 inches by 8 inches.
+ 10 + 10 +1 +1 41. yes; x 2 + bx − 12
x = 10 x=1
Factors
The solutions are x = 10 and x = 1. However, the diagram of −12 −1, 12 1, −12 −2, 6 2, −6 −3, 4 3, −4
shows that the side length is more than 6 inches, so a side
Sum of
length of 1 inch does not make sense in this situation. 11 −11 4 −4 1 −1
The original picture, therefore, is 10 inches by 10 inches. factors, b
So, the area of the original square picture is 10(10) = 100 As shown in the table, there are 6 pairs of integer
square inches. factors that can be the values of p and q such that
(x + p)(x + q) = x 2 + bx − 12. The second row shows
40. a. A = ℓw
the respective corresponding values of b that go with each
24 = x(x − 2) factor pair.
24 = x(x) + x(−2)
42. a.
24 = x 2 − 2x
24 − 24 = x 2 − 2x − 24
0 = x 2 − 2x − 24
0 = (x + 4)(x − 6)
Factors −1, 1, −2, 2, −3, 3, −4, 4, So, x 2 − x − 6 = x 2 + (2x − 3x) − 6 = (x + 2)(x − 3).
of −24 24 −24 12 −12 8 −8 6 −6 b.
Sum of
23 −23 10 −10 5 −5 2 −2
factors
x+4= 0 or x−6= 0
−4 −4 +6 +6
x = −4 x=6 So, x2 + 2x − 8 = x2 + (−2x + 4x) − 8 = (x − 2)(x + 4).
The solutions are x = −4 and x = 6, but a length of
−4 inches does not make sense in this situation. So, the
length of the browser window is 6 inches.

Chapter 7
43. A = ℓw 45. To find the equation of the form x 2 + bx + c = 0 that

44 = (x − 5)(x − 12) has solutions x = −4 and x = 6, multiply (x + 4)(x − 6),
simplify the polynomial, and substitute the values into the
44 = x(x) + x(−12) + (−5)(x) + (−5)(−12)
equation.
44 = x 2 − 12x − 5x + 60
(x + 4)(x − 6) = x(x) + x(−6) + 4(x) + 4(−6)
44 = x 2 − 17x + 60
= x 2 − 6x + 4x − 24
44 − 44 = x 2 − 17x + 60 − 44
= x 2 − 2x − 24
0 = x 2 − 17x + 16
So, the equation x 2 − 2x − 24 = 0 has solutions
0 = (x − 1)(x − 16) x = −4 and x = 6.
Factors of 16 −1, −16 −2, −8 −4, 4
46. a. Look for the x-intercepts, and substitute them for p and q
Sum of factors −17 −10 0
in (x − p)(x − q).
x−1= 0 or x − 16 = 0 b. The graph crosses the x-axis at x = −3 and x = 2.
+1 +1 + 16 + 16 So, x 2 + x − 6 = (x + 3)(x − 2).
x=1 x = 16
47. a. Area being Area of bottom Area of top
The solutions are x = 1 and x = 16. However, a side length = +
of x − 5 = 1 − 5 = −4 feet does not make sense in this paved rectangle rectangle
situation. So, use the solution x = 16. Therefore, the A = ℓw + ℓw
rectangle is x − 5 = 16 − 5 = 11 feet by
= 20(x) + x(18 − x)
x − 12 = 16 − 12 = 4 feet.
= 20x + x(18) + x(−x)
44. A = —12 bh = 20x + 18x − x 2
35 = —12 (g − 8)(g − 11) = −x 2 + 38x
35 = —12 [ g(g) + g(−11) + (−8)(g) + (−8)(−11) ] An expression that represents the area being paved is
( −x 2 + 38x ) square meters.
35 = —12 ( g2 − 11g − 8g + 88 ) b. A = −x 2 + 38x
35 = —12 ( g2 − 19g + 88 ) An equation that can be used to find the width of the road
is 280 = −x 2 + 38x.
⋅
2 35 = 2 ⋅ 1
—2 ( g2 − 19g + 88 )
280 = −x 2 + 38x
70 = g2 − 19g + 88
280 + x 2 = −x 2 + x 2 + 38x
70 − 70 = g2 − 19g + 88 − 70
x 2 + 280 = 38x
0 = g2 − 19g + 18
x 2 + 280 − 38x = 38x − 38x
0 = (g − 1)(g − 18)
x 2 − 38x + 280 = 0
Factors of 18 −1, −18 −2, −9 −3, −6
(x − 10)(x − 28) = 0
Sum of factors −19 −11 −9 x − 10 = 0 or x − 28 = 0
g−1= 0 or g − 18 = 0 + 10 + 10 + 28 + 28
+1 +1 + 18 + 18 x = 10 x = 28
g=1 g = 18 Factors −1, −2, −4, −5, −7, −8, −10, −14,
The solutions are g = 1 and g = 18. However, a side length of 280 −280 −140 −70 −56 −40 −35 −28 −20
of g − 8 = 1 − 8 = −7 meters does not make sense in this Sum of
situation. So, use the solution g = 18. Therefore, the triangle factors −281 −142 −74 −61 −47 −43 −38 −34
has a base that is g − 8 = 18 − 8 = 10 meters and a height
that is g − 11 = 18 − 11 = 7 meters. The solutions are x = 10 and x = 28. However, the
diagram shows that the width of the road is less than 18
meters, so a width of 28 meters does not make sense in
this situation. Therefore, the width of the road is
10 meters.

Chapter 7
48. x 2 + 6xy + 8y 2 7.6 Explorations (p. 391)

Factors of 8 1, 8 2, 4 1. a.
Sum of factors 9 6
So, x 2 + 6xy + 8y 2 = (x + 2y)(x + 4y).
49. r 2 + 7rs + 12s 2 So, 3x 2 + 5x + 2 = (x + 1)(3x + 2).

Factors of 12 1, 12 2, 6 3, 4 b.
Sum of factors 13 8 7
So, r 2 + 7rs + 12s 2 = (r + 3s)(r + 4s).
50. a 2 + 11ab − 26b 2
Factors of −26 −1, 26 1, −26 −2, 13 2, −13

So, a 2 + 11ab − 26b 2 = (a − 2b)(a + 13b). So, 4x 2 + 4x − 3 = (2x + 3)(2x − 1).

c.
51. x 2 − 2xy − 35y 2
Factors of −35 −1, 35 1, −35 −5, 7 5, −7

So, x 2 − 2xy − 35y 2 = (x + 5y)(x − 7y).

52. p − 9 = 0 Check p − 9 = 0
? So, 2x 2 − 11x + 5 = (x − 5)(2x − 1).
+9 +9 9−9=0
p=9 0=0✓ 2. Arrange algebra tiles that model the trinomial into a
The solution is p = 9. rectangular array, use additional algebra tiles to model the
dimensions of the rectangle, then write the polynomial in
53. z + 12 = −5 Check z + 12 = −5 factored form using the dimensions of the rectangle.
?
− 12 − 12 −17 + 12 = −5
3. The trinomial 2x 2 + 2x + 1 cannot be factored because the
z = −17 −5 = −5 ✓ expression cannot be modeled as a rectangular array.
The solution is z = −17.
7.6 Monitoring Progress (pp. 393–394)
c c 1. 8x 2 − 56x + 48 = 8( x 2 − 7x + 6 )
54. 6=— Check 6 = —
−7 −7
? −42 = 8(x − 6)(x − 1)
c
−7(6) = −7 —
−7( ) 6=—
−7 Factors of 6 −1, −6 −2, −3
−42 = c 6=6✓ Sum of factors −7 −5
The solution is c = −42.
So, 8x 2 − 56x + 48 = 8(x − 6)(x − 1).
55. 4k = 0 Check 4k = 0
4k 0 ?
—=— 4(0) = 0
4 4
k=0 0=0✓
The solution is k = 0.

Chapter 7
2. 14x 2 + 31x + 15 4. 3x 2 − 14x + 8

Factors Factors Possible Factors Factors Possible
of 14 of 15 factorization Middle term of 3 of 8 factorization Middle term
1, 14 1, 15 (x + 1) 15x + 14x = 29x 1, 3 −1, −8 (x − 1) −8x − 3x = −11x
✗ ✗
(14x + 15) (3x − 8)
1, 14 15, 1 (x + 15) x + 210x = 211x 1, 3 −8, −1 (x − 8) −x − 24x = −25x
✗ ✗
(14x + 1) (3x − 1)
1, 14 3, 5 (x + 3) 5x + 42x = 47x 1, 3 −2, −4 (x − 2) −4x − 6x = −10x
✗ ✗
(14x + 5) (3x − 4)
1, 14 5, 3 (x + 5) 3x + 70x = 73x 1, 3 −4, −2 (x − 4) −2x − 12x = −14x
✗ ✓
(14x + 3) (3x − 2)
2, 7 1, 15 (2x + 1) 30x + 7x = 37x So, 3x 2 − 14x + 8 = (x − 4)(3x − 2).
✗
(7x + 15)
2, 7 15, 1 (2x + 15) 2x + 105x = 107x 5. 4x 2 − 19x − 5
✗
(7x + 1) Factors Factors Possible
2, 7 3, 5 (2x + 3) 10x + 21x = 31x of 4 of −5 factorization Middle term
✓
(7x + 5) 1, 4 1, −5 (x + 1) −5x + 4x = −x ✗
2, 7 5, 3 (2x + 5) 6x + 35x = 41x (4x − 5)
✗
(7x + 3)
1, 4 5, −1 (x + 5) −x + 20x = 19x ✗
So, 14x 2 + 31x + 15 = (2x + 3)(7x + 5). (4x − 1)
1, 4 −1, 5 (x − 1) 5x − 4x = x
3. 2x 2 − 7x + 5 ✗
(4x + 5)
Factors Factors Possible
of 2 of 5 factorization Middle term 1, 4 −5, 1 (x − 5) x − 20x = −19x ✓
1, 2 −1, −5 (x − 1) −5x − 2x = −7x (4x + 1)
✓
(2x − 5) 2, 2 1, −5 (2x + 1) −10x + 2x = −8x ✗
1, 2 −5, −1 (x − 5) −x − 10x = −11x (2x − 5)
✗
(2x − 1) 2, 2 −1, 5 (2x − 1) 10x − 2x = 8x ✗
So, 2x 2 − 7x + 5 = (x − 1)(2x − 5). (2x + 5)
So, 4x 2 − 19x − 5 = (x − 5)(4x + 1).

Chapter 7
6. 6x 2 + x − 12 7. −2y 2 − 5y − 3 = −( 2y 2 + 5y + 3 )
of 6 of −12 factorization Middle term of 2 of 3 factorization Middle term
1, 6 1, −12 (x + 1) −12x + 6x = −6x 1, 2 1, 3 ( y + 1) 3y + 2y = 5y
✗ ✓
(6x − 12) (2y + 3)
1, 6 12, −1 (x + 12) −x + 72x = 71x 1, 2 3, 1 ( y + 3) y + 6y = 7y
✗ ✗
(6x − 1) (2y + 1)
1, 6 −1, 12 (x − 1) 12x − 6x = 6x
✗ So, −2y 2 − 5y − 3 = −( y + 1)(2y + 3).
(6x + 12)
1, 6 −12, 1 (x − 12) x − 72x = −71x
✗ 8. −5m2 + 6m − 1 = −( 5m2 − 6m + 1 )
(6x + 1)
1, 6 2, −6 (x + 2) −6x + 12x = 6x Factors Factors Possible
✗ of 5 of 1 factorization Middle term
(6x − 6)
1, 6 6, −2 (x + 6) −2x + 36x = 34x 1, 5 −1, −1 (m − 1) −m − 5m = −6m
✗ ✓
(6x − 2) (5m − 1)
1, 6 −2, 6 (x − 2) 6x − 12x = −6x So, −5m2 + 6m − 1 = −(m − 1)(5m − 1).
✗
(6x + 6)
1, 6 −6, 2 (x − 6) 2x − 36x = −34x 9. −3x 2 − x + 2 = −( 3x 2 + x − 2 )
✗
(6x + 2) Factors Factors Possible
1, 6 3, −4 (x + 3) −4x + 18x = 14x of 3 of −2 factorization Middle term
✗
(6x − 4) 1, 3 1, −2 (x + 1) −2x + 3x = x
1, 6 4, −3 (x + 4) −3x + 24x = 21x ✓
✗ (3x − 2)
(6x − 3)
−3, 4 4x − 18x = −14x
1, 3 2, −1 (x + 2) −x + 6x = 5x
1, 6 (x − 3) ✗
✗ (3x − 1)
(6x + 4)
1, 6 −4, 3 (x − 4) 3x − 24x = −21x 1, 3 −1, 2 (x − 1) 2x − 3x = −x
✗ ✗
(6x + 3) (3x + 2)
2, 3 1, −12 (2x + 1) −24x + 3x = −21x 1, 3 −2, 1 (x − 2) x − 6x = −5x
✗ ✗
(3x − 12) (3x + 1)
2, 3 12, −1 (2x + 12) −2x + 36x = 34x
✗ So, −3x 2 − x + 2 = −(x + 1)(3x − 2).
(3x − 1)
2, 3 −1, 12 (2x − 1) 24x − 3x = 21x
✗
(3x + 12)
2, 3 −12, 1 (2x − 12) 2x − 36x = −34x
✗
(3x + 1)
2, 3 2, −6 (2x + 2) −12x + 6x = −6x
✗
(3x − 6)
2, 3 6, −2 (2x + 6) −4x + 18x = 14x
✗
(3x − 2)
2, 3 −2, 6 (2x − 2) 12x − 6x = 6x
✗
(3x + 6)
2, 3 −6, 2 (2x − 6) 4x − 18x = −14x
✗
(3x + 2)
2, 3 3, −4 (2x + 3) −8x + 9x = x
✓
(3x − 4)
2, 3 4, −3 (2x + 4) −6x + 12x = 6x
✗
(3x − 3)
2, 3 −3, 4 (2x − 3) 8x − 9x = −x
✗
(3x + 4)
2, 3 −4, 3 (2x − 4) 6x − 12x = −6x
✗
(3x + 3)
So, 6x 2 + x − 12 = (2x + 3)(3x − 4).

Chapter 7
10. w(2w + 1) = 136 7.6 Exercises (pp. 395–396)

w(2w) + w(1) = 136 Vocabulary and Core Concept Check
2w2 + w = 136 1. The greatest common factor of the terms of
2w2 + w − 136 = 136 − 136 3y 2 − 21y + 36 is 3.
2w2 + w − 136 = 0 2. Factoring 6x 2 − x − 2 requires considering factors of 6 and
Factors Factors Possible −2 in different combinations until the combination is found
of 2 of −136 factorization Middle term that produces the correct middle term. Factoring x 2 − x − 2
1, 2 1, −136 (w + 1) −136w + 2w = −134w only requires finding the factors of −2 that add up to −1.
✗
(2w − 136)
1, 2 136, −1 (w + 136) −w + 272w = 271w
✗ 3. 3x 2 + 3x − 6 = 3( x 2 + x − 2 )
(2w − 1)
1, 2 −1, 136 (w − 1) 136w − 2w = 134w = 3(x − 1)(x + 2)
✗
(2w + 136) Factors of −2 −1, 2 1, −2
1, 2 −136, 1 (w − 136) w − 272w = −271w Sum of factors 1 −1
✗
(2w + 1)
So, 3x 2 + 3x − 3 = 3(x − 1)(x + 2).
1, 2 2, −68 (w + 2) −68w + 4w = −64w
✗
(2w − 68) 4. 8v 2 + 8v − 48 = 8( v 2 + v − 6 )
1, 2 68, −2 (w + 68) −2w + 136w = 134w = 8(v − 2)(v + 3)
✗
(2w − 2)
Factors of −6 −1, 6 1, −6 −2, 3 2, −3
1, 2 −2, 68 (w − 2) 68w − 4w = 64w
✗
(2w + 68) Sum of factors 5 −5 1 −1
1, 2 −68, 2 (w − 68) 2w − 136w = −134w So, 8v 2 + 8v − 48 = 8(v − 2)(v + 3).
✗
(2w + 2)
1, 2 4, −34 (w + 4) −34w + 8w = −26w 5. 4k 2 + 28k + 48 = 4( k 2 + 7k + 12 )
✗
(2w − 34) = 4(k + 3)(k + 4)
1, 2 34, −4 (w + 34) −4w + 68w = 64w Factors of 12 1, 12 2, 6 3, 4
✗
(2w − 4)
Sum of factors 13 8 7
1, 2 −4, 34 (w − 4) 34w − 8w = 26w
✗ So, 4k 2 + 28k + 48 = 4(k + 3)(k + 4).
(2w + 34)
1, 2 −34, 4 (w − 34) 4w − 68w = −64w 6. 6y 2 − 24y + 18 = 6( y 2 − 4y + 3 )
✗
(2w + 4)
= 6( y − 1)(y − 3)
1, 2 8, −17 (w + 8) −17w + 16w = −w
✗ Factors of 3 −1, −3
(2w − 17)
1, 2 17, −8 (w + 17) −8w + 34w = 26w Sum of factors −4
✗
(2w − 8)
So, 6y 2 − 24y + 18 = 6(y − 1)(y − 3).
1, 2 −8, 17 (w − 8) 17w − 16w = w
✓
(2w + 17) 7. 7b 2 − 63b + 140 = 7( b 2 − 9b + 20 )
1, 2 −17, 8 (w − 17) 8w − 34w = −26w = 7(b − 4)(b − 5)
✗
(2w + 8) Factors of 20 −1, −20 −2, −10 −4, −5
(w − 8)(2w + 17) = 0 Sum of factors −22 −12 −9
w−8= 0 or 2w + 17 = 0 So, 7b 2 − 63b + 140 = 7(b − 4)(b − 5).
+8 +8 −17 −17
8. 9r 2 − 36r − 45 = 9( r 2 − 4r − 5 )
w=8 2w = −17
2w −17 = 9(r + 1)(r − 5)
—=—
2 2 Factors of −5 1, −5 −1, 5
17
w = −— Sum of factors −4 4
2
A negative width does not make sense, so you should use the So, 9r 2 − 36r − 45 = 9(r + 1)(r − 5).
positive solution. So, the width of the reserve is 8 miles.

