®

NDPAc
ademy Foundat
ionCour
se

MODULE1
:
I
NTRODUCTI
ON TO NI
GERI
A
PRI
VACYRI
GHTSLAW

©NDPAc ® 2022
ademy
 Modul
e1:I
ntr
oduc
tiont
oNi
ger
iaPr
ivac
yRi
ght
sLaw

Modul
e1:Over
view
I
nthi
sModul
e,wewi
lll
ear
nabout
:

1
.1 basi
sofandconver
sat
ionsonNi
ger
ia’
spr
ivacyr
ight
slaws

1
.2 st
ruct
ureoft
he201
9Ni
ger
iaDat
aPr
otect
ionRegul
ati NDPR)
ons( ;and

1
.3 mat
eri
alandt
err
itor
ialscopeoft
heNDPR.

1
.4 except
ionst
otheNDPR

1
.1 TheBasi
sofNi
ger
ia’
sPr
ivacyRi
ght
sLaws

1
.1.
1 Ni
ger
ianLaw i
ssour
cedf
rom t
hef
oll
owi
ng5maj
orsour
ces:

1
.1.
1.
1 1
999Const
itut
ionoft
heFeder
alRepubl
icofNi
ger
ia(
theConst
itut
ion)
;

1
.1.
1.
2 Ni
ger
ianl
egi
slat
ions;

1
.1.
1.
3 Judi
cialdeci
sions;

1
.1.
1.
4 Recei
vedEnglishLaw –comprisedoft
heCommonLawsofEngl and,t
he
Doctr
inesofEquit
yandt heStatut
esofGener
alAppl
icat
iont
hatwereinfor
ce
i
nEnglandonJanuar y1,1
900;and

1
.1.
1.
5 Cust
omar
yandI
slami
claws.

1
.1.
2 Oftheabove5,onl
yt hef
irst4havedevel
opedl awsorr
ulesonpr
ivacyr
ight
sint
he
contexti
nwhi
chprivacyr
ightsi
sglobal
lyrecognised

1
.1.
3 The Const i
tution guar anteest he pr i
vacy
ri
ght sofNi gerian citi
zens.I tst at est hat
:
The pr ivacy of ci ti
zens, t hei r homes,
correspondence,t el
ephoneconver sat
ions
and t elegraphi c, communi cat ions i s
hereby guar anteed and pr otect ed. Thi s
ri
ghti showevernotabsol uteast hesame
Const i
tution st ates thatt he guar anteed
pri
vacyr ightcanbei nfri
ngeduponbyany
otherlaw made
(
i)inthepubl
icint
erestonmatt
ersofdefence,saf
ety,or
der,mor
ali
tyorheal
th;
(
ii
)forpr
otect
ingtheright
sandfr
eedom ofotherpersons.
2

Sec
1
tion37oft
heCons
tit
uti
on.
Sec
2
tion45oft
heCons
tit
uti
on.

2
 Modul
e1:I
ntr
oduc
tiont
oNi
ger
iaPr
ivac
yRi
ght
sLaw

1
.1.
4 The Nat i
onal Informat ion Technol ogy
Devel opmentAgency( NI TDA)Act ,2007
hasbecomeamaj orNi ger i
anlegislation
onpr i
vacyr i
ghtslaw inlightoft heNDPR.
NI TDA’s functi
on i
ncl udes the
devel opmentofgui delinesf orelectronic
gover nance and moni tor ing the use of
electronic datai nterchange and ot her
forms of el ectronic communi cation
transact i
onsasanal ternat ivetopaper -basedmet hodsingovernment,commerce,
educat ion,thepr i
vateandpubl icsectors,labour,andotherfi
elds,wheretheuse
ofel ectroniccommuni cat ionmayi mpr ovet heexchangeofdataandi nf
ormati
on.
3

1
.1.
5 The NDPR i sa Januar y 25,2019r egul
ati
on ofNI TDA.Itspr eamblereferences
NITDA’ sfunctiont odevel op r
egulat i
onsforelectronicgover nanceand gener al
ly
moni torelectroni
ccommuni cati
ons.Accor di
ngly,ithasbeenar guedifNI
TDAcan
regul atepr i
vacyrightsingener al,giventheli
mi tat
ionofi t
sf unct i
onstoelectr
onic
communi cations.Itisnot eworthyhowevert hatNI TDA i
tselfwasest abli
shed to
i
mpl ement Ni geria’
s NationalInf ormati
on Technol ogy Policy of 2000 wher e
Strategy1 3.3(ii
)createdthemandat eofensur i
ngt hepr otecti
onofi ndivi
dualand
collect i
vepr i
vacy,security,andconf i
denti
ali
tyofinf ormation.