Chapter 7
9. 3h2 + 11h + 6 12. 10w2 − 31w + 15

of 3 of 6 factorization Middle term of 10 of 15 factorization Middle term
1, 3 1, 6 (h + 1) 6h + 3h = 9h 1, 10 −1, −15 (w − 1) −15w − 10w = −25w ✗
✗
(3h + 6) (10w − 15)
1, 3 6, 1 (h + 6) h + 18h = 19h 1, 10 −15, −1 (w − 15) −w − 150w = −151w ✗
✗
(3h + 1) (10w − 1)
1, 3 2, 3 (h + 2) 3h + 6h = 9h 1, 10 −3, −5 (w − 3) −5w − 30w = −35w ✗
✗
(3h + 3) (10w − 5)
1, 3 3, 2 (h + 3) 2h + 9h = 11h 1, 10 −5, −3 (w − 5) −3w − 50w = −53w ✗
✓
(3h + 2) (10w − 3)
So, 3h2 + 11h + 6 = (h + 3)(3h + 2). 2, 5 −1, −15 (2w − 1) −30w − 5w = −35w ✗
(5w − 15)
10. 8m2 + 30m + 7 2, 5 −15, −1 (2w − 15) −2w − 75w = −77w ✗
Factors Factors Possible (5w − 1)
of 8 of 7 factorization Middle term 2, 5 −3, −5 (2w − 3) −10w − 15w = −25w ✗
1, 8 1, 7 (m + 1) 7m + 8m = 15m (5w − 5)
✗
(8m + 7) 2, 5 −5, −3 (2w − 5) −6w − 25w = −31w ✓
1, 8 7, 1 (m + 7) m + 56m = 57m (5w − 3)
✗
(8m + 1) So, 10w2 − 31w + 15 = (2w − 5)(5w − 3)
2, 4 1, 7 (2m + 1) 14m + 4m = 18m
✗
(4m + 7) 13. 3n2 + 5n − 2
2, 4 7, 1 (2m + 7) 2m + 28m = 30m Factors Factors Possible
✓
(4m + 1) of 3 of −2 factorization Middle term
So, 8m2 + 30m + 7 = (2m + 7)(4m + 1). 1, 3 1, −2 (n + 1) −2n + 3n = n ✗

(3n − 2)
11. 6x 2 − 5x + 1
1, 3 2, −1 (n + 2) −n + 6n = 5n ✓
Factors Factors Possible (3n − 1)
of 6 of 1 factorization Middle term 1, 3 −1, 2 (n − 1) 2n − 3n = −n ✗
1, 6 −1, −1 (x − 1) −x − 6x = −7x ✗ (3n + 2)
(6x − 1) 1, 3 −2, 1 (n − 2) n − 6n = −5n ✗
2, 3 −1, −1 (2x − 1) −2x − 3x = −5x ✓ (3n + 1)
(3x − 1)
So, 3n2 + 5n − 2 = (n + 2)(3n − 1).
So, 6x 2 − 5x + 1 = (2x − 1)(3x − 1).

Chapter 7
14. 4z2 + 4z − 3 16. 18v2 − 15v − 18 = 3(6v2 − 5v − 6)

of 4 of −3 factorization Middle term of 6 of −6 factorization Middle term
1, 4 1, −3 (z + 1) −3z + 4z = z ✗ 1, 6 1, −6 (v + 1) −6v + 6v = 0 ✗
(4z − 3) (6v − 6)
1, 4 3, −1 (z + 3) −z + 12z = 11z ✗ 1, 6 6, −1 (v + 6) −v + 36v = 35v ✗
(4z − 1) (6v − 1)
1, 4 −1, 3 (z − 1) 3z − 4z = −z ✗ 1, 6 −1, 6 (v − 1) 6v − 6v = 0 ✗
(4z + 3) (6v + 6)
1, 4 −3, 1 (z − 3) z − 12z = −11z ✗ 1, 6 −6, 1 (v − 6) v − 36v = −35v ✗
(4z + 1) (6v + 1)
2, 2 1, −3 (2z + 1) −6z + 2z = −4z ✗ 1, 6 2, −3 (v + 2) −3v + 12v = 9v ✗
(2z − 3) (6v − 3)
2, 2 −1, 3 (2z − 1) 6z − 2z = 4z ✓ 1, 6 3, −2 (v + 3) −2v + 18v = 16v ✗
(2z + 3) (6v − 2)
So, 4z2 + 4z − 3 = (2z − 1)(2z + 3). 1, 6 −2, 3 (v − 2) 3v − 12v = −9v ✗

(6v + 3)
15. 8g2 − 10g − 12 = 2(4g2 − 5g − 6) 1, 6 −3, 2 (v − 3) 2v − 18v = −16v ✗
Factors Factors Possible (6v + 2)
of 4 of −6 factorization Middle term 2, 3 1, −6 (2v + 1) −12v + 3v = −9v ✗
1, 4 1, −6 (g + 1) −6g + 4g = −2g ✗ (3v − 6)
(4g − 6) 2, 3 6, −1 (2v + 6) −2v + 18v = 16v ✗
1, 4 6, −1 (g + 6) −g + 24g = 23g ✗ (3v − 1)
(4g − 1) 2, 3 −1, 6 (2v − 1) 12v − 3v = 9v ✗
1, 4 −1, 6 (g − 1) 6g − 4g = 2g ✗ (3v + 6)
(4g + 6) 2, 3 −6, 1 (2v − 6) 2v − 18v = −16v ✗
1, 4 −6, 1 (g − 6) g − 24g = −23g ✗ (3v + 1)
(4g + 1) 2, 3 2, −3 (2v + 2) −6v + 6v = 0 ✗
1, 4 2, −3 (g + 2) −3g + 8g = 5g ✗ (3v − 3)
(4g − 3) 2, 3 3, −2 (2v + 3) −4v + 9v = 5v ✗
1, 4 3, −2 (g + 3) −2g + 12g = 10g ✗ (3v − 2)
(4g − 2) 2, 3 −2, 3 (2v − 2) 6v − 6v = 0 ✗
1, 4 −2, 3 (g − 2) 3g − 8g = −5g ✓ (3v + 3)
(4g + 3) 2, 3 −3, 2 (2v − 3) 4v − 9v = −5v ✓
1, 4 −3, 2 (g − 3) 2g − 12g = −10g ✗ (3v + 2)
(4g + 2) So, 18v2 − 15v − 18 = 3(2v − 3)(3v + 2).
2, 2 1, −6 (2g + 1) −12g + 2g = −10g ✗
(2g − 6)
2, 2 −1, 6 (2g − 1) 12g − 2g = 10g ✗
(2g + 6)
2, 2 2, −3 (2g + 2) −6g + 4g = −2g ✗
(2g − 3)
2, 2 −2, 3 (2g − 2) 6g − 4g = 2g ✗
(2g + 3)
So, 8g2 − 10g − 12 = 2(g − 2)(4g + 3).

Chapter 7
17. −3t2 + 11t − 6 = −(3t2 − 11t + 6) 20. −8h2 − 13h + 6 = −( 8h2 + 13h − 6 )
1, 3 −1, −6 (t − 1) −6t − 3t = −9t ✗ 1, 8 1, −6 (h + 1) −6h + 8h = 2h ✗
(3t − 6) (8h − 6)
1, 3 −6, −1 (t − 6) −t − 18t = −19t ✗ 1, 8 6, −1 (h + 6) −h + 48h = 47h ✗
(3t − 1) (8h − 1)
1, 3 −2, −3 (t − 2) −3t − 6t = −9t ✗ 1, 8 −1, 6 (h − 1) 6h − 8h = −2h ✗
(3t − 3) (8h + 6)
1, 3 ✓ 1, 8 −6, 1 (h − 6) h − 48h = −47h ✗
−3, −2 (t − 3) −2t − 9t = −11t
(8h + 1)
(3t − 2)
1, 8 2, −3 (h + 2) −3h + 16h = 13h ✓
So, −3t2 + 11t − 6 = −(t − 3)(3t − 2). (8h − 3)
18. −7v2 − 25v − 12 = −(7v2 + 25v + 12) 1, 8 3, −2 (h + 3) −2h + 24h = 22h ✗
(8h − 2)
of 7 of 12 factorization Middle term 1, 8 −2, 3 (h − 2) 3h − 16h = −13h ✗
(8h + 3)
1, 7 1, 12 (v + 1) 12v + 7v = 19v ✗
(7v + 12) 1, 8 −3, 2 (h − 3) 2h − 24h = −22h ✗
(8h + 2)
1, 7 12, 1 (v + 12) v + 84v = 85v ✗
(7v + 1) 2, 4 1, −6 (2h + 1) −12h + 4h = −8h ✗
(4h − 6)
1, 7 2, 6 (v + 2) 6v + 14v = 20v ✗
(7v + 6) 2, 4 6, −1 (2h + 6) −2h + 24h = 22h ✗
(4h − 1)
1, 7 6, 2 (v + 6) 2v + 42v = 44v ✗
(7v + 2) 2, 4 −1, 6 (2h − 1) 12h − 4h = 8h ✗
(4h + 6)
1, 7 3, 4 (v + 3) 4v + 21v = 25v ✓
(7v + 4) 2, 4 −6, 1 (2h − 6) 2h − 24h = −22h ✗
(4h + 1)
1, 7 4, 3 (v + 4) 3v + 28v = 31v ✗
(7v + 3) 2, 4 2, −3 (2h + 2) −6h + 8h = 2h ✗
(4h − 3)
So, −7v2 − 25v − 12 = −(v + 3)(7v + 4). 2, 4 3, −2 (2h + 3) −4h + 12h = 8h ✗
(4h − 2)
19. −4c2 + 19c + 5 = −(4c2 − 19c − 5)
2, 4 −2, 3 (2h − 2) 6h − 8h = −2h ✗
(4h + 3)
of 4 of −5 factorization Middle term
✗ 2, 4 −3, 2 (2h − 3) 4h − 12h = −8h ✗
1, 4 1, −5 (c + 1) −5c + 4c = −c
(4h + 2)
(4c − 5)
1, 4 5, −1 (c + 5) −c + 20c = 19c ✗ So, −8h2 − 13h + 6 = −(h + 2)(8h − 3).
(4c − 1)
1, 4 −1, 5 (c − 1) 5c − 4c = c ✗
(4c + 5)
1, 4 −5, 1 (c − 5) c − 20c = −19c ✓
(4c + 1)
2, 2 1, −5 (2c + 1) −10c + 2c = −8c ✗
(2c − 5)
2, 2 −1, 5 (2c − 1) 10c − 2c = 8c ✗
(2c + 5)
So, −4c2 + 19c + 5 = −(c − 5)(4c + 1).

Chapter 7
21. −15w2 − w + 28 = −(15w2 + w − 28) 22. −22d 2 + 29d − 9 = −(22d 2 − 29d + 9)

of 15 of −28 factorization Middle term of 22 of 9 factorization Middle term
1, 15 1, −28 (w + 1) −28w + 15w = −13w ✗ 1, 22 −1, −9 (d − 1) −9d − 22d = −31d ✗
(15w − 28) (22d − 9)
1, 15 28, −1 (w + 28) −w + 420w = 419w ✗ 1, 22 −9, −1 (d − 9) −d − 198d = −199d ✗
(15w − 1) (22d − 1)
1, 15 −1, 28 (w − 1) 28w − 15w = 13w ✗ 1, 22 −3, −3 (d − 3) −3d − 66d = −69d ✗
(15w + 28) (22d − 3)
1, 15 −28, 1 (w − 28) w − 420w = −419w ✗ 2, 11 −1, −9 (2d − 1) −18d − 11d = −29d ✓
(15w + 1) (11d − 9)
1, 15 2, −14 (w + 2) −14w + 30w = 16w ✗ 2, 11 −9, −1 (2d − 9) −2d − 99d = −101d ✗
(15w − 14) (11d − 1)
1, 15 14, −2 (w + 14) −2w + 210w = 208w ✗ 2, 11 −3, −3 (2d − 3) −6d − 33d = −39d ✗
(15w − 2)
(11d − 3)
1, 15 −2, 14 (w − 2) 14w − 30w = −16w ✗
(15w + 14) So, −22d 2 + 29d − 9 = −(2d − 1)(11d − 9).
1, 15 −14, 2 (w − 14) 2w − 210w = −208w ✗
23. The greatest common factor 2 should be factored out of
(15w + 2)
every term, but it was only factored out of the first term.
1, 15 4, −7 (w + 4) −7w + 60w = 53w ✗
2x 2 − 2x − 24 = 2(x 2 − x − 12)
(15w − 7)
= 2(x + 3)(x − 4)
1, 15 7, −4 (w + 7) −4w + 105w = 101w ✗
(15w − 4) Factors −1, 12 1, −12 −2, 6 2, −6 −3, 4 3, −4
1, 15 −4, 7 (w − 4) 7w − 60w = −53w ✗ of −12
(15w + 7) Sum of 11 −11 4 −4 1 −1
1, 15 −7, 4 (w − 7) 4w − 105w = −101w ✗ factors
(15w + 4) So, 2x 2 − 2x − 24 = 2(x + 3)(x − 4).
3, 5 1, −28 (3w + 1) −84w + 5w = −79w ✗
(5w − 28)
3, 5 28, −1 (3w + 28) −3w + 140w = 137w ✗
(5w − 1)
3, 5 −1, 28 (3w − 1) 84w − 5w = 79w ✗
(5w + 28)
3, 5 −28, 1 (3w − 28) 3w − 140w = −137w ✗
(5w + 1)
3, 5 2, −14 (3w + 2) −42w + 10w = −32w ✗
(5w − 14)
3, 5 14, −2 (3w + 14) −6w + 70w = 64w ✗
(5w − 2)
3, 5 −2, 14 (3w − 2) 42w − 10w = 32w ✗
(5w + 14)
3, 5 −14, 2 (3w − 14) 6w − 70w = −64w ✗
(5w + 2)
3, 5 4, −7 (3w + 4) −21w + 20w = −w ✗
(5w − 7)
3, 5 7, −4 (3w + 7) −12w + 35w = 23w ✗
(5w − 4)
3, 5 −4, 7 (3w − 4) 21w − 20w = w ✓
(5w + 7)
3, 5 −7, 4 (3w − 7) 12w − 35w = −23w ✗
(5w + 4)
So, −15w2 − w + 28 = −(3w − 4)(5w + 7).

Chapter 7
24. These factors do not produce the correct middle term when 26. 2k2 − 5k − 18 = 0
they are multiplied.
6x2 − 7x − 3 of 2 of −18 factorization Middle term
Factors Factors Possible 1, 2 1, −18 (k + 1) −18k + 2k = −16k ✗
of 6 of −3 factorization Middle term (2k − 18)
1, 6 1, −3 (x + 1) −3x + 6x = 3x ✗ 1, 2 18, −1 (k + 18) −k + 36k = 35k ✗
(6x − 3) (2k − 1)
1, 6 3, −1 (x + 3) −x + 18x = 17x ✗ 1, 2 −1, 18 (k − 1) 18k − 2k = 16k ✗
(6x − 1) (2k + 18)
1, 6 −1, 3 (x − 1) 3x − 6x = −3x ✗ 1, 2 −18, 1 (k − 18) k − 36k = −35k ✗
(6x + 3) (2k + 1)
1, 6 −3, 1 (x − 3) x − 18x = −17x ✗ 1, 2 2, −9 (k + 2) −9k + 4k = −5k ✓
(6x + 1) (2k − 9)
2, 3 1, −3 (2x + 1) −6x + 3x = −3x ✗ 1, 2 9, −2 (k + 9) −2k + 18k = 16k ✗
(3x − 3) (2k − 2)
2, 3 3, −1 (2x + 3) −2x + 9x = 7x ✗ 1, 2 −2, 9 (k − 2) 9k − 4k = 5k ✗
(3x − 1) (2k + 9)
2, 3 −1, 3 (2x − 1) 6x − 3x = 3x ✗ 1, 2 −9, 2 (k − 9) 2k − 18k = −16k ✗
(3x + 3) (2k + 2)
2, 3 −3, 1 (2x − 3) 2x − 9x = −7x ✓ 1, 2 3, −6 (k + 3) −6k + 6k = 0 ✗
(3x + 1) (2k − 6)
So, 6x 2 − 7x − 3 = (2x − 3)(3x + 1). 1, 2 6, −3 (k + 6) −3k + 12k = 9k ✗

(2k − 3)
25. 5x 2 − 5x − 30 = 0 1, 2 −3, 6 (k − 3) 6k − 6k = 0 ✗
5(x 2 − x − 6) = 0 (2k + 6)
5(x + 2)(x − 3) = 0 1, 2 −6, 3 (k − 6) 3k − 12k = −9k ✗
(2k + 3)
1
—
5 ⋅ 1
5(x + 2)(x − 3) = —
5 ⋅0 (k + 2)(2k − 9) = 0
(x + 2)(x − 3) = 0
k+2= 0 or 2k − 9 = 0
x+2= 0 or x−3= 0
−2 −2 +9 +9
−2 −2 +3 +3
k = −2 2k = 9
x = −2 x=3 2k 9
—=—
2 2
Factors of −6 −1, 6 1, −6 −2, 3 2, −3
9
Sum of factors 5 1 k=—
−5 −1 2
9
The roots are x = −2 and x = 3. The roots are k = −2 and k = —.
2

Chapter 7
27. −12n2 − 11n = −15 −(3n + 5)(4n − 3) = 0

−12n2 − 11n + 15 = −15 + 15 −1[ −(3n + 5)(4n − 3) ] = −1(0)
−12n2 − 11n + 15 = 0 (3n + 5)(4n − 3) = 0
−(12n2 + 11n − 15) = 0 3n + 5 = 0 or 4n − 3 = 0
Factors Factors Possible −5 −5 +3 +3
of 12 of −15 factorization Middle term 3n = −5 4n = 3
1, 12 1, −15 (n + 1) −15n + 12n = −3n ✗ 3n −5 4n 3
—=— —=—
(12n − 15) 3 3 4 4
15, −1 (n + 15) −n + 180n = 179n ✗ 5 3
1, 12 n = −— n=—
(12n − 1) 3 4
5 3
1, 12 −1, 15 (n − 1) 15n − 12n = 3n ✗ The roots are n = −— and n = —.
3 4
(12n + 15)
28. 14b 2 − 2 = −3b
1, 12 −15, 1 (n − 15) n − 180n = −179n ✗
(12n + 1) 14b 2 − 2 + 3b = −3b + 3b
1, 12 3, −5 (n + 3) −5n + 36n = 31n ✗ 14b 2 + 3b − 2 = 0
(12n − 5) Factors Factors Possible
1, 12 5, −3 (n + 5) −3n + 60n = 57n ✗ of 14 of −2 factorization Middle term
(12n − 3)
1, 14 1, −2 (b + 1) −2b + 14b = 12b ✗
1, 12 −3, 5 (n − 3) 5n − 36n = −31n ✗
(14b − 2)
(12n + 5)
✗ 1, 14 2, −1 (b + 2) −b + 28b = 27b ✗
1, 12 −5, 3 (n − 5) 3n − 60n = −57n
(12n + 3) (14b − 1)
2, 6 1, −15 (2n + 1) −30n + 6n = −24n ✗ 1, 14 −1, 2 (b − 1) 2b − 14b = −12b ✗
(6n − 15) (14b + 2)
2, 6 15, −1 (2n + 15) −2n + 90n = 88n ✗ 1, 14 −2, 1 (b − 2) b − 28b = −27b ✗
(6n − 1) (14b + 1)
2, 6 −1, 15 (2n − 1) 30n − 6n = 24n ✗ 2, 7 1, −2 (2b + 1) −4b + 7b = 3b ✓
(6n + 15) (7b − 2)
2, 6 −15, 1 (2n − 15) 2n − 90n = −88n ✗ 2, 7 2, −1 (2b + 2) −2b + 14b = 12b ✗
(6n + 1) (7b − 1)
2, 6 3, −5 (2n + 3) −10n + 18n = 3n ✗
2, 7 −1, 2 (2b − 1) 4b − 7b = −3b ✗
(6n − 5)
(7b + 2)
2, 6 5, −3 (2n + 5) −6n + 30n = 24n ✗
(6n − 3) 2, 7 −2, 1 (2b − 2) 2b − 14b = −12b ✗
(7b + 1)
2, 6 −3, 5 (2n − 3) 10n − 18n = −8n ✗
(6n + 5) (2b + 1)(7b − 2) = 0
2, 6 −5, 3 (2n − 5) 6n − 30n = −24n ✗ 2b + 1 = 0 or 7b − 2 = 0
(6n + 3)
−1 −1 +2 +2
3, 4 1, −15 (3n + 1) −45n + 4n = −41n ✗
(4n − 15) 2b = −1 7b = 2
15, −1 (3n + 15) −3n + 60n = 57n ✗ 2b −1 7b 2
3, 4 —=— —=—
(4n − 1) 2 2 7 7
✗ 1 2
3, 4 −1, 15 (3n − 1) 45n − 4n = 41n b = −— b=—
(4n + 15) 2 7
1 2
3, 4 −15, 1 (3n − 15) 3n − 60n = −57n ✗ The roots are b = −— and b = —.
(4n + 1) 2 7
3, 4 3, −5 (3n + 3) −15n + 12n = −3n ✗
(4n − 5)
3, 4 5, −3 (3n + 5) −9n + 20n = 11n ✓
(4n − 3)
3, 4 −3, 5 (3n − 3) 15n − 12n = 3n ✗
(4n + 5)
3, 4 −5, 3 (3n − 5) 9n − 20n = −11n ✗
(4n + 3)

Chapter 7
29. Let y = 0. 30. Let y = 0.

y = 2x2 − 3x − 35 y = 4x 2 + 11x − 3
0= 2x2 − 3x − 35 0 = 4x 2 + 11x − 3
1, 2 1, −35 (x + 1) −35x + 2x = −33x ✗ 1, 4 1, −3 (x + 1) −3x + 4x = x ✗
(2x − 35) (4x − 3)
1, 2 35, −1 (x + 35) −x + 70x = 69x ✗ 1, 4 3, −1 (x + 3) −x + 12x = 11x ✓
(2x − 1) (4x − 1)
1, 2 −1, 35 (x − 1) 35x − 2x = 33x ✗ 1, 4 −1, 3 (x − 1) 3x − 4x = −x ✗
(2x + 35) (4x + 3)
1, 2 −35, 1 (x − 35) x − 70x = −69x ✗ 1, 4 −3, 1 (x − 3) x − 12x = −11x ✗
(2x + 1) (4x + 1)
1, 2 5, −7 (x + 5) −7x + 10x = 3x ✗ 2, 2 1, −3 (2x + 1) −6x + 2x = −4x ✗
(2x − 7) (2x − 3)
1, 2 7, −5 (x + 7) −5x + 14x = 9x ✗ 2, 2 −1, 3 (2x − 1) 6x − 2x = 4x ✗
(2x − 5) (2x + 3)
1, 2 −5, 7 (x − 5) 7x − 10x = −3x ✓ 0 = (x + 3)(4x − 1)
(2x + 7)
x+3= 0 or 4x − 1 = 0
1, 2 −7, 5 (x − 7) 5x − 14x = −9x ✗
(2x + 5) −3 −3 +1 +1
x = −3 4x = 1
0 = (x − 5)(2x + 7) 4x 1
—=—
x−5= 0 or 2x + 7 = 0 4 4
+5 +5 −7 −7 x=—
1
4
x=5 2x = −7 The x-coordinates of the points where the graph crosses the
2x −7 1
—=— x-axis are the roots x = −3 and x = —.
2 2 4
7
x = −—
2
The x-coordinates of the points where the graph crosses the
7
x-axis are the roots x = 5 and x = −—.
2

Chapter 7
31. Let y = 0. 32. Let y = 0.

y = −7x 2 − 2x + 5 y = −3x 2 + 14x + 5
0= −7x 2 − 2x + 5 0 = −3x 2 + 14x + 5
0 = −(7x 2 + 2x − 5) 0 = −(3x 2 − 14x − 5)
−1(0) = −1[ −(7x 2 + 2x − 5) ] −1(0) = −1[ −(3x 2 − 14x − 5) ]
0 = 7x 2 + 2x − 5 0 = 3x 2 − 14x − 5
1, 7 1, −5 (x + 1) −5x + 7x = 2x ✓ 1, 3 1, −5 (x + 1) −5x + 3x = −2x ✗
(7x − 5) (3x − 5)
1, 7 5, −1 (x + 5) −x + 35x = 34x ✗ 1, 3 5, −1 (x + 5) −x + 15x = 14x ✗
(7x − 1) (3x − 1)
1, 7 −1, 5 (x − 1) 5x − 7x = −2x ✗ 1, 3 −1, 5 (x − 1) 5x − 3x = 2x ✗
(7x + 5) (3x + 5)
1, 7 −5, 1 (x − 5) x − 35x = −34x ✗ 1, 3 −5, 1 (x − 5) x − 15x = −14x ✓
(7x + 1) (3x + 1)
0 = (x + 1)(7x − 5) 0 = (x − 5)(3x + 1)
x+1= 0 or 7x − 5 = 0 x−5= 0 or 3x + 1 = 0
−1 −1 +5 +5 +5 +5 −1 −1
x = −1 7x = 5 x=5 3x = −1
3x −1
7x 5
—=— —=—
7 7 3 3
1
x=—
5 x = −—
7 3
The x-coordinates of the points where the graph crosses the The x-coordinates of the points where the graph crosses the
1
5
x-axis are the roots x = −1 and x = —. x-axis are the roots x = 5 and x = −—.
7 3
33. a. 15x 2 − x − 2 = (3x + 1)(?)
Factors Factors
of 15 of −2 Factorization Middle term
3, 5 1, −2 (3x + 1) −6x + 5x = −x ✓
(5x − 2)
So, 15x 2 − x − 2 = (3x + 1)(5x − 2) and the length of
the sign is represented by (5x − 2) feet.
b. One way to find the area of the sign when x = 3 is to
substitute 3 into the expression for the area 15x2 − x − 2
and then simplify. Another way is to substitute 3 into the
expressions for the length (5x − 2) and width (3x + 1). Then
simplify each expression and multiply these two values.

Chapter 7
34. Let h = 0.
Factors of 1, −1085 −1, 1085 5, −217 −5, 217
h = −16t2 + 8t + 80 −1085 7, −155 −7, 155 −31, 35 31, −35
0 = −16t2 + 8t + 80
Sum of −1084 1084 −212 212
0 = −8(2t2 − t − 10)
1 1 factors −148 148 4 −4
−— (0) = −— [ −8(2t2 − t − 10) ]
8 8
0 = 2t2 − t − 10 0 = (w − 31)(w + 35)
Factors Factors Possible w − 31 = 0 w + 35 = 0
of 2 of −10 factorization Middle term + 31 + 31 − 35 − 35
1, 2 1, −10 (t + 1) −10t + 2t = −8t ✗ w = 31 w = −35
(2t − 10) A negative width does not make sense, so you should use the
1, 2 10, −1 (t + 10) −t + 20t = 19t ✗ positive solution. So, the width of the base is 31 meters, and
(2t − 1) the length is 8 + 2(31) = 70 meters.
1, 2 −1, 10 (t − 1) 10t − 2t = 8t ✗
36. Let w be the width of the invitation, then the length is 2w − 1.
(2t + 10)
A = ℓw
1, 2 −10, 1 (t − 10) t − 20t = −19t ✗
(2t + 1) 15 = (2w − 1)w
1, 2 2, −5 (t + 2) −5t + 4t = −t ✓ 15 = 2w(w) − 1(w)
(2t − 5) 15 = 2w 2 − w
1, 2 5, −2 (t + 5) −2t + 10t = 8t ✗ 15 − 15 = 2w 2 − w − 15
(2t − 2) 0 = 2w 2 − w − 15
1, 2 −2, 5 (t − 2) 5t − 4t = t ✗
(2t + 5)
1, 2 −5, 2 (t − 5) 2t − 10t = −8t ✗
(2t + 2) 1, 2 1, −15 (w + 1) −15w + 2w = −13w ✗
(2w − 15)
0 = (t + 2)(2t − 5) 1, 2 15, −1 (w + 15) −w + 30w = 29w ✗
t+2= 0 or 2t − 5 = 0 (2w − 1)
−2 −2 +5 +5 1, 2 −1, 15 (w − 1) 15w − 2w = 13w ✗
t = −2 2t = 5 (2w + 15)
2t 5 1, 2 −15, 1 (w − 15) w − 30w = −29w ✗
—=—
2 2 (2w + 1)
t = 2.5
1, 2 3, −5 (w + 3) −5w + 6w = w ✗
A negative time does not make sense, so you should use the (2w − 5)
positive solution. So, the diver is in the air for 2.5 seconds.
1, 2 5, −3 (w + 5) −3w + 30w = 27w ✗
35. Let w be the width of the base, then the length is 8 + 2w. (2w − 3)
1, 2 −3, 5 (w − 3) 5w − 6w = −w ✓
A = ℓw (2w + 5)
2170 = (8 + 2w)(w) 1, 2 −5, 3 (w − 5) 3w − 10w = −7w ✗
2170 = 8(w) + 2w(w) (2w + 3)
2170 = 8w + 2w2
2170 − 2170 = 8w + 2w2 − 2170
0 = 2w2 + 8w − 2170
0 = 2(w2 + 4w − 1085)
1
—2 (0) = —12 [ 2(w2 + 4w − 1085) ]
0 = w2 + 4w − 1085

Chapter 7
0 = (w − 3) (2w + 5) 41. 2x 2 + tx + 10
w−3= 0 or 2w + 5 = 0 Factors Factors Possible
+3 +3 −5 −5 of 2 of 10 factorization Middle term
w=3 2w = −5 1, 2 1, 10 (x + 1) 10x + 2x = 12x
2w −5 (2x + 10)
—=—
2 2 1, 2 −1, (x − 1) −10x − 2x = −12x
5 −10 (2x − 10)
w = −—
2 1, 2 10, 1 (x + 10) x + 20x = 21x
A negative width does not make sense, so you should use the (2x + 1)
positive solution. So, the width of the invitation is 3 inches,
1, 2 −10, (x − 10) −x − 20x = −21x
and the length is 2(3) − 1 = 6 − 1 = 5 inches. The invitation
−1 (2x − 1)
will fit inside the envelope because the width is less than
5 1
3 — inches, and the length is less than 5 — inches.
1, 2 2, 5 (x + 2) 5x + 4x = 9x
8 8 (2x + 5)
37. Sample answer: 3x(x + 2) = 3x(x) + 3x(2) 1, 2 −2, −5 (x − 2) −5x − 4x = −9x
(2x − 5)
= 3x2 + 6x
1, 2 5, 2 (x + 5) 2x + 10x = 12x
So, one binomial that has a GCF of 3x is 3x2 + 6x.
(2x + 2)
38. The graph of k represents function g, and the graph ofℓ 1, 2 −5, −2 (x − 5) −2x − 10x = −12x
represents function h. Because c is positive in each function, (2x − 2)
the constant terms in the factors must have the same sign.
Because g has a positive value of b, the constant terms of the So, the values of t that make 2x 2 + tx + 10 factorable are
factors will both be positive, which results in negative roots, ±9, ±12, and ±21.
and the graph of k has two negative x-intercepts. Because h
42 a.
has a negative value of b, the constant terms of the factors
will both be negative, which results in positive roots, and the
graph of ℓ has two positive x-intercepts.
39. It is not possible to factor ax 2 + bx + c, where a ≠ 1,

when no combination of factors of a and c produce the
correct middle term. Sample answer: One such trinomial
is 5x 2 − x + 3. 2x 2 + 5x − 3 = (x + 3)(2x − 1)
b.
40. Your friend is incorrect. To use the Zero-Product Property,
one side of the equation needs to be 0. So, you must first
subtract 2 from each side of the equation, then factor.
3x 2 − 2x − 1 = (x − 1)(3x + 1)

Chapter 7
43. Let w be the width (in inches) of the rectangle, then the 44. Let x be the width (in feet) of the patio.
length is 2w + 1.
Area of Area of
A=5+P =
pool surface patio
ℓw = 5 + 2ℓ + 2w
(2w + 1)w = 5 + 2(2w + 1) + 2w Area of Area of pool Area of pool
= −
pool surface surface and patio surface
2w(w) + 1(w) = 5 + 2(2w) + 2(1) + 2w
2w 2 + w = 5 + 4w + 2 + 2w (16)(24) = (x + 24 + x)(x + 16 + x) − (16)(24)
2w 2 + w = 4w + 2w + 5 + 2 384 = (2x + 24)(2x + 16) − 384
2w 2 + w = 6w + 7 384 = 2x(2x) + 2x(16) + 24(2x) + 24(16) − 384
2w 2 + w − 6w = 6w − 6w + 7 384 = 4x 2 + 32x + 48x + 384 − 384
2w 2 − 5w = 7 384 = 4x 2 + 80x
2w 2 − 5w − 7 = 7 − 7 384 − 384 = 4x 2 + 80x − 384
2w 2 − 5w − 7 = 0 0 = 4x 2 + 80x − 384
0 = 4( x 2 + 20x − 96 )
of 2 of −7 factorization Middle term 1 1
[
—4 (0) = —4 4( x 2 + 20x − 96 ) ]
1, 2 1, −7 (w + 1) −7w + 2w = −5w ✓ 0 = x 2 + 20x − 96
(2w − 7)
1, −1, 2, −2, 3, −3,
1, 2 7, −1 (w + 7) −w + 14w = 13w ✗
Factors −96 96 −48 48 −32 32
(2w − 1)
of −96 4, −4, 6, −6, 8, −8,
1, 2 −1, 7 (w − 1) 7w − 2w = 5w ✗ −24 24 −16 16 −12 12
(2w + 7)
1, 2 −7, 1 (w − 7) w − 14w = −13w ✗ Sum of −95 95 −46 46 −29 29
(2w + 1) factors −20 20 −10 10 −4 4
(w + 1)(2w − 7) = 0
0 = (x − 4)(x + 24)
w+1= 0 or 2w − 7 = 0
x−4= 0 or x + 24 = 0
−1 −1 +7 +7
+4 +4 − 24 − 24
w = −1 2w = 7
x= 4 x = −24
2w 7
—=— A negative width does not make sense, so you should use the
2 2
w = 3.5 positive solution. So, the width of the patio is 4 feet.
A negative width does not make sense, so you should use the 45. 4k 2 + 7jk − 2j 2
positive solution. So, the width of the rectangle is 3.5 inches.
1, 4 1, −2 (k + j) −2jk + 4jk = 2jk ✗
(4k − 2j)
1, 4 2, −1 (k + 2j) −jk + 8jk = 7jk ✓
(4k − j)
1, 4 −1, 2 (k − j) 2jk − 4jk = −2jk ✗
(4k + 2j)
1, 4 −2, 1 (k − 2j) jk − 8jk = −7jk ✗
(4k + j)
2, 2 1, −2 (2k + j) −4jk + 2jk = −2jk ✗
(2k − 2j)
2, 2 −1, 2 (2k − j) 4jk − 2jk = 2jk ✗
(2k + 2j)
So, 4k 2 + 7jk − 2j 2 = (k + 2j)(4k − j).