1
.1.
6 NDPRhas4mai
nobj
ect
iveswhi
char
e,t
o:

1
.1.
6.1saf
eguar
dtheri
ght
sofDataSubj
ect
s 1
.1.
6.2fost
ersafe conductf
ort r
ansact
ions
t
ot hepri
vacyoft
hei
rPer
sonalDat
a; i
nvolvi
ngt heexchangeofPersonalDat
a;

1
.1.
6.3prevent mani
pul
ati
on of Per
sonal 1.
1.
6.4ensure that Nigeri
an businesses
Data;and remain compet
iti
ve i
ni nt
ernat
ionaltrade
through the best practi
ce safeguards
aff
ordedbyNDPR.

1
.1.
7 Current ly,t
heonl ypost-NDPRj udicialdecisi
oninNi geri
awasi nPar adigm Initi
ative
for Inf ormat ion Technol ogy v. Ni gerian Identity Management Commi ssion
(NIMC) 4
.The FHC was cal l
ed t o decide whet herNI MC had t he rightt o coll
ect
personaldat a wi thoutadequat e securi
ty and regulat
or yf ramewor kt o guide the
process.TheFHC t ookjudicialnot i
ceoft heNDPR and di smissed thecaseon t he
basist hatt he issuescompl ained ofbyt he Pl
ainti
ffhad been addr essed witht he
maki ng oft he NDPR.I nthe absence ofany ot herjudi cialpronouncement ,itis
current l
ysaf et oconcludet hatNi gerianLaw recognizest heNI TDAActandNDPRas
ther elevantl egalr egi
mef orPer sonalDat aprotection and pr ocessi
ng activi
tiesin
Nigeria.

Unr
4
epor
tedDec
isi
onoft
heFeder
alHi
ghCour
tofNi
ger
ia(
FHC)i
nSui
tNo.FHC/
ABJ
/CS/
58/
2019del
i
ver
edHon.J
ust
iceI
j
eomaL.Oj
ukwuonFr
iday
,28t
hdayofJ
une,2019.

3
 Modul
e1:I
ntr
oduc
tiont
oNi
ger
iaPr
ivac
yRi
ght
sLaw

1
.1.
8 Furthert oNITDA’ spowerpr ovi
dedi ntheNI TDAAct 5
t
opr ovidegui delineswhi chare
essenti
alf ortheregulationandpr otectionofPer sonalDat ai nNigeria,theAgencyon
the18thofMay2020,r eleasedt heGui deli
nesf ortheManagementofPer sonalData
byPubl icInstit
utionsinNi geria,2020( the“NDPR Publ icInst i
tuti
onsGui del i
nes”or
“NPIG”).NPI
6
Gpr ovidesgui dancet oPubl i
cInst i
tuti
onsandPubl i
cOf fi
cersonhow t o
handleandmanagePer sonalDat ai
ncompl iancewi ththeNDPR.I tisappl icabletoall
PublicI nstit
utions in Ni ger i
a whi ch include mi nistri
es,depar t
ment s,agenci es,
i
nstitut
ions,publ iccorpor at i
ons,publiclyfundedvent ures,andi ncor poratedentiti
es
withgover nmentshar ehol dingatal ll
evelsofgover nment .7

1
.1.
9 NPIG is an ext ensi
on of t he NDPR and i s est
abl
ished for the purpose of
i
mpl ementing t he provi
sions of t
he NDPR.The NPI G seeks to governt he
responsi
bil
iti
esofpubl icoffi
cersandinst
itut
ionswithr
egardst otheprocessingof
PersonalData.8

1
.2 St
ruct
ureofNDPR

1
.2.
1 NDPR is divided i
nto a preamble 1
.2.
2 Part 1 stat
es NDPR’s objecti
ves,
and4par t
s.Thepar tsmustber ead scope and def ines its special
i
nconjunctionwi t
ht hepreamblein termi
nol ogi
esandabbreviati
ons.
ordert
of ull
yunder standwhatt he
NDPRr equires.