Chapter 7
46. 6x 2 + 5xy − 4y 2 48. 18m 3 + 39m 2n − 15mn 2 = 3m( 6m 2 + 13mn − 5n 2 )

1, 6 1, −4 (x + y) −4xy + 6xy = 2xy ✗ 1, 6 1, −5 (m + n) −5mn + 6mn = mn ✗
(6x − 4y) (6m − 5n)
1, 6 4, −1 (x + 4y) −xy + 24xy = 23xy ✗ 1, 6 5, −1 (m + 5n) −mn + 30mn = 29mn ✗
(6x − y) (6m − n)
1, 6 −1, 4 (x − y) 4xy − 6xy = −2xy ✗ 1, 6 −1, 5 (m − n) 5mn − 6mn = −mn ✗
(6x + 4y) (6m + 5n)
1, 6 −4, 1 (x − 4y) xy − 24xy = −23xy ✗ 1, 6 −5, 1 (m − 5n) mn − 30mn = −29mn ✗
(6x + y) (6m + n)
1, 6 2, −2 (x + 2y) −2xy + 12xy = 10xy ✗ 2, 3 1, −5 (2m + n) −10mn + 3mn = −7mn ✗
(6x − 2y) (3m − 5n)
1, 6 −2, 2 (x − 2y) 2xy − 12xy = −10xy ✗ 2, 3 5, −1 (2m + 5n) −2mn + 15mn = 13mn ✓
(6x + 2y) (3m − n)
2, 3 1, −4 (2x + y) −8xy + 3xy = −5xy ✗ 2, 3 −1, 5 (2m − n) 10mn − 3mn = 7mn ✗
(3x − 4y) (3m + 5n)
2, 3 4, −1 (2x + 4y) −2xy + 12xy = 10xy ✗ 2, 3 −5, 1 (2m − 5n) 2mn − 15mn = −13mn ✗
(3x − y) (3m + n)
2, 3 −1, 4 (2x − y) 8xy − 3xy = 5xy ✓ So, 18m 3 + 39m 2n − 15mn 2 = 3m (2m + 5n)(3m − n).
(3x + 4y)
2, 3 −4, 1 (2x − 4y) 2xy − 12xy = −10xy ✗ Maintaining Mathematical Proficiency
(3x + y)
⋅
— —
49. ± √ 64 = ± √ 8 8 = ± 8
2, 3 2, −2 (2x + 2y) −4xy + 6xy = 2xy ✗
⋅
— —
(3x − 2y) 50. √ 4 = √ 2 2 = 2
−2, 2 (2x − 2y) 4xy − 6xy = −2xy ✗
⋅
2, 3 — —
51. −√ 225 = −√ 15 15 = −15
(3x + 2y)
52. ± √ 81 = ± √ 9⋅9 = ± 9
— —
So, 6x 2 + 5xy − 4y 2 = (2x − y)(3x + 4y).
47. −6a 2 + 19ab − 14b 2 = − ( 6a 2 − 19ab + 14b 2 ) 53. y = 3 + 7x

y − x = −3
of 6 of 14 factorization Middle term Step 1 Equation 1 is already solved for y.
1, 6 −1, (a − b) −14ab − 6ab = −20ab ✗ Step 2 y − x = −3
−14 (6a − 14b) (3 + 7x) − x = −3
1, 6 −14, (a − 14b) −ab − 84ab = −85ab ✗ 7x − x + 3 = −3
−1 (6a − b) 6x + 3 = −3
1, 6 −2, −7 (a − 2b) −7ab − 12ab = −19ab ✓ −3 −3
(6a − 7b)
6x = −6
1, 6 −7, −2 (a − 7b) −2ab − 42ab = −44ab ✗
6x −6
(6a − 2b) —=—
6 6
2, 3 −1, (2a − b) −28ab − 3ab = −31ab ✗ x = −1
−14 (3a − 14b)
Step 3 y = 3 + 7x
2, 3 −14, (2a − 14b) −2ab − 42ab = −44ab ✗
y = 3 + 7(−1)
−1 (3a − b)
y=3−7
2, 3 −2, −7 (2a − 2b) −14ab − 6ab = −20ab ✗
(3a − 7b) y = −4
2, 3 −7, −2 (2a − 7b) −4ab − 21ab = −25ab ✗ Check y = 3 + 7x y − x = −3
? ?
(3a − 2b) −4 = 3 + 7(−1) −4 − (−1) = −3
? ?
So, −6a 2 + 19ab − 14b 2 = −(a − 2b)(6a − 7b). −4 = 3 − 7 −4 + 1 = −3
−4 = −4 ✓ −3 = −3 ✓
The solution is (−1, −4).
Chapter 7
54. 2x = y + 2 56. −x − 8 = −y
−x + 3y = 14 9y − 12 + 3x = 0
Step 1 2x = y + 2 Step 1 −x − 8 = −y
2x − 2 = y + 2 − 2 −x − 8 −y
—=—
−1 −1
2x − 2 = y
x+8=y
Step 2 −x + 3y = 14
Step 2 9y − 12 + 3x = 0
−x + 3(2x − 2) = 14
9(x + 8)− 12 + 3x = 0
−x + 3(2x) − 3(2) = 14
9(x) + 9(8) − 12 + 3x = 0
−x + 6x − 6 = 14
9x + 72 − 12 + 3x = 0
5x − 6 = 14
12x + 60 = 0
+6 +6
− 60 − 60
5x = 20
12x = −60
5x 20
—=— 12x −60
5 5 —=—
2 12
x=4
x = −5
Step 3 2x = y + 2
Step 3 −x − 8 = −y
2(4) = y + 2
−(−5) − 8 = −y
8=y+2
5 − 8 = −y
−2 −2
−3 = −y
6=y
−3 −y
—=—
Check 2x = y + 2 −x + 3y = 14 −1 −1
? ? 3=y
2(4) = 6 + 2 −4 + 3(6) = 14
? Check −x − 8 = −y 9y − 12 + 3x = 0
8=8✓ −4 + 18 = 14 ? ?
14 = 14 ✓ −(−5) − 8 = −3 9(3) − 12 + 3(−5) = 0
? ?
The solution is (4, 6). 5 − 8 = −3 27 − 12 − 15 = 0
?
55. 5x − 2y = 14 −3 = −3 ✓ 15 − 15 = 0
−7 = −2x + y 0=0✓
Step 1 −7 = −2x + y The solution is (−5, 3).
−7 + 2x = −2x + 2x + y
2x − 7 = y
Step 2 5x − 2y = 14
5x − 2(2x − 7) = 14
5x − 2(2x) − 2(−7) = 14
5x − 4x + 14 = 14
x + 14 = 14
− 14 − 14
x=0
Step 3 −7 = −2x + y
−7 = −2(0) + y
−7 = 0 + y
−7 = y
Check 5x − 2y = 14 −7 = −2x + y
? ?
5(0) − 2(−7) = 14 −7 = −2(0) + (−7)
? ?
0 + 14 = 14 −7 = 0 − 7
14 = 14 ✓ −7 = −7 ✓
The solution is (0, −7).
Chapter 7
7.7 Explorations (p. 397) 2.

1. a.
4x 2 − 1 = 4x 2 − 2x + 2x − 1 = (2x + 1)(2x − 1)
This product is a sum and difference pattern.
9x 2 − 6x + 6x − 4 = 9x 2 − 4 = (3x + 2)(3x − 2)
b.
4x 2 − 4x + 1 = (2x − 1)(2x − 1) = (2x − 1)2

This product is a square of a binomial pattern.
c.
9x 2 − 6x − 6x + 4 = 9x 2 − 12x + 4 = (3x − 2)2
4x 2 + 4x + 1 = (2x + 1)(2x + 1) = (2x + 1)2

This product is a square of a binomial pattern.
d.
9x 2 + 6x + 6x + 4 = 9x 2 + 12x + 4 = (3x + 2)2
3. Sample answer: The algebra tiles for special patterns will

always form a square array, and the x 2 tiles will also form
a square array. Factor special products by using the special
patterns studied in Lesson 7.3, but in reversed order: For the
4x 2 − 6x + 2 = (2x − 2)(2x − 1)
sum and difference pattern, the number of x and −x tiles will
This product is not a special pattern. be the same, and there will only be −1 tiles to complete the
array. For the square of a binomial pattern, the x tiles will
either be all positive or all negative and there will only be +1
tiles to complete the array.

Chapter 7
2. 100 − m 2 = 10 2 − m 2
4. a. + + + + + +
= (10 + m)(10 − m)
So, 100 − m 2 = (10 + m)(10 − m).
+ + + + + + +
3. 9n 2 − 16 = (3n)2 − 42
+ + + + + + + = (3n + 4)(3n − 4)
So, 9n 2 − 16 = (3n + 4)(3n − 4).
+ + + + + + +
4. 16h 2 − 49 = (4h)2 − 72
+ + + + + + + = (4h + 7)(4h − 7)
So, 16h 2 − 49 = (4h + 7)(4h − 7).
+ + + + + + + 5. 362 − 342 = (36 + 34)(36 − 34)
+ + + + + + + = 70(2)
= 140
25x 2 + 10x + 1 = (5x + 1)2
So, 362 − 342 = 140.
b.
+ + + + + − 6. 472 − 442 = (47 + 44)(47 − 44)
= 91(3)
+ + + + + +
−
= 273
So, 472 − 442 = 273.
+ + + + + +
−
7. 552 − 502 = (55 + 50)(55 − 50)

+ + + + + + = 105(5)
−
= 525
+ + + + + + − 502 = 525.
−
So, 552
8. 282 − 242 = (28 + 24)(28 − 24)

+ + + + + +
−
= 52(4)
− − − − − − + = 208
25x 2 − 10x + 1 = (5x − 1)2 So, 282 − 242 = 208.
c. 9. m 2 − 2m + 1 = m 2 − 2(m)(1) + 12
+ + + + + +
= (m − 1)2
+ + + + + + + So, m2 − 2m + 1 = (m − 1)2.
10. d 2 − 10d + 25 = d 2 − 2(d)(5) + 52

+ + + + + + +
= (d − 5)2
So, d2 − 10d + 25 = (d − 5)2.
+ + + + + + +
11. 9z 2 + 36z + 36 = 9( z 2 + 4z + 4 )
+ + + + + + + = 9[ z 2 + 2(z)(2) + 22 ]
= 9(z + 2)2
+ + + + + + + So, 9z 2 + 36z + 36 = 9(z + 2)2.
− − − − − − − 12. a 2 + 6a + 9 = 0
( 25x 2 − 1 ) = (5x − 1)(5x + 1) a2 + 2(a)(3) + 32 = 0

(a + 3)2 = 0
7.7 Monitoring Progress (pp. 398–400) a+3= 0
1. x2 − 36 = x2 − 62 −3 −3
= (x + 6)(x − 6) a = −3
So, x 2 − 36 = (x + 6)(x − 6). The equation has a repeated root of a = −3.
Chapter 7
7 49 Monitoring Progress and Modeling with Mathematics
13. w 2 − —w + — = 0
3 36
3. m 2 − 49 = m 2 − 72
( 7 49
36 w 2 − —w + — = 36(0)
3 36 ) = (m + 7)(m − 7)
So, m2 − 49 = (m + 7)(m − 7).
7
( )49
36( w ) − 36 —w + 36 — = 0
2
3 36 ( ) 4. z 2 − 81 = z 2 − 92
36w 2 − 84w + 49 = 0
= (z + 9)(z − 9)
(6w)2 − 2(6w)(7) + 72 = 0 So, z2 − 81 = (z + 9)(z − 9).
(6w − 7)2 =0
5. 64 − 81d 2 = 82 − (9d)2
6w − 7 = 0 = (8 + 9d )(8 − 9d )
+7 +7 So, 64 − 81d 2 = (8 + 9d )(8 − 9d ).
6w = 7 6. 25 − 4x 2 = 52 − (2x)2
6w 7 = (5 + 2x)(5 − 2x)
—=—
6 6
So, 25 − 4x 2 = (5 + 2x)(5 − 2x).
7
w=—
6 7. 225a 2 − 36b 2 = 9( 25a 2 − 4b 2 )
7
The equation has a repeated root of w = — .
6 = 9[ (5a)2 − (2b)2 ]
14. n2 − 81 = 0 = 9(5a + 2b)(5a − 2b)
n 2 − 92 = 0 So, 225a 2 − 36b 2 = 9(5a + 2b)(5a − 2b).
(n + 9)(n − 9) = 0
8. 16x 2 − 169y 2 = (4x)2 − (13y)2
n+9= 0 or n−9= 0
= (4x + 13y)(4x − 13y)
−9 −9 +9 +9
So, 16x 2 − 169y 2 = (4x + 13y)(4x − 13y).
n = −9 n=9
The roots are n = −9 and n = 9. 9. 122 − 92 = (12 + 9)(12 − 9)
= 21(3)
15. Let y = 0.
= 63
y = 81 − 16t 2
So, 122 − 92 = 63.
0 = 81 − 16t 2
0 = 92 − (4t)2 10. 192 − 112 = (19 + 11)(19 − 11)
0 = (9 + 4t)(9 − 4t) = 30(8)
9 + 4t = 0 or 9 − 4t = 0 = 240
−9 −9 −9 −9 So, 192 − 112 = 240.
4t = −9 −4t = −9
11. 782 − 722 = (78 + 72)(78 − 72)
4t −9 −4t −9
—=— —=— = 150(6)
4 4 −4 −4
t = −2.25 t = 2.25 = 900
A negative time does not make sense in this situation. So, the So, 782 − 722 = 900.
golf ball hits the ground after 2.25 seconds.
12. 542 − 522 = (54 + 52)(54 − 52)
7.7 Exercises (pp. 401–402) = 106(2)
Vocabulary and Core Concept Check = 212
1. The square roots of the first and last terms are y and 8, and
So, 542 − 522 = 212.
⋅ ⋅
the middle term is 2 y 8, so it fits the perfect square
trinomial pattern and can be factored as such.
13. 532 − 472 = (53 + 47)(53 − 47)
= 100(6)
2. The polynomial that does not belong is k 2 + 25, because it is = 600
the only one that cannot be factored using a special pattern.
So, 532 − 472 = 600.

Chapter 7
14. 392 − 362 = (39 + 36)(39 − 36) 25. a. d 2 + 8d + 16 = d 2 + 2(d)(4) + 42

= 75(3) = (d + 4)2
= 225 So, an expression that represents the side length of the
So, 392 − 362 = 225. coaster is (d + 4) centimeters.
b. P = 4(s)
15. h 2 + 12h + 36 = h 2 + 2(h)(6) + 62
= 4(d + 4)
= (h + 6)2
= 4(d) + 4(4)
So, h 2 + 12h + 36 = (h + 6)2.
= 4d + 16
16. p 2 + 30p + 225 = p 2 + 2( p)(15) + 152 An expression for the perimeter of the coaster is
= ( p + 15)2 (4d + 16) centimeters.
So, p 2 + 30p + 225 = ( p + 15)2. 26. a. A = x 2 − 30x + 225
17. y 2 − 22y + 121 = y 2 − 2(y)(11) + 112 = x 2 − 2(x)(15) + 152
= ( y − 11)2 = (x − 15)2
So, y 2 − 22y + 121 = (y − 11)2. A polynomial that represents the side length of the
playground is (x − 15) feet.
18. x 2 − 4x + 4 = x 2 − 2(x)(2) + 22
b. P = 4(s)
= (x − 2)2
= 4(x − 15)
So, x 2 − 4x + 4 = (x − 2)2.
= 4(x) − 4(15)
19. a 2 − 28a + 196 = a2 − 2(a)(14) + 142 = 4x − 60
= (a − 14)2 An expression for the perimeter of the playground is
So, a2 − 28a + 196 = (a − 14)2. (4x − 60) feet.
20. m 2 + 24m + 144 = m2 + 2(m)(12) + 122 27. z2 − 4 = 0

= (m + 12)2 z 2 − 22 = 0
So, m 2 + 24m + 144 = (m + 12)2. (z + 2)(z − 2) = 0
21. 25n 2 + 20n + 4 = (5n)2 + 2(5n)(2) + 22 z+2= 0 or z−2= 0

= (5n + 2)2 −2 −2 +2 +2
So, 25n 2 + 20n + 4 = (5n + 2)2. z = −2 z=2
The roots are z = −2 and z = 2.
22. 49a 2 − 14a + 1 = (7a)2 − 2(7a)(1) + 12
= (7a − 1)2 28. 4x 2 = 49
So, 49a 2 − 14a + 1 = (7a − 1)2. 4x 2 − 49 = 49 − 49
4x 2 − 49 = 0
23. The difference of two squares pattern should be used to
(2x)2 − 72 = 0
factor this polynomial.
(2x + 7)(2x − 7) = 0
n 2 − 64 = n 2 − 82
= (n + 8)(n − 8) 2x + 7 = 0 or 2x − 7 = 0
So, n2 − 64 = (n + 8)(n − 8). −7 −7 +7 +7
2x = −7 2x = 7
24. The perfect square trinomial pattern should be used to factor
2x −7 2x 7
this polynomial. —=— —=—
2 2 2 2
y 2 − 6y + 9 = y 2 − 2(y)(3) + 32 7 7
= (y − 3)2 x=−— x=—
2 2
So, y2 − 6y + 9 = ( y − 3)2. 7 7
The roots are x = − — and x = —.
2 2

Chapter 7
1 1
29. k 2 − 16k + 64 = 0 33. y2 + —y = −—
2 16
k 2 − 2(k)(8) + 82 = 0 1 1 1 1
y2 + —y + — = −— + —
(k − 8)2 = 0 2 16 16 16
1 1
k−8= 0 y2 + —y + — = 0
2 16
+8 +8
k=8
(1 1
)
16 y2 + —y + — = 16(0)
2 16
The equation has a repeated root of k = 8.
1
( ) 1
16( y2 ) + 16 —y + 16 — = 0
2 16 ( )
30. s 2 + 20s + 100 = 0 16y2 + 8y + 1 = 0
s 2 + 2(s)(10) + 10 2 = 0 (4y)2 + 2(4y)(1) + 12 = 0
(s + 10) 2 = 0 (4y + 1)2 = 0
s + 10 = 0 4y + 1 = 0
− 10 − 10 −1 −1
s = −10 4y = −1
The equation has a repeated root of s = −10. 4y −1
—=—
4 4
31. n2 + 9 = 6n 1
y = −—
4
n2 + 9 − 6n = 6n − 6n 1
The equation has a repeated root of y = −—.
n2 − 6n + 9 = 0 4
4 4
n2 − 2(n)(3) + 32 = 0 34. −—x + — = −x2
3 9
(n − 3)2 = 0 4 4
−—x + — + x2 = −x2 + x2
n−3= 0 3 9
4 4
+3 +3 x2 − —x + — = 0
3 9
n=3
The equation has a repeated root of n = 3.
(
4 4
)
9 x2 − —x + — = 9(0)
3 9
32. y 2 = 12y − 36
2 4
3 ( ) ()
4
9( x ) − 9 —x + 9 — = 0
9
9x2 − 12x + 4 = 0
y 2 − 12y = 12y − 12y − 36
(3x)2 − 2(3x)(2) + 22 = 0
y 2 − 12y = −36
(3x − 2)2 = 0
y 2 − 12y + 36 = −36 + 36
3x − 2 = 0
y 2 − 12y + 36 = 0
+2 +2
y 2 − 2(y)(6) + 62 = 0
3x = 2
(y − 6)2 = 0
3x 2
y−6= 0 —=—
3 3
+6 +6 x=—
2
y=6 3
2
The equation has a repeated root of x = —.
The equation has a repeated root of y = 6. 3
35. 3z2 − 27 = 3( z2 − 9 )
= 3( z2 − 32 )
= 3(z + 3)(z − 3)
So, 3z2 − 27 = 3(z + 3)(z − 3).
36. 2m2 − 50 = 2( m2 − 25 )
= 2( m2 − 52 )
= 2(m + 5)(m − 5)
So, 2m2 − 50 = 2(m + 5)(m − 5).

Chapter 7
37. 4y 2 − 16y + 16 = 4( y 2 − 4y + 4 ) 42. Let y = 1.

= 4[ y 2 − 2(y)(2) + 22 ] y = −16t 2 + 8t
= 4( y − 2)2 1 = −16t 2 + 8t
So, 4y 2 − 16y + 16 = 4( y − 2)2. 1 + 16t 2 = −16t 2 + 16t + 8t
16t 2 + 1 = 8t
38. 8k 2 + 80k + 200 = 8(k 2 + 10k + 25)
16t 2 + 1 − 8t = 8t − 8t
= 8[ k + 2(k)(5) + 52 ]
16t 2 − 8t + 1 = 0
= 8(k + 5)2
(4t)2 − 2(4t)(1) + 12 = 0
So, 8k 2 + 80k + 200 = 8(k + 5)2.
(4t − 1)2 = 0
39. 50y 2 + 120y + 72 = + 60y + 36)
2(25y 2 4t − 1 = 0
= 2[ (5y)2 + 2(5y)(6) + 62 ] +1 +1
= 2(5y + 6)2 4t = 1
So, 50y 2 + 120y + 72 = 2(5y + 6)2. 4t 1
—=—
4 4
40. 27m2 − 36m + 12 = 3(9m2 − 12m + 4) 1
t = —, or 0.25
= 3[ (3m)2 − 2(3m)(2) + 22 ] 4
1
= 3(3m − 2)2 The equation has a repeated root of t = —. So, the
4
So, 27m2 − 36m + 12 = 3(3m − 2)2. grasshopper is 1 foot off the ground 0.25 second after the
start of the jump.
41. Let y = 0.
43. a. w 2 + 18w + 84
y = 25 − 16t 2
0 = 25 − 16t 2 Factors of 84 1, 84 2, 42 3, 28 4, 21 6, 14 7, 12
0 = (5 + 4t)(5 − 4t) Sum of factors 85 44 31 25 20 19
5 + 4t = 0 or 5 − 4t = 0 The trinomial w2 + 18w + 84 cannot be factored because
−5 −5 −5 −5 no factor pair of 84 has a sum of 18. However, if you
4t = −5 −4t = −5 change the value of c to the perfect square 81, the
trinomial w2 + 18w + 81 can be factored using the perfect
4t −5 −4t −5
—=— —=— square trinomial pattern.
4 4 −4 −4
5 5 w2 + 18w + 81 = ( w2 + 2(w)(9) + 92 )
t = −—, or −1.25 t = —, or 1.25
4 4 = (w + 9)2
A negative time does not make sense in this situation. So, the So, w2 + 18w + 81 can be factored, but w2 + 18w + 84
paintbrush lands on the ground 1.25 seconds after you drop it. cannot.
b. y2 − 10y + 23
Factors of 23 −1, −23
Sum of factors −24
The trinomial y 2 − 10y + 23 cannot be factored because

the only factor pair of 23 does not have a sum of −10.
However, if you change the value of c to the perfect
square 25, the trinomial y2 − 10y + 25 can be factored
using the perfect square trinomial pattern.
y 2 − 10y + 25 = y 2 − 2(y)(5) + 52
= (y − 5)2
So, y 2 − 10y + 25 can be factored, but y 2 − 10y + 23
cannot.

Chapter 7
44. a. b. Set 9x2 − 144 equal to 81 and solve.

9x2 − 144 = 81
9x2 − 144 − 81 = 81 − 81
9x2 − 225 = 0
9( x2 − 25 ) = 0
—9 [ 9( x2 − 25 ) ] = —9 (0)
1 1
4x2 − 1 = (2x + 1)(2x − 1)
b. x2 − 25 = 0
x2 − 52 = 0
(x + 5)(x − 5) = 0
x+5= 0 or x−5= 0
−5 −5 +5 +5
x = −5 x=5
4x2 − 4x + 1 = (2x − 1)2
The side length cannot be negative. So, the solution is
45. To simplify (2x − 5)2 − (x − 4)2, you can square each x = 5, which means that the side length of one picture
binomial and then combine like terms. Or, you can use the frame is 5 inches.
difference of two squares pattern with each binomial as
Volume of the Volume Volume of other
one of the terms. Sample answer: Choose the difference 48. a. = +
composite solid of cube rectangular prism
of two squares pattern so that you do not need to square
any binomials. = s 3 + ℓwh
= (x)3 + 4(x)(4)
46. a. When you subtract b 2 from a 2, you “take away” the purple
region. So, the remaining blue, yellow, and red regions = x 3 + 16x
represent a 2 − b 2, as shown below. A polynomial that represents the volume of the composite
a+b
solid is ( x 3 + 16x ) cubic inches.
b. Set 25x equal to x 3 + 16x and solve.

Yellow
25x = x 3 + 16x
Blue
Red
a−b
25x − 25x = x 3 + 16x − 25x
0 = x 3 − 9x
b. (a − b)2 is represented by the yellow region. a 2 is 0 = x( x 2 − 9 )
the entire square. Subtracting 2ab requires removing 0 = x( x 2 − 32 )
2 regions that each represent ab, which would be the blue 0 = x(x + 3)(x − 3)
and purple regions, and the red and purple regions. There
is only one purple region, and subtracting 2ab required x = 0 or x + 3 = 0 or x−3= 0
removing it twice, so one purple region needs to be −3 −3 +3 +3
replaced, which adds b 2. x = −3 x=3
Side lengths cannot be negative or 0. So, the solution is
Area of Area of frame Area of
47. a. 9
⋅ frame
=9
and picture
−
picture
x = 3.
= 9( x2 − 42 ) Maintaining Mathematical Proficiency

= 9( x2 − 16 ) 49. 50
= 9( x2 ) − 9(16) ⋅
10 5
= 9x2 − 144 ⋅ ⋅
2 5 5
A polynomial that represents the area of the picture
frames, not including the pictures, is ( 9x2 − 144 )
⋅ ⋅
The prime factorization of 50 is 2 5 5, or 2 52. ⋅
square inches. 50. 44
⋅
4 11
⋅ ⋅
2 2 11
⋅ ⋅
The prime factorization of 44 is 2 2 11, or 22 11. ⋅

Chapter 7
51. 85 56. 3y + 3 < x

⋅
5 17 3y + 3 − 3 < x − 3
The prime factorization of 85 is 5 17. ⋅ 3y < x − 3
52. 96 3yx−3
—<—
⋅ 12
3 3
8
1
y < —x − 1
2 ⋅4 ⋅ 4 ⋅3 3
2 ⋅2 ⋅2 ⋅2 ⋅2 ⋅3 Now the inequality is in slope-intercept form. So, use the
1 1
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
The prime factorization of 96 is 2 2 2 2 2 3, or 25 3. ⋅ slope m = — and the y-intercept b = −1 to graph y = — x − 1.
3 3
Because the symbol is <, use a dashed line, and shade below it.
53. Because the inequality is in slope-intercept form, use
y
the slope m = 4, and the y-intercept b = −1 to graph
y = 4x − 1. Because the symbol is ≤ , use a solid line, and −4 −2 4 x
shade below it.
−2
y
4
−4
2
−6
−4 −2 2 4 x
7.8 Explorations (p. 403)

1. a. (x + 1)(x + 1)(−2)
+ +
54. Because the inequality is in slope-intercept form, use
the slope m = − —12 and the y-intercept b = 3 to graph + + +
y = − —12x + 3. Because the symbol is >, use a dashed line,
and shade above it. + + +
y So, (x + 1)(x + 1)(−2) = ( x2 + 2x + 1 )(−2)
8
= x2(−2) + 2x(−2) + 1(−2)
6
= −2x2 − 4x − 2.
4 b. (x + 2)(x + 1)(−x)
2 + +
x
−2 2 4 6
+ + +
55. 4y − 12 ≥ 8x + + +
4y − 12 + 12 ≥ 8x + 12 + + +
4y ≥ 8x + 12
4y 8x + 12 So, (x + 2)(x + 1)(−x) = ( x2 + 3x + 2 )(−x)
—≥—
4 4 = x2(−x) + 3x(−x) + 2(−x)
y ≥ 2x + 3 = −x3 − 3x2 − 2x.
Now the inequality is in slope-intercept form. So, use the
slope m = 2 and the y-intercept b = 3 to graph y = 2x + 3.
Because the symbol is ≥, use a solid line, and shade above it.
y
6
−4 2 4 x
−2

Chapter 7
c. (x + 3)(x)(2) 2. a. J; x3 + x2 = x2(x + 1)
b. A; x3 − x = x( x2 − 1 )
+
= x( x2 − 12 )
+ + = x(x + 1)(x − 1)
c. D; x3 + x2 − 2x = x( x2 + x − 2 )
+ +
= x(x + 2)(x − 1)
+ +
d. G; x3 − 4x2 + 4x = x( x2 − 4x + 4 )
+ +
= x( x2 − 2(x)(2) + 22 )
So, (x + 3)(x)(2) = ( x2 + 3x )(2) = x(x − 2)2
= x2(2) + 3x(2) e. N; x3 − 2x2 − 3x = x( x2 − 2x − 3 )
= 2x2 + 6x = x(x + 1)(x − 3)

d. (x + 1)(x − 1)(x) f. B; x3 − 2x2 + x = x( x2 − 2x + 1 )
= x( x − 2(x)(1) + 1 )
+ −
= x(x − 1)2
+ + g. F; x3 − 4x = x( x2 − 4 )
−
= x( x2 − 22 )
+ + − = x(x + 2)(x − 2)
So, (x + 1)(x − 1)(x) = [ x2 + (x − x) − 1 ](x) h. L; x3 + 2x2 = x2(x + 2)
= ( x2 − 1 )(x) i. I; x3 − x2 = x2(x − 1)
= x2(x) − 1(x) j. E; x3 − 3x2 + 2x = x( x2 − 3x + 2 )
= x3 − x. = x(x − 1)(x − 2)
e. (−x + 1)(x + 1)(−x) k. M; x3 + 2x2 − 3x = x( x2 + 2x − 3 )
= x(x + 3)(x − 1)
+ +
l. O; x3 − 4x2 + 3x = x( x2 − 4x + 3 )
= x(x − 1)(x − 3)
−
−
m. K; x3 − 2x2 = x2(x − 2)
+ + + n. H; x3 + 4x2 + 4x = x( x2 + 4x + 4 )
So, (−x + 1)(x + 1)(−x) = [ −x2 + (x − x) + 1 ](−x) = x( x2 + 2(x)(2) + 22 )
= ( −x2 + 1 )(−x) = x(x + 2)2

o. C; x3 + 2x2 + x = x( x2 + 2x + 1 )
= −x2(−x) + 1(−x)
= x3 − x. = x( x + 2(x)(1) + 12 )
f. (−x − 1)(x + 1)(−2)

= x(x + 1)2
Factor out the greatest common monomial factor first, then
+ + factor the remaining expression if possible.
3. Factor out the greatest common monomial factor first, then

−
−
−
factor the remaining expression if possible.

− − −
So, (−x − 1)(x + 1)(−2) = ( −x2 − 2x − 1 )(−2)

= −x2(−2) − 2x(−2) − 1(−2)
= 2x2+ 4x + 2.

Chapter 7
4. a. x3 + 4x2 + 3x = x( x2 + 4x + 3 ) 7. x3 − 25x = 0
= x(x + 1)(x + 3) x( x2 − 25 ) = 0
So, x3 +
+ 3x = x(x + 1)(x + 3).
4x2 x( x2 − 52 ) = 0
b. x3 − 6x2 + 9x = x( x2 − 6x + 9 ) x(x + 5)(x − 5) = 0
= x( x2 − 2(x)(3) + 32 ) x=0 or x+5= 0 or x−5= 0
= x(x − 3)2 −5 −5 +5 +5
So, x3 − 6x2 + 9x = x(x − 3) 2. x = −5 x=5
c. x3 + 6x2 + 9x = x( x2 + 6x + 9 ) The roots are x = 0, x = −5, and x = 5.
= x( x2 + 2(x)(3) + 32 )
8. c3 − 7c2 + 12c = 0
= x(x + 3)2
c( c2 − 7c + 12 ) = 0
So, x3 + 6x2 + 9x = x(x + 3)2.
c(c − 3)(c − 4) = 0
7.8 Monitoring Progress (pp. 404–406) c=0 or c−3= 0 or c−4= 0
1. a3 + 3a2 +a+3= ( a3 + 3a2 ) + (a + 3) +3 +3 +4 +4
= a 2(a + 3) + (a + 3) c=3 c=4
= (a + 3)(a2 + 1) The roots are c = 0, c = 3, and c = 4.
So, a3 + 3a2 + a + 3 = (a + 3)( a2 + 1 ). 9. Volume = length ⋅ width ⋅ height
2. y2 + 2x + yx + 2y = y2 + yx + 2x + 2y 72 = x ⋅ (x − 1) ⋅ (x + 9)
= y( y + x) + 2(x + y) 72 = x(x − 1)(x + 9)
= y(x + y) + 2(x + y) 72 = x[ x(x) + x(9) − 1(x) − 1(9) ]
= (x + y)( y + 2). 72 = x( x2 + 9x − x − 9 )
So, y2 + 2x + yx + 2y = (x + y)( y + 2). 72 = x( x2 + 8x − 9 )
72 = x(x)2 + x(8x) − x(9)
3. 3x3 − 12x = 3x( x2 − 4 )
72 = x3 + 8x2 − 9x
= 3x( x2 − 22 )
72 − 72 = x3 + 8x2 − 9x − 72
= 3x(x + 2)(x − 2)
0 = x3 + 8x2 − 9x − 72
So, 3x3 − 12x = 3x(x + 2)(x − 2).
0 = ( x3 + 8x2 ) + (−9x − 72)
4. 2y3 − 12y2 + 18y = 2y( y2 − 6y + 9 ) 0 = x2(x + 8) − 9(x + 8)
= 2y( y − 2( y)(3) + 32 ) 0 = (x + 8)( x2 − 9 )
= 2y( y − 3)2 0 = (x + 8)( x2 − 32 )
So, 2y3 − 12y2 + 18y = 2y( y − 3)2. 0 = (x + 8)(x + 3)(x − 3)
x+8= 0 or x+3= 0 or x−3= 0
5. m3 − 2m2 − 8m = m( m2 − 2m − 8 )
−8 −8 −3 −3 +3 +3
= m(m − 4)(m + 2)
x = −8 x = −3 x=3
So, m3 − 2m2 − 8m = m(m − 4)(m + 2).
Disregard x = −8 and x = −3 because x represents the
6. w3 − 8w2 + 16w = 0 length of the box, and a negative length does not make sense.
So, 3 is the correct value of x.
w( w2 − 8w + 16 ) = 0
Use x = 3 to find the width and height, as shown.
w( w2 − 2(w)(4) + 42 ) = 0
width = x − 1 height = x + 9
w(w − 4)2 = 0
=3−1 =3+9
w=0 or w−4= 0
=2 = 12
+4 +4
The length is 3 feet, the width is 2 feet, and the height is
w=4
12 feet.
The equation has a root of w = 0 and a repeated root of
w = 4.

Chapter 7
7.8 Exercises (pp. 407–408) 11. 2x3 − 2x = 2x( x2 − 1 )
Vocabulary and Core Concept Check = 2x( x2 − 12 )

1. It is written as a product of unfactorable polynomials with = 2x(x + 1)(x − 1)
integer coefficients. So, 2x3 − 2x = 2x(x + 1)(x − 1).
2. Look for terms with common factors.
12. 36a 4 − 4a 2 = 4a 2( 9a 2 − 1 )
Monitoring Progress and Modeling with Mathematics = 4a 2( (3a)2 − 12 )

3. x3 + x2 + 2x + 2 = ( x3 + x2 ) + (2x + 2) = 4a 2(3a + 1)(3a − 1)
= x2(x + 1) + 2(x + 1) So, 36a 4 − 4a 2 = 4a 2(3a + 1)(3a − 1).
= (x + 1)( x2 + 2 ) 13. 2c2 − 7c + 19
So, x3 + x2 + 2x + 2 = (x + 1)( x2 + 2 ).
4. y3 − 9y2 + y − 9 = ( y3 − 9y2 ) + ( y − 9) of 2 of 19 factorization Middle term
= y2( y − 9) + ( y − 9) 1, 2 −1, −19 (c − 1)(2c − 19) −19c − 2c = −21c ✗
= ( y − 9)( y2 + 1) 1, 2 −19, −1 (c − 19)(2c − 1) −c − 38c = −39c ✗
So, y3 − 9y2 + y − 9 = ( y − 9)( y2 + 1 ).
The polynomial 2c2 − 7c + 19 is unfactorable because
5. 3z3 + 2z − 12z2 −8= 3z3 − 12z2 + 2z − 8 no combination of factors of 2 and 19 produce a middle
= ( 3z3 − 12z2 ) + ( 2z − 8 ) term of −7c.
= 3z2(z − 4) + 2(z − 4) 14. m2 − 5m − 35
= (z − 4)( 3z2 + 2 )
Factors of −35 1, −35 −1, 35 5, −7 −5, 7
So, 3z3 + 2z − 12z2 − 8 = (z − 4)( 3z2 + 2 ).
Sum of factors −34 34 −2 2
6. 2s3 − 27 − 18s + 3s2 = 2s3 + 3s2 − 18s − 27
The polynomial m2 − 5m − 35 is unfactorable because
= ( 2s3 + 3s2 ) + (−18s − 27) a = 1, and no factor pairs of −35 have a sum of −5.
= s2(2s + 3) − 9(2s + 3)
= (2s + 3)( s2 − 9 ) 15. 6g3 − 24g2 + 24g = 6g( g2 − 4g + 4 )
= (2s + 3)( s2 − 32 ) = 6g( g2 − 2(g)(2) + 2 2 )

= (2s + 3)(s + 3)(s − 3) = 6g(g − 2) 2
So, 2s3 − 27 − 18s + 3s2 = (2s + 3)(s + 3)(s − 3). So, 6g3 − 24g2 + 24g = 6g(g − 2)2.
7. x2 + xy + 8x + 8y = ( x2 + xy ) + (8x + 8y) 16. −15d 3 + 21d 2 − 6d = −3d( 5d 2 − 7d + 2 )
= x(x + y) + 8(x + y) = −3d(d − 1)(5d − 2)

= (x + y)(x + 8) So, −15d 3 + 21d 2 − 6d = −3d(d − 1)(5d − 2).
So, x2 + xy + 8x + 8y = (x + y)(x + 8). 17. 3r 5 + 3r 4 − 90r 3 = 3r 3( r 2 + r − 30 )
8. q2 + q + 5pq + 5p = ( q2 + q ) + (5pq + 5p) = 3r 3(r − 5)(r + 6)

= q(q + 1) + 5p(q + 1) So, 3r 5 + 3r 4 − 90r 3 = 3r 3(r − 5)(r + 6).
= (q + 1)(q + 5p) 18. 5w4 − 40w3 + 80w2 = 5w2( w2 − 8w + 16 )
So, q2 + q + 5pq + 5p = (q + 1)(q + 5p). = 5w2( w2 − 2(w)(4) + 4 2 )
9. m2 − 3m + mn − 3n = ( m2 − 3m ) + (mn − 3n) = 5w2(w − 4) 2
= m(m − 3) + n(m − 3) So, 5w4 − 40w3 + 80w2 = 5w2(w − 4) 2.
= (m − 3)(m + n) 19. −4c4 + 8c3 − 28c2 = −4c2( c2 − 2c + 7 )
So, m2 − 3m + mn − 3n = (m − 3)(m + n).
Factors of 7 −1, −7
10. 2a 2 + 8ab − 3a − 12b = ( 2a 2 + 8ab ) + (−3a − 12b)
Sum of factors −8
= 2a(a + 4b) − 3(a + 4b)
= (a + 4b)(2a − 3) c2 − 2c + 7 is unfactorable, so the polynomial is factored
completely.
So, 2a 2 + 8ab − 3a − 12b = (a + 4b)(2a − 3).
So, −4c4 + 8c3 − 28c2 = −4c2( c2 − 2c + 7 ).