1
.2.
3 Part2deal swit
ht hepr i
nci
plesoflawf uldat
apr ocessingandobt ai
ningconsent.I
t
goesf ur
therto highli
ghtthe how and whyofpr ivacypolici
es,data secur
ityand
thi
rd-party dat
a pr ocessi
ng contracts. Other subjectsinclude, Data Subj
ect
object
ions,penalt
iesfordefaul
tsandf orei
gnt r
ansfersofPersonalData.

1
.2.
4 Par
t3i sexclusi
ve t
othe r
ight
sof 1
.2.
5 Part4 det ai
lsthe mechani smsf or
DataSubj
ects. the implement ati
on ofNDPR,t he
Admi ni
strativeRedressPanel( ARP)
for deal
ing wi th compl aint
s and
breaches; and t he l ocal and
i
nternati
onalcooper ati
on required
fortheimpl ementat i
onofNDPR.

1
.3 NDPR’
sMat
eri
alandTer
rit
ori
alScope

1
.3.
1 NDPRhasal
imi
tedscope.I
tseeksonl
ytopr
otectt
hePer
sonalDat
aofDat
aSubj
ect
s.
1
.3.
2 A DataSubj ectisan i
denti
fied ori
dentif
iabl
enat uralperson who:(i)isaNi ger
ian
citi
zen,regardl
essofwhereheorshel i
ves;or(i
i)li
vesinNigeria,r
egardlessofhisor
hernationali
ty.Accor
dingl
y,NDPR r egul
atesthepr ocessi
ngoft hePer sonalDataof
theseDat aSubject
s,r
egardlessofwherethePer sonalDataprocessingactivi
ti
estake
place.

4
 Modul
e1:I
ntr
oduc
tiont
oNi
ger
iaPr
ivac
yRi
ght
sLaw

1
.3.
3 A naturalpersonmustbei dent i
f i
abl ebyhi sorherPer sonalDat a.I
not herwor ds,
byt henat ureofthePer sonalDat a,t heDat aSubj ectmusteasi lybei dentif
iedor
i
dent i
fi
able,whet her dir
ectly or i ndi
rectl
y.Accor di
ngl y,Per sonalDat a could
i
nclude i nformation such as: a name, addr ess, phot ograph, bank det ail
s,
i
dent i
fi
cation number ,l ocation dat a, an onl i
ne i dentifi
er ,t he physical,
physiol
ogi cal
,genet i
c,ment al,economi c,culturalorsoci alident i
tyoft he Data
Subject,post s on soci
alnet wor ki ng websites,medi cali nformat i
on,and ot her
unique identifi
ers such as butnotl i
mited to MAC addr ess,I P address,IMEI
number ,IMSInumberandot her s.9

1
.3.
4 Apartfrom theabovesampl esofPer sonal
Data are a specialcategor y ofPer sonal
Data known as Sensi ti
ve Per sonalDat a.
They ar e Per sonal Dat a r el
at i
ng t o
rel
igi
ous or ot her bel iefs, sexual
ori
entation,healt h or biomet r
ics,r ace,
ethni
city, poli
ti
cal views, t rades uni on
member shi
p, criminal r ecords or any
othersensiti
veper sonalinformat ion.10

1
.3.
5 A naturalpersonisali
vingindivi
dual
,accordi
ngly,NDPR’ sscopedoesnotextend
tothepr ot
ection oft
hedat aofarti
fici
alpersons(forexampl e,cor
por
ates
)ora
non-li
ving human person.NDPR doesnotpr otectt he Per
sonalDataofadead
person,wi t
ht heexception ofthedeceased person’
sest at
ewher ethePersonal
Datar el
atestoaDat aSubjectsuchasabenef ici
aryoftheest at
e.