Chapter 7
20. 8t2 + 8t − 72 = 8( t2 + t − 9 ) 25. x3 + x2 = 4x + 4

x3 + x2 − 4x = 4x − 4x + 4
Factors of −9 −1, 9 1, −9 −3, 3
x3 + x2 − 4x = 4
Sum of factors 8 −8 0
x3 + x2 − 4x − 4 = 4 − 4
t2 + t − 9 is unfactorable, so the polynomial is factored x3 + x2 − 4x − 4 = 0
completely. ( x3 + x2 ) + (−4x − 4) = 0
So, 8t2 + 8t − 72 = 8( t2 + t − 9 ).
x2(x + 1) − 4(x + 1) = 0
21. b3 − 5b2 − 4b + 20 = ( b3 − 5b2 ) + (−4b + 20) (x + 1)( x2 − 4 ) = 0
= b2(b − 5) − 4(b − 5) (x + 1)( x2 − 2 2 ) = 0
= (b − 5)( b2 − 4 ) (x + 1)(x + 2)(x − 2) = 0
= (b − 5)( b2 − 22 ) x+1= 0 or x+2= 0 or x−2= 0
= (b − 5)(b + 2)(b − 2) −1 −1 −2 −2 +2 +2
So, b3 − 5b2 − 4b + 20 = (b − 5)(b + 2)(b − 2). x = −1 x = −2 x=2
The roots are x = −1, x = −2, and x = 2.
22. h3 + 4h2 − 25h − 100 = ( h3 + 4h2 ) + (−25h − 100)
= h2(h + 4) − 25(h + 4) 26. 2t5 + 2t4 − 144t3 = 0
= (h + 4)( h2 − 25 ) 2t3( t2 + t − 72 ) = 0
= (h + 4)( h2 − 5 2 ) 2t3(t + 9)(t − 8) = 0
= (h + 4)(h + 5)(h − 5) 2t3 = 0 or t+9= 0 or t−8=0
h3 + 4h2 − 25h − 100 = (h + 4)(h + 5)(h − 5). 2t3 0
So, —=— −9 −9 +8 +8
2 2
23. 5n3 − 30n2 + 40n = 0 t3 = 0 t = −9 t=8
3— 3—
5n( n2 − 6n + 8 ) = 0 √t3 = √0
5n(n − 2)(n − 4) = 0 t=0
5n = 0 or n−2= 0 or n − 4 = 0 The equation has roots t = −9, t = 8, and a repeated root
5n 0 t = 0.
—=— +2 +2 +4 +4
5 5
n=0 n=2 n=4 27. 12s − 3s3 = 0
The roots are n = 0, n = 2, and n = 4. 3s( 4 − s2 ) = 0

3s( 2 2 − s2 ) = 0
24. k 4 − 100k 2 = 0 3s(2 + 5)(2 − 5) = 0
k 2( k 2 − 100 ) = 0 3s = 0 or 2 + s = 0 or 2−s= 0
k 2( k 2 − 10 2 ) = 0 3s 0
—=— −2 −2 +s +s
k 2(k + 10)(k − 10) = 0 3 3
k2 = 0 or k + 10 = 0 or k − 10 = 0 s=0 s = −2 2=s
—
√k 2 = √0 —
− 10 − 10 + 10 + 10 The roots are s = 0, s = −2, and s = 2.
k=0 k = −10 k = 10
The equation has roots of k = −10, k = 10, and repeated
roots of k = 0.

Chapter 7
28. 4y3 − 7y2 + 28 = 16y 31. Let y = 0.

4y3 − 7y2 + 28 − 16y = 16y − 16y y =−2x4 + 16x3 − 32x2
4y3 − 7y2 − 16y + 28 = 0 0 = −2x4 + 16x3 − 32x2
( 4y3 − 7y2 ) + (−16y + 28) = 0 0 = −2x2( x2 − 8x + 16 )
y2(4y − 7) − 4(4y − 7) = 0 0 = −2x2( x2 − 2(x)(4) + 4 2 )
(4y − 7)( y2 − 4 ) = 0 0 = −2x2(x − 4) 2
(4y − 7)( y2 − 22 )=0 −2x2 = 0 or x−4= 0
(4y − 7)( y + 2)( y − 2) = 0 −2x2 0
—=— +4 +4
−2 −2
4y − 7 = 0 or y + 2 = 0 or y−2= 0
x2 = 0 x=4
+7 +7 −2 −2 +2 +2 — —
√ x2 = √0
4y = 7 y = −2 y=2
x=0
4y 7
—=— The x-coordinates of the points where the graph crosses the
4 4
7 x-axis are the repeated roots x = 0 and x = 4.
y=—
4
32. Let y = 0.
7
The roots are y = —, y = −2, and y = 2. y = 4x3 + 25x2 − 56x
4
29. Let y = 0. 0 = 4x3 + 25x2 − 56x
y = x3 − 81x 0 = x( 4x2 + 25x − 56 )
0 = x3 − 81x 0 = x(x + 8)(4x − 7)
0= x( x2 − 81 ) x=0 or x+8= 0 or 4x − 7 = 0
0 = x( x2 − 9 2 ) −8 −8 +7 +7
0 = x(x + 9)(x − 9) x = −8 4x = 7
4x 7
x=0 or x+9= 0 or x−9= 0 —=—
4 4
−9 −9 +9 +9 7
x=—
x = −9 x=9 4
The x-coordinates of the points where the graph crosses the The x-coordinates of the points where the graph crosses the
x-axis are the roots x = 0, x = −9, and x = 9. 7
x-axis are the roots x = 0, x = −8, and x = —.
4
30. Let y = 0.
33. In the second group, factor out −6 instead of 6.
y = −3x4 − 24x3 − 45x2
a 3 + 8a 2 − 6a − 48 = ( a 3 + 8a 2 ) + (−6a − 48)
0 = −3x4 − 24x3 − 45x2
= a 2(a + 8) − 6(a + 8)
0 = −3x2( x2 + 8x + 15 )
= (a + 8)( a 2 − 6 )
0 = −3x2(x + 3)(x + 5)
So, a3 + 8a 2 − 6a − 48 = (a + 8)( a 2 − 6 ).
−3x2 = 0 or x+3= 0 or x + 5 = 0
−3x2 0 34. It is not factored completely because x2 − 9 can be factored.
—=— −3 −3 −5 −5
−3 −3
x3 − 6x2 − 9x + 54 = ( x3 − 6x2 ) + (−9x + 54)
x2 = 0 x = −3 x = −5
— — = x2(x − 6) − 9(x − 6)
√ x2 = √ 0
= (x − 6)( x2 − 9 )
x=0
= (x − 6)( x2 − 3 2 )
The x-coordinates of the points where the graph crosses
the x-axis are the roots x = −5, x = −3, and the repeated = (x − 6)(x + 3)(x − 3)
root x = 0. So, x3 − 6x2 − 9x + 54 = (x − 6)(x + 3)(x − 3).

Chapter 7
35. a. Volume = length ⋅ width ⋅ height 36. Volume = length ⋅ width ⋅ height
= 4 ⋅ w ⋅ (w + 4) 1152 = (2w + 4) ⋅ w ⋅ (18 − w)
= 4w(w + 4) 1152 = w(2w + 4)(18 − w)
= 4w(w) + 4w(4) 1152 = w[ 2w(18) + 2w(−w) + 4(18) + 4(−w) ]
= 4w2 + 16w 1152 = w( 36w − 2w2 + 72 − 4w )
A polynomial that represents the volume of the birdhouse 1152 = w( −2w2 + 32w + 72 )
is ( 4w2 + 16w ) cubic inches. 1152 = w( −2w2 ) + w(32w) + w(72)
b. 128 = 4w2 + 16w − 128 1152 = −2w3 + 32w2 + 72w
128 − 128 = 4w2 + 16w − 128w 1152 − 1152 = −2w3 + 32w2 + 72w − 1152
0= 4w2 + 16w − 128 0 = −2w3 + 32w2 + 72w − 1152
0 = 4( w2 + 4w − 32 ) 0 = −2( w3 − 16w2 − 36w + 576 )
1
—4 (0) = 1
—4 [ 4( w2 + 4w − 32 ) ] −—12 (0) = −—12 (−2)( w3 − 16w2 − 36w + 576 )
0= + 4w − 32
w2 0 = ( w3 − 16w2 − 36w + 576 )
0 = w − 4 )( w + 8 )
( 0 = ( w3 − 16w2 ) + (−36w + 576)
w−4= 0 or w+8= 0 0 = w2(w − 16) − 36(w − 16)
+4 +4 −8 −8 0 = (w − 16)( w2 − 36 )
w=4 w = −8 0 = (w − 16)( w2 − 6 2 )
Disregard w = −8 because a negative width does not 0 = (w − 16)(w + 6)(w − 6)
make sense, so 4 is the correct value of w.
w − 16 = 0 or w+6= 0 or w − 6 = 0
height = w + 4
+ 16 + 16 −6 −6 +6 +6
=4+4
w = 16 w = −6 w=6
=8
Disregard w = −6 because a negative width does not make
The length is 4 inches, the width is 4 inches, and the sense. You know the height is greater than the width. Test the
height is 8 inches. solutions of the equation, 16 and 6, in the expression for height.
height = 18 − w = 18 − 16 = 2 ✗
or
height = 18 − w = 18 − 6 = 12 ✓
The solution 6 gives a height of 12 inches, which is greater
than 6, so 6 is the correct value of w.
length = 2w + 4
= 2(6) + 4
= 12 + 4
= 16
The width is 6 inches, the length is 16 inches, and the height
is 12 inches.
37. x3 + 2x2y − x − 2y = ( x3 + 2x2y ) + (−x − 2y)

= x2(x + 2y) − (x + 2y)
= (x + 2y)( x2 − 1 )
= (x + 2y)( x2 − 12 )
= (x + 2y)(x + 1)(x − 1)
So, x3 + 2x2y − x − 2y = (x + 2y)(x + 1)(x − 1).
38. 8b3 − 4b2a − 18b + 9a = ( 8b3 − 4b2a ) + (−18b + 9a)

= 4b2(2b − a) − 9(2b − a)
= (2b − a)( 4b2 − 9 )
= (2b − a)[ (2b) 2 − 3 2 ]
= (2b − a)(2b + 3)(2b − 3)
So, 8b3 − 4b2a − 18b + 9a = (2b − a)(2b + 3)(2b − 3).
Chapter 7
39. 4s2 − s + 12st − 3t = ( 4s2 − s ) + (12st − 3t) 46. a. width = 4 + h

= s(4s − 1) + 3t(4s − 1) length = 9 − h
= (4s − 1)(s + 3t) Volume = length ⋅ width ⋅ height
So, 4s2 − s + 2st − 3t = (4s − 1)(s + 3t). = (9 − h) ⋅ (4 + h) ⋅ h
40. 6m3 − 12mn + m2n − 2n2 = ( 6m3 − 12mn ) + ( m2n − 2n2 ) = h(9 − h)(4 + h)
= 6m( m2 − 2n ) + n( m2 − 2n ) = h[ 9(4) + 9(h) − h(4) − h(h) ]
= ( m2 − 2n )(6m + n) = h( 36 + 9h − 4h − h2 )
So, 6m3 − 12mn + m2n − 2n2 = ( m2 − 2n )(6m + n). = h( 36 + 5h − h2 )
= h(36) + h(5h) − h( h2 )
41. no; x3 + 2x2 + 3x + 6 = 0
= 36h + 5h2 − h3
( x3 + 2x2 ) + (3x + 6) = 0
= −h3 + 5h2 + 36
x2(x + 2) + 3(x + 2) = 0
A polynomial that represents the volume of the box in
(x + 2)( x2 + 3 ) = 0 terms of its height is ( −h3 + 5h2 + 36h ) cubic inches.
The factors of the polynomial are x + 2 and x2 + 3. Using b. 180 = −h3 + 5h2 + 39h
the zero product property, x + 2 = 0 will give one real
180 + h3 − 5h2 − 36h = −h3 + h3 + 5h2 − 5h2 + 36h − 36h
solution x = −2. However, x2 + 3 = 0 has no real solutions
because when you subtract 3 from each side you get h3 − 5h2 − 36h + 180 = 0
x2 = −3, and no real number multiplied by itself will give a ( − 5h2 ) + (−36h + 180) = 0
h3
negative number. h2(h − 5) − 36(h − 5) = 0
42. The x-intercepts occur when y = 0, so set each factor (h − 5)( h2 − 36 ) = 0
equal to 0 and solve for x to get the x-coordinates of the (h − 5)( h2 − 62 ) = 0
x-intercepts. (h − 5)(h + 6)(h − 6) = 0
y = x4 − 2x3 − 9x2 + 18x h−5= 0 or h+6= 0 or h−6= 0
y = x(x − 3)(x + 3)(x − 2) +5 +5 −6 −6 +6 +6
0 = x(x − 3)(x + 3)(x − 2) h=5 h = −6 h=6
x=0 or x−3= 0 or x + 3 = 0 or x − 2 = 0 Disregard h = −6 because a negative height does not
+3 +3 −3 −3 +2 +2 make sense. So, the height is either 5 inches or 6 inches.
x=3 x = −3 x=2 If h = 5, the width = 4 + h = 4 + 5 = 9 and the
The x-intercepts of the graph of the function are 0, 3, −3, length = 9 − h = 9 − 5 = 4.
and 2. If h = 6, the width = 4 + h = 4 + 6 = 10 and the
length = 9 − h = 9 − 6 = 3.
43. a. Sample answer:
So, one possibility is that the length is 4 inches, the width
x2(x + 1) + 1(x + 2) = x2(x) + x2(1) + 1(x) + 1(2) is 9 inches, and the height is 5 inches. Another possibility
= x3 + x2 + x + 2 is that the length is 3 inches, the width is 10 inches, and
Because the original expression did not have a common the height is 6 inches.
binomial, x3 + x2 + x + 2 is not factorable. c. SA = 2ℓw + 2ℓh + 2wh
b. Sample answer: = 2(4)(9) + 2(4)(5) + 2(9)(5)
x2(x + 1) + 1(x + 1) = x2(x) + x2(1) + 1(x) + 1(1) = 72 + 40 + 90
= x3 + x2 + x + 1 = 202
Because the original expression had a common binomial, SA = 2ℓw + 2ℓh + 2wh
x3 + x2 + x + 1 can be factored by grouping. = 2(3)(10) + 2(3)(6) + 2(10)(6)
44. Your friend is not correct because it is possible that the terms
= 60 + 36 + 120
have a common monomial factor. = 216
The box that has a length of 4 inches, a width of 9 inches,
45. 12z3 − 27z = 3z( 4z2 − 9 ) and a height of 5 inches is the box with the least possible
= 3z[ (2z) 2 − 3 2 ] surface area. These dimensions result in a surface area of
= 3z(2z + 3)(2z − 3) 202 square inches. The other possible dimensions result in
a surface area of 216 square inches.
Expressions that could represent the dimensions of the room
are 3z, 2z + 3, and 2z − 3.

Chapter 7
47. V = π r 2h b. Sample answer: 5x3 + wx2 + 80x = 0

25hπ = π (h − 3)2h w
25hπ = π (h − 3)2h
(
5x x2 + — x + 16 = 0
5 )
π π Factors of 16 1, 16 2, 8 4, 4
25h = (h − 3)2h Sum of factors 17 10 8
25h = [ h2 − 2(h)(3) + 32 ]h w
Let — = 10.
25h = ( h2 − 6h + 9 )h 5
25h = h2(h) − 6h(h) + 9h
25h = h3 − 6h2 + 9h
⋅w
5 — = 5 10
5 ⋅
w = 50
25h − 25h = h3 − 6h2 + 9h − 25h
The equation has three solutions if w = 50. When w = 50,
0 = h3 − 6h2 − 16h factoring out 5x will leave a factorable trinomial that
0 = h( h2 − 6h − 16 ) is not a perfect square trinomial, so there will be three
0 = h(h − 8)(h + 2) factors.
h=0 or h−8= 0 or h+2= 0
+8 +8 −2 −2
50. Use m = 1 and b =−4 to graph y = x − 4.
h=8 h = −2
Use m = −2 and b = 2 to graph y = −2x + 2.
Disregard h = 0 and h = −2 because the height cannot be
y
zero or negative. So, the height is 8 units and the radius is
y = −2x + 2
8 − 3 = 5 units. 2
48. x5 − x 4 − 5x 3 + 5x 2 + 4x − 4 −4 −2 2 4 x
= ( x5 − x4 ) + ( −5x 3 + 5x 2 ) + (4x − 4) −2 (2, −2)
= x 4(x − 1) − 5x 2(x − 1) + 4(x − 1) y=x−4
= (x − 1)( x 4 − 5x 2 + 4 )
= (x − 1)( x 2 − 4 )( x 2 − 1 )
The solution is the point of intersection, (2, −2).
= (x − 1)( x 2 − 2 2 )( x 2 − 12 )
= (x − 1)(x − 2)(x + 2)(x − 1)(x + 1) 1
51. Use m = —2 and b = 2 to graph y = —2 x + 2.
1
So, x5 − x4 − 5x 3 + 5x 2 + 4x − 4 Use m = 3 and b = −3 to graph y = 3x − 3.