1
.3.
6 NDPR pr omot est heDat aSubj ect’sri
ghts
totheowner shipandcont rolofhisorher
PersonalDat a.These r ight s parti
cularl
y
becomer elevantwhent hePer sonalDat a
i
sbei ngpr ocessedbyDat aCont roll
ersor
Data Admi nist
rators. Si nce data
processi
ng i s car ri
ed out on an
i
ncreasingly gl obalscal e,i tisimpor t
ant
thatDataSubj ectsunder standt heirri
ghts
toandcont roloft heirPer sonalDat a.

1
.3.
7 NDPR appl
ies t
o allPersonalData pr
ocessi
ng t
ransact
ions not
wit
hstandi
ng t
he
meansbywhicht hePersonalDat
aprocessi
ngisbeingconductedori
ntendedtobe
conduct
ed.

1
.3.
8 NDPR willnotdenyanyNi geri
anciti
zenoranyf oreignerl
ivi
nginNi geri
a,theot her
pri
vacy r
ightst hatthey may be entit
led to underany l aw,regulat
ion,policy or
contr
act for t
he t i
me being inf or
ce in Niger i
a or in any f
oreign jur
isdi
cti
on11
Accordi
ngly,anyNi ger
iancit
izenoranyf or
eignerl i
vinginNigeri
a,caninaddi t
iont o
theNDPR,enf orceanyoftheirotherpri
vacyr i
ghts.
9
Seethedefini
ti
onsect
ionoft
heNDPR.
I
1̀0
bi
d.
11
Art
icl
e1.
2(c)ofNDPR.

5
 Modul
e1:I
ntr
oduc
tiont
oNi
ger
iaPr
ivac
yRi
ght
sLaw

1
.3.
9 NDPRr egulatesallDataCont rollersorDat a
Admi nistr
atorswhosemai nest ablishment ,
typicall
ytheirheadquar ters,arel ocatedi n
Nigeria.Thi sisr egar
dl ess ofwher et he
actualPer sonalDat apr ocessing act i
vit
ies
take place.Accor di
ngly,aDat aCont roll
er
orDat a Admi nist
ratort hatout sourcesi t
s
PersonalDat a processing activi t
y outside
Nigeriaisstil
lsubjecttoNDPR.

1
.3.
10 NDPR r egulat
es any PersonalData processi
ng acti
vit
y on goods or ser vi
ces,
regardl
essofpaymentorconsi der
ati
on.Accordingl
y,mar ket
ing and dat
a shari
ng
acti
viti
esar eassubjectt
oNDPRasdi r
ectsalesis.

1
.3.
11 Processing activit
ies that moni tor Dat a
Subjects’behaviourar e si
mi l
arlyregul ated
by NDPR.Accor di
ngly,or ganisations that
empl oycookiesont hei
rwebsi teswi l
lhave
tor evi
ew t heir grounds f or doing so i n
rel
ationt oDataSubj ectsundert heNDPR.

1
.4 Except
ionsoft
heNDPR

1
.4.
1 I
tisimportanttonotethatt
herearesever
alinstancesi
nwhi chPer
sonalDat
amaybe
processed and t
heydonotf al
lunderthepur vi
ew ofNDPR,whi chmeanst hatt
he
NDPRi snotappl i
cabl
eundersuchinst
ances.Theseinstancesi
ncl
ude:

1
.4.
1.
1 theuseofPer sonalDat
ainfurt
heranceofnati
onalsecuri
ty,publicheal
th,
safet
yand orderbyagenciesoftheFeder
al,St
ateorLocalgover nmentor
thosetheyexpressl
yappoi
nttocarr
youtsuchduti
esont heirbehalf.