= (x − 1)2(x + 1)(x − 2)(x + 2). y
4
(2, 3)
49. a. Sample answer: 5x 3 + wx 2 + 80x = 0
w y = 1x + 2
(
5x x 2 + — x + 16 = 0
5 ) −2 2
2
4 x
w
Let — = 2(1)(4). −2
5
y = 3x − 3
w
—=8
5
⋅
w
5 —=8 5
5 ⋅ The solution is the point of intersection, (2, 3).
w = 40
The equation has two solutions if w = 40. When w = 40,

factoring out 5x will leave a perfect square trinomial, so
there will be two factors.

Chapter 7
1 x
52. 5x − y = 12 1
—4 x + y = 9 55. y = 9 —3 ()
1 1 1
5x − 5x − y = 12 − 5x —4 x − —4 x + y = 9 − —4 x x −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4
−y = −5x + 12 y = −—14x + 9 x 1 −2 −1 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4
( ) 9( — )
9 —13 3 ()
9 —13 ( ) 9( — ) 9( — ) 9( — ) 9( — )
9 —13 3 3 3 3
−1(−y) = −1(−5x + 12)
1 1
y 81 27 9 3 1 —3 —9
y = 5x − 12
Use m = 5 and b = −12 to graph y = 5x − 12. y From the graph, you can see the
1 1
Use m = −—4 and b = 9 to graph y = −—4 x + 9. domain is all real numbers and
y the range is y > 0.
(4, 8)
1 8
y = −4 x + 9 1 x
y = 9( 3)
4 4
−8 −4 4 8 x −2 2 4 6 x
−4
y = 5x − 12 56. y = −3(0.5)x
The solution is the point of intersection, (4, 8). x −2 −1 0 1 2

−3(0.5)x −3(0.5)−2 −3(0.5)−1 −3(0.5)0 −3(0.5)1 −3(0.5)2
53. x = 3y y − 10 = 2x
x 3y y −12 −6 −3 −1.5 −0.75
—=— y − 10 + 10 = 2x + 10
3 3
1 y From the graph, you can see the
—x = y y = 2x + 10
3 −2 4 6 x domain is all real numbers and
1 1 y = −3(0.5)x the range is y < 0.
Use m = — and b = 0 to graph y = — x.
3 3
−8
Use m = 2 and b = 10 to graph y = 2x + 10.
y −12
−16
y = 2x + 10
y = 1x
4 3
57. f(x) = −3(4)x
−12 −8 4 x
x −2 −1 0 1 2
−4
(−6, −2) −3(4)x −3(4)−2 −3(4)−1 −3(4)0 −3(4)1 −3(4)2

f(x) 3 3
The solution is the point of intersection, (−6, −2). −—
16 −—4 −3 −12 −48
54. f (x) = 5x y
−6 −4 −2 2 x
x −2 −1 0 1 2 −8 f(x) = −3(4)x
5x 5−2 5−1 50 51 52 −16
1 1
f (x) —
25
—5 1 5 25 −24
From the graph, you can see the −32

y
16
domain is all real numbers and
the range is y > 0. From the graph, you can see the domain is all real numbers
12
and the range is y < 0.
8
7.5 –7.8 What Did You Learn? (p. 409)
4 f(x) = 5x 1. The solutions of the equation m2 + 3m + 2 = 0 are the
m-coordinates of the m-intercepts of the graph of
−4 −2 2 4 x y = m2 + 3m + 2.

Chapter 7
2. The solutions of the equation 280 = −x2 + 38x are 10. F O I L

x = 10 and x = 28. However, the diagram shows that the (y − 5)(3y + 8) = y(3y) + y(8) + (−5)(3y) + (−5)(8)
width of the road is less than 18 meters. So, a width of = 3y 2 + 8y + (−15y) + (−40)
28 meters does not make sense in this situation. Therefore,
= 3y 2 − 7y − 40
the only reasonable solution is x = 10. So, the width of the
road is 10 meters. 11. (x + 4)( x2 + 7x ) = x( x2 ) + x(7x) + 4( x2 ) + 4(7x)
= x3 + 7x2 + 4x2 + 28x
Chapter 7 Review (pp. 410–412)
= x3 + 11x2 + 28x
1. You can write the polynomial 6 + 2x2 in standard form as
2x2 + 6. 12. (−3y + 1)( 4y 2 − y − 7 )
4y 2 − y − 7
× −3y + 1
The polynomial has 2 terms. So, it is a binomial.
4y 2 −y−7
2. You can write the polynomial −3p3 + 5p6 − 4 in standard −12y 3 + 3y 2 + 21y
form as 5p6 − 3p3 − 4. −12y 3 + 7y 2 + 20y − 7
The leading coefficient is 5. 13. (x + 9)(x − 9) = x2 − 92
The polynomial has 3 terms. So, it is a trinomial. = x2 − 81
3. You can write the polynomial 9x7 − 6x2 + 13x5 in standard 14. (2y + 4)(2y − 4) = (2y)2 − 42
form as 9x7 + 13x5 − 6x2. = 4y 2 − 16
15. ( p + 4)2 = p 2 + 2( p)(4) + 42
= p 2 + 8p + 16
The polynomial has 3 terms. So, it is a trinomial.
16. (−1 + 2d )2 = (−1)2 + 2(−1)(2d) + (2d )2
4. You can write the polynomial −12y + 8y3 in standard form
= 1 − 4d + 4d 2
as 8y3 − 12y.
= 4d 2 − 4d + 1
The leading coefficient is 8. 17. x 2 + 5x = 0
The polynomial has 2 terms. So, it is a binomial. x(x + 5) = 0
x=0 or x+5=0
5. (3a + 7) + (a − 1) = 3a + a + 7 − 1
−5 −5
= (3a + a) + (7 − 1)
x = −5
= 4a + 6
6. (x2 + 6x − 5) + (2x2 + 15) = x2 + 2x2 + 6x − 5 + 15
18. (z + 3)(z − 7) = 0
= (x2 + 2x2) + 6x + (−5 + 15)
z+3=0 or z−7=0
= 3x2 + 6x + 10
−3 −3 +7 +7
7. (−y2 + y + 2) − (y2 − 5y − 2) z = −3 z=7
= −y2 + y + 2 − y2 + 5y + 2 The roots are z = −3 and z = 7.
= (−y2 − y2) + (y + 5y) + (2 + 2)
19. (b + 13)2 = 0
= −2y2 + 6y + 4
(b + 13)(b + 13) = 0
8. ( p + 7) − (6p 2 + 13p) = p + 7 − 6p 2 − 13p b + 13 = 0 or b + 13 = 0
= −6p 2 + ( p − 13p) + 7 −13 −13 −13 −13
= −6p 2 − 12p + 7 b = −13 b = −13
9. (x + 6)(x − 4) = x(x − 4) + 6(x − 4) The equation has repeated roots b = −13.
= x(x) + x(−4) + 6(x) + 6(−4)
= x2 + (−4x) + 6x + (−24)
= x2 + 2x − 24
Chapter 7
20. 2y( y − 9)( y + 4) = 0 26. −5y 2 − 22y − 8 = −(5y 2 + 22y + 8)

2y = 0 or y−9=0 or y+4=0 Factors Factors Possible
2y 0 of 5 of 8 factorization Middle term
—=— +9 +9 −4 −4
2 2
1, 5 1, 8 (y + 1)(5y + 8) 8y + 5y = 13y ✗
y=0 y=9 y = −4
The roots are y = 0, y = 9, and y = −4. 1, 5 8, 1 (y + 8)(5y + 1) y + 40y = 41y ✗
1, 5 2, 4 (y + 2)(5y + 4) 4y + 10y = 14y ✗

21. p 2 + 2p − 35
1, 5 4, 2 (y + 4)(5y + 2) 2y + 20y = 22y ✓
Factors of −35 –1, 35 1, –35 –5, 7 5, –7
So, −5y2 − 22y − 8 = −(y + 4)(5y + 2).
Sum of factors 34 –34 2 –2
So, p 2 + 2p − 35 = (p − 5)(p + 7). 27. 6x 2 + 17x + 7

22. b 2 + 18b + 80
of 6 of 7 factorization Middle term
Factors of 80 1, 80 2, 40 4, 20 5, 16 8, 10 1, 6 1, 7 (x + 1)(6x + 7) 7x + 6x = 13x ✗
Sum of factors 81 42 24 21 18 ✗
1, 6 7, 1 (x + 7)(6x + 1) x + 42x = 43x
So, b2 + 18b + 80 = (b + 8)(b + 10). ✓
2, 3 1, 7 (2x + 1)(3x + 7) 14x + 3x = 17x
23. z 2 − 4z − 21 2, 3 7, 1 (2x + 7)(3x + 1) 2x + 21x = 23x ✗
Factors of −21 –1, 21 1, –21 –3, 7 3, –7 So, 6x 2 + 17x + 7 = (2x + 1)(3x + 7).
Sum of factors 20 –20 4 −4 28. −2y2 + 7y − 6 = −(2y2 − 7y + 6)
So, z2 − 4z − 21 = (z + 3)(z − 7).
24. x2 − 11x + 28 of 2 of 6 factorization Middle term
1, 2 –1, –6 (y – 1)(2y – 6) –6y – 2y = –8y ✗
Factors of 28 –1, –28 –2, –14 –4, –7
1, 2 –6, –1 (y – 6)(2y – 1) –y – 12y = –13y ✗
Sum of factors –29 –16 –11
1, 2 –2, –3 (y – 2)(2y – 3) –3y – 4y = –7y ✓
So, x2 − 11x + 28 = (x − 4)(x − 7).
1, 2 –3, –2 (y – 3)(2y – 2) –2y – 6y = –8y ✗
25. 3t 2 + 16t − 12
So, −2y 2 + 7y − 6 = −(y − 2)(2y − 3).
of 3 of −12 factorization Middle term 29. 3z 2 + 26z − 9
1, 3 1, –12 (t + 1)(3t – 12) –12t + 3t = –9t ✗ Factors Factors Possible

✗ of 3 of −9 factorization Middle term
1, 3 12, –1 (t + 12)(3t – 1) –t + 36t = 35t
1, 3 1, –9 (z + 1)(3z – 9) –9z + 3z = –6z ✗
1, 3 –1, 12 (t – 1)(3t + 12) 12t – 3t = 9t ✗
1, 3 9, –1 (z + 9)(3z – 1) –z + 27z = 26z ✓
1, 3 –12, 1 (t – 12)(3t + 1) t – 36t = –35t ✗
1, 3 –1, 9 (z – 1)(3z + 9) 9z – 3z = 6z ✗
1, 3 2, –6 (t + 2)(3t – 6) –6t + 6t = 0 ✗
1, 3 –9, 1 (z – 9)(3z + 1) z – 27z = –26z ✗
1, 3 6, –2 (t + 6)(3t – 2) –2t + 18t = 16t ✓
1, 3 3, –3 (z + 3)(3z – 3) –3z + 9z = 6z ✗
1, 3 –2, 6 (t – 2)(3t + 6) 6t – 6t = 0 ✗
1, 3 –3, 3 (z – 3)(3z + 3) 3z – 9z = –6z ✗
1, 3 –6, 2 (t – 6)(3t + 2) 2t – 18t = –16t ✗
✗ So, 3z 2 + 26z − 9 = (z + 9)(3z − 1).
1, 3 3, –4 (t + 3)(3t – 4) –4t + 9t = 5t
1, 3 4, –3 (t + 4)(3t – 3) –3t + 12t = 9t ✗
1, 3 –3, 4 (t – 3)(3t + 4) 4t – 9t = –5t ✗
1, 3 –4, 3 (t – 4)(3t + 3) 9t – 12t = –3t ✗
So, 3t 2 + 16t − 12 = (t + 6)(3t − 2).

Chapter 7
30. 10a 2 − 13a − 3 38. 3x 3 − 9x 2 − 54x = 0
Factors Factors Possible 3x(x 2 − 3x − 18) = 0

of 10 of −3 factorization Middle term 3x(x − 6)(x + 3) = 0
1, 10 1, –3 (a + 1)(10a – 3) –3a + 10a = 7a ✗ 3x = 0 or x−6=0 or x+3=0
3x 0
1, 10 3, –1 (a + 3)(10a – 1) –a + 30a = 29a ✗ —=— +6 +6 −3 −3
3 3
1, 10 –1, 3 (a – 1)(10a + 3) 3a – 10a = –7a ✗ x=0 x=6 x = −3
1, 10 –3, 1 (a – 3)(10a + 1) a – 30a = –29a ✗ The roots are x = 0, x = 6, and x = −3.
2, 5 1, –3 (2a + 1)(5a – 3) –6a + 5a = –a ✗ 39. 16x 2 − 36 = 0

2, 5 3, –1 (2a + 3)(5a – 1) –2a + 15a = 13a ✗ 4(4x 2 − 9) = 0
1 1
✗ — [ 4(4x 2 − 9) ] = —(0)
2, 5 –1, 3 (2a – 1)(5a + 3) 6a – 5a = a 4 4
4x 2 − 9 = 0
2, 5 –3, 1 (2a – 3)(5a + 1) 2a – 15a = –13a ✓
(2x)2 − 32 = 0
So, 10a 2 − 13a − 3 = (2a − 3)(5a + 1).
(2x + 3)(2x − 3) = 0
31. x 2 − 9 = x 2 − 32 2x + 3 = 0 or 2x − 3 = 0
= (x + 3)(x − 3)
−3 −3 +3 +3
So, x 2 − 9 = (x + 3)(x − 3).
2x = −3 2x = 3
32. y 2 − 100 = y 2 − 102 2x −3 2x 3
—=— —=—
2 2 2 2
= (y + 10)(y − 10) 3 3
x = −— x=—
So, y 2 − 100 = (y + 10)(y − 10). 2 2
3 3
The roots are x = −— and x = —.
33. z 2 − 6z + 9 = z2 − 2(z)(3) + 32 2 2
= (z − 3)2 40. z 3 + 3z 2 − 25z − 75 = 0
So, z 2 − 6z + 9 = (z − 3)2. (z 3 + 3z 2) + (−25z − 75) = 0
z 2(z + 3) − 25(z + 3) = 0
34. m 2 + 16m + 64 = m 2 + 2(m)(8) + 82
(z + 3)(z 2 − 25) = 0
= (m + 8)2
(z + 3)(z 2 − 52) = 0
So, m 2 + 6m + 64 = (m + 8)2.
(z + 3)(z + 5)(z − 5) = 0
35. n 3 − 9n = n(n 2 − 9)
z+3=0 or z+5=0 or z−5=0
= n(n 2 − 32)
−3 −3 −5 −5 +5 +5
= n(n + 3)(n − 3)
z = −3 z = −5 z=5
So, n 3 − 9n = n(n + 3)(n − 3).
The roots are z = −3, z = −5, and z = 5.
36. x 2 − 3x + 4ax − 12a = (x 2 − 3x) + (4ax − 12a)
= x(x − 3) + 4a(x − 3)
= (x − 3)(x + 4a)
So, x 2 − 3x + 4ax − 12a = (x − 3)(x + 4a).
37. 2x 4 + 2x 3 − 20x 2 = 2x 2(x 2 + x − 10)
Factors of −10 –1, 10 1, –10 –2, 5 2, –5

Sum of factors 9 –9 3 –3
x2 + x − 10 is unfactorable, so the original polynomial is

factored completely. So, 2x4 + 2x3 − 20x2 = 2x2(x2 + x − 10).

Chapter 7
41. Volume = length ⋅ width ⋅ height 5. F O I L

96 = (x + 8) ⋅ x ⋅ (x − 2) (2w − 3)(3w + 5) = 2w(3w) + 2w(5) + (−3)(3w) + (−3)(5)
96 = x(x + 8)(x − 2) = 6w 2 + (10w − 9w) + (−15)
96 = x[x(x) + x(−2) + 8(x) + 8(−2)] = 6w 2 + w − 15
96 = x[ x 2 + (−2x + 8x) − 16 ] So, (2w − 3)(3w + 5) = 6w 2 + w − 15.
96 = x(x 2 + 6x − 16) 6. (z + 11)(z − 11) = z 2 − 112
96 = x(x 2) + x(6x) + x(−16) = z 2 − 121
96 = x 3 + 6x 2 − 16x So, (z + 11)(z − 11) = z 2 − 121.
96 − 96 = x3 + 6x 2 − 16x − 96
7. Check the first and last terms to verify they are perfect
0 = (x 3 + 6x 2) + (−16x − 96)
squares. If they are, find 2 times the product of their square
0 = x 2(x + 6) − 16(x + 6) roots. If this matches the middle term, or the opposite of the
0 = (x + 6)(x 2 − 16) middle term, it is a perfect square trinomial.
0 = (x + 6)(x 2 − 42)
8. A monomial is a type of polynomial, and a number is a type
0 = (x + 6)(x + 4)(x − 4) of monomial. So, 18 is a polynomial.
x+6=0 or x+4=0 or x−4=0
9. s 2 − 15s + 50
−6 −6 −4 −4 +4 +4
x = −6 x = −4 x=4 Factors of 50 –1, –50 –2, –25 –5, –10
Disregard x = −6 and x = −4 because a negative width Sum of factors –51 –27 –15
does not make sense. So, the solution is x = 4, which means
the length of the box is 4 + 8 = 12 feet, the width is 4 feet, So, s 2 − 15s + 50 = (s − 5)(s − 10).
and the height is 4 − 2 = 2 feet.
10. h 3 + 2h 2 − 9h − 18 = (h 3 + 2h 2) + (−9h − 18)
Chapter 7 Test (p. 413) = h 2(h + 2) − 9(h + 2)
1. (−2p + 4) − (p 2 − 6p + 8) = −2p + 4 − p 2 + 6p − 8 = (h + 2)(h 2 − 9)
= −p2 + (−2p + 6p) + (4 − 8) = (h + 2)(h 2 − 32)
= −p 2 + 4p − 4 = (h + 2)(h + 3)(h − 3)
The greatest degree is 2. So, the degree of the polynomial is 2. So, h 3 + 2h 2 − 9h − 18 = (h + 2)(h + 3)(h − 3).
The polynomial has 3 terms. So, it is a trinomial. 11. −5k 2 − 22k + 15 = −(5k 2 + 22k − 15)
2. (9c6 − 5b 4) − (4c6 − 5b 4) = 9c6 − 5b 4 − 4c6 + 5b 4 Factors Factors Possible

= (9c6 − 4c6) + (−5b 4 + 5b 4) of 5 of −15 factorization Middle term
= 5c6 + 0 1, 5 1, –15 (k + 1)(5k – 15) –15k + 15k = 10k ✗
= 5c6 1, 5 15, –1 (k + 15)(5k – 1) –k + 75k = 74k ✗
The expression has a degree of 6. ✗
1, 5 –1, 15 (k – 1)(5k + 15) 15k – 5k = 10k
The polynomial has 1 term. So, it is a monomial.
1, 5 –15, 1 (k – 15)(5k + 1) k – 75k = –74k ✗
3. (4s 4 + 2st + t) + (2s 4 − 2st − 4t) ✗
1, 5 3, –5 (k + 3)(5k – 5) –5k + 15k = 10k
= (4s 4 + 2s 4) + (2st − 2st) + (t − 4t)
1, 5 5, –3 (k + 5)(5k – 3) –3k + 25k = 22k ✓
= 6s 4 + 0 + (−3t)
= 6s 4 − 3t 1, 5 –3, 5 (k – 3)(5k + 5) 5k – 15k = –10k ✗
The greatest degree is 4. So, the degree of the polynomial is 4. 1, 5 –5, 3 (k – 5)(5k + 3) 3k – 25k = –22k ✗
The polynomial has 2 terms. So, it is a binomial. So, −5k 2 − 22k + 15 = −(k + 5)(5k − 3).
4. (h − 5)(h − 8) = h(h − 8) − 5(h − 8)
= h(h) + h(−8) + (−5)(h) + (−5)(−8)
= h2 + (−8h − 5h) + 40
= h2 − 13h + 40
So, (h − 5)(h − 8) = h2 − 13h + 40.