1
.4.
1.
2 theinvesti
gat i
on ofcr i
mi naland taxoffences.Forexample,acommer cial
bank investi
gat es suspected fi
nancialfraud and shar
es i
tsinvesti
gation
fi
ndingsincludingt hePersonalDataofsever al
customerswiththeEconomi c
and FinancialCr imes Commi ssi
on (EFCC).The bank’sinvesti
gati
on and
discl
osuretot heEFCC ar ef orthepur posesofpreventi
onanddet ecti
onof
crimeandt axof fences;

1
.4.
1.
3 t
hecol
lect
ionandpr
ocessi
ngofanonymi
seddat
a;

1
.4.
1.
4 per
sonalorhousehold act
ivi
ti
eswi
th no connect
ion t
o a pr
ofessi
onalor
commerci
alact
ivi
ty.
1
2

Par
1
2
agr
aph2.
1ofNDPRI
mpl
ement
ati
onFr
amewor
kAvai
labl
eat
:ht
tps:
//ndpacademy.
ng/r
esour
ces/NDPR-
Impl
ement
ati
on-
Framewor
k%20November
%202020.
pdf

6
 Modul
e1:I
ntr
oduc
tiont
oNi
ger
iaPr
ivac
yRi
ght
sLaw

1
.5 Def
ini
ti
onsofCommonTer
msi
nModul
e1

Wesetoutbel
ow,agl
ossar
yoft
het
ermsandabbr
evi
ati
onsusedi
nthi
sModul
e:

Ter
m Meani
ng

1
.5.
1 Dat
aAdmi
nist
rat
or Anorgani
sati
onori
ndividualt
hatpr
ocessesPersonal
Dat
a,usual
lyatt
heinstanceoftheDat
aCont r
oller
.

1
.5.
2 Dat
aCont
rol
ler An or gani
sat
ion or i
ndividual who determines the
purposesforand t
hemanneri n whi
ch Per
sonalDatais
processedortobeprocessed.

1
.5.
3 Dat
aSubj
ect Thisisanidenti
fi
edori denti
fi
abl
enaturalper
sonwho:
(i
)isa Nigerian ci
tizen,r
egardl
essofwher e he orshe
l
ives;or
(i
i)l
ivesi
nNi geri
a,regardl
essofhisorhernat
ional
ity

1
.5.
4 GSM Gl
obalSyst
em f
orMobi
leCommuni
cat
ion.

1
.5.
5 I
MEIAddr
ess I
nternat
ionalmobileequi
pmenti dent
ity,usual
ly1
5or1
7
di
git
s,thatident
ifi
estheuserofamobilephone.

1
.5.
6 I
MSIAddr
ess I
nternat
ionalmobi
le subscr
iber i
dent
ity,usuall
y of1
5
di
git
s,assi
gnedtoGSM,UMTSorL TEsubscri
bers.

1
.5.
7 I
PAddr
ess I
nter
netprotocoladdr
esst
hatisassi
gnedtoeachdevi
ce
t
hatisconnectedtoacomputernetwork.

1
.5.
8 MACAddr
ess Media access controladdr
ess assi
gned t
o a net
wor
k
i
nter
facecontroller
.

1
.5.
9 NDPR Niger
ia’
s201
9DataProt
ect
ionRegul
ati
onwhi
chcamei
n
f
orceonJanuar
y25,201
9.

1
.5.
10 Ni
ger
ia TheFeder
alRepubl
icofNi
ger
ia

1
.5.
11 Ni
ger
ianLaw Thesum ofal
lthel
awst
hatar
einf
orcei
nNi
ger
ia.

1
.5.
12 NI
TDA Niger
ia’
sNat
ionalI
nfor
mat
ionTechnol
ogyDevel
opment
Agency.

1
.5.
13 NPI
G TheGui
deli
nesfortheManagementofPer
sonalDat
aby
Publ
icI
nst
itut
ionsi
nNiger
ia,2020

1
.5.
14 Per
sonalDat
a Thi
si sthehear tofNDPR.I tmeansanyi nf
ormat ionr elati
ngt o
aDat aSubjectandcoul di ncludei nformationsuchas:aname;
address; photograph; bank det ails; i
dentifi
cation number ;
l
ocation data;an onlineident i
fi
er;t hephysical,physi ological
,
genetic,ment al,economi c,cul t
ur alorsociali dent i
ty oft he
Data Subject;postson soci alnet working websi tes;medi cal
i
nformat i
on;and ot her unique i dentif
iers such as but not
l
imitedt oMACaddr ess,I
Paddr ess,IMEInumber ,IMSInumber
andot
her
s.