Chapter 7
12. (n − 1)(n + 6)(n + 5) = 0 16. a. x 2 + 27x + 176

n−1=0 or n+6=0 or n+5=0 Factors of 176 1, 176 2, 88 4, 44 8, 22 11, 16
+1 +1 −6 −6 −5 −5 Sum of factors 177 90 48 30 27
n=1 n = −6 n = −5
So, x 2 + 27x + 176 = (x + 11)(x + 16).
The roots are n = 1, n = −6, and n = −5.
Because the length of the stage is represented by the
13. d 2 + 14d + 49 = 0 binomial (x + 16) feet, a binomial for the width of the
d 2 + 2(d)(7) + 72 = 0 stage is (x + 11) feet.
b. The perimeter is P = 2(x + 16) + 2(x + 11) =
(d + 7)2 = 0
2x + 32 + 2x + 22 = (4x + 54) feet.
d+7=0
−7 −7
c. Area = length width ⋅
d = −7 10 = 2x x + —⋅( 1
2 )
The equation has repeated roots of d = −7. (
10 = 2x x + —
1
2 )
14. 6x 4 + 8x 2 = 26x 3 10 = 2x(x) + 2x —
1
2 ()
6x 4 + 8x 2 − 26x 3 = 26x 3 − 26x 3 10 = 2x 2 + x
6x 4 − 26x 3 + 8x 2 = 0 10 − 10 = 2x 2 + x − 10
2x2(3x 2 − 13x + 4) = 0 0 = 2x 2 + x − 10
of 3 of 4 factorization Middle term of 2 of −10 factorization Middle term
1, 3 –1, –4 (x – 1)(3x – 4) –4x – 3x = –7x ✗ (x + 1) ✗
1, 3 –4, –1 (x – 4)(3x – 1) –x – 12x = –13x ✓ 1, 2 1, –10 (2x – 10) –10x + 2x = –8x
1, 3 –2, –2 (x – 2)(3x – 2) –2x – 6x = –8x ✗ (x + 10) ✗

1, 2 10, –1 (2x – 1) –x + 20x = 19x
2x 2(x − 4)(3x − 1) = 0
(x – 1) ✗
2x 2 = 0 or x−4=0 or 3x − 1 = 0 1, 2 –1, 10 (2x + 10) 10x – 2x = 8x
2x 2 0
—=— +4 +4 +1 +1 (x – 10)
2 2 ✗
x2 = 0 x=4 3x = 1 1, 2 –10, 1 (2x + 1) x – 20x = –19x
— — 3x 1
√x2 = √0 —=— (x + 2) ✗
3 3 1, 2 2, –5 (2x – 5) –5x + 4x = –x
1
x=0 x=—
3 (x + 5) ✗
1
The equation has roots of x = 4, x = —, and repeated roots 1, 2 5, –2 (2x – 2) –2x + 10x = 8x
3
of x = 0. (x – 2) ✓
1, 2 –2, 5 (2x + 5) 5x – 4x = x
15. π(r − 3)2 = π(r − 3)(r − 3)
= π[ r(r) + r(−3) + (−3)(r) + (−3)(−3) ] (x – 5) ✗
1, 2 –5, 2 (2x + 2) 2x – 10x = –8x
= π[ r 2 + (−3r − 3r) + 9 ]
= π (r 2 − 6r + 9) 0 = (x − 2)(2x + 5)
= π (r 2) − π (6r) + π (9) x–2=0 or 2x + 5 = 0
= πr 2 − 6πr + 9π +2 +2 –5 –5
So, a polynomial that represents the area covered by the x=2 2x = –5

hour hand of the clock in one rotation is (πr 2 − 6πr + 9π) 2x –5
— =—
square units. 2 2
5
x=–—
2
5 5
Disregard x = −— because 2x = 2 −— = −5 feet does
2 2 ( )
not make sense as the length of the trap door. So, the
solution is x = 2.

Chapter 7
d. Area of stage = x 2 + 27x + 176 b. x 3 + 3x2 − 16x + 12 = 60

= (2)2 + 27(2) + 176 x 3 + 3x 2 − 16x + 12 − 60 = 60 − 60
= 4 + 54 + 176 x 3 + 3x 2 − 16x − 48 = 0
= 234 ft2 ( x 3 + 3x 2 ) + (−16x − 48) = 0
1
Area of trap door = 2x x + —
2 ( ) x 2(x + 3) − 16(x + 3) = 0
(x + 3)( x 2 − 16 ) = 0
( )
1
= 2(2) 2 + —
2
(x + 3)( x 2 − 42 ) = 0
(x + 3)(x + 4)(x − 4) = 0
= 2(2) —
5
2 () x+3=0 or x+4=0 or x−4=0
= 10 ft2 −3 −3 −4 −4 +4 +4
⋅
20 Area of trapdoor = 20(10) x = −3 x = −4 x=4
= 200 ft2 Disregard x = −3 and x = −4 because widths of
The area of the stage is 234 square feet, and 20 times the −3 − 2 = −5 and −4 − 2 = −6, respectively, do not make
area of the trap door is 200 square feet. So, the magician’s sense. So, the solution is x = 4.
requirement is satisfied because the area of the stage is
greater than 20 times the area of the trap door. length = x + 6
=4+6
17. Sample answer: A polynomial equation in factored form that
has three positive roots is (x − 1)(x − 2)(x − 3) = 0. = 10
width = x − 2
18. Let y = 0. =4−2
y = −16t 2 + 24t =2
0 = −16t 2 + 24t height = x − 1
0 = −8t(2t − 3) =4−1
−8t = 0 or 2t − 3 = 0 =3
−8t 0
—=— +3 +3 So, the length of the box is 10 inches, the width is 2 inches,
−8 −8 and the height is 3 inches.
t=0 2t = 3
2t 3
—=— Chapter 7 Standards Assessment (pp. 414–415)
2 2
t = 1.5 1. a. The polynomial −4x 3 has 1 term. So, it is a monomial.
You leave the surface of the trampoline when t = 0, then you b. The polynomial 6y − 3y5 has 2 terms. So, it is a
are in the air, and then you make contact with the surface of binomial.
the trampoline again after 1.5 seconds. So, you are in the air c. The polynomial c2 + 2 + c has 3 terms. So, it is a
for 1.5 − 0 = 1.5 seconds. trinomial.
d. The polynomial −10d 4 + 7d 2 has 2 terms. So, it is a
19. a. Volume = length ⋅ width ⋅ height binomial.
= (x + 6) ⋅ (x − 2) ⋅ (x − 1)
e. The polynomial −5z11 + 8z12 has 2 terms. So, it is a
= (x + 6)(x − 2)(x − 1) binomial.
= (x + 6)[x(x) + x(−1) + (−2)(x) + (−2)(−1)] f. The polynomial 3b6 − 12b8 + 4b4 has 3 terms. So, it is a
= (x + 6)[ x 2 + (−x − 2x) + 2 ] trinomial.
= (x + 6)( x 2 − 3x + 2 ) The order of the polynomials by degree from least to greatest
= x(x2) + x(−3x) + x(2) + 6( x2 ) + 6(−3x) + 6(2) is c, a, d, b, f, and e.
= x 3 − 3x 2 + 2x + 6x 2 − 18x + 12 2. D; Over the interval x = 0 to x = 2, the function f increases
= x 3 + ( −3x 2 + 6x2 ) + ( 2x − 18x ) + 12 by 25 − 4 = 21, the function g increases by 18 − 8 = 10,
= x3 + 3x 2 − 16x + 12 the function h increases by 9 − 1 = 8, and the function j
increases by 72 − 2 = 70. So, the function j increases at the
So, a polynomial that represents the volume of the box is
fastest rate over this interval.
( x 3 + 3x 2 − 16x + 12 ) cubic inches.

Chapter 7
3. x 3 + 6x 2 − 4x = 24 6. −2x + 15x 2 − 8 = 15x 2 − 2x − 8

x 3 + 6x 2 − 4x − 24 = 24 − 24
x 3 + 6x 2 − 4x − 24 = 0 of 15 of −8 factorization Middle term
( x3 + 6x2 ) + (−4x − 24) = 0 1, 15 1, −8 (x + 1)(15x − 8) −8x + 15x = 7x ✗
x 2(x + 6) − 4(x + 6) = 0 1, 15 8, −1 (x + 8)(15x − 1) −x + 120x = 119x ✗
(x + 6)( x 2 − 4 ) = 0
1, 15 −1, 8 (x − 1)(15x + 8) 8x − 15x = −7x ✗
(x + 6)( x 2 − 22 ) = 0
1, 15 −8, 1 (x − 8)(15x + 1) x − 120x = −119x ✗
(x + 6)(x + 2)(x − 2) = 0
1, 15 2, −4 (x + 2)(15x − 4) −4x + 30x = 26x ✗
x+6=0 or x+2=0 or x−2=0
−6 −6 −2 −2 +2 +2 1, 15 4, −2 (x + 4)(15x − 2) −2x + 60x = 58x ✗
x = −6 x = −2 x=2 1, 15 −2, 4 (x − 2)(15x + 4) 4x − 30x = −26x ✗
The solutions of the equation are x = −6, x = −2, and 1, 15 −4, 2 (x − 4)(15x + 2) 2x − 60x = −58x ✗
x = 2. ✗
3, 5 1, −8 (3x + 1)(5x − 8) −24x + 5x = −19x
4. +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 3, 5 8, −1 (3x + 8)(5x − 1) −3x + 40x = 37x ✗
Hours, x 1 2 3 4 5 6 3, 5 8, −1 (3x − 1)(5x + 8) 24x + 5x = 19x ✗
Distance (miles), y 62 123 184 245 306 367 ✗
3, 5 −8, 1 (3x − 8)(5x + 1) 3x − 40x = −37x
+61 +61 +61 +61 +61 ✓
3, 5 2, −4 (3x + 2)(5x − 4) −12x + 10x = −2x
As x increases by 1, y increases by 61. So there is a constant
rate of change, which means the table can be represented by 3, 5 4, −2 (3x + 4)(5x − 2) −6x + 20x = 14x ✗
61
a linear function with m = — = 61. ✗
1 3, 5 −2, 4 (3x + 2)(5x + 4) 12x − 10x = 2x
y − y1 = m( x − x1 )
3, 5 −4, 2 (3x − 4)(5x + 2) 6x − 20x = −18x ✗
y − 62 = 61(x − 1)
y − 62 = 61(x) − 61(1) So, −2x + 15x 2 − 8 = 15x2 − 2x − 8
y − 62 = 61x − 61 = (3x + 2)(5x − 4) = (5x − 4)(3x + 2).
+62 + 62
7. a. The graph is going up from left to right. So, the function
y = 61x + 1 is increasing for increasing values of x.
So, an equation that models the distance traveled y as a b. From the graph, you can see that the range of the function
function of the number of hours x is y = 61x + 1. is y > 0. So, the graph does not have an x-intercept. The
1 1 graph appears to cross the y-axis at (0, 2). To verify,
5. a. Use m = −—3 and b = 2 to graph y = −—3 x + 2.
check that f(0) equals 2: f(0) = 2(3)0 = 2(1) = 2. So, the
y y-intercept is 2.
4
8. B; x 2 + 6x − 2
× 2x − 4
−4 −2 2 4 x −4x 2 − 24x + 8
−2
2x3 +12x 2 − 4x
−4 2x 3 + 8x 2 − 28x + 8
b. The equation is of the form y = mx + b, and the graph is

a line. So, the equation represents a linear function.
c. There are no breaks in the graph. So, it is continuous.

Chapter 7
9. a. Area of Area of Area of

golf hole = square tee area + rectangular area
= x 2 + 3x(x + 4)
= x 2 + 3x(x) + 3x(4)
= x 2 + 3x 2 + 12x
= 4x 2 + 12x
A polynomial that represents the area of the golf hole is
( 4x 2 + 12x ) square feet.
b. Perimeter
= x + x + (3x − x) + (x + 4) + 3x + [ (x + 4) + x ]
= x + x + 2x + x + 4 + 3x + 2x + 4
= x + x + 2x + x + 3x + 2x + 4 + 4
= 10x + 8
A polynomial that represents the perimeter of the golf
hole is (10x + 8) feet.
c. 4x 2 + 12x = 216
4x 2 + 12x − 216 = 216 − 216
4x 2 + 12x − 216 = 0
4( x 2 + 3x − 54 ) = 0
1 1
—[ 4( x 2 + 3x − 54 ) ] = —(0)
4 4
x 2 + 3x − 54 = 0
Factors −1, 1, −2, 2, −3, 3, −6, 6,

of −54 54 −54 27 −27 18 −18 9 −9
Sum of
53 −53 25 −25 15 −15 3 −3
factors
(x − 6)(x + 9) = 0
x−6=0 or x+9=0
+6 +6 −9 −9
x=6 x = −9
Disregard x = −9 because a negative side length does not
make sense. So, the solution is x = 6.
Perimeter = 10x + 8
= 10(6) + 8
= 60 + 8
= 68
So, the perimeter of the golf hole is 68 feet.


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Chapter 7

Chapter 7 Maintaining Mathematical Proficiency (p. 335) 12. 30 = 2 ⋅3⋅5

2. 4r + 6 − 9r − 1 = 4r − 9r + 6 − 1 13. It is not possible for two integers to have no common factors

4. 3(s − 1) + 5 = 3(s) − 3(1) + 5 4. The algebraic expression is x 2 + x − 1.

= 3s − 3 + 5 5. The algebraic expression is x 2 + 2.

6. 4(h + 6) − (h − 2) = 4(h) + 4(6) − h − (−2) 9. The algebraic expression is 2x 2.

Copyright © Big Ideas Learning, LLC Algebra 1 379

380 Algebra 1 Copyright © Big Ideas Learning, LLC

The polynomial has 3 terms, so it is a trinomial. = (5y − 2y) + (4 + 6)

16. You can write the polynomial 8d − 2 − 4d 3 in standard form = 2n2 − n2 − 5n − 3n − 6 + 11

17. The polynomial 3t 8 is in standard form.

Copyright © Big Ideas Learning, LLC Algebra 1 381

26. ( −3p 3 + 5p 2 − 2p ) + ( −p 3 − 8p 2 − 15p ) 33. ( y 2 − 4y + 9 ) − ( 3y 2 − 6y − 9 )

) 53. a. ( −16t 2 + 98 ) − ( −16t 2 + 46t + 6 )

= ( a2 − 4a2 ) + (−3ab + 5ab) + ( 2b2 − b2 ) = ( −16t 2 + 16t 2 ) − 46t + (98 − 6)

= −3a2 + 2ab + b2 = −46t + 92

Copyright © Big Ideas Learning, LLC Algebra 1 383

55. P = 2x + (3x − 2) + (2x + 1) + (5x − 2) b. 2x2 − 14x = 2(20)2 − 14(20)

= (2x + 3x + 2x + 5x) + (−2 + 1 − 2) = 2(400) − 280

58. Sample answer: The polynomials

7.2 Explorations (p. 365) 7.2 Monitoring Progress (pp. 366–368)

(x + 1)(x − 2) = x2 + (−2x + x) − 2 = 2u2 − —52u − —34

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8. First Outer Inner Last 4. ( y + 6)( y + 4) = y( y + 4) + 6( y + 4)

Vocabulary and Core Concept Check 11. (x + 3)(x + 2)

Monitoring Progress and Modeling with Mathematics y 10

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8j2 − 12j − 14j + 21 = 8j 2 − 26j + 21 = q2 − —12 q − —3

5d −12 ( z − — )( z − — ) = z(z) + z( −— ) + ( −— )(z) + ( −— )( −— )

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28. First Outer Inner Last 33.

= −8x2 − 8x + 48 = (x + 6)(x + 5) − —12 (x + 6)(x + 5)

29. First Outer Inner Last F O I L F O I L

= (2x − 9)(x + 5) The polynomial —12 x2 + —

50. V = ℓwh 54. y = −4 ∣ x + 2 ∣

51. a. The product of m and n is c. So, when c > 0, m and n have

Maintaining Mathematical Proficiency

A piecewise function for y = ∣ x ∣ + 4 is 7.3 Explorations (p. 371)

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f. (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b 2 9. a. The Punnett square shows four possible gene

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11. (x + 4)2 = x 2 + 2(x)(4) + 42 27. 422 = (40 + 2)2

13. (7n − 5)2 = (7n)2 − 2(7n)(5) + 52 = 302 − 2(30)(1) + 12

26. 33 ⋅ 27 = (30 + 3)(30 − 3)

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45. Let 9x 2 − 48x + k = a2 − 2ab + b 2. 50. 49s + 35t = 7(7s + 5t)

Maintaining Mathematical Proficiency

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d. B; 4; (x − 1)(x + 2) = 0 ← Factored Form x= 1 2

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7.4 Monitoring Progress (pp. 378–380) 4. (3s + 5)(5s + 8) = 0

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6. (d − 2)(d + 6)(d + 8) = 0 10. 4x2 = 2x

a=0 or a+5= 0 0 = (x + 4)(x − 4)

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12. (h − 8)2 = 0 17. (r − 4)2(r + 8) = 0

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22. y = ( x + 1 )( x + 7 ) 32. 6m2 + 12m = 0

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4x−5 − 16 = 0 or 3x − 81 = 0 7.1–7.4 Quiz (p. 384)