7
 Modul
e1:I
ntr
oduc
tiont
oNi
ger
iaPr
ivac
yRi
ght
sLaw

Ter
m Meani
ng

1
.5.
15 Per
sonalDat
a Thisreferst oanyoper ati
ononPer sonalDat a,whet heror
Pr
ocessi
ng notbyaut omat ed means,suchascol l
ecti
on,r ecordi
ng,
organisation, st ructur
ing, st orage, adapt ation or
al
teration, r etr
ieval
, consult
ation, use, di sclosur
e by
tr
ansmi ssion, di sseminati
on or ot herwi se maki ng
avail
able,al ignmentorcombi nati
on,r est
rict i
on,erasure
ordest ruction.

1
.5.
16 Publ
icI
nst
itut
ions Data Cont rol
ler
s whi ch are minist
ries, department s,
agenci es of alll evels of government as wel l as
inst
itut i
ons, public cor porat
ions, publ icl
y f unded
ventur es,and incorporated enti
ti
es wi t
h gover nment
sharehol di
ng at t he Feder al and St ate l evel
s of
gover nment .

1
.5.
17 Sensi
ti
vePer
sonal They are PersonalDat arel
ati
ng tor el
igious orot her
Dat
a beli
efs,sexualor i
entati
on,healt
h orbi ometrics,r ace,
ethnici
ty, poli
tical vi
ews, t
rades union member ship,
cri
minal r ecords or any ot her sensit
ive per sonal
i
nformat i
on.

1
.5.
18 UMTS Uni
ver
salMobi
leTel
ecommuni
cat
ionsSer
vice.

1
.6 Modul
e1:Summar
y

1
.6.
1 The1999Consti
tut
ion,t
heNITDAActandNDPR(incl
udingtheNPIGandtheNDPR
Implement
ationFramewor
k)arecur
rent
lyt
helegalbasesofpr
ivacyr
ight
slawsi
n
Nigeri
a.

1
.6.
2 NDPRi
sdi
videdi
ntot
hef
oll
owi
ng4par
tsandsubj
ectmat
ter
s:

1
.6.
2.1 Par
t1–NDPRobj
ect
ives,scopeanddef
ini
ti
ons

1
.6.
2.2 Par
t2–Per
sonalDat
apr
ocessi
ngpr
inci
ples

1
.6.
2.3 Par
t3–Ri
ght
sofDat
aSubj
ect
s

1
.6.
2.4 Par
t4–I
mpl
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es

1
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3 NDPR’
smat
eri
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err
itor
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endst
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1
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lNi
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ti
zensi
nwhat
everj
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cti
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heyl
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1
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3.2 al
lli
vingnat
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sonst
hatl
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nNi
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1
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lPersonalDataprocessi
ngact i
vit
iescarr
iedoutbyallDataControll
ers
andDat aAdmi ni
str
ator
ssituat
edi nNigeri
aregardl
essofthejur
isdicti
on
wherethepr ocessi
ngacti
vitytakesplace

8
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ntr
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oNi
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ivac
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1
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4 NDPRexcept
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1
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nfurt
heranceofnati
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ity,publ
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safet
yandor derbyagenciesoftheFederal
,Stat
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thosetheyexpr essl
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esont hei
rbehalf
;

1
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4.2 t
hei
nvest
igat
ionofcr
imi
nalandt
axof
fences;

1
.6.
4.3 t
hecol
lect
ionandpr
ocessi
ngofanonymi
seddat
a;and

1
.6.
4.4 per
sonalorhouseholdact
ivi
ti
eswi
thnoconnect
iont
oapr
ofessi
onalor
commercialact
ivi
ty.

Fur
therReadi
ng
1
. Sect
ions37and45oft
heConst
itut
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iday,28t
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13
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tps
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onRegulati
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14
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abl
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ndpac
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.ng/
res
our
ces
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TDA-act
-2007.
pdf
15
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tps
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ndpac
ademy
.ng/
res
our
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/NDPR-I
mplementati
on-Framework%20November%202020.
pdf
16
Av
ail
abl
eat
:ht
tps
://
ndpac
ademy
.ng/
res
our
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/Gui
del
ines
ForImplementati
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tit
uti
onsFi
